1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to systems and methods for energizing and distributing fluids. Particularly, the present invention is directed to systems and methods for pumping fluids.
2. Description of Related Art
Hydrogen gas will likely be the fuel of the next era. Specifically, fuel cells, hydrogen fueled automobiles, and systems yet to be developed will likely use hydrogen for fuel as fossil fuels become more expensive and as their supplies become depleted.
The generation of electricity through renewable resources, such as water power, wind, solar, tides, and the harnessing of ocean currents must be stored as this energy is lost if it is not used at the time it is created.
Additionally, the use of high tension wires operating at high voltages for the transmission of electricity over long distances is extremely wasteful due to phenomena such as the Corona effect. These losses are directly proportional to the transmission distance. This makes access to remote sources of water power generation, wind power, tidal forces, ocean currents and other sources generally impractical. Any such power made in remote regions would likely be nearly depleted by the time it arrived at a significant population center, possibly thousands of miles away.
Hydrogen powered automobiles and other similar systems will require enormous amounts of this substance in order to be a practical fuel source. Some attempts have been made at addressing problems of hydrogen production, such as by using water as a hydrogen source wherein electrolysis may be used to produce the hydrogen fuel. Additionally, vehicles may be provided with on-board electrolysis processors (a.k.a. electrolyzers) for converting water into gases to be consumed to generate power. However, the total efficiency is severely reduced because of the aforementioned problem of electrical power distribution. Various advances have been made in storing hydrogen in cooperation with various materials to form hydrogen-metal complexes. However, this does not provide a realistic solution for compression and storage of large quantities of hydrogen fuel.
The direction of present hydrogen-powered vehicles by the U.S. Department of Energy in pilot projects is to electrolyze water with electricity from the grid, at the locations where the fuel is dispensed into vehicles equipped with fuel cells that convert the gases back into electricity, driving electric motors.
However, it has been recognized that hydrogen cannot be compressed well by most existing compressors without substantial losses. This is because the small hydrogen molecule (H2) can easily slip past seals and even migrate through metal walls if given sufficient time. External compressors, which can easily be sealed against air and most gases effectively, can not prevent substantial losses of hydrogen. Diaphragm, hermetically sealed and centrifugal pumps also have draw-backs. To the best of Applicant's knowledge, previous attempts, other than cryogenic refrigeration to temperatures approaching absolute zero to liquefy hydrogen, have been unable to condense hydrogen successfully. The cryogenic approach is similarly unattractive due to the need to maintain cryogenic temperatures, which is extremely wasteful from an energy balance standpoint. As described herein, it is respectfully submitted that the present disclosure will facilitate use of hydrogen as a practical, viable source of energy.
The purpose and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in and become apparent from the description that follows. Additional advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the methods and systems particularly pointed out in the written description hereof, as well as from the appended drawings.
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the disclosed embodiments, as illustrated herein, the disclosure includes a fluid pump. The pump includes a generally sealed vessel defining a bore therein. Preferably, the only passages through the vessel leading into the bore include at least one working fluid inlet and at least one working fluid outlet. The pump further includes a piston adapted and configured to be received in the bore. The pump also includes a magnetic drive external to the bore, wherein the magnetic drive is adapted and configured to cause the piston to move along a path defined by the bore when the drive is actuated.
In further accordance with the disclosure, the bore may be generally straight or generally toroidal in shape. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the pump is adapted and configured to pump hydrogen. If desired, the pump may include at least one check valve in the fluid path of at least one of the working fluid inlet and the working fluid outlet. In accordance with one embodiment, the piston includes a plurality of seals disposed about its periphery adjacent the bore. The bore may have a circular cross-section or a non-circular cross-section, as desired.
In accordance with a further aspect, gas passing over the seals during a compression stroke may be recovered and compressed during a subsequent compression stroke of the pump. If desired, the piston may include a bore through the center thereof to permit the passage of gas therethrough during a non-compression stroke. In accordance with a further aspect, the piston may include non-magnetized iron material, permanently magnetized material, and/or diamagnetic material.
In accordance with one embodiment, the magnetic drive includes at least one electromagnet. Accordingly, the direction and rate of travel of the piston may be controlled by the amount of current in the electromagnet. In accordance with another embodiment, the magnetic drive may include at least one permanent magnet. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the magnetic drive may include at least two permanent magnets. Preferably, the direction and rate of travel of the piston is controlled by the movement and strength of the permanent magnets.
In accordance with a further aspect, the pump preferably includes a vessel that is non-magnetic. For example, the vessel may include stainless steel or polymeric material. In accordance with a further aspect, the magnetic drive may include at least one electromagnet disposed at either end of the bore. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the piston and/or electromagnets may include ferromagnetic material.
In accordance with an illustrative embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of compressing a gas. The method includes providing one or more pumps as described herein, drawing working fluid into the inlet by moving the piston through the bore in a first direction, and compressing the fluid by moving the piston through the bore in a second direction opposite from the first direction.
In accordance with a further aspect, the method may further include compressing fluid that slips between the piston and the bore in a subsequent compression stroke. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the working fluid may include hydrogen gas. Even more preferably, the hydrogen gas is produced by electrolysis. The hydrogen may be transported to a second location after being compressed by the pump, such as in a vehicle or through a pipeline. If desired, the oxygen produced by the electrolysis process may also be compressed and sent to the second location. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the electricity used to produce the hydrogen from electrolysis is obtained from a renewable energy resource. The renewable energy resource may be selected, for example, from the group including wind power, hydroelectric power, solar power or tidal power. In accordance with a further aspect, the second location may be a power plant or a vehicle fueling station, among others.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and are intended to provide further explanation of the embodiments disclosed herein.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute part of this specification, are included to illustrate and provide a further understanding of the methods and systems of the disclosed embodiments. Together with the description, the drawings serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The methods and corresponding steps of the invention will be described in conjunction with the detailed description of the system.
The present disclosure is directed principally to various embodiments of pumps and compressors that use electromotive forces to actuate a working body, such as a piston, inside a vessel, to compress gas or move liquids. Such embodiments may be suitably configured, for example, to pump liquids, to pump gases, or a mixture of liquids and gases, as desired. In the context of the present disclosure, the terms pump and compressor are generally used interchangeably and are intended to refer to a device that is capable of adding pressure energy to a fluid, be the fluid liquid and/or gaseous in nature. Such embodiments are particularly advantageous since they eliminate a number of sources of leakage inherent in prior art devices, yet still permit for significant compression ratios and efficient operation. Use of such low-loss devices is particularly advantageous for compressing gases that are prone to leakage, such as hydrogen and other light gases.
Previous attempts have been made at developing electromagnetically actuated compressors, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,572,126, 2,872,101, 3,196,797, 4,032,264, 4,541,787, 5,603,612, and 6,540,491. Each of these references is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. However, Applicant believes that these attempts do not possess the advantages of the disclosed embodiments. For example, the disclosed embodiments use electromagnetic induction (i.e., Faraday's law) to drive the compressing piston from outside a vessel containing the piston. All motivating and controlling parts of the device are external and accessible for maintenance without violating the integrity of the vessel envelope or its contents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,541,787 to DeLong utilizes a piston internal to the vessel. Applicant believes that the embodiments of DeLong are not intended (nor suitable) for the compression of light gases such as hydrogen, but instead are intended for the pumping of heavy fluids such as crude oil from oil wells.
For purposes of illustration and not limitation, as embodied herein,
As a gas compressor, it is submitted that the disclosed devices are operable with working fluids such as air or any other gas. As a liquid pump, the disclosed devices can be used to pump most liquids. It is believed that due to the simplicity of the devices, they can operate with little maintenance. It is further believed that the device will consume less power than present compressors or pumps of similar output.
As mentioned above,
Specifically,
For example, the movement of piston 1a (or other pistons described herein) may be accomplished by means of magnetic attraction. If based on magnetic attraction, the piston preferably includes magnetically-attractable material such as a paramagnetic material (e.g., magnesium, molybdenum, lithium, and tantalum or suitable alloys thereof) or ferromagnetic material (e.g., iron) or other magnetizable material (e.g., Alnico, neodymium-iron-boron, samarium-cobalt, or standard ceramic magnet materials and rare earth magnet materials).
By way of further example, the movement of piston 1a may be based on magnetic repulsion. If based on magnetic repulsion, the piston 1a preferably includes diamagnetic material (e.g., copper, silver, and gold, alloys thereof, suitable high-temperature superconductors (“HTS”), and the like). As understood by those of skill in the art, such repulsion typically occurs in the form of Eddy currents induced in the diamagnetic material in response to an applied time varying electromagnetic field. The Eddy currents create a repulsive magnetic field which interacts with and is repulsed by the applied magnetic field, resulting in piston movement.
It will be further appreciated that the movement of piston 1a can be accomplished via the combined attraction and repulsion of magnetic fields, wherein a piston can be made from both diamagnetic and paramagentic material. Accordingly, piston movement may be accomplished by controlling the application of electromagnetic fields to the device to create fields with controlled orientation to attract or repel the piston, as desired. It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that any electromagnetically-actuated embodiment of a pump therein may be adapted and configured to control the application of current to the windings thereof in a manner appropriate to the material of the piston.
Piston 1a may be plated or coated, as desired, particularly if the fluid being compressed or pumped is corrosive. As depicted, piston 1a also contains a hollow center to allow gas to pass through on the intake stroke. An exemplary electromagnetic coil 2 is wound around and attached to the outside of the housing 3. Polarity may be reversed, as desired, to alternately repel or attract piston 1a, resulting in intake and compression.
Housing 3 (which may be cylindrical or any other suitable shape) is preferably closed at the ends except for the inlet and outlet passages 5. Housing/cylinder 3 is preferably made from a non ferromagnetic, and preferably a paramagnetic material such as a stainless steel, polymeric and/or composite (e.g., ceramic containing) materials.
As further depicted, a check valve 4 is disposed at each end of the housing 3. Check valve 4 is preferably of suitable design and material for the substance being compressed or pumped. Check valve 4 can be electrically operated, for example, where hydrogen or other light gas, due to being in the early stages of compression, may not be able to open a spring actuated valve on its own. The valve activation can be synchronized, for example, with the piston position. Inlet and outlet lines 5 are also provided. A control unit 6 may reverse the polarity in the induction coil causing the piston to move into the intake direction and power stroke. Control unit 6 may include, for example, mechanical means such as a commutator in an electric motor. The speed of the device (frequency of cycles) can be varied by the speed of the rotation of the commutator. By way of further example, control unit 6 may include suitable processors and switches, such as pin diodes or other switches or relays, that controllably energize coil 2. Accordingly, the control unit 6 preferably can vary the intensity of the electromotive force of the piston, and preferably provides greater force on the power stroke and less force on the intake stroke. Power to the coil can be controlled to adjust the movement to prevent collision of the piston against the ends of the cylinder. Reference 7 indicates the linking wiring from the control unit 6 to the coil 2. Reference 8 indicates the check valve or one-way valve in piston 1a. Reference 9 indicates the piston seals or rings. Seals 9 can be made of any suitable material, such as metal, composite and/or plastic material such as PTFE.
Because the movement of the device in
As further mentioned above,
The embodiment of
When connecting pump/compressor devices as described herein in assemblies, it is submitted that those of skill in the art can readily determine how many cycles of a given pump/compressor are needed to increase hydrogen gas or other fluid pressure up to a desired density and pressure.
As alluded to above,
With further reference to the embodiment of
Specifically,
If wasteful high tension transmission is replaced by a system as described herein, the rights-of-way currently used by electrical power transmission may also be used for laying new pipelines 22 as depicted in
By way of further example, the creation of electrolysis plants at locations where existing hydroelectric facilities are located using off-peak power, and at new locations, in locations where alternate natural power exists may eliminate the need and use of the high tension transmission of electricity. The continuing development of fuel cell technology requires hydrogen and oxygen and will likely be the method of power generation in the future. With no smokestacks and pollution, power generation can be performed in small power generation pods and housed in small buildings resembling the residential or commercial buildings surrounding them. Local electrical generation does not require extended power transmission distances with the further benefit of eliminating widespread black-outs as have happened several times in the previous half century.
By way of still further example, pumps and compressors as described herein may be used for applications besides gas transportation and storage. For example, because of the simplicity of the design and possible low power requirement of this device, it may be possible accordingly to use a pump powered by photovoltaic cells to pump water from wells into tanks during daylight hours for potable use in areas of the world where electricity is not available and disease carried by contaminated water is prevalent. The output of photovoltaic cells and power needs of the electromagnet induction coils may both be direct current so no current inversion is required. However, it will be recognized that the present embodiments may also be actuated by alternating current, as desired.
The direction of present hydrogen-powered vehicles by the U.S. Department of Energy in pilot projects is to electrolyze water with electricity from the grid, at the locations where the fuel is dispensed into vehicles equipped with fuel cells that convert the gases back into electricity, driving electric motors. Ideally, such a system can involve a double hydrogen fuel cycle, wherein the first cycle converts electricity from natural sources (such as hydroelectric power) into hydrogen and oxygen which are transported by containers or pipeline to local electrical generation, and at the service station, the electricity can be used to electrolyze water back into gases which are then used to generate electricity in the vehicle or burned as a fuel in specially designed combustion engines. Additionally, a single cycle may be used wherein piped gases can be directly piped to the service station, stored and dispensed as needed.
It may be found that if the electrolyzing of water for the production of pollution-free fuel does become the major fuel source in the future, such wide-spread consumption of hydrogen from one area of the globe, valving-off the accompanying oxygen at the natural power source location, and then re-combining the transported hydrogen with oxygen at the use location may cause an imbalance in the atmosphere that might cause environmental problems. It is submitted that the oxygen and hydrogen preferably be transported and used in suitable proportional quantities.
In summary, the devices disclosed herein provide a compressor or pump having the compressing or pumping piston wholly contained and isolated within inside the vessel containing the gas or liquid. The magnetic coil or coils, control unit and all other pump apparati may then be maintained externally to the vessel thus eliminating leakage of light gases through moving seals or gaskets as is prevalent with reciprocal crankshaft driven compressors and most other compressors. Because of the simplicity of the disclosed compressors/pumps, it is believed by Applicant that maintenance will be reduced or may even be eliminated. This is further facilitated by the disclosed devices having a limited number of moving parts. The devices preferably operate with low power consumption using direct current (but may also be adapted to use alternating current, if desired), and the disclosed devices are capable of compressing hydrogen and other low density gases with virtually no loss, since any gases slipping past the piston seals are not lost from the system, but will instead simply be compressed during a later stroke of the piston.
It will be appreciated that electromagnetic windings described herein for driving electromagnets may be situated in any desired orientation to effectuate any desired movement in any piston. It will be further appreciated that such windings can be formed from any desired material, such as copper and copper alloys, aluminum, silver and the like, as well as superconductive materials, such as HTS materials.
The methods and systems of the present invention, as described above and shown in the drawings, provide for pumping and compressor devices with superior properties including lower leakage and improved performance, as well as enabling a new hydrogen-based energy infrastructure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the device and method of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention include modifications and variations that are within the scope of the subject disclosure and equivalents.
This patent application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority to International Application No. PCT/US2009/038056, filed Mar. 24, 2009, which in turn claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/039,429, filed Mar. 26, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/054,805, filed May 20, 2008. The disclosure of each of the aforementioned applications is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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Number | Date | Country |
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WO-2009120670 | Oct 2009 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
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20100260624 A1 | Oct 2010 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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61039429 | Mar 2008 | US | |
61054805 | May 2008 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | PCT/US2009/038056 | Mar 2009 | US |
Child | 12819557 | US |