Patent Application
20250058511
The present disclosure relates generally to a system and method of making plastic pipes using a cross-linked polyethylene, specifically to PEX-a process in which the crosslinking is induced by peroxide under the influence of heat and high pressure.
Extruded plastic pipe or tubing is well known and can be used for a variety of applications. Examples of materials used for manufacturing plastic piping can include polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) (e.g., PE-raised temperature, or PE-RT), polypropylene (PP), polybutylenes (PB), and any copolymers thereof; polyolefin copolymers such as poly (ethylene-co-maleic anhydride); poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC); and chlorinated PVC, i.e., CPVC; etc.
In certain examples, a cross-linked polymer, such as cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), may be used for making plastic pipes. PEX-a, PEX-b, and PEX-c are known varieties of PEX for making plastic pipe. When manufacturing PEX-a, crosslinking is induced by peroxide under heat and pressure. The PEX-a composition is crosslinked through carbon-carbon bonds to form a crosslinked polymer network. The PEX-a crosslinking process occurs in a melted stage, as opposed to the primary crosslinking processes for PEX-b and PEX-c.
There is a need for a more improved process for manufacturing a PEX-a pipe or tube that results in less waste and energy while increasing output.
The present disclosure relates to a method and system of manufacturing PEX-a plastic pipe or tube. The pipes can be used in both cold and hot water applications. PEX-a is produced by a peroxide (Engel) method. This method performs “hot” cross-linking, above the crystal melting point. The “Engel” or peroxide method employs a special extruder with a plunger action where peroxide is added to the base resin and through a combination of pressure and high temperature the cross-linking takes place as the tubing is produced.
The present disclosure relates to a system and method of making a PEX-a pipe or tube that utilizes an infrared oven and a water-cooling apparatus. In the PEX-a process, the primary reaction is the formation of free radicals upon decomposition of the peroxide. The free radical abstracts hydrogens from the PE polymer chains which give new carbon radicals that combine with neighboring PE chains to form stable carbon-carbon bonds, i.e., crosslinks. The crosslinking is homogeneous and uniform and gives degrees of crosslinking above 70%.
One aspect of the present disclosure relates to a system for preparing a cross-linked polyethylene a (PEX-a) pipe. The system can include a heating device that includes a chamber with a central axis, an inlet, and an outlet. A plurality of oscillating infrared (IR) lamps may be in the heating device along with a water-cooling apparatus for cooling the temperature in the chamber. The term “oscillating” refers to turning the IR lamp on and off, for example, over defined intervals of time. The combination of a multiplicity of IR lamps and water-cooling offers good temperature control within the infrared oven chamber and good ability to control the extent of cross-linking. The system also includes a controller comprising a program code for regulating oscillation of the IR lamp; an extruder for conveying a cross-linkable feedstock into the chamber; and a pipe head for forming the PEX-a pipe.
Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of making a PEX-a pipe. The method includes the steps of feeding a cross-linkable feedstock into a process system to form a cross-linkable pipe, and exposing the cross-linkable pipe to oscillating infrared lamps in a chamber of an infrared oven to form the cross-linked polyethylene pipe.
These and other features and advantages will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated drawings. A variety of additional aspects will be set forth in the description that follows. The aspects can relate to individual features and to combinations of features. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the broad concepts upon which the examples disclosed herein are based.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the description, illustrate several aspects of the present disclosure. A brief description of the drawings is as follows:
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods of making a uniform cross-linked polyethylene pipe or tube. The systems and methods described herein are generally in reference to making a PEX-a pipe, although various aspects of the process may be used in making PEX-b and PEX-c piping or tubing.
The advantageous features of a PEX-a material include the flexibility that the PEX-a material provides. The PEX-a material has a smaller bend radius compared to the PEX-b or PEX-c material. PEX-a material also has an elastic memory so it can be expanded to use expansion fittings. That is, a PEX-a pipe can be expanded and then shrink back around the fitting to provide a tight seal. PEX-a will return to its original shape in which it was extruded. If a kink is created in a PEX-a pipe, a heat gun can be used to heat the pipe or tube to return the pipe/tube to its original shape. Secondary processes further are not needed to crosslink the PEX-a after extrusion.
In an embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a new process and system for manufacturing PEXa pipe. The system includes a heating device (e.g., an oven) that is designed with an Infrared (IR) Lamp and a water cooling apparatus. The heating device further includes a control that modifies or modulates the IR lamp. In particular, the IR lamp can be oscillated, e.g., turned on and off, according to a prescribed sequence that provides several benefits. The sequence of the IR lamps can be controlled at an optimum frequency and efficiency via software code to achieve a more stable process that yields consistent and uniform cross-linking.
In step 102, a feedstock comprising polymer pellets and peroxide can be blended in a tank and stored and/or conveyed in step 104. A gravimetric blender may be used to blend peroxides and other polymer resins that are fed into an extruder 10 at step 106. The material resin passes into a pipe head 12 at step 108 to form a pipe 14 (e.g., tube) (see
At step 110, the pipe 14 passes through a heating device 16 such as an oven with multiple infrared (IR) lamps 18 and is exposed to the multiple IR lamps 18 (see
The pipe head 12 can creates a shape, a size, wall thickness of the pipe 14.
The pipe head 12 may be a 90-degree pipe head such that the material from the pipe head 12 turns 90-degrees toward an infrared oven 16 at step 110. Heating bands within the pipe head 12 allow the melt pressure of the material passing therethrough more stable. In certain examples, the housing member 13 of the pipe head 12 can be mounted relative to the extruder 10. The pipe head 12 can include a single opening provided at an internal joint between the extruder 10 and the pipe head 12.
The master wheel 20 is shown at the top side 206 of the assembly 200 directly adjacent the infrared ovens 16 to control the speed of the pipe 14 through the infrared ovens 16. The master wheel 20 can control the speed by which the pipe 14 travels through the infrared oven 16 to help provide uniform and consistent dimensions (e.g., outside diameter) of the pipe 14. Because the pipe 14 is fully crosslinked upon exiting the infrared oven 16, the pipe 14 can be more stable which results in a more consistent dimension that is within ±0.1. Also, the elasticity of the pipe 14 can be more consistent through the infrared oven 16.
The assembly 200 also includes a haul-off 222 (see
In certain examples, the assembly 200 may include programmable logic controllers 201, 203 (e.g., control system, CPU, processor, etc.) (see
In certain examples, the haul-off 222 may operate slightly faster than the master wheel 20 to control tension in the pipe 14 and to induce a small amount of required stretch in the pipe 14. The haul-off 222 may also operate to control dimensions of the pipe, such as pipe diameter. In some examples, the haul-off 222 may operate generally at similar speeds as the master wheel 20. The speeds of the haul-off 222 and the master wheel 20 will vary based on the size of the pipe 14. Similar to the master wheel 20, the haul-off device can positioned closer to the infrared ovens 16 rather than at the end of the assembly 200 to reduce stretch and change in the pipe 14. A dancer 228 (see
The assembly 200 may also include a sensor 226 such as a laser micrometer to measure an outer diameter of the pipe 14. The sensor 226 is designed to read out the outer diameter of the pipe 14. If the outer diameter is out of specification, the read out by the sensor 226 would prompt a user to make manual adjustments to the speed to achieve the desired outer diameter of the pipe 14. In other examples, the sensor 226 may be automatically controlled to adjust the haul-off 222 to update the line speed to achieve the outer diameter.
Referring to
The infrared ovens 16 define an opening 214 along the central axis 210 for passing the pipe 14 therethrough. The two hemispherical portions 16a, 16b of the infrared ovens 16 can each include an inner casing 216a, 216b through which the pipe 14 travels. The infrared ovens 16 can each include an inlet end 218 and an outlet end 220.
The pipe 14 can pass between the IR lamps 18 to be exposed thereto. That is, the pipe 14 travels generally through the center of the IR lamps 18 for more consistent heat application. The IR lamps 18 can be positioned in the infrared oven 16 to heat the full circumference of the pipe 14 to provide uniform and consistent heating that achieves a more stable and uniform cross-linking process. That is, the configuration of the IR lamps 18 provide 360 degree heating around the full circumference of the pipe 14 to provide optimal coverage. The infrared oven 16 provides more heat intensity that allows for more efficient heating and less heating time. As such, the line speed can be increased and the infrared oven 16 can be shorter. For example, the oven 16 can have a reduced length of 2 m, compared to ovens that are 8 m or more in length. The line speed may be increased to at least 20 m/min, or at least 25 m/min, or about 30 m/min yielding greater outputs compared to 17 m/min for an IR system that does not oscillate the IP lamp and uses air cooling rather than water cooling.
It will be appreciated that the halves 16a, 16b of the infrared oven 16 may also have a polygonal shape, although alternatives are possible.
At least six IR lamps can be positioned on each one of the hemispherical portions 16a, 16b. As such, a total of 12 IR lamps can be positioned within the infrared oven 16, although alternatives are possible. In certain examples, a total of 18 IR lamps may be positioned within the infrared oven 16. As such, 9 IR lamps may be positioned in each one of the hemispherical portions 16a, 16b. When manufacturing a PEX pipe that has about a 1-inch diameter, 12 total IR lamps may be used. When manufacturing a PEX pipe of greater size, such as 1¼ inch pipe, 18 total IR lamps may be used. In other examples, the infrared oven 16 can include between 12-18 sets of IR lamps 18 that extend the full length of the infrared oven 16. In certain examples, the infrared oven 16 may be vertically positioned, but may also be horizontally positioned. If larger diameter pipe 14 is made, the horizontal configuration may be preferred.
The infrared oven 16 also includes a cooling fluid chamber 23 in which cooling fluid is designed to be circulated therethrough. Fluid can pass through the cooling fluid chamber 23 from a fluid source using a pump or circulation device and a controller. The IR lamps 18 within the infrared oven 16 can be liquid cooled by fluid circulated through the cooling fluid chamber 23. Furthermore, the temperature in the infrared oven 16 may be cooled rather than using air to create a more stable process. That is, because air circulation through the heater can cause the pipe material to sway or move, there can be an uneven application of heat. The advantages of using liquid cooling allows the pipe material to remain generally at a constant position in relation to the IR lamps. As such, using liquid cooling helps to maintain good environmental conditions, (e.g., no disruptive air flow) which facilitates a more even application of heat and thus a more reliable and uniform cross-linking can be achieved. The oven design and the cooling fluid chamber 23 together help to provide uniform cross-linking in the pipe 14 to yield better control in achieving a uniform outside diameter and wall thickness.
In certain examples, the cooling fluid chamber 23 may include a cooled water or fluid tank, although alternatives are possible.
The infrared oven 16 can further include a reflective inner wall/surface 25. In certain examples, the reflective inner wall/surface 25 can include a metallic material such as stainless steel, although alternatives are possible. In other examples, other composites and/or synthetic reflective materials may be used.
By replacing the air with chilled water inside the infrared oven 16 of the PEX-a process 100, the pipe 14 can remain steady while passing through the infrared oven 16. Also, by removing air from the infrared oven 16, energy used to control the crosslinking is much more consistent throughout the entire PEX process.
In certain examples, a controller, such as the programmable logic controllers 201, 203 can include a program code for regulating oscillation of the IR lamp. That is, software may be implanted in the process to control the infrared oven 16 to oscillate the IR lamps 18. The oscillation process help to provide the desired properties of the pipe 14 that yield uniform cross-linking and dimensions.
The singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
The term “and/or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
The term “about,” when referring to a measurable value such as an amount of a compound, dose, time, temperature, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, or even 0.1% of the specified amount.
The terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. Unless otherwise defined, all terms, including technical and scientific terms used in the description, have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. In the event of conflicting terminology, the present specification is controlling.
All patents, patent applications and publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The cross-linkable feedstock for making the polymeric pipes of the disclosure include a polyethylene, such as a high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Polyethylene (PE) is classified into several different categories based mostly on its density and branching. The final product performance and mechanical properties depend significantly on variables such as the extent and type of branching, the crystallinity, the density, and the molecular weight and its distribution. PEX pipes are commonly manufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE), however, the present disclosure may include a cross-linkable feedstock or a coating composition that may comprise any type of polyolefin or polyethylene is used for the production of single-layer or multi-layer plastic pipes such as, but not limited to, low density polyethylene (LDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), PE 100, PE 80, PE-RT grades, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) or combinations thereof.
Examples of commercially available HDPE that may be used in pipes of the present disclosure include Borealis HE1878E; Borealis HE1878E-C2; HE1878; Borealis HE2550, each available from Borealis AG, Vienna, Austria; Lupolen 5261Z Q456; Lyondellbasell, Basell Q 456, Basell Q 456B, Basell New Resin, Basell Q 471, (LyondellBasell Company, Clinton Iowa, United States).
The cross-linkable feedstock of the present disclosure comprises a peroxide. The peroxide may be an organic peroxide. The peroxide may be any appropriate organic peroxide for crosslinking polyolefins. The organic peroxide may be a bi-functional peroxide used for crosslinking of polyolefins.
The organic peroxide may be 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexyne-3, for example, available as 85% solution in mineral oil in liquid form commercially available as, for example, Trigonox 145-E85; 3,3,5,7,7-pentamethyl-1,2,4-trioxepane commercially available as Trigonox 311; 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane commercially available as Trigonox 101; each available from Nouryon Functional Chemicals B. V., Radnor, PA. The organic peroxide may be a di-tert-butyl peroxide. The peroxide may be present in the feedstock in from 0.1 to 2 wt %, or 0.5 to 1.0 wt %.
The cross-linkable feedstock compositions according to the disclosure may optionally contain one or more additional additives such as stabilizers, coagents, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and pigments.
The cross-linkable feedstock for making the polymeric pipes of the disclosure may optionally comprise a co-agent, for example one or more co-agents. The co-agents (monomers and/or oligomers) that may be used in the formulations in the present disclosure may comprise at least one polymerizable double bond or reactive group. The co-agent may provide additional crosslinks between the polyolefin chains of the polyolefin structural polymer. The co-agent may act to promote and enhance the efficiency of the crosslinking process. The co-agent may be selected from co-agents comprising reactive groups such as acrylates, allyl ethers, polybutadienes, vinyl ethers, and unsaturated vegetable oils, such as soybean oil. For example, the co-agent may be selected from acrylates, allyl ethers, polybutadienes and vinyl ethers. The co-agent may comprise a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. A reactive carbon-carbon double bond may be a carbon-carbon double bond that is a terminal carbon-carbon bond. The co-agent (or total amount of co-agents) may be present in an amount of 0.02 to 10% by weight. For example, the co-agent may be present in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight, 0.2 to 1% by weight, 0.3 to 0.7% by weight, e.g., about 0.5% by weight.
The cross-linkable feedstock composition according to the disclosure may optionally include a stabilizer. The stabilizer may be a UV stabilizer such as a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) or a hindered phenol stabilizer. The cross-linkable feedstock composition includes one or more hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), e.g., to protect the cured composition from oxidation and degradation. Examples of hindered amine light stabilizers include Tinuvin 123 (Ciba), Tinuvin 622 (Ciba), Tinuvin 770 (Ciba), Cyasorb 3853 (Cytec), Cyasorb 3529 (Cytec) and Hostavin PR-31 (Clariant). A curable composition can include up to about 15% of one or more hindered amine light stabilizers. For example, the composition can include from about 0.1% to about 5%, or from about 0.1% to about 3% of the one or more hindered amine light stabilizers. In other embodiments, the curable composition is substantially free of a light stabilizer.
The cross-linkable feedstock composition according to the disclosure may optionally include an antioxidant. The antioxidant may be any appropriate antioxidant. The antioxidant may be a reactive antioxidant such as reactive hindered phenol 3-(3′,5′-di-tert.-butyl-4′-hydroxy phenyl) propyl-1-acrylate, DBPA; reactive hindered amine 4-acryloyloxyl 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl piperdine, AOPP; or reactive hindered amine 4-acryloyloxyl 1,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperdine, AOTP, for example, as synthesized in Al-Malaika S, Riasat S, Lewucha C, Reactive antioxidants for peroxide crosslinked polyethylene, Polymer Degradation and Stability (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.04.013. The antioxidant may be present in about 0.1% to about 1%, or 0.25% to 0.75%, or about 0.5% by weight in the cross-linkable feedstock composition.
The systems and methods of making the PEX-a pipe according to the disclosure may optionally include co-extrusion of one or more additional layers to the PEX-a pipe. Methods and compositions for coating the pipe are known in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,937,527 and 9,656,298, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The polymeric pipes prepared using the systems and methods of the disclosure comprises cross-linked polyethylene (PEX). The PEX-a pipes may be useful for drinking water pipe, plumbing, heating, and cooling; underfloor heating; wastewater; fire sprinkler systems and the like.
The disclosure provides systems and methods for making a PEX pipe that meets or exceeds one or more ASTM, NSF, or ISO standards.
Pipe standards and standard test procedures referenced in the present disclosure include the following: ASTM International Standard for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing, ASTM F876-20a (Jan. 8, 2021) (“ASTM F876”); ASTM International Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Plastic Hot- and Cold-Water Distribution Systems, ASTM F877-00 (Aug. 16, 2017) (“ASTM F877”); ASTM International Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Oxidative Resistance of Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing and Systems to Hot Chlorinated Water, F2023-15 (Dec. 27, 2016) (“ASTM F2023”); ASTM International Standard Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning calorimetry, ASTM D3895-19 (Jun. 24, 2019) (“ASTM D3895”); NSF International Standard/American National Standard for Drinking Water Additives 61-2016 (Jan. 5, 2016) (“NSF 61”); and ISO Standard EN ISO 15875-Plastics piping systems for hot and cold water installations-Crosslinked polyethylene (PE-X). The contents of each of these standards are incorporated herein by reference.
The PEX tubing formed by the systems and methods according to the disclosure is capable of passing ASTM F876 and/or F877 test standards. The wall thickness of PEX tubing is based on Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR) 9. The pipes of the disclosure may be PEX pipes that meet or exceed temperature and pressure ratings requirements of 160 psi at 23° C. (73.4° F.), 100 psi at 82.2° C. (180° F.), and 80 psi at 93.3° C. (200° F.). Minimum burst ratings are 475 psi at 23° C. (73.4° F.) (⅝ inch and larger). PEX pipes of the disclosure may also meet additional performance characteristics and requirements set out in ASTM F 876-20b, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
ASTM F 876 is a standard specification for crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) tubing that is outside diameter controlled, made in standard thermoplastic tubing dimension ratios, and pressure rated for water at three temperatures. Included are requirements and test methods for material, workmanship, dimensions, sustained pressure, burst pressure, environmental stress cracking, stabilizer migration resistance, and degree of crosslinking. Methods of marking are also given.
The degree of crosslinking can be quantified in accordance with the following citation from ASTM F876: “6.8. Degree of Crosslinking-When tested in accordance with 7.9, the degree of crosslinking for PEX tubing material shall be within the range from 65 to 89% inclusive. Depending on the process used, the following minimum percentages crosslinking values shall be achieved: 70% by peroxides (PEX-a), 65% by Azo compounds, 65% by electron beam (PEX-c), or 65% by silane compounds (PEX-b)”. Ideally, pipes should have a high, i.e. at least 50% (preferably at least 65%), level of cross-linking according to the standard. However, in some applications a lower degree of cross-linking may be acceptable.
The present disclosure provides systems and methods for producing extruded pipes that consistently satisfy a defined target level of crosslinking (CCL) of, for example 72%, and may be maintained at that level at approximately 72±0.5% for a given formulation. In conventional prior art extrusion processes this variation may be least 3% and up to 5%, or more.
ASTM F877 specification covers requirements, test methods, and methods of making for cross-linked polyethylene plastic hot- and cold-water distribution systems components made in one standard dimension ration and intended for 100 psi (0.69 MPa) water service up to and including a maximum working temperature of 180 F (82° C.). Components are comprised of tubings and fittings. Requirements and test methods are included for materials, workmanship, dimensions and tolerances, hydrostatic sustained pressure strength, thermocycling resistance, fittings, and bend strength.
The systems and methods of the disclosure are able to produce PEX-a pipes that meet or exceed ASTM F877 standards including hot bending minimum radius of 2.5 times the outside diameter (O.D.), cold bending minimum radius of 6 times the outside diameter, and are able to sustain short term conditions of 48 h at 210° F., at 150 psi.
Chlorine resistance may be measured by ASTM F2023 and requires approximately 12-15 months of testing for completion.
A qualitative measure of the level of stabilization may be provided by the oxidative-induction time (OIT) test by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as performed in accordance with ASTM D3895.
Specific additives for pipes for drinking water applications may include comprise stabilizers, anti-oxidants, crosslinking agents, processing additives, etc. as part of the cross-linkable feedstock and in the final pipe composition. These additives may be added to provide pipes with desirable physical properties, e.g., pipes that satisfy ASTM F876 and/or EN ISO 15875 requirements. These chemical additives may be, however, typically subject to leaching from the final chemical pipe. Leaching of chemicals into the pipe is, however, undesirable. In addition, for certain applications there are limits set on levels of leached chemicals. For example, NSF 61 sets limits on chemical leaching for drinking water pipes. Drinking water pipes in North America must pass the NSF 61 test. The purpose of this test is to assure the customer that the quality of the water inside the pipe is not compromised by chemicals leaching into it. There are three ways to complete this test: 1) single point test, 2) 21-Day multipoint test and 3) 107-Day multipoint test. All three tests involve changing the water inside the pipe every 24 hours over an extended period of time. For the single point test only the water extract on Day 17 is tested. For the multipoint tests the water extracts on several days are analyzed and the resulting data is then used to create a decay curve. The water extracts may be analyzed by a Gas Chromatograph equipped with a Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS). If deemed necessary other analytical techniques are also used. Twenty-four hours prior to collecting a sample for analysis some of the samples are heated at 82° C. for 30 minutes. The heated extracts are then analyzed by GC/MS for semi-volatile compounds using EPA624 method. The rest of the samples are conditioned at room temperature and then analyzed by GC/MS for volatile compounds using EPA524 method.
To pass the multipoint tests the concentration of all chemicals extracted into the water must decay to below the Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) on Day 17 and Total Allowable Concentration (TAC) on Day 107. For the single point test both the STEL and TAC limits must be met on Day 17. The allowance limits of NSF 61 were typically in the in the ppm range until recent years when the requirements have become more stringent, for example with the limits set in the ppb range for a number of compounds in current NSF standards.
The term “STEL” refers to the short term exposure limit. It typically represents the maximum concentration of a contaminant (e.g. a compound) that is permitted by a standard. For example, the NSF 61 standard specifies STEL values that represent the maximum concentration of a contaminant that is permitted in drinking water for an acute exposure calculated in accordance with the standard.
The term “TAC” refers to total allowable concentration. This is typically the maximum concentration of a contaminant (e.g. a compound) that a single product is allowed to contribute to a fluid. For example, the NSF 61 standard specifies TAC values that represent the maximum concentration of a contaminant in drinking water that a single product is allowed to contribute in accordance with the standard.
The principles, techniques, and features described herein can be applied in a variety of systems, and there is no requirement that all of the advantageous features identified be incorporated in an assembly, system or component to obtain some benefit according to the present disclosure.
From the forgoing detailed description, it will be evident that modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/295,370, filed Dec. 30, 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2022/062923 | 12/30/2022 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63295370 | Dec 2021 | US |
