Patent Application
20230380359
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for hydroponic plant cultivation. More specifically, aspects of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods for organic hydroponic plant cultivation.
Hydroponic plant cultivation holds many advantages over growing food in soil, including, but not limited to, water efficiency and improvements in growth cycles. Hydroponics, generally speaking, is a method of growing plants in a water-based, nutrient rich solution. Hydroponics does not require the use of soil as a growing medium soil, and instead the root system is can be supported using an inert medium such as perlite, rock wool, clay pellets, peat moss, or vermiculite. Hydroponic growing methods generally allow the plants' roots to come in direct contact with the nutrient solution, while also having access to oxygen, which is essential for proper growth.
According to certain aspects, hydroponic plant cultivation can be carried out through careful control of the nutrient solution and pH levels. Certain hydroponic systems use less water than soil based plants because the system can be enclosed, which may result in less evaporation. In addition, hydroponic cultivation may be capable of growing food with fewer chemical fertilizers to replenish the necessary nutrients plants require from soil. Hydroponic growing methods are often also better for the environment than traditional soil-based growing methods, because hydroponic systems may be capable of reducing waste and pollution from soil runoff. In contrast, in traditional flood irrigation a significant percentage of water applied to a field is lost, either through evaporation to the air or migration below the effective root zone of the plants. The downward migration of water also has the negative consequence of carrying fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides into the groundwater.
The efficiencies seen with certain hydroponic systems may also carry over to the efficient use of acreage, as the same plot of land used to grow plants in soil can typically be used to grow a greater number of plants hydroponically. Certain hydroponic systems can also provide an increased rate of growth of plants. For example, with the proper setup, certain hydroponic systems can provide for plants that can mature up to 25% faster and produce up to 30% more than the same plants grown in soil. In certain hydroponic systems, plants can grow bigger and faster because they will not have to work as hard to obtain nutrients. Accordingly, in certain aspects, a fine-tuned hydroponic system can surpass a soil based system in plant quality and amount of produce yielded, making such systems desirable for the growing and cultivation of commercial crops.
However, despite the improvements in efficiency there remain problems with cultivating plants hydroponically, including in providing efficient systems for the healthy and rapid growth of various types of plants. The present application seeks to address these issues.
The written disclosure herein describes illustrative embodiments that are non-limiting and non-exhaustive. Reference is made to certain of such illustrative embodiments that are depicted in the figures, in which:
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for hydroponic plant cultivation. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for organic hydroponic plant cultivation. As set forth below, various types of hydroponic plant cultivation are contemplated and can be used in accordance with principles of this disclosure, including, but not limited to, aeroponic hydroponic systems, deep water hydroponic systems, aquaponic hydroponic systems, N.F.T. (nutrient film technology) hydroponic systems, rolling bench or rolling container/gutter hydroponic systems, and tabletop hydroponic systems. Other types of hydroponic plant cultivation techniques can also be used in accordance with the principles disclosed herein.
Hydroponic plant cultivation techniques often involve growing plants in water rather than in soil or in the ground. While hydroponic plant cultivation techniques offer many advantages over soil or in ground plant cultivation, there can be significant challenges associated with these growing techniques. For instance, one challenge associated with some hydroponic plant cultivation techniques is the lack of sufficient amounts of bacteria, fungi and/or other microorganisms that help to process an organic fertilizer into forms that are available for uptake by the plants. As can be appreciated, organic fertilizers do not typically contain nitrogen in a bioavailable form but instead contain nitrogen compounds, such as proteins and/or amino acids, that can be converted into usable nitrogen compounds by an ammonification and/or nitrification process.
Another challenge often associated with some hydroponic plant cultivation techniques is the lack of oxygen present in the water. For instance, the oxygen levels found in soil or in ground cultivation techniques are typically at least 5 to 300 times greater than the oxygen levels found in hydroponic cultivation techniques. Further, air pockets and/or channels throughout the soil can allow a constant flow of oxygen to the roots of the plant. In hydroponic plant cultivation techniques, the water commonly contains between 0 mg/L and about 10 mg/L of oxygen. This oxygen level is also constantly decreasing as the oxygen is being utilized by the plants, resulting in the need to constantly add oxygen to the system.
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods that address these and other challenges associated with hydroponic plant cultivation techniques. The disclosed systems and methods can be particularly useful in the cultivation of organic plants.
It will be readily understood by one of skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that the components of the embodiments as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of various embodiments, as represented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, but is merely representative of various embodiments. While various aspects of the embodiments are presented in drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated.
The phrase “fluid communication” is used in its ordinary sense, and is broad enough to refer to arrangements in which a fluid (e.g., a gas or a liquid) can flow from one element to another element when the elements are in fluid communication with each other. The phrase “coupled to” is used in its ordinary sense, and is broad enough to refer to any suitable coupling or other form of interaction between two or more entities, including mechanical, fluid, and thermal interaction. Two components may be coupled to each other even though they are not in direct contact with each other. For example, two components may be coupled to each other through an intermediate component.
As shown in
According to certain aspects, the water management unit 110 is configured to treat water in the system. According to certain another aspects, the water management unit 100 can be configured to control the flow and/or circulation of water through the system. In certain embodiments, the water management unit 110 is in fluid communication with the plant growth regions 140 and in some embodiments with the bioreactor 130. As will be discussed with reference to
According to some embodiments, the water management unit 110 can be configured to control and/or modify one or more parameters of the water flowing through the system 100. In further embodiments, the bioreactor 130 can also be configured to control and/or modify one or more parameters of the water flowing through the system 100. As will be discussed in more detail below, non-limiting examples of these parameters include pH, temperature, oxygen level, nutrient level, oxygen reduction potential, light transmission, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and specific ion conditions. According to certain embodiments, these one or more parameters of the water can be measured, and the one or more parameters can be adjusted if the one or more parameters exceed predetermined levels for that parameter as water circulates through the system. In some embodiments, the water management unit comprises sensors is configured to conduct these measurements, and is capable of making adjustments. According to other embodiments, the system comprises sensors to measure the parameters throughout other parts of the system. In some embodiments, this system comprises a controller, such as a computer, that is capable of automatically making measurements and setting adjustment parameters. For example, in some embodiments, any generalized computer, such as a handheld device, can be configured to operably link with the water management unit to provide automated measurements or adjustments. In some embodiments, the controller may also alert a user to perform adjustments of any one of the plurality of parameters in response to a change in the measurement of the parameter beyond a predetermined level.
In some embodiments, water is constantly and/or continuously circulated between the water management unit 110 and the bioreactor 130. In other embodiments, water is intermittently circulated between the water management unit 110 and the bioreactor 130. For instance, flow between the water management unit 110 and the bioreactor 130 can be turned on and/or off as desired or at preselected time intervals.
As is depicted in
In certain embodiments, as depicted in
As shown in
The nitrogen feed source 132 can also be delivered to the bioreactor 130 in various ways. In some embodiments, the nitrogen feed source 132 is dosed into the bioreactor 130 via a dosing mechanism. Other methods of delivering the nitrogen feed source 132 to the bioreactor 130 are also contemplated. In yet another embodiment, the nitrogen feed source is dosed into the water management unit 100, and then carried from the water management unit to the bioreactor 130.
In some embodiments, the bioreactor 130 further comprises a substrate upon which bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can reside within the bioreactor 130. The substrates can be porous and/or comprise a relatively large surface area upon which the bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can reside. Illustrative substrates that can be used include, but are not limited to, pumice stones, lava stones, ceramic stones, and/or plastic elements. In other embodiments, no substrate is used. Various types of bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms used in ammonification and/or nitrification processes can also be included in the bioreactor 130. According to yet another embodiment, the substrate upon which bacteria, fungi and/or other microorganisms can reside can be provided in the plant growth region 340, such as to facilitate conversion of nitrogen in the plant growth region into nitrates available for plant uptake via one or more of an ammonification and/or a nitrification process.
An aeration system 134 can also be coupled to the bioreactor 130. The aeration system 134 can be configured to deliver one or more gases (e.g., gaseous bubbles) into the bioreactor 130 as desired. In some embodiments, the aeration system 134 is configured to deliver air (e.g., air bubbles) into the bioreactor 130 to aid in the ammonification and/or nitrification processes. The delivered air can include a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, which can be beneficial and useful for the system 100. For instance, air and/or other gases introduced into the bioreactor 130 via the aeration system 134 can promote the change of nitrite (NO2) into nitrate (NO3) within the ammonification and/or nitrification process. In some embodiments, the aeration system 134 is configured to provide a source of nanobubbles to the system. In some embodiments, nanobubbles are 70-120 nanometers in size, 2500 times smaller than a single grain of salt. They can be formed using various different types of gases. Due to their size, nanobubbles exhibit unique properties that improve numerous physical, chemical, and biological processes. The aeration system 134 can be configured to dissolve gases in the water by compressing the gas flows in the water and then releasing this mixture through nanosized nozzles to create nanobubbles. The nanobubbles can be formed and delivered into the system through any other means, such as ultrasonic waves.
In some embodiments, the aeration system 134 is configured to introduce gas from above the substrate. In other embodiments, the aeration system 134 is configured to introduce gas from below the substrate. The aeration system 134 can also be configured to continuously introduce gas into the bioreactor 130, or it can be configured to introduce gas intermittently or at desired time intervals.
Gases introduced into the bioreactor 130 via the aeration system 134 can also provide additional advantages to the system 100. For instance, without limitation, the gases introduced by the aeration system 134 can aid in mixing and/or moving the water within the bioreactor 130. Additionally, the gases introduced by the aeration system 134 can aid in discharging or removing other gases (e.g., waste gases) from the system 100. For instance, waste gases can be produced during the ammonification and/or nitrification processes. Gases and/or gas bubbles introduced by the aeration system 134 can aid in removing any such waste gases from the system 100. The amount of gas added into the bioreactor 130 via the aeration system 134 can also vary as desired. In some embodiments, the amount of gas added into the bioreactor 130 is between about 1 m3/hour and about 100 m3/hour. More or less gas can also be added depending on the size of the bioreactor 130 and/or the volume of water in the system 100.
As water is circulating between the bioreactor 130 and the water management unit 110, it will be appreciated that bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can be found throughout the system 100, including in the water management unit 110. In other words, the bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms are not limited to the bioreactor 130 but can be dispersed throughout the system 100 via the pumps, pipes, and/or waterways 102, 104 and the water management unit 110. Filters and/or membranes need not be used or applied to limit the movement of bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms, and in some embodiments, the system 100 is devoid of any such filters and/or membranes. Rather, freely allowing movement of bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can be advantageous to the system 100. For instance, bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms located throughout the system 100 can aid in breaking down and/or decomposing various organic molecules or products found therein.
In some embodiments, the volume or amount of water flowing through the bioreactor 130 can be controlled and/or managed as desired. For example, in certain embodiments, water flowing through the bioreactor 130 is relatively low, such as about 1 liter/hour. In other embodiments, the water flowing through the bioreactor 130 is higher, such as up to 100 m3/hour. As discussed below, one or more parameters of the water can be controlled via the flow rate through the bioreactor 130.
Various parameters of the water flowing through the system 100 can be measured and adjusted as desired. For instance, in some embodiments, one or more parameters are measured in the bioreactor 130 and/or in the water management unit 110. In further embodiments, one or more parameters are measured as the water flows to and/or from the bioreactor 130 and/or to and/or from the water management unit 110. Measuring such parameters can aid in tracking and/or monitoring the processes taking place within the bioreactor 130 and in the system 100 as a whole. Illustrative parameters that can be measured include, but are not limited to, the pH, the water temperature, the oxygen level of the water, and the nitrate and/or nutrient level (e.g., the number of nitrates and other nutrients). Depending on the measurements taken, flow through the bioreactor 130 can be modified (e.g., increased and/or decreased), the water can be treated, and/or additives can be added to the system 100. In some embodiments, increasing or decreasing the flow of water through the bioreactor 130 can affect the parameters of the water in the system 100.
In certain embodiments, the various parameters can be adjusted and/or modified in response to the measurements taken. These parameters can be adjusted at a number of points along the water flow path, such as in the bioreactor 130 and/or in the water management unit 110.
In one embodiment, the pH of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 100 can include a pH adjustment system 112. The pH adjustment system 112 can be configured to control the pH by adding acids and/or bases to the water as needed. Exemplary acids that can be used include, but are not limited to, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, citric acid, and acetic acid. The acids can be organic acids or artificial acids. Other acids can also be used. In certain embodiments, the pH of the system 100 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be at between about 5.0 and about 8, between about 5.5 and about 7.5, or between about 6.0 and about 7.
In another embodiment, the temperature of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 100 can include a cooling system 114 for cooling the water. In some of such embodiments, the cooling system 114 comprises a chiller. The system can also include a heating system 116 for heating the water. In some of such embodiments, the heating system 116 comprises a boiler. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the system 100 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be maintained at between about 15° C. and about 25° C., between about 18° C. and about 23° C., between about 19° C. and about 21° C.
In some embodiments, the oxygen level of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 100 can include an oxygen system 118 that can be configured to add oxygen to the water. In some embodiments, the oxygen system 118 includes a venturi device for adding oxygen to the water. In other embodiments, the oxygen system 118 includes an aerator that is configured to add bubbles (e.g., micro bubbles and/or nano bubbles) into the water. In a particular embodiment, the oxygen system 118 adds nano bubbles into the water. In certain embodiments, the oxygen level of the water in the system 100 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be at between about mg/L and about 40 mg/L, between about 10 mg/L and about 30 mg/L, or between about mg/L and about 25 mg/L.
In some embodiments, other gas levels can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 100 can include a gas system 120 that can be configured to add one or more gases into the water. In some embodiments, the gas system 120 can be configured to add carbon dioxide into the water. Without limitation, carbon dioxide gas can be used to control pH and impart other properties to the water. The gas system 120 can also be configured to add nitrogen gas into the water as desired. Other types of gases can also be added as desired.
In some embodiments, the nutrient levels of the water are monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For instance, the system 100 can include a fertilizer system 122 that can be configured to add fertilizer and/or other minerals to the water. For instance, the fertilizer system 122 can be configured to add various types and/or amounts of trace elements (e.g., iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, etc.) into the water. The fertilizer system 122 can also be configured to add fertilizers, hydrolyzed fertilizers, biostimulants, phosphates, calcium, and/or other components that may be advantageous for plant growth.
In particular embodiments, a plasma activated water system 124 is coupled to the water management unit 110. The plasma activated water system 124 can be configured to produce and/or add plasma activated water into the system 100. In some embodiments, plasma activated water can be derived from water, air, and electricity. Plasma activated water can be advantageous in many ways. For instance, without limitation, plasma activated water can include nitrates in the form of nitric acid that can be available for uptake by the plants. Plasma activated water can also be helpful in maintaining a desired pH within the system 100. For instance, the plasma activated water can be helpful in maintaining the pH of the system 100 at between about 5.0 and about 8, between about 5.5 and about 7.5, or between about 6.0 and about 7. Plasma activated water can also be helpful in avoiding the formation of certain precipitates within the system 100.
In some embodiments, the total level of organic derived nitrates available for uptake by the plants is monitored and/or controlled such that the total level of nitrate is between about 2 mmol/L and about 30 mmol/L, between about 6 mmol/L and about 20 mmol/L, or between about 8 mmol/L and about 15 mmol/L. In certain of such embodiments, the total level of organic derived nitrate includes the nitrates produced by the nitrification process and the nitrates dosed into the system (e.g., via dosing the plasma activated water). In such embodiments, the level of organic derived nitrates can be adjusted by increasing/decreasing the flow of the nitrogen feed source 132 into the bioreactor 130 and/or increasing/decreasing the amount of plasma activated water being added to the system 100.
Other parameters can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired, including, but not limited to, the level of organic pesticides and/or organic fungicides, ozone, and water hardness, etc. The number of ions (e.g., phosphates, calcium, and nitrates) can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired.
Optionally, in some embodiments, one or more fish and/or other aquatic animals are included in system 100, such as in the water management unit 110. The one or more fish and/or other aquatic animals can aid in the production of nitrates available for uptake by the plants. In other embodiments, fish and/or other aquatic animals are not used.
At the user's discretion, treated water from the system 100 can be delivered to a plant growth region 140. For instance, treated water from the system 100 can be delivered to plant growth region 140 via one or more pumps, pipes, and/or waterways 106. Various types of hydroponic plant growth regions 140 are contemplated. In some embodiments, the treated water is delivered and sprayed onto one or more plants in the plant growth region 140. For instance, the treated water can be sprayed from below the plants and/or onto the roots of the plants, which can be referred to as an aeroponic hydroponic system. The treated water can also be sprayed from above the plants and onto the one or more leaves of the plants. The treated water can also be delivered to components used in plant growth regions 140 commonly used in deep water hydroponic systems, N.F.T. hydroponic systems, rolling bench or rolling container/gutter hydroponic systems, tabletop hydroponic systems, and other types of hydroponic systems. As set forth in
In yet further embodiments, the treated water can be delivered to seeds that are germinating in a plant growth region 140. The treated water can also be delivered to substrates that are to be used in plant cultivation. For instance, the treated water can be applied to peat or another soil substrate (e.g., coco, coir, stone wool perlite, ager, paper sludge, etc.) prior to or after a seed or young plant is disposed therein. Thus, it will be appreciated that the treated water can be used in various ways.
As further illustrated, the water management unit 210, bioreactor 230, and one or more plant growth regions 240 are in fluid communication with each other such that water can be circulated throughout the system 200. For instance, as shown in
In some embodiments, water is constantly and/or continuously being circulated between the water management unit 210, the bioreactor 230, and the one or more plant growth regions 240. In other embodiments, water is intermittently circulated between the water management unit 210, bioreactor 230, and one or more plant growth regions 240. For instance, flow through the system 200 can be turned on and/or off as desired or at preselected time intervals. The volume of water flowing through the system 200 can also vary. For instance, in some embodiments, approximately the full volume of water within the system 200 is configured to circulate through the bioreactor 230 and water management unit 210 at least once per week. In other embodiments, approximately the full volume of water within the system 200 is configured to circulate through the bioreactor 230 and water management unit 210 at least twice every day, at least once every day, at least once every 2 days, at least once every 3 days, at least once every 4 days, or at another time interval. By circulating water through the bioreactor 230 and the water management unit 210, water treatments or additives can be applied to the water in the system 200 and distributed to the one or more plant growth regions 240. As can be appreciated, the treated water can be delivered to the one or more plant growth regions 240 via one or more pipes and/or jets in such a way as to ensure that the treated water is evenly distributed and/or mixed throughout the one or more plant growth regions 240 so that all plants are reached.
In some embodiments, the one or more plant cultivation regions 240 comprise one or more water reservoirs. In some of such embodiments, the one or more water reservoirs can include floats or rafts upon which the plants are cultivated and/or grown. The floats and/or rafts can be made of various materials that are configured to float on water. Illustrative materials include, but are not limited to, polystyrenes, expanded polystyrenes (e.g., Styrofoam), polypropylenes, expanded polypropylenes, and other types of plastics and/or polymeric materials. The floats and/or rafts can be molded, blow molded, or otherwise formed into various shapes capable of holding plants and floating on water. In some embodiments, the floats and/or rafts can be configured to move about the one or more reservoirs during the cultivation cycle. The one or more reservoirs can also be disposed in one or more green houses as desired. The one or more water reservoirs can also be referred to as water basins or water ponds.
In particular embodiments, the floats and/or rafts are prepared by disposing plant seeds or plants in a small amount of peat or soil substrate (e.g., coco, coir, stone wool perlite, ager, paper sludge, etc.) that is disposed on the floats and/or rafts. As the seeds germinate, the roots extend into the water within the water reservoir where they can obtain nutrients. In certain embodiments, overhead irrigation can be employed during the initial growth stages to ensure adequate nutrients reach the plants. In some of such instances, treated water can be delivered to the plants or seeds via overhead irrigation to aid in the growth process. Without limitation, illustrative plants that can be cultivated in the disclosed systems and methods include, but are not limited to, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, romaine, sprouts, and herbs. Other types of plants are also contemplated. In certain embodiments, the plants cultivated in the disclosed systems and methods include those that have a propensity to release growth inhibiting exudates and/or exudates that are detrimental to plant, and even exudates containing toxins into the reservoir, such as for example, without limitation, spinach, cilantro, and other similar plants.
The one or more reservoirs can be various sizes and/or shapes. In some embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are substantially rectangular in shape. For instance, the one or more reservoirs can be between about 7 meters and about 15 meters wide, and between about 100 meters and about 200 meters long. Larger and/or smaller reservoirs can also be used, such as between about 2 meters and about 5 meters wide, and between about 5 meters and about 12 meters long. Other sizes and/or shapes are also contemplated.
The depth of the one or more reservoirs can also vary. For instance, in some embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are between about 20 cm and about 35 cm deep. In other embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are between about 3 cm and about 5 cm deep. Other depths are also within the scope of the disclosure. In some instances, hydroponic plant cultivation using the one or more reservoirs is referred to as a deep pond growing technique. In some embodiments the deep pond growing technique, or deep-water reservoir technique can be any system in which the water is sufficiently deep to permit immersion of a majority of the root system of a plant in the water.
In other embodiments, the one or more plant growth regions 240 can comprise one or more components used in a tabletop hydroponic cultivation system, a N.F.T. (nutrient film technology) hydroponic system, or a rolling bench or rolling container/gutter hydroponic system. For instance, the one or more plant growth regions 240 can include elongated gutters into which the water can be delivered, utilized by the plants, and recycled through the system 200. It will thus be appreciated that various types of hydroponic cultivation techniques can be used in the plant growth regions 240. The plant growth regions 240 can also be disposed in one or more green houses as desired.
With continued reference to
As was discussed with regards to
Gases introduced into the bioreactor 230 via the aeration system 234 can also provide additional advantages to the system 200. For instance, without limitation, the gases introduced by the aeration system 234 can aid in mixing and/or moving the water within the bioreactor 230. Additionally, the gases introduced by the aeration system 234 can aid in discharging or removing other gases (e.g., waste gases) from the system 200. For instance, waste gases can be produced during the ammonification and/or nitrification processes. Gases and/or gas bubbles introduced by the aeration system 234 can aid in removing any such waste gases from the system 200.
As water is circulating between the bioreactor 230, the water management unit 210, and the one or more plant growth regions 240, it will be appreciated that bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can be found throughout the system 200, including in the water management unit 210 and/or the one or more plant growth regions 240. In other words, the bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms are not limited to the bioreactor 210 but can be dispersed throughout the system 200 via the pumps, pipes, and/or waterways 202, 204, 206, 208 and the water management unit 210. Filters and/or membranes need not be used or applied to limit the movement of bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms, and in some embodiments, the system 200 is devoid of any such filters and/or membranes. Rather, freely allowing movement of bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can be advantageous to the system 200. For instance, bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms located in the one or more water plant growth regions 240 can aid in breaking down and/or decomposing various organic molecules or products found therein. Bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can also aid in cleaning the water by breaking down and/or decomposing organic molecules or products that originate from the plant substrates, plants (e.g., in root excrements), and/or organic acids that may end up in the one or more plant growth regions 240. In one embodiment, substrates upon which bacteria, fungi and/or other microorganisms can reside can be provided in the plant growth region 340, to facilitate breaking down and/or decomposing various organic molecules or products found therein.
In some embodiments, the volume or amount of water flowing through the bioreactor 230 can be controlled and/or managed as desired. For example, in certain embodiments, water flowing through the bioreactor 230 is relatively low, such as about 1 liter/hour. In other embodiments the water flowing through the bioreactor 230 is higher, such as up to 100 m3/hour. As discussed below, one or more parameters of the water can be controlled via the flow rate through the bioreactor 230.
As was discussed with regards to
In certain embodiments, the various parameters can be adjusted and/or modified in response to the measurements taken. These parameters can be adjusted at a number of points along the water flow path, such as in the bioreactor 230 and/or in the water management unit 210. If desired, the parameters can also be adjusted in the one or more plant growth regions 240.
In one embodiment, the pH of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 200 can include a pH adjustment system 212. The pH adjustment system 212 can be configured to control the pH by adding acids and/or bases to the water as needed. Exemplary acids that can be used include, but are not limited to, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, citric acid, and acetic acid. The acids can be organic acids or artificial acids. Other acids can also be used. In certain embodiments, the pH of the system 200 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be at between about 5.0 and about 8, between about 5.5 and about 7.5, or between about 6.0 and about 7.
In another embodiment, the temperature of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 200 can include a cooling system 214 for cooling the water. In some of such embodiments, the cooling system 214 comprises a chiller. The system can also include a heating system 216 for heating the water. In some of such embodiments, the heating system 216 comprises a boiler. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the system 200 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be maintained at between about 15° C. and about 25° C., between about 18° C. and about 23° C., or between about 19° C. and about 21° C.
In particular embodiments, the system 200 is further configured to cool environment in the one or more plant growth regions 240 at night to create a cooler nighttime temperature for the plants. In some of such embodiments, the system 200 is configured to cool the water by between about 1° C. and about 5° C., or between about 2° C. and about 4° C. In some of such embodiments, the average 24 hour temperature is brought down by between about 1° C. and about 5° C., or between about 2° C. and about 4° C. by cooling the temperature of the one or more plant growth regions 240 at night.
In some embodiments, the oxygen level of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 200 can include an oxygen system 218 that can be configured to add oxygen to the water. In some embodiments, the oxygen system 218 includes a venturi device for adding oxygen to the water. In other embodiments, the oxygen system 218 includes an aerator that is configured to add bubbles (e.g., micro bubbles and/or nano bubbles) into the water. In a particular embodiment, the oxygen system 218 adds nano bubbles into the water. In certain embodiments, the oxygen level of the water in the system 200 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be at between about 5 mg/L and about 40 mg/L, between about 10 mg/L and about 30 mg/L, or between about 15 mg/L and about 25 mg/L.
In some embodiments, other gas levels can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 200 can include a gas system 220 that can be configured to add one or more gases into the water. In some embodiments, the gas system 220 can be configured to add carbon dioxide into the water. Without limitation, carbon dioxide gas can be used to control pH and impart other properties to the water. The gas system 220 can also be configured to add nitrogen gas into the water as desired. Other types of gases can also be added as desired.
In some embodiments, the nutrient levels of the water are monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For instance, the system 200 can include a fertilizer system 222 that can be configured to add fertilizer and/or other minerals to the water. For instance, the fertilizer system 222 can be configured to add various types and/or amounts of trace elements (e.g., iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, etc.) into the water. The fertilizer system 222 can also be configured to add fertilizers, hydrolyzed fertilizers, biostimulants, phosphates, calcium, and/or other components that may be advantageous for plant growth.
In particular embodiments, a plasma activated water system 224 is coupled to the water management unit 210. The plasma activated water system 224 can be configured to produce and/or add plasma activated water into the system 200. In some embodiments, plasma activated water can be derived from water, air, and electricity.
Plasma activated water can be advantageous in many ways. For instance, without limitation, plasma activated water can include nitrates in the form of nitric acid that can be available for uptake by the plants. Plasma activated water can also be helpful in maintaining a desired pH within the system 200. For instance, the plasma activated water can be helpful in maintaining the pH of the system 200 at between about 5.0 and about 8, between about 5.5 and about 7.5, or between about 6.0 and about 7. Plasma activated water can also be helpful in avoiding the formation of certain precipitates within the system 200.
In some embodiments, the total level of organic derived nitrates available for uptake by the plants is monitored and/or controlled such that the total level of nitrate is between about 2 mmol/L and about 30 mmol/L, between about 6 mmol/L and about 20 mmol/L, or between about 8 mmol/L and about 15 mmol/L. In certain of such embodiments, the total level of organic derived nitrate includes the nitrates produced by the nitrification process and the nitrates dosed into the system (e.g., via dosing the plasma activated water). In such embodiments, the level of organic derived nitrates can be adjusted by increasing/decreasing the flow of the nitrogen feed source 232 into the bioreactor 230 and/or increasing/decreasing the amount of plasma activated water being added to the system 200.
Other parameters can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired, including, but not limited to, the level of organic pesticides and/or organic fungicides, ozone, and water hardness, etc. The number of ions (e.g., phosphates, calcium, and nitrates) can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired. Optionally, in some embodiments, one or more fish and/or other aquatic animals are included in system 200, such as in the water management unit 210. The one or more fish and/or other aquatic animals can aid in the production of nitrates available for uptake by the plants. In other embodiments, fish and/or other aquatic animals are not used.
As further illustrated, in certain embodiments, the water management unit 310, bioreactor 330, and one or more plant growth regions 340 are in fluid communication with each other such that water can be circulated throughout the system 300. For instance, as shown in
In some embodiments, the bioreactor 330 is in fluid communication with the water management unit 310 and the plant growth region 340 such that the bioreactor is directly coupled to both. In some embodiments, the bioreactor is in fluid communication directly with the plant growth region 340 through fluid conduit 303. In some embodiments, the flow of water is depicted in
In some embodiments, water is constantly and/or continuously being circulated between the water management unit 310, the bioreactor 330, and the one or more plant growth regions 340. In other embodiments, water is intermittently circulated between the water management unit 310, bioreactor 330, and one or more plant growth regions 340. For instance, flow through the system 300 can be turned on and/or off as desired or at preselected time intervals. The volume of water flowing through the system 300 can also vary. For instance, in some embodiments, approximately the full volume of water within the system 300 is configured to circulate through the bioreactor 330 and water management unit 310 at least once per week. In other embodiments, approximately the full volume of water within the system 300 is configured to circulate through the bioreactor 330 and water management unit 310 at least twice every day, at least once every day, at least once every 2 days, at least once every 3 days, at least once every 4 days, or at another time interval. By circulating water through the bioreactor 330 and the water management unit 310, water treatments or additives can be applied to the water in the system 300 and distributed to the one or more plant growth regions 340. As can be appreciated, the treated water can be delivered to the one or more plant growth regions 340 via one or more pipes and/or jets in such a way as to ensure that the treated water is evenly distributed and/or mixed throughout the one or more plant growth regions 340 so that all plants are reached.
The flow of water through the system may be controlled in some embodiments with a water management computer 360. In some embodiments this is a specialized computer to control pumps, valves, or other means of controlling flow in the system. In some embodiments the water management computer controls a flow rate controller that is configured to adjust a volume percent of water cycled, or recirculated, through the system. The recirculated water stays within the closed system. In some embodiments, the flow rate controller is configured to recirculate at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% and/or even 100% of the volume of water present in the system every 4 hours to every 10 days. In some embodiments, the flow rate controller adjusts pumps, valves, and other means of controlling flow of water in the system and replaces or exchanges the water with water from outside the system, in an open system.
In some embodiments, the one or more plant cultivation regions 340 comprise one or more water reservoirs 341. In some of such embodiments, the one or more water reservoirs can include floats or rafts upon which the plants are cultivated and/or grown. This will be discussed in more detail below with reference to
In particular embodiments, the floats and/or rafts are prepared by disposing plant seeds or plants in a small amount of peat or soil substrate (e.g., coco, coir, stone wool perlite, ager, paper sludge, etc.) that is disposed on the floats and/or rafts. As the seeds germinate, the roots extend into the water within the water reservoir where they can obtain nutrients. In certain embodiments, overhead irrigation can be employed during the initial growth stages to ensure adequate nutrients reach the plants. In some of such instances, treated water can be delivered to the plants or seeds via overhead irrigation to aid in the growth process. Without limitation, illustrative plants that can be cultivated in the disclosed systems and methods include, but are not limited to, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, romaine, sprouts, and herbs. Other types of plants are also contemplated. In certain embodiments, the plants cultivated in the disclosed systems and methods include those that have a propensity release growth inhibiting exudates and/or exudates that are detrimental to plant, and even exudates containing toxins, such as for example, without limitation, spinach, cilantro, and other similar plants.
The one or more reservoirs can be various sizes and/or shapes. In some embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are substantially rectangular in shape. For instance, the one or more reservoirs can be between about 7 meters and about 15 meters wide, and between about 100 meters and about 300 meters long. Larger and/or smaller reservoirs can also be used, such as between about 2 meters and about 5 meters wide, and between about 5 meters and about 12 meters long. Other sizes and/or shapes are also contemplated.
The depth of the one or more reservoirs can also vary. For instance, in some embodiments the one or more reservoirs are deep-water reservoirs and are between 3 cm and 50 cm in depth. In some embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are between about 5 cm and about 45 cm deep. In some embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are between about 20 cm and about 35 cm deep. In some embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are between about 25 cm and about 30 cm deep. In other embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are between about 3 cm and about 5 cm deep. Other depths are also within the scope of the disclosure. In some instances, hydroponic plant cultivation using the one or more reservoirs is referred to as a deep pond growing technique. In some embodiments, the reservoir is at least 10 cm deep. In some embodiments, the reservoir is at least 15 cm deep. In some embodiments, the reservoir is no more than 100 cm deep. In some embodiments, the reservoir is no more than 75 cm deep. In some embodiments, the reservoir is no more than 60 cm deep.
In other embodiments, the one or more plant growth regions 340 can comprise one or more components used in a tabletop hydroponic cultivation system, a N.F.T. (nutrient film technology) hydroponic system, or a rolling bench or rolling container/gutter hydroponic system. For instance, the one or more plant growth regions 340 can include elongated gutters into which the water can be delivered, utilized by the plants, and recycled through the system 300. It will thus be appreciated that various types of hydroponic cultivation techniques can be used in the plant growth regions 340. The plant growth regions 340 can also be disposed in one or more green houses as desired.
With continued reference to
As was discussed with regards to
Gases introduced into the bioreactor 330 via the aeration system 334 can also provide additional advantages to the system 300. For instance, without limitation, the gases introduced by the aeration system 334 can aid in mixing and/or moving the water within the bioreactor 330. Additionally, the gases introduced by the aeration system 334 can aid in discharging or removing other gases (e.g., waste gases) from the system 300. For instance, waste gases can be produced during the ammonification and/or nitrification processes. Gases and/or gas bubbles introduced by the aeration system 334 can aid in removing any such waste gases from the system 300.
As water is circulating between the bioreactor 330, the water management unit 310, and the one or more plant growth regions 340, it will be appreciated that bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can be found throughout the system 300, including in the water management unit 310 and/or the one or more plant growth regions 340. In other words, the bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms are not limited to the bioreactor 310 but can be dispersed throughout the system 300 via the pumps, pipes, and/or waterways 302, 304, 306, 308 and the water management unit 310. Filters and/or membranes need not be used or applied to limit the movement of bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms, and in some embodiments, the system 300 is devoid of any such filters and/or membranes. Rather, freely allowing movement of bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can be advantageous to the system 300. For instance, bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms located in the one or more plant growth regions 340 can aid in breaking down and/or decomposing various organic molecules or products found therein. Bacteria, fungi, and/or other microorganisms can also aid in cleaning the water by breaking down and/or decomposing organic molecules or products that originate from the plant substrates, plants (e.g., in root excrements), and/or organic acids that may end up in the one or more plant growth regions 340. According to yet another embodiment, the substrate upon which bacteria, fungi and/or other microorganisms can reside can be provided in the plant growth region 340, such as to facilitate conversion of nitrogen in the plant growth region into nitrates available for plant uptake via one or more of an ammonification and/or a nitrification process.
In addition, as is depicted in the schematic of
As the plants grow in the plant growth region 340 they can often accumulate an exudate, which can include contaminants, fatty acid residues, or other substances, which then can stifle the roots of the plants growing in the plant growth region 340. The skimming system 370, according to certain embodiments, is configured to remove this exudate and any possible contaminants while also maintaining water efficiency by only removing the top layers of water where these typically hydrophobic exudates collect. According to certain embodiments, the top layer of water can include any floating material on top of the surface of the water, and a volume of water at and adjacent to the surface, and may be measured in depth or volume percent of fluid in the fluid reservoir in the plant growth region 340. Non-limiting examples of the depth of the top layer of water in the fluid reservoir can be under 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm, 8 cm, 9 cm, 10 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm, 14 cm, cm, 16 cm, 17 cm, 18 cm, 19 cm, or 20 cm.
In some embodiments, the volume or amount of water flowing through the bioreactor 330 can be controlled and/or managed as desired. For example, in certain embodiments, water flowing through the bioreactor 330 is relatively low, such as about 1 liter/hour. In other embodiments, the water flowing through the bioreactor 330 is higher, such as up to 100 m3/hour. As discussed below, one or more parameters of the water can be controlled via the flow rate through the bioreactor 330.
As was discussed with regards to
In some embodiments, both parameters in the water in system 300 and the flow of water through the system can be controlled through a water management computer 360. As is depicted in
In certain embodiments, the various parameters can be adjusted and/or modified in response to the measurements taken. According to certain embodiments, these parameters can be adjusted at a number of points along the water flow path, such as in the bioreactor 330 and/or in the water management unit 310. If desired, the parameters can also be adjusted in the one or more plant growth regions 340.
In some embodiments, any one of the following parameters or parameters elsewhere described herein can be measured and controlled with the water management computer 360. The water management computer 360 can either automate the adjustment of the parameter or it can alert a user based on a predetermined change to the parameter so the user can make the necessary adjustments. In certain embodiments, the water management computer can either be a specialized computer configured to measure parameters in the system 300 or a generalized computer capable of connecting to the water management unit 340 either through a direct connection or via WiFi. The generalized computer may be a handheld device.
In one embodiment, the pH of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 300 can include a pH adjustment system 312. The pH adjustment system 312 can be configured to control the pH by adding acids and/or bases to the water as needed. Exemplary acids that can be used include, but are not limited to, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, citric acid, and acetic acid. The acids can be organic acids or artificial acids. Other acids can also be used. In certain embodiments, the pH of the system 300 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be at between about 5.0 and about 8, between about 5.5 and about 7.5, or between about 6.0 and about 7.
In another embodiment, the temperature of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 300 can include a cooling system 314 for cooling the water. In some of such embodiments, the cooling system 314 comprises a chiller. The system can also include a heating system 316 for heating the water. In some of such embodiments, the heating system 316 comprises a boiler. In certain embodiments, the temperature of the system 300 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be maintained at between about 15° C. and about 25° C., between about 18° C. and about 23° C., or between about 19° C. and about 21° C.
In particular embodiments, the system 300 is further configured to cool environment in the one or more plant growth regions 340 at night to create a cooler nighttime temperature for the plants. In some of such embodiments, the system 300 is configured to cool the water by between about 1° C. and about 5° C., or between about 2° C. and about 4° C. In some of such embodiments, the average 24 hour temperature is brought down by between about 1° C. and about 5° C., or between about 2° C. and about 4° C. by cooling the temperature of the one or more plant growth regions 340 at night.
In some embodiments, the oxygen level of the water is monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 300 can include an oxygen system 318 that can be configured to add oxygen to the water. In some embodiments, the oxygen system 318 includes a venturi device for adding oxygen to the water. In other embodiments, the oxygen system 318 includes an aerator that is configured to add bubbles (e.g., micro bubbles and/or nano bubbles) into the water. In a particular embodiment, the oxygen system 318 adds nano bubbles into the water. In certain embodiments, the oxygen level of the water in the system 300 is modified and/or otherwise controlled to be at between about 5 mg/L and about 40 mg/L, between about 10 mg/L and about 30 mg/L, or between about 15 mg/L and about 25 mg/L.
In some embodiments, other gas levels can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For example, the system 300 can include a gas system 320 that can be configured to add one or more gases into the water. In some embodiments, the gas system 320 can be configured to add carbon dioxide into the water. Without limitation, carbon dioxide gas can be used to control pH and impart other properties to the water. The gas system 320 can also be configured to add nitrogen gas into the water as desired. Other types of gases can also be added as desired.
In some embodiments, the nutrient levels of the water are monitored and/or adjusted as desired. For instance, the system 300 can include a fertilizer system 322 that can be configured to add fertilizer and/or other minerals to the water. For instance, the fertilizer system 322 can be configured to add various types and/or amounts of trace elements (e.g., iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, etc.) into the water. The fertilizer system 322 can also be configured to add fertilizers, hydrolyzed fertilizers, biostimulants, phosphates, calcium, and/or other components that may be advantageous for plant growth.
In particular embodiments, a plasma activated water system 324 is coupled to the water management unit 310. The plasma activated water system 324 can be configured to produce and/or add plasma activated water into the system 300. In some embodiments, plasma activated water can be derived from water, air, and electricity.
Plasma activated water can be advantageous in many ways. For instance, without limitation, plasma activated water can include nitrates in the form of nitric acid that can be available for uptake by the plants. Plasma activated water can also be helpful in maintaining a desired pH within the system 300. For instance, the plasma activated water can be helpful in maintaining the pH of the system 300 at between about 5.0 and about 8, between about 5.5 and about 7.5, or between about 6.0 and about 7. Plasma activated water can also be helpful in avoiding the formation of certain precipitates within the system 300.
In some embodiments, the total level of organic derived nitrates available for uptake by the plants is monitored and/or controlled such that the total level of nitrate is between about 2 mmol/L and about 30 mmol/L, between about 6 mmol/L and about 20 mmol/L, or between about 8 mmol/L and about 15 mmol/L. In certain of such embodiments, the total level of organic derived nitrate includes the nitrates produced by the nitrification process and the nitrates dosed into the system (e.g., via dosing the plasma activated water). In such embodiments, the level of organic derived nitrates can be adjusted by increasing/decreasing the flow of the nitrogen feed source 332 into the bioreactor 330 and/or increasing/decreasing the amount of plasma activated water being added to the system 300.
Other parameters can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired, including, but not limited to, the level of organic pesticides and/or organic fungicides, ozone, and water hardness, etc. The number of ions (e.g., phosphates, calcium, and nitrates) can also be monitored and/or adjusted as desired. Optionally, in some embodiments, one or more fish and/or other aquatic animals are included in system 300, such as in the water management unit 310. The one or more fish and/or other aquatic animals can aid in the production of nitrates available for uptake by the plants. In other embodiments, fish and/or other aquatic animals are not used.
With reference to
According to the embodiment as shown in
In addition, in certain embodiments the plant support 442 can be configured to aid in the removal of the top layer of water and/or floating material from the plant growth region through a skimming outlet 407, which is a part of a skimming system. For example, the plant support 442 can be configured with hydrophobic edges, and/or wedge shaped edges, which aid in the removal of the top layer of water. In some embodiments the plant supports 442 include a plurality of plant supports 442 and can move freely throughout the plant growth region 440. In some embodiments the flow of water from the water inlet 406 pushes the water and creates a current that move the plant supports 442 toward the skimming outlet 407, and further aids in the removal of the top layer of water 443 from the reservoir. In some embodiments, the plant supports 442 can be tethered to a motorized conveyor system to move the plant supports 442 in a specific pattern and at specific speeds throughout the plant growth region. In other embodiments the plant supports 442 can themselves be motorized to propel through the water in a specific pattern and at a specific speed. According to certain embodiments, the plant supports 442 can be controlled via a water management computer (not depicted) to control their speed and the pattern in which they move through the plant growth region.
According to certain embodiments, the skimming outlet 407 can be configured to be adjustable so that the top of the outlet can be set to any depth from the top of the water 443, including but not limited to, 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm, 8 cm, 9 cm, or 10 cm. In certain embodiments, the skimming outlet 407 can be controlled automatically by using a water management computer, or it can be adjusted manually. In some embodiments, the top of the skimming outlet 407 can be set to a closed configuration or it can be raised to any level above the water 443 so that no water is removed from the fluid reservoir 441 through the skimming outlet, and can be set to an open configuration to facilitate the removal of water. In some embodiments, the aperture or opening of the skimming outlet 407 can also be adjusted to allow more or less water to flow out of the fluid reservoir as desired.
In addition, according to certain embodiments, the skimming outlet is fluidly coupled to a filter 450. In some embodiments, the filter 450 is configured to filter out large particulates and floating debris. In some embodiments, the filter 450 is configured to filter out small particles and may be configured with an active carbon filter. In some embodiments, the filter is a nanofiltration or microfiltration system. The filter 450 is then fluidly coupled to the water management unit 410 through fluid conduit 409.
The fluid reservoir 441 may, in some embodiments, include a second outlet 408 which can be situated at any depth in the reservoir including, but not limited to, the bottom of the reservoir 441. This second outlet 408 is directly coupled to the water management unit 410 and does not pass through the filter 450. In some embodiments, the second outlet 408 can be closed to prevent any water from leaving the fluid reservoir 441 through the second outlet 408.
Similar structures are present in
In some embodiments, the system includes an outflow pump, or a skimming pump 547. The pump can be a skimming pump 547, or any other flow control device to remove the top layer of water from the fluid reservoir. The pumping system can be set at any depth in the fluid reservoir and can either be manually controlled or controlled automatically. In some embodiments, the skimming system pump can be controlled by the water management computer. In some embodiments, the skimming system pump can be set to suck water out of the fluid reservoir. In some embodiments the skimming system pump can be set to expel water out of the fluid reservoir.
The system 600 depicted in
In some embodiments, control of flow through the two outflow components, the skimming outlet and the second outlet as described above would allow for all of the water to flow through the filter or partial flow through the filter.
In some embodiments, the plant supports, such as plant floats, are configured to circulate from an initial region distal to the skimming outlet when first introduced into the fluid reservoir, and are circulated to a final region proximate the skimming outlet after a predetermined growing period spent in the fluid reservoir. The plant float circulation, in some embodiments, is configured, to move toward the skimming outlet and to displace a volume of water towards and into the skimming outlet.
According to yet another embodiment, as depicted in
According to the embodiment as depicted in
In some embodiments, an oxidative composition is provided to the system. An oxidative composition, or an oxidizing agent, may also be known as an oxidizer. These terms are interchangeable in the present disclosure and mean any composition that has the ability to oxidize other substances. Common oxidizing agents include oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Non-limiting examples of compositions that may act as oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, oxygen, ozone, fluorine, chorine, bromine, iodine, hypochlorite, chorate, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, chromate, permanganate, manganite, and hydrogen peroxide. According to certain embodiments, the oxidative composition may also be one that facilitates the growth and production of food quality plants. In some embodiments, an oxidative compound is one with a negative redox potential as is measured in Volts, with the standard hydrogen electrode being the reference from which all standard redox potentials are determined, as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, an oxidative compound is provided with a redox potential that is lower than that of hydrogen peroxide at −1.78V (as measured relative to the standard hydrogen reference electrode). In some embodiments, the system includes an oxidative compound with a redox potential that is lower than that of permanganate (MnO4) at −1.68V. The following table of oxidizing agents is provided for convenience showing redox potentials in Volts.
In some embodiments, the oxidative compound has a redox potential that is at least 10% lower, or more negative as measured in Volts, than that of hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the oxidative compound has a redox potential that is at least 10% lower, more negative as measured in Volts, than that of permanganate. In some embodiments, the oxidative compound has a redox potential that is at least 5% lower than that of hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the oxidative compound has a redox potential that is at least 1% lower than that of hydrogen peroxide. In some embodiments, the oxidizing compound is any compound that can function to provide plant nutrition. In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent can be added once to the system at various intervals, or continuously, and/or in response to detection of a parameter that indicates the need for adjustment of levels of the oxidizing agent.
In some embodiments, the system includes a compound that causes coagulation and flocculation of plant exudate or a contaminant. In some embodiments, the compound causes coagulation and flocculation of plant exudate or a contaminant at a pH range between 4.5 and 7.5. In some embodiments, the oxidative compound causes coagulation and flocculation of plant exudate or a contaminant. In some embodiments, the oxidative compound causes coagulation and flocculation of plant exudate or a contaminant at a pH range between 4.5 and 7.5. In some embodiments, a rate of introduction of a compound that is oxidative and/or that causes coagulation and flocculation into the system may be a rate of at least 1 ml/m3 per day, such as a rate of introduction in a range of from 1 to 100 ml/m3 per day, and even at a rate of 5 to 50 ml/m3 per day, such as a rate of 10-25 ml/m3 per day.
Methods of using the above-identified systems are also disclosed herein. In particular, it is contemplated that any of the components, principles, and/or embodiments discussed above may be utilized in either a hydroponic system or a method of using the same.
It will be appreciated that any methods disclosed herein include one or more steps or actions for performing the described method. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the embodiment, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified. Moreover, sub-routines or only a portion of a method described herein may be a separate method within the scope of this disclosure. Stated otherwise, some methods may include only a portion of the steps described in a more detailed method.
References to approximations are made throughout this specification, such as by use of the terms “about.” For each such reference, it is to be understood that, in some embodiments, the value, feature, or characteristic may be specified without approximation. For example, where qualifiers such as “about” or “substantially” are used, these terms include within their scope the qualified words in the absence of their qualifiers. All disclosed ranges also include both endpoints. Reference throughout this specification to “an embodiment” or “the embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the quoted phrases, or variations thereof, as recited throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
Similarly, it should be appreciated that in the above description of embodiments, various features are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure, however, is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that any claim require more features than those expressly recited in that claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in a combination of fewer than all features of any single foregoing disclosed embodiment.
The claims following this written disclosure are hereby expressly incorporated into the present written disclosure, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. This disclosure includes all permutations of the independent claims with their dependent claims. Moreover, additional embodiments capable of derivation from the independent and dependent claims that follow are also expressly incorporated into the present written description.
Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can use the preceding description to utilize the invention to its fullest extent. The claims and embodiments disclosed herein are to be construed as merely illustrative and exemplary, and not a limitation of the scope of the present disclosure in any way. It will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art, with the aid of the present disclosure, that changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles of the disclosure herein. In other words, various modifications and improvements of the embodiments specifically disclosed in the description above are within the scope of the appended claims. The scope of the invention is therefore defined by the following claims and their equivalents.
This application is a by-pass continuation of International Patent Application Number PCT/US2022/016575, filed Feb. 16, 2022, which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 63/150,464, filed Feb. 17, 2021, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63150464 | Feb 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2022/016575 | Feb 2022 | US |
| Child | 18231544 | US |
