Patent Application
20100309901
1. Statement of the Technical Field
The invention concerns multiband transceivers. More particularly, the invention concerns systems and methods for maintaining a controlled power output at the antenna port over a range of frequencies defined by two or more frequency bands.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are many conventional communication systems known in the art that implement multiband transceivers. One such conventional communication system is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open No. 2003-8470. This communication system comprises a multi-band transceiver. The multi-band transceiver includes at least two (2) parallel transceiver circuits coupled to an antenna element via a branch circuit (e.g., a diplexer). Each of the transceiver circuits includes a transmit circuit coupled to a receive circuit via a switch. The switch selectively couples the antenna element to the transmit and receive circuits. Each transmit circuit is configured to operate at a different frequency (e.g., a low frequency, an intermediate frequency or a high frequency). Each transmit circuit includes a power amplifier and a coupler. The power amplifier is configured to change the amplitude of a signal to be transmitted from the antenna element. As such, the power amplifier includes a power amplification circuit and a matching circuit. The coupler is configured to distinguish between a signal input at its input terminal and a signal input at its output terminal. This characteristic of the coupler is of particular use in the transmit circuit in which both the input signal and a signal which is reflected from a mismatched antenna element can be independently monitored. At least one of the input and reflected signals is utilized to control the output power of the transmit circuit. At the time of transmission, a signal is amplified by the power amplifier of a respective transmit circuit and transmitted as a high or a low frequency signal from the antenna element via the coupler, switch, and branch circuit.
Despite the advantages of the conventional communication system disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open No. 2003-8470, it suffers from certain drawbacks. For example, the coupler resides before the switch and branch circuit (e.g., a diplexer). As such, the coupler regulates signal power prior to the insertion losses resulting from the inclusion of the switch and/or branch circuit (e.g., a diplexer) in the transmit path. Consequently, there are signal power variations as a function of frequency at the antenna due to the switch and/or branch circuit (e.g., a diplexer). Further, the conventional communication system requires a coupler and switch for each transceiver circuit. As such, implementation of the communication system is relatively expensive and hardware intensive. Also, the transceiver circuits take up a relatively large amount of valuable space on printed circuit boards. Further, the communication system operates over a relatively small number of frequency ranges. More particularly, a first transceiver of the communication system operates over a Digital Cellular System frequency band (1800 MHz bands) and a second transceiver of the communication system operates over a Global System For Mobile communications (GSM) frequency band (900 MHz bands).
Another conventional communication system is described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0003855 to Wada et al. (hereinafter referred to as “Wada”). The communication system of Wada includes an antenna element and a multiband transceiver. The multiband transceiver is configured to transmit signals of multiple frequency bands and receive signals of multiple frequency bands. The multiband transceiver includes a plurality of parallel transceiver circuits. Each transceiver circuit operates at a different frequency band (e.g., low frequency band, an intermediary frequency band and a high frequency band). Each transceiver circuit includes a transmit circuit and a receive circuit coupled to the antenna element via a triplexer. Each transmit circuit includes a power amplifier, a capacitor and a filter. The triplexer is configured to select one of many input signals and outputs the selected input signal to the antenna element for transmission therefrom.
Despite the advantages of the conventional communication system disclosed in Wada, it suffers from certain drawbacks. For example, signal power variations undesirably occur at the antenna as a function of frequency due to the triplexer. Also, the communication system of Wada operates over a relatively small number of frequency ranges that are separated by 1000 MHz.
In view of the forgoing, there is a need in the art for an improved system and method for Radio Frequency (RF) combining and control using an RF multiplexer. This system needs to provide a constant signal power at the antenna. This system also needs to operate over a relatively large number of frequency ranges.
Embodiments of the present invention concern multiband transceivers. Each of the multiband transceivers includes transmit sub-circuits, a multiplexer and a directional coupler. The transmit sub-circuits are arranged in parallel. Each of the transmit sub-circuits is configured to support communications in a respective frequency band. The respective frequency band includes at least one of the following frequency bands a 30-50 MHz Very High Frequency Low band, a 136-174 MHz VHF High band, a 380-520 MHz Ultra High Frequency band, and a 762-870 MHz band.
The multiplexer is electrically arranged for receiving RF signals from each of the transmit sub-circuits at input ports thereof. The multiplexer is configured to route signals from each of the input ports to a common output port thereof. The multiplexer is also configured to reduce harmonic distortion induced by the transmit sub-circuits.
The directional coupler has an input port, a transmitted port and a coupled port. The input port is electrically connected to the common output port of the multiplexer. The transmitted port is connected to an antenna port. The coupled port is configured for coupling a portion of the RF signal to a common feedback loop for the transmit sub-circuits. The common feedback loop provides a feedback signal coupled to each transmit sub-circuit.
The directional coupler includes a pair of transformers coupled together via wires and a printed wiring board having plated wells. Each transformer includes a primary winding, a secondary winding and a toroidal core. Each transformer is disposed in a respective well of the plated wells so that the primary and/or secondary windings reside within the respective well. The primary and secondary windings are wound around the toroidal core. The primary winding is formed of a coaxial cable having a desired impedance. The secondary winding is formed of a subminiature lead wire.
Each transmit sub-circuit is responsive to the feedback signal for maintaining a controlled power output at the antenna port over a range of frequencies defined by the frequency bands. In this regard, it should be understood that each transmit sub-circuit includes at least one of a power amplifier for increasing an amplitude of the RF signal and a low pass filter for filtering the RF signal. The power amplifier is responsive to the feedback signal for adjusting an amplitude of the RF signal so as to counteract an insertion loss resulting from the multiplexer.
Embodiments of the present invention also concern methods for maintaining a controlled power output at the antenna port over a range of frequencies defined by two or more frequency bands. The methods involve selectively propagating an RF signal along any one of a plurality of parallel transmit paths of a multimode transceiver. The methods also involve routing the RF signal from one of a plurality of multiplexer input ports to a common multiplexer output port. The methods further involve reducing harmonic distortion in the RF signal. A feedback signal is generated by coupled a portion of the RF signals from the common multiplexer output port to a common feedback loop for the transmit sub-circuits. The feedback signal is provided to at least one of the transmit sub-circuits. At the transmit sub-circuit, the feedback signal is used to maintain a controlled power output of the RF signal at an antenna port over a range of frequencies.
Embodiments will be described with reference to the following drawing figures, in which like numerals represent like items throughout the figures, and in which:
The present invention is described with reference to the attached figures, wherein like reference numbers are used throughout the figures to designate similar or equivalent elements. The figures are not drawn to scale and they are provided merely to illustrate the instant invention. Several aspects of the invention are described below with reference to example applications for illustration. It should be understood that numerous specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth to provide a full understanding of the invention. One having ordinary skill in the relevant art, however, will readily recognize that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details or with other methods. In other instances, well-known structures or operation are not shown in detail to avoid obscuring the invention. The present invention is not limited by the illustrated ordering of acts or events, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events are required to implement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.
Embodiments of the present invention generally involve multiband transceivers and methods for maintaining a controlled power output at the antenna port over a range of frequencies defined by two or more frequency bands. The RF multiplexer provides harmonic filtering of RF signals. The multiband transceiver embodiments are configured so as to overcome certain drawbacks of conventional communication systems including multiband transceivers (such as those described above in relation to the section entitle “Description of the Related Art”). For example, RF multiplexers of the multiband transceiver embodiments are contained in power regulation loops. As such, signal power is regulated after the frequency variable insertion loss resulting from the inclusion of the multiplexers in the transmit paths. Consequently, the power at the input port of the antenna element can be controlled so that it is substantially constant throughout each frequency band and between multiple frequency bands as needed (e.g., 5.0 Watts). Also, one coupler is employed for monitoring and regulating communications in multiple frequency bands. In effect, the system embodiments are less expensive and hardware intensive as compared to conventional multiband transceiver systems. Further, the multiband transceiver embodiments support communications in a larger number of frequency ranges than conventional transceivers.
The systems embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below in relation to
Referring now to
According to the embodiment shown in
According to one aspect of the invention, the communication device 100 is generally configured to communicate in an analog or digital mode with Project 25 (P25) radios. The phrase “Project 25 (P25)”, as used herein, refers to a set of system standards produced by the Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International (APCO), the National Association of State Telecommunications Directors (NASTD), selected Federal Agencies and the National Communications System (NCS). The P25 set of system standards generally defines digital radio communication system architectures capable of serving the needs of Public Safety and Government organizations. The communication device 100 is also generally configured to communicate in analog mode with non-P25 radios.
The communication device 100 operates in a plurality of frequency bands. For example, the communication device 100 is configured to support analog Frequency Modulation (FM) communications and P25 modulation (digital C4FM) communications in the following bands: thirty to fifty Mega Hertz (30-50 MHz) Very High Frequency (VHF) LOw (LO) band; one hundred thirty-six to one hundred seventy-four Mega Hertz (136-174 MHz) VHF High (Hi) band; three hundred eighty to five hundred twenty Mega Hertz (380-520 MHz) Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band; and seven hundred sixty-two to eight hundred seventy Mega Hertz (762-870 MHz) band.
The communication device 100 may be used in a “talk around” mode without any intervening equipment between two (2) land mobile radio systems. The communication device 100 can also be used in a conventional mode where two (2) land mobile radio systems communicate through a repeater or base station without trunking. The communication device 100 can further be used in a trunked mode where traffic is automatically assigned to one or more voice channels by a repeater or base station. The communication device 100 can employ one or more encoders/decoders to encode/decode analog audio signals. The communication device 100 can also employ various types of encryption schemes from encrypting data contained in audio signals.
Referring now to
Referring again to
Each transmit circuit 250, 252 is generally configured to generate RF electromagnetic energy and propagate RF electromagnetic signals with the aid of the antenna elements 102 and 103. Each receive circuit 254, 256 is generally configured to receive input signals from the antenna elements 102, 103 and forward these signals to subsequent processing devices (not shown). The subsequent processing devices (not shown) can include, but are not limited to, filters to separate a desired radio signal from all other signals picked up by the antenna elements 102 and 103, amplifiers to amplify the desired radio signal's amplitude, and a conversion device (e.g., demodulators and decoders) to convert the desired radio signal into a form (e.g., sound) usable for a user (not shown) of the communication device 100.
As shown in
Notably, the inclusion of the triplexer 222 in the RF power control loop 270 allows for the elimination of additional impedance matching circuits and harmonic filters from the transceiver design. As such, the implementation of the transceiver 200 of
As shown in
The pre-driver 206 and each power amplifier 210, 212, 214 provide a gain chain that increases the power of transmit signals from a low value to a high value. Each of the low pass filters 216, 218, 220 passes low-frequency signals and attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than a cutoff frequency. The cutoff frequency of each low pass filter 216, 218, 220 is selected in accordance with a particular transmit application.
The triplexer 222 is generally composed of a passive circuit with three (3) input terminals 290, 292, 294 that are isolated from each other and combine to a common output terminal 296. A schematic illustration of such an exemplary passive circuit 300 forming the triplexer 222 is shown
Referring again to
Referring again to
The directional coupler 226 is also configured to ensure that constant power will occur at the antenna port 286. In this regard, the directional coupler 226 provides a sample of RF power propagated in a particular direction (e.g., a transmit signal propagation direction) on a transmission line. This sample is provided at coupled port 282, and is used to provide a gain control signal. Gain control signal is communicated to a conversion circuit (not shown in
As shown in
Each low pass filter 236, 238 is coupled to the directional coupler 232 via a respective diode 262, 264. The diodes 262, 264 prevent current from flowing through the low pass filters 236, 238 in an undesirable direction during transmit and receive modes. The directional coupler 232 is configured to communicate a transmit signal to the antenna element 102 for transmission therefrom. The directional coupler 232 provides a sample of the transmitted RF signal to a detector circuit (not shown) to generate a gain control signal. The gain control signal is communicated to the variable attenuator 246, which has a control terminal for receiving the control signal. The control signal can be used to define an error voltage value to control variable attenuator 246 by comparing a sensed power value to a reference value. The directional coupler 232 is also configured to measure reflected power from the antenna element 102 to provide a measure of protection for the power amplifiers from impedance mismatch. An exemplary embodiment of the directional coupler 232 will be described in more detail below in relation to
It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiment shown in
Referring now to
The directional coupler 500 ensures that constant output power will occur at an antenna element (e.g., the antenna element 102 shown in
According to an aspect of the present invention, the directional coupler 500 is a multi octave surface mount directional coupler with improved coupling flatness, directivity and insertion loss. The improved coupling flatness facilitates a more accurate power control. The improved coupling flatness also allows for the reduction or elimination of power control look up tables. The improved directivity provides a directional coupler with a more accurate Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) cutback characteristic. The improved insertion loss provides a transceiver with an improved efficiency that extends the battery life thereof and reduces thermal heating with the transceiver.
The directional coupler 500 can be packaged in a small Surface Mount Technology (SMT) package. The directional coupler 500 has a transformer isolating shield incorporated therein so as to improve performance thereof and minimize the amount of space it takes up on printed circuit boards. The transformer isolating shield will be described below. The directional coupler 500 overcomes certain drawbacks of conventional couplers. For example, the directional coupler 500 of the present invention is less sensitive to winding placement as compared to conventional couplers having an SMT design and lacking shields to isolate transformers. In this regard, it should be understood that the winding placement at higher frequencies can drastically limit performance because the windings from the transformers can couple to each other. Also, the directional coupler 500 of the present invention has an improved broadband performance as compared to conventional couplers.
As shown in
Each of the transformers 502, 504 is disposed within a respective one of the plated wells 516, 518. The plated wells 516, 518 provide shields for isolating the transformers 502, 504 from each other and/or reducing electric field coupling between the transformers 502, 504. In this regard, it should be noted that optimal shielding is achieved by placing the primary and secondary windings (not shown in
As shown in
In operation, a first signal propagated on the main line 610 at input port 280 is communicated to transmitted port 284. The first signal causes a second signal to be induced in the secondary winding 606 of the transformer 502. The second signal is communicated from the secondary winding 608 to coupled port 282, and therefore current for the second signal flows onto the coupled line 612. The current flow direction of the first signal in the primary winding 602 dictates the current flow direction of the second signal in the secondary winding 606. Therefore, current for the second signal will flow through the secondary winding 606 in a first direction when the first signal is placed on input port 280. In contrast, current for the second signal will flow through the secondary winding 606 in a second direction when the first signal is placed on transmitted port 284, where the second direction is opposite the first direction. A portion of the current for the first signal flows from transmitted port 284 through the secondary winding 608 of transformer 504 to ground. In effect, current for a third signal flows through the primary winding 604 of transformer 504 onto the coupled line 612. The second and third signals are set to be nearly equal to each other. As a result, the second and third signals will add together when current for the first signal flows through primary winding 602 in the first direction. The second and third signals will cancel each other when current for the first signal flows through primary winding 602 in the second direction. Consequently, a signal will be output at isolated port 550 only when current for the first signal flows through the main through line 610 in the first direction.
An exemplary embodiment of a transformer 700 will now be described in relation to
Referring now to
The primary winding 704 is wound at least one (1) turn around the toroidal core 706. The primary winding 704 is formed of a coaxial cable having a desired impedance (e.g., a 50 Ohm impedance). The primary winding 704 can be formed of a tin plated coaxial cable having a part number UT-070C-TP available from Micro-Coax, Inc. of Pottstown, Pa. Notably, the coaxial cable includes a center conductor and a shield. The center conductor is used to carry an RF signal. One side of the shield is coupled to ground to create a faraday shield around the center conductor. Embodiments of the present invention are not limited in this regard.
The secondary winding 702 is wound N turns around the toroidal core 706, where N is an integer (e.g., 11). The secondary winding 702 can be formed of any wire other than Bi-Filiar wire. For example, the secondary winding can be formed of a subminiature lead wire having a part number 28TDQ available from Phoenix Wire, Inc. Embodiments of the present invention are not limited in this regard.
Referring now to
Applicants present certain theoretical aspects above that are believed to be accurate that appear to explain observations made regarding embodiments of the invention. However, embodiments of the invention may be practiced without the theoretical aspects presented. Moreover, the theoretical aspects are presented with the understanding that Applicants do not seek to be bound by the theory presented.
While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not with limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments. Rather, the scope of the invention should be defined in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is if, X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
