Patent Grant
11922417
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for contactless card communication and, more specifically, for near field communication and cryptographic authentication of contactless cards.
Card-based operations have many data points stored in its chip that may be sent to a device in communication with the card upon a card swipe or other data transfer. These operations often involve the use of a card in communication with a point of sale (POS) device, a server, or other device, which may also send information back to the card. It is necessary to protect such communications from interception and unauthorized access.
However, transmission of data without encryption or other protection is susceptible to interception, replay and other attacks, and may be subject to other vulnerabilities, resulting in increased security risks and increased risks of account or card misuse. These risks may be further increased through the use of contactless cards, which communicate with other devices wirelessly.
Measures taken to address security risk may consume system resources and hinder operational efficiency. For large numbers of operations, the consumption of system resources and the hindrance of operation efficiency can increase, which may result in a failure to perform operations or unsatisfactory performance.
These and other deficiencies exist. Accordingly, there is a need for systems and methods for authentication that overcome these deficiencies by protecting communications from interception and unauthorized access in a secure and reliable manner.
Embodiments of the present disclosure provide an authentication server. The authentication server may include a processor and a memory. The processor may be configured to receive a cryptogram associated with a first near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. The processor may be configured to perform a first factor authentication of the cryptogram. The processor may be configured to receive a first data set, wherein the first data set is associated with a second NDEF read. The processor may be configured to extract metadata from the first data set. The processor may be configured to perform, after the first factor authentication, a second factor authentication based on the metadata. The processor may be configured to generate a message indicative of an outcome of the second factor authentication. The processor may be configured to transmit the message that instructs the processor to effectuate one or more actions.
Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method of authentication. The method may include receiving a cryptogram associated with a first near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. The method may include performing a first factor authentication. The method may include receiving a first data set, wherein the first data set is associated with a second NDEF read. The method may include extracting metadata from the first data set. The method may include performing, after the first factor authentication, a second factor authentication based on the metadata. The method may include generating a message indicative of an outcome of the second factor authentication. The method may include transmitting the message that instructs the processor to effectuate one or more actions.
Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a computer readable non-transitory medium comprising computer executable instructions that, when executed on a processor, perform procedures comprising the steps of: receiving a cryptogram associated with a first near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read; performing a first factor authentication; receiving a first data set, wherein the first data set is associated with a second NDEF read; extracting metadata from the first data set; performing, after the first factor authentication, a second factor authentication based on metadata; performing, after the second factor authentication, a third factor authentication by generating one or more prompts associated with one or more queries; transmitting, via one or more notifications, the one or more prompts; receiving input responsive to the one or more queries; authenticating the input; and converting, after authenticating the input, a first type of operation to a second type of operation.
Various embodiments of the present disclosure, together with further objects and advantages, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The following description of embodiments provides non-limiting representative examples referencing numerals to particularly describe features and teachings of different aspects of the invention. The embodiments described should be recognized as capable of implementation separately, or in combination, with other embodiments from the description of the embodiments. A person of ordinary skill in the art reviewing the description of embodiments should be able to learn and understand the different described aspects of the invention. The description of embodiments should facilitate understanding of the invention to such an extent that other implementations, not specifically covered but within the knowledge of a person of skill in the art having read the description of embodiments, would be understood to be consistent with an application of the invention.
The systems and methods disclosed herein convert a card-not-present transaction to a card-present transaction, which results in reduced risk and lower fraud rate. The card-not-present transaction may be created based on a variety of input parameters, including but not limited to primary account number, card verification value, and expiration date. Upon entry into a communication field of a device, the card may be authenticated via first factor authentication and also configured to transmit a first data set to an application comprising instructions for execution on the device for second factor authentication in order to convert a first type of operation to a second type of operation. This may be accomplished by reading data from the card for the last several transactions, which would be compared by a server with data stored or otherwise accessible on known transactions. In addition, the application may be configured to ask the user one or more questions for answers as a third factor authentication. In this manner, multi-factor authentication may be utilized to protect communications that are susceptible to phishing and replay attacks, thereby mitigating security risks and risks of account or card misuse.
Benefits of the systems and methods disclosed herein include improved authentication by protecting communications from interception and unauthorized access. The systems and methods disclosed herein allow for the avoidance of data interception, phishing attacks, and replay attacks through encrypted data communications, and the reduction of other security vulnerabilities.
In addition, numerous authentication factors may be performed and customized queries may be transmitted via prompts to improve authentication. By doing so, security risks can be further mitigated and transaction efficiency can be improved.
These features can be implemented without degrading the user experience by burdening the user with unnecessary security tasks. Further, these features can be performed in a manner that allows for the time-efficient performance of transactions, in order to comply with user expectations and transaction requirements.
Accordingly, the systems and methods disclosed herein reduce the risk of fraudulent activity, such as misuse of the card or an account associated with the card. Systems and methods disclosed herein improve upon implementations that lack secure authentication. These benefits may be advantageously achieved while promoting system efficiency and avoiding degradation of the user experience.
System 100 may include a first device 105. The first device 105 may comprise a contactless card, a contact-based card, a network-enabled computer, or other device described herein. As referred to herein, a network-enabled computer may include, but is not limited to a computer device, or communications device including, e.g., a server, a network appliance, a personal computer, a workstation, a phone, a handheld PC, a personal digital assistant, a contactless card, a thin client, a fat client, an Internet browser, a kiosk, a tablet, a terminal, or other device. As further explained below in
First device 105 may include a communication interface 107. The communication interface 107 may comprise communication capabilities with physical interfaces and contactless interfaces. For example, the communication interface 107 may be configured to communicate with a physical interface, such as by swiping through a card swipe interface or inserting into a card chip reader found on an automated teller machine (ATM) or other device configured to communicate over a physical interface. In other examples, the communication interface 107 may be configured to establish contactless communication with a card reading device via a short-range wireless communication method, such as NFC, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, and other forms of contactless communication. As shown in
First device 105 may be in data communication with any number of components of system 100. For example, first device 105 may transmit data via network 115 to second device 110, and/or server 120. First device 105 may transmit data via network 115 to database 125. In some examples, first device 105 may be configured to transmit data via network 115 after entry into one or more communication fields of any device. Without limitation, each entry may be associated with a tap, a swipe, a wave, and/or any combination thereof.
System 100 may include a second device 110. The second device 110 may include one or more processors 112, and memory 114. Memory 114 may include one or more applications, including but not limited to application 116. Second device 110 may be in data communication with any number of components of system 100. For example, second device 110 may transmit data via network 115 to server 120. Second device 110 may transmit data via network 115 to database 125. Without limitation, second device 110 may be a network-enabled computer. As referred to herein, a network-enabled computer may include, but is not limited to a computer device, or communications device including, e.g., a server, a network appliance, a personal computer, a workstation, a phone, a handheld PC, a personal digital assistant, a contactless card, a thin client, a fat client, an Internet browser, a kiosk, a tablet, a terminal, or other device. Second device 110 also may be a mobile device; for example, a mobile device may include an iPhone, iPod, iPad from Apple® or any other mobile device running Apple's iOS® operating system, any device running Microsoft's Windows® Mobile operating system, any device running Google's Android® operating system, and/or any other smartphone, tablet, or like wearable mobile device.
The second device 110 may include processing circuitry and may contain additional components, including processors, memories, error and parity/CRC checkers, data encoders, anticollision algorithms, controllers, command decoders, security primitives and tamperproofing hardware, as necessary to perform the functions described herein. The second device 110 may further include a display and input devices. The display may be any type of device for presenting visual information such as a computer monitor, a flat panel display, and a mobile device screen, including liquid crystal displays, light-emitting diode displays, plasma panels, and cathode ray tube displays. The input devices may include any device for entering information into the user's device that is available and supported by the user's device, such as a touch-screen, keyboard, mouse, cursor-control device, touch-screen, microphone, digital camera, video recorder or camcorder. These devices may be used to enter information and interact with the software and other devices described herein.
System 100 may include a network 115. In some examples, network 115 may be one or more of a wireless network, a wired network or any combination of wireless network and wired network, and may be configured to connect to any one of components of system 100. For example, first device 105 may be configured to connect to server 120 via network 115. In some examples, network 115 may include one or more of a fiber optics network, a passive optical network, a cable network, an Internet network, a satellite network, a wireless local area network (LAN), a Global System for Mobile Communication, a Personal Communication Service, a Personal Area Network, Wireless Application Protocol, Multimedia Messaging Service, Enhanced Messaging Service, Short Message Service, Time Division Multiplexing based systems, Code Division Multiple Access based systems, D-AMPS, Wi-Fi, Fixed Wireless Data, IEEE 802.11b, 802.15.1, 802.11n and 802.11g, Bluetooth, NFC, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wi-Fi, and/or the like.
In addition, network 115 may include, without limitation, telephone lines, fiber optics, IEEE Ethernet 902.3, a wide area network, a wireless personal area network, a LAN, or a global network such as the Internet. In addition, network 115 may support an Internet network, a wireless communication network, a cellular network, or the like, or any combination thereof. Network 115 may further include one network, or any number of the exemplary types of networks mentioned above, operating as a stand-alone network or in cooperation with each other. Network 115 may utilize one or more protocols of one or more network elements to which they are communicatively coupled. Network 115 may translate to or from other protocols to one or more protocols of network devices. Although network 115 is depicted as a single network, it should be appreciated that according to one or more examples, network 115 may comprise a plurality of interconnected networks, such as, for example, the Internet, a service provider's network, a cable television network, corporate networks, such as credit card association networks, and home networks.
System 100 may include one or more servers 120. In some examples, server 120 may include one or more processors 122 coupled to memory 124. Server 120 may be configured as a central system, server or platform to control and call various data at different times to execute a plurality of workflow actions. Server 120 may be configured to connect to first device 105. Server 120 may be in data communication with the applet 106 and/or application 116. For example, a server 120 may be in data communication with applet 106 via one or more networks 115. First device 105 may be in communication with one or more servers 120 via one or more networks 115, and may operate as a respective front-end to back-end pair with server 120. First device 105 may transmit, for example from applet 106 executing thereon, one or more requests to server 120. The one or more requests may be associated with retrieving data from server 120. Server 120 may receive the one or more requests from first device 105. Based on the one or more requests from applet 106, server 120 may be configured to retrieve the requested data. Server 120 may be configured to transmit the received data to applet 106, the received data being responsive to one or more requests.
In some examples, server 120 can be a dedicated server computer, such as bladed servers, or can be personal computers, laptop computers, notebook computers, palm top computers, network computers, mobile devices, wearable devices, or any processor-controlled device capable of supporting the system 100. While
Server 120 may include an application comprising instructions for execution thereon. For example, the application may comprise instructions for execution on the server 120. The application of the server 120 may be in communication with any components of system 100. For example, server 120 may execute one or more applications that enable, for example, network and/or data communications with one or more components of system 100 and transmit and/or receive data. Without limitation, server 120 may be a network-enabled computer. As referred to herein, a network-enabled computer may include, but is not limited to a computer device, or communications device including, e.g., a server, a network appliance, a personal computer, a workstation, a phone, a handheld PC, a personal digital assistant, a contactless card, a thin client, a fat client, an Internet browser, or other device. Server 120 also may be a mobile device; for example, a mobile device may include an iPhone, iPod, iPad from Apple® or any other mobile device running Apple's iOS® operating system, any device running Microsoft's Windows® Mobile operating system, any device running Google's Android® operating system, and/or any other smartphone, tablet, or like wearable mobile device.
The server 120 may include processing circuitry and may contain additional components, including processors, memories, error and parity/CRC checkers, data encoders, anticollision algorithms, controllers, command decoders, security primitives and tamperproofing hardware, as necessary to perform the functions described herein. The server 120 may further include a display and input devices. The display may be any type of device for presenting visual information such as a computer monitor, a flat panel display, and a mobile device screen, including liquid crystal displays, light-emitting diode displays, plasma panels, and cathode ray tube displays. The input devices may include any device for entering information into the user's device that is available and supported by the user's device, such as a touch-screen, keyboard, mouse, cursor-control device, touch-screen, microphone, digital camera, video recorder or camcorder. These devices may be used to enter information and interact with the software and other devices described herein.
System 100 may include one or more databases 125. The database 125 may comprise a relational database, a non-relational database, or other database implementations, and any combination thereof, including a plurality of relational databases and non-relational databases. In some examples, the database 125 may comprise a desktop database, a mobile database, or an in-memory database. Further, the database 125 may be hosted internally by any component of system 100, such as the first device 105 or server 120, or the database 125 may be hosted externally to any component of the system 100, such as the first device 105 or server 120, by a cloud-based platform, or in any storage device that is in data communication with the first device 105 and server 120. In some examples, database 125 may be in data communication with any number of components of system 100. For example, server 120 may be configured to retrieve the requested data from the database 125 that is transmitted by applet 106. Server 120 may be configured to transmit the received data from database 125 to applet 106 via network 115, the received data being responsive to the transmitted one or more requests. In other examples, applet 106 may be configured to transmit one or more requests for the requested data from database 125 via network 115.
In some examples, exemplary procedures in accordance with the present disclosure described herein can be performed by a processing arrangement and/or a computing arrangement (e.g., computer hardware arrangement). Such processing/computing arrangement can be, for example entirely or a part of, or include, but not limited to, a computer/processor that can include, for example one or more microprocessors, and use instructions stored on a computer-accessible medium (e.g., RAM, ROM, hard drive, or other storage device). For example, a computer-accessible medium can be part of the memory of the first device 105, second device 110, server 120, and/or database 125, or other computer hardware arrangement.
In some examples, a computer-accessible medium (e.g., as described herein above, a storage device such as a hard disk, floppy disk, memory stick, CD-ROM, RAM, ROM, etc., or a collection thereof) can be provided (e.g., in communication with the processing arrangement). The computer-accessible medium can contain executable instructions thereon. In addition or alternatively, a storage arrangement can be provided separately from the computer-accessible medium, which can provide the instructions to the processing arrangement so as to configure the processing arrangement to execute certain exemplary procedures, processes, and methods, as described herein above, for example.
The application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to conduct one or more reads of a card 105 as part of a first factor authentication. For example, the application 116 may be configured to conduct a read, such as a near field communication read, of a tag, such as a near field communication tag, of the card 105. The card 105 may be configured to transmit a cryptogram. For example, the card 105 may be configured to transmit, after entry into one or more communication fields of any device, data responsive to the read, such as a first read, via a communication interface 107 of the card 105. In some examples, the card 105 may be configured to transmit, after a first entry into a first communication field of the device 110, the cryptogram. Without limitation, each entry may be associated with a tap, a swipe, a wave, and/or any combination thereof. The application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to receive the cryptogram transmitted by the card 105. The cryptogram may be generated based on a first read of the tag of the card 105. For example, the cryptogram may be obtained via a near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. In some examples, the card 105 may be configured to encrypt the cryptogram prior to its transmission.
The application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to transmit the cryptogram that it received from the card 105 to a server 120. In some examples, the server 120 may be configured to receive the cryptogram transmitted by the card 105. The server 120 may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication. In other examples, the application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication.
The server 120 may be configured to transmit one or more messages to the application 116 of the client device 110. For example, one of the messages may comprise an indication of authentication status of the cryptogram. For example, the server 120 may be configure to transmit a message to the application 116 of the client device 110 that is indicative of authentication validation, such as a successful authentication status of the cryptogram. To the extent that the server 120 is unable to authenticate the cryptogram, the server 120 may be configured to transmit a message indicative of an unsuccessful authentication status of the cryptogram. If the cryptogram is not successfully authenticated, the server 120 may be configured to instruct, via one or more commands, the client application 116 of the client device 110 to re-read the tag of the card 105 to receive the cryptogram. In this manner, the server 120 may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication.
The application 116 of the device 110 may be configured to receive the one or more messages from the server 120. The application 116 of the device 110 may be configured to perform, after the first factor authentication, another read. For example, the application 116 of the device 110 may be configured to perform a second read of the card 105. The card 105 may be configured to transmit, after the second read, a first data set. For example, the first data set may be obtained via the second read, such as a near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. The first data set may be transmitted by the card 105 to the application 116 of the client device 110 via the second read. The first data set may comprise one or more sets of prior data. Without limitation, the first data set may include data for the last three transactions, such as an identifier associated with the first data set, a type of first data set, method of entry into the communication field, time stamp, and amount. The second read may be associated with one or more gestures, including but not limited to a tap, a swipe, or a wave, that represent any number of entries of a communication interface 107 of the card 105 into a communication field of the device.
Prior to performance of a second factor authentication, the application 116 of the client device 110, or server 120, may be configured to extract metadata from the first data set. The metadata may be extracted from the first device 105. In some examples, the second factor authentication may include authentication of metadata. For example, the second factor authentication may comprise authentication of metadata of the first device 105, such as the card. In some examples, the metadata belonging to the first device 105 may be personalized at the time of creation of first device 105, for example by the issuer. The metadata of first device 105 may be customized such that it is populated to include, without limitation, a plurality of fields comprising one or more prior transactions (including merchant and transaction data for a predetermined number of transactions, e.g., five transactions), one or more transaction date stamps and/or time stamps, one or more phone numbers, one or more addresses, and/or combination thereof and/or any other personally identifiable information that is capable of being authenticated. In some examples, the mobile phone number associated with the user or account may be read from the first device 105, and a second factor authentication may be transmitted to application 116 of client device 110. For example, the second factor authentication may comprise a short message system one-time password received by application 116 of client device 110.
The application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to perform a second factor authentication. For example, the one or more sets of prior data may be evaluated against one or more reference sets of prior data as part of the second factor authentication. In other examples, the application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to transmit the first data set to the server 120 for evaluation as part of the second factor authentication. The application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to generate an outcome of the second factor authentication by comparing the one or more sets of prior data to one or more reference sets of prior data. Based on the outcome of the second factor authentication, the application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to generate and display one or more messages that are indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication.
The application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to perform a third factor authentication. The third factor authentication may be performed prior to conversion of a first type of operation to a second type of operation by the application 116 of the client device 110. In other examples, the server 120 or application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to generate, transmit and/or receive one or more messages indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication. For example, at least one of the messages may be configured to instruct the application 116 or server 120 to effectuate one or more actions. The one or more actions may include conversion of the first type of operation to a second type of operation. For example, the first type of operation may comprise a card-not-present transaction. The second type of operation may comprise a card-present transaction. In this manner, the conversion may allow for improved security by indicating that the card was present for performing one or more operations, such as capturing a communication with card readers, contactless or contact-enabled terminals. In this manner, the conversion from the first type of operation to the second type of operation may be dependent on the outcome, such as the successful outcome, of the second factor authentication, since the first device 105 will be have been proven to be in physical possession of the user, thereby distinguishing between a card-present transaction and a card-not-present transaction. Moreover, the third factor authentication may be performed after the second factor authentication. For example, the application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to perform the third factor authentication by generating one or more prompts that are transmitted via one or more notifications. In some examples, the third factor authentication may be performed by prompting, via the one or more notifications, input that is responsive to one or more queries.
Without limitation, the one or more queries may include at least one selected from the group of a primary account number, cardholder identifier such as first name, middle name, last name, a type of operation, a date, a nationality of the cardholder, a cardholder language, an address, a date of birth, an email, a telephone number, an expiration date, a credit card number, a debit card number, and/or any combination thereof. Moreover, the one or more queries may include a request for a partial portion, including but not limited to a redacted portion, of any number of these queries. The one or more queries may resemble knowledge-based authentication that form the basis of the third factor authentication.
The application 116 of the client device 110 may be configured to receive input that is responsive to the one or more queries. For example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many times the user shopped at a particular merchant, or conducted an operation with a specified reader or terminal, within a time frame. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many items were associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an amount spent associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to a location and/or an identity of the last two transactions.
First device 200 may be configured to communicate with one or more components of system 100. First device 200 may comprise a contact-based card or contactless card, which may comprise a payment card, such as a credit card, debit card, or gift card, issued by a service provider 205 displayed on the front or back of the contactless card 200. In some examples, the contactless card 200 is not related to a payment card, and may comprise, without limitation, an identification card, a membership card, and a transportation card. In some examples, the payment card may comprise a dual interface contactless payment card. The contactless card 200 may comprise a substrate 210, which may include a single layer or one or more laminated layers composed of plastics, metals, and other materials. Exemplary substrate materials include polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride acetate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, polyesters, anodized titanium, palladium, gold, carbon, paper, and biodegradable materials. In some examples, the contactless card 200 may have physical characteristics compliant with the ID-1 format of the ISO/IEC 7810 standard, and the contactless card may otherwise be compliant with the ISO/IEC 14443 standard. However, it is understood that the contactless card 200 according to the present disclosure may have different characteristics, and the present disclosure does not require a contactless card to be implemented in a payment card.
The contactless card 200 may also include identification information 215 displayed on the front and/or back of the card, and a contact pad 220. The contact pad 220 may be configured to establish contact with another communication device, including but not limited to a user device, smart phone, laptop, desktop, or tablet computer. The contactless card 200 may also include processing circuitry, antenna and other components not shown in
As illustrated in
The memory 235 may be a read-only memory, write-once read-multiple memory or read/write memory, e.g., RAM, ROM, and EEPROM, and the contactless card 200 may include one or more of these memories. A read-only memory may be factory programmable as read-only or one-time programmable. One-time programmability provides the opportunity to write once then read many times. A write once/read-multiple memory may be programmed at a point in time after the memory chip has left the factory. Once the memory is programmed, it may not be rewritten, but it may be read many times. A read/write memory may be programmed and re-programed many times after leaving the factory. It may also be read many times.
The memory 235 may be configured to store one or more applets 240, one or more counters 245, and a customer identifier 250. The one or more applets 240 may comprise one or more software applications configured to execute on one or more contactless cards, such as Java Card applet. However, it is understood that applets 240 are not limited to Java Card applets, and instead may be any software application operable on contactless cards or other devices having limited memory. The one or more counters 245 may comprise a numeric counter sufficient to store an integer. The customer identifier 250 may comprise a unique alphanumeric identifier assigned to a user of the contactless card 200, and the identifier may distinguish the user of the contactless card from other contactless card users. In some examples, the customer identifier 250 may identify both a customer and an account assigned to that customer and may further identify the contactless card associated with the customer's account.
The processor and memory elements of the foregoing exemplary embodiments are described with reference to the contact pad, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. It is understood that these elements may be implemented outside of the contact pad 220 or entirely separate from it, or as further elements in addition to processor 230 and memory 235 elements located within the contact pad 220.
In some examples, the contactless card 200 may comprise one or more antennas 255. The one or more antennas 255 may be placed within the contactless card 200 and around the processing circuitry 225 of the contact pad 220. For example, the one or more antennas 255 may be integral with the processing circuitry 225 and the one or more antennas 255 may be used with an external booster coil. As another example, the one or more antennas 255 may be external to the contact pad 220 and the processing circuitry 225.
In an embodiment, the coil of contactless card 200 may act as the secondary of an air core transformer. The terminal may communicate with the contactless card 200 by cutting power or amplitude modulation. The contactless card 200 may infer the data transmitted from the terminal using the gaps in the contactless card's power connection, which may be functionally maintained through one or more capacitors. The contactless card 200 may communicate back by switching a load on the contactless card's coil or load modulation. Load modulation may be detected in the terminal's coil through interference.
At block 305, the method 300 may include authenticating a cryptogram. For example, the cryptogram may be authenticated as part of a first factor authentication. In some examples, an application comprising instructions for execution on a device may be configured to perform the first factor authentication. In other examples, a server may be configured to perform the first factor authentication. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to conduct one or more reads of a card as part of a first factor authentication. For example, the application may be configured to conduct a read, such as a near field communication read, of a tag, such as a near field communication tag, of the card. The card may be configured to transmit a cryptogram. For example, the card may be configured to transmit, after entry into one or more communication fields of any device, data responsive to the read, such as a first read, via a communication interface of the card. In some examples, the card may be configured to transmit, after a first entry into a first communication field of the device, the cryptogram. Without limitation, each entry may be associated with a tap, a swipe, a wave, and/or any combination thereof. The application of the client device may be configured to receive the cryptogram transmitted by the card. The cryptogram may be generated based on a first read of the tag of the card. For example, the cryptogram may be obtained via a near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. In some examples, the card may be configured to encrypt the cryptogram prior to its transmission.
The application of the client device may be configured to transmit the cryptogram that it received from the card to a server. In some examples, the server may be configured to receive the cryptogram transmitted by the card. The server may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication. In other examples, the application of the client device may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication.
At block 310, the method 300 may include transmitting one or more messages. For example, the server may be configured to transmit one or more messages to the application of the client device. For example, one of the messages may comprise an indication of authentication status of the cryptogram. For example, the server may be configure to transmit a message to the application of the client device that is indicative of authentication validation, such as a successful authentication status of the cryptogram. To the extent that the server is unable to authenticate the cryptogram, the server may be configured to transmit a message indicative of an unsuccessful authentication status of the cryptogram. If the cryptogram is not successfully authenticated, the server may be configured to instruct, via one or more commands, the client application of the client device to re-read the tag of the card to receive the cryptogram. In this manner, the server may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication. In some examples, the server may be configured to transmit one or more messages that are instructive of performing a second factor authentication.
At block 315, the method 300 may include evaluating a first data set. For example, the application of the device may be configured to receive the one or more messages from the server. The application of the device may be configured to perform, after the first factor authentication, another read. For example, the application of the device may be configured to perform a second read of the card. The card may be configured to transmit, after the second read, a first data set. For example, the first data set may be obtained via the second read, such as a near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. The first data set may be transmitted by the card to the application of the client device via the second read. The first data set may comprise one or more sets of prior data. Without limitation, the first data set may include data for the last three transactions, such as an identifier associated with the first data set, a type of first data set, method of entry into the communication field, time stamp, and amount. The second read may be associated with one or more gestures, including but not limited to a tap, a swipe, or a wave, that represent any number of entries of a communication interface of the card into a communication field of the device.
The application of the client device may be configured to perform a second factor authentication. For example, the one or more sets of prior data may be evaluated against one or more reference sets of prior data as part of the second factor authentication. In other examples, the application of the client device may be configured to transmit the data to the server for evaluation as part of the second factor authentication.
At block 320, the method 300 may include transmitting one or more additional messages. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to generate an outcome of the second factor authentication by comparing the one or more sets of prior data to one or more reference sets of prior data. Based on the outcome of the second factor authentication, the application of the client device may be configured to generate and display one or more additional messages that are indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication. In other examples, the server may be configured to generate and transmit one or more additional messages that are indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication. In addition, prior to performance of a second factor authentication, the application of the client device, or server, may be configured to extract metadata from the first data set. The metadata may be extracted from the first device. In some examples, the second factor authentication may include authentication of metadata. For example, the second factor authentication may comprise authentication of metadata of the card. In some examples, the metadata belonging to the first device may be personalized at the time of creation of the first device, for example by the issuer. The metadata of the first device may be customized such that it is populated to include, without limitation, a plurality of fields comprising one or more prior transactions (including merchant and transaction data for a predetermined number of transactions, such as five transactions), one or more transaction date and time stamps, one or more phone numbers, one or more addresses, and/or combination thereof and/or any other personally identifiable information that is capable of being authenticated. In some examples, the mobile phone number associated with the user or account may be read from the first device, and a second factor authentication may be transmitted to the application of client device. For example, the second factor authentication may comprise a short message system one-time password received by application of the client device.
At block 325, the method 300 may include generating one or more prompts. For example, the server may be configured to generate one or more prompts. In other examples, the application of the device may be configured to generate one or more prompts. The application of the client device may be configured to perform a third factor authentication. The third factor authentication may be performed prior to conversion of a first type of operation to a second type of operation by the application of the client device. In other examples, the server or application of the client device may be configured to generate, transmit and/or receive one or more messages indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication. For example, at least one of the messages may be configured to instruct the application or server to effectuate one or more actions. The one or more actions may include conversion of the first type of operation to a second type of operation. For example, the first type of operation may comprise a card-not-present transaction. The second type of operation may comprise a card-present transaction. In this manner, the conversion may allow for improved security by indicating that the card was present for performing one or more operations, such as capturing a communication with card readers, contactless or contact-enabled terminals. In this manner, the conversion from the first type of operation to the second type of operation may be dependent on the outcome, such as the successful outcome, of the second factor authentication, since the first device will be have been proven to be in physical possession of the user, thereby distinguishing between a card-present transaction and a card-not-present transaction. Moreover, the third factor authentication may be performed after the second factor authentication. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to perform the third factor authentication by generating one or more prompts that are transmitted via one or more notifications. In some examples, the third factor authentication may be performed by prompting, via the one or more notifications, input that is responsive to one or more queries.
Without limitation, the one or more queries may include at least one selected from the group of a primary account number, cardholder identifier such as first name, middle name, last name, a type of operation, a date, a nationality of the cardholder, a cardholder language, an address, a date of birth, an email, a telephone number, an expiration date, a credit card number, a debit card number, and/or any combination thereof. Moreover, the one or more queries may include a request for a partial portion, including but not limited to a redacted portion, of any number of these queries. The one or more queries may resemble knowledge-based authentication that form the basis of the third factor authentication.
At block 330, the method 300 may include transmitting the one or more prompts. In some examples, the server may be configured to transmit the one or more prompts. For example, the server may be configured to transmit the one or more prompts to the application of the device.
At block 335, the method 300 may include authenticating input responsive to the one or more queries. For example, the server may be configured to receive input responsive to the one or more queries. In another example, the application may be configured to receive input that is responsive to the one or more queries. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to transmit the received input to the server for authentication. The application of the device may be configured to authenticate the received input responsive to the one or more queries by comparing reference input to the received input. After successfully authenticating the input, for example, by the application of the client device or the server, the application of the client device or the server may be configured to convert a first type of operation to a second type of operation. The third factor authentication may be performed prior to conversion of a first type of operation to a second type of operation by the application of the client device. In other examples, the server or application of the client device may be configured to generate, transmit and/or receive one or more messages indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication. For example, at least one of the messages may be configured to instruct the application or server to effectuate one or more actions. The one or more actions may include conversion of the first type of operation to a second type of operation. For example, the first type of operation may comprise a card-not-present transaction. The second type of operation may comprise a card-present transaction. In this manner, the conversion may allow for improved security by indicating that the card was present for performing one or more operations, such as capturing a communication with card readers, contactless or contact-enabled terminals. In this manner, the conversion from the first type of operation to the second type of operation may be dependent on the outcome, such as the successful outcome, of the second factor authentication, since the first device will be have been proven to be in physical possession of the user, thereby distinguishing between a card-present transaction and a card-not-present transaction. In some examples, the application of the client device may be configured to receive and authenticate the input via one or more responses that are responsive to the queries posed in the one or more prompts. In other examples, the application of the client device may be configured to transmit input that it received via one or more responses that are responsive to the queries posed in the one or prompts to a server for authentication. The server may be configured to transmit the received input to a database for authentication of the input and conversion of the transaction.
The application of the client device or the server may be configured to receive input that is responsive to the one or more queries. For example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many times the user shopped at a particular merchant, or conducted an operation with a specified reader or terminal, within a time frame. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many items were associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an amount spent associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to a location and/or an identity of the last two transactions.
At step 410, an application of a client device may be configured to conduct one or more reads of a card as part of a first factor authentication. For example, the application may be configured to conduct a read, such as a near field communication read, of a tag, such as a near field communication tag, of the card.
At step 420, the card may be configured to transmit a cryptogram. The card may be configured to transmit, after entry into one or more communication fields of any device, data responsive to the read, such as a first read, via a communication interface of the card. For example, the card may be configured to transmit, after a first entry into a first communication field of the device, the cryptogram. Without limitation, each entry may be associated with a tap, a swipe, a wave, and/or any combination thereof. The application of the client device may be configured to receive the cryptogram transmitted by the card. The cryptogram may be generated based on a first read of the tag of the card. For example, the cryptogram may be obtained via a near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. In some examples, the card may be configured to encrypt the cryptogram prior to its transmission.
At step 430, the application of the client device may be configured to transmit the cryptogram that it received from the card to a server. In some examples, the server may be configured to receive the cryptogram transmitted by the card. The server may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication. In other examples, the application of the client device may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication.
At step 440, the server may be configured to transmit one or more messages to the application of the client device. For example, one of the messages may comprise an indication of authentication status of the cryptogram. For example, the server may be configure to transmit a message to the application of the client device that is indicative of authentication validation, such as a successful authentication status of the cryptogram. To the extent that the server is unable to authenticate the cryptogram, the server may be configured to transmit a message indicative of an unsuccessful authentication status of the cryptogram. If the cryptogram is not successfully authenticated, the server may be configured to instruct, via one or more commands, the client application of the client device to re-read the tag of the card to receive the cryptogram. In this manner, the server may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication.
At step 450, the application of the device may be configured to receive the one or more messages from the server. The application of the device may be configured to perform, after the first factor authentication, another read. For example, the application of the device may be configured to perform a second read of the card.
At step 460, the card may be configured to transmit, after the second read, data such as a first data set. For example, the first data set may be obtained via a second near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. The first data set may be transmitted by the card to the processor via the read. The first data set may comprise one or more sets of prior data. Without limitation, the first data set may include data for the last three transactions, such as an identifier associated with the first data set, a type of first data set, method of entry into the communication field, time stamp, and amount. The second read may be associated with one or more gestures, including but not limited to a tap, a swipe, or a wave, that represent any number of entries of a communication interface of the card into a communication field of the device.
At step 470, the application of the client device may be configured to perform a second factor authentication. For example, the one or more sets of prior data may be evaluated against one or more reference sets of prior data as part of the second factor authentication. In other examples, the application of the client device may be configured to transmit the first data set to the server for evaluation as part of the second factor authentication. For example, the server may be configured to perform the second factor authentication of the first data set by generating an outcome of the second factor authentication by comparing the one or more sets of prior data to one or more reference sets of prior data. The reference sets of prior data may be stored in the server. In other example, the one or more reference sets of prior data may be accessible by the server and retrieved from a database. In other examples, the application of the client device may be configured to generate an outcome of the second factor authentication by comparing the one or more sets of prior data to one or more reference sets of prior data. Based on the outcome of the second factor authentication, the application of the client device may be configured to generate and display one or more messages that are indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication.
At step 480, the server may be configured to transmit one or more additional messages indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication of the first data set. The server may be configured to instruct, via the one or more additional messages, the application of the client device to perform the second factor authentication.
At step 490, the application of the client device may be configured to perform a third factor authentication. The third factor authentication may be performed prior to conversion of a first type of operation to a second type of operation by the application of the client device. In other examples, the server or application of the client device may be configured to generate, transmit and/or receive one or more messages indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication. For example, at least one of the messages may be configured to instruct the application or server to effectuate one or more actions. The one or more actions may include conversion of the first type of operation to a second type of operation. For example, the first type of operation may comprise a card-not-present transaction. The second type of operation may comprise a card-present transaction. In this manner, the conversion may allow for improved security by indicating that the card was present for performing one or more operations, such as capturing a communication with card readers, contactless or contact-enabled terminals. In this manner, the conversion from the first type of operation to the second type of operation may be dependent on the outcome, such as the successful outcome, of the second factor authentication, since the first device will be have been proven to be in physical possession of the user, thereby distinguishing between a card-present transaction and a card-not-present transaction. Moreover, the third factor authentication may be performed after the second factor authentication. In other examples, the server may be configured to perform the third factor authentication. In some examples, the server may be configured to instruct the application of the client device to perform the third factor authentication. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to perform the third factor authentication by generating one or more prompts that are transmitted via one or more notifications. In some examples, the third factor authentication may be performed by prompting, via the one or more notifications, input that is responsive to one or more queries.
Without limitation, the one or more queries may include at least one selected from the group of a primary account number, cardholder identifier such as first name, middle name, last name, a type of operation, a date, a nationality of the cardholder, a cardholder language, an address, a date of birth, an email, a telephone number, an expiration date, a credit card number, a debit card number, and/or any combination thereof. Moreover, the one or more queries may include a request for a partial portion, including but not limited to a redacted portion, of any number of these queries. The one or more queries may resemble knowledge-based authentication that form the basis of the third factor authentication.
The application of the client device may be configured to receive input that is responsive to the one or more queries. For example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many times the user shopped at a particular merchant, or conducted an operation with a specified reader or terminal, within a time frame. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many items were associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an amount spent associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to a location and/or an identity of the last two transactions.
At block 505, the method 500 may include performing a first factor authentication. For example, an application of a client device may be configured to perform a first factor authentication. In other examples, a server may be configured to perform a first factor authentication. The application of the client device may be configured to conduct one or more reads of a card as part of a first factor authentication. For example, the application may be configured to conduct a read, such as a near field communication read, of a tag, such as a near field communication tag, of the card.
At block 510, the method 500 may include validating a response to the first factor authentication. In some examples, the application of the client device may be configured to receive a response to the first factor authentication. The response may include a cryptogram. The application of the client device may be configured to validate the response to the first factor authentication. The card may be configured to transmit, via a response, a cryptogram. The card may be configured to transmit, after entry into one or more communication fields of any device, data responsive to the read, such as a first read, via a communication interface of the card. For example, the card may be configured to transmit, after a first entry into a first communication field of the device, the cryptogram. Without limitation, each entry may be associated with a tap, a swipe, a wave, and/or any combination thereof. The application of the client device may be configured to receive the cryptogram transmitted by the card. The cryptogram may be generated based on a first read of the tag of the card. For example, the cryptogram may be obtained via a near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. In some examples, the card may be configured to encrypt the cryptogram prior to its transmission. In some examples, the application of the client device may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication.
In other examples, the server may be configured to receive a response to the first factor authentication. The application of the client device may be configured to transmit the cryptogram that it received from the card to a server. In some examples, the server may be configured to receive the cryptogram transmitted by the card. The server may be configured to decrypt the cryptogram as part of the first factor authentication.
At block 515, the method 500 may include performing a second factor authentication. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to perform a second factor authentication. The application of the device may be configured to perform, after the first factor authentication, another read. For example, the application of the device may be configured to perform a second read of the card. The card may be configured to transmit, after the second read, data such as a first data set. For example, the first data set may be obtained via a second near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. The first data set may be transmitted by the card to the processor via the second read. The second read may be associated with one or more gestures, including but not limited to a tap, a swipe, or a wave, that represent any number of entries of a communication interface of the card into a communication field of the device.
In other examples, a server may be configured to perform a second factor authentication. For example, the server may be configured to transmit one or more messages to the application of the client device that indicates instruction of performance of the second factor authentication by the application of the client device or by the server.
At block 520, the method 500 may include validating a response to the second factor authentication. In some examples, the application of the client device may be configured to receive a response to the second factor authentication. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to receive a response including the first data set to the second factor authentication. The first data set may comprise one or more sets of prior data. Without limitation, the first data set may include data for the last three transactions, such as an identifier associated with the first data set, a type of first data set, method of entry into the communication field, time stamp, and amount.
The application of the client device may be configured to validate the response to the second factor authentication. For example, the one or more sets of prior data may be evaluated against one or more reference sets of prior data as part of the second factor authentication. In other examples, the application of the client device may be configured to generate an outcome of the second factor authentication by comparing the one or more sets of prior data to one or more reference sets of prior data. Based on the outcome of the second factor authentication, the application of the client device may be configured to generate and display one or more messages that are indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication.
In other examples, the server may be configured to receive a response to the second factor authentication. For example, the server may be configured to validate the response to the second factor authentication. The application of the client device may be configured to transmit the first data set to the server for evaluation as part of the second factor authentication. For example, the server may be configured to perform the second factor authentication of the first data set by generating an outcome of the second factor authentication by comparing the one or more sets of prior data to one or more reference sets of prior data. The reference sets of prior data may be stored in the server. In other example, the one or more reference sets of prior data may be accessible by the server and retrieved from a database.
At block 525, the method 500 may include performing a third factor authentication. For example, the application of a client device may be configured to perform a third factor authentication. The third factor authentication may be performed prior to conversion of a first type of operation to a second type of operation by the application of the client device. In other examples, the server or application of the client device may be configured to generate, transmit and/or receive one or more messages indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication. For example, at least one of the messages may be configured to instruct the application or server to effectuate one or more actions. The one or more actions may include conversion of the first type of operation to a second type of operation. For example, the first type of operation may comprise a card-not-present transaction. The second type of operation may comprise a card-present transaction. In this manner, the conversion may allow for improved security by indicating that the card was present for performing one or more operations, such as capturing a communication with card readers, contactless or contact-enabled terminals. In this manner, the conversion from the first type of operation to the second type of operation may be dependent on the outcome, such as the successful outcome, of the second factor authentication, since the first device will be have been proven to be in physical possession of the user, thereby distinguishing between a card-present transaction and a card-not-present transaction. Moreover, the third factor authentication may be performed after the second factor authentication. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to perform the third factor authentication by generating one or more prompts that are transmitted via one or more notifications. In some examples, the third factor authentication may be performed by prompting, via the one or more notifications, input that is responsive to one or more queries.
Without limitation, the one or more queries may include at least one selected from the group of a primary account number, cardholder identifier such as first name, middle name, last name, a type of operation, a date, a nationality of the cardholder, a cardholder language, an address, a date of birth, an email, a telephone number, an expiration date, a credit card number, a debit card number, and/or any combination thereof. Moreover, the one or more queries may include a request for a partial portion, including but not limited to a redacted portion, of any number of these queries. The one or more queries may resemble knowledge-based authentication that form the basis of the third factor authentication.
In other examples, the server may be configured to perform the third factor authentication. In some examples, the server may be configured to instruct the application of the client device to perform the third factor authentication.
At block 530, the method 500 may include validating a response to the third factor authentication. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to receive input that is responsive to the one or more queries. The application of the device may be configured to authenticate the received input responsive to the one or more queries by comparing reference input to the received input. In some examples, the application of the client device may be configured to receive a response to the third factor authentication. For example, the application of the client device may be configured to validate the response to the third factor authentication. The application of the client device may be configured to receive input that is responsive to the one or more queries. For example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many times the user shopped at a particular merchant, or conducted an operation with a specified reader or terminal, within a time frame. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many items were associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an amount spent associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to a location and/or an identity of the last two transactions.
In other examples, the server may be configured to receive a response to the third factor authentication. For example, the server may be configured to validate the response to the third factor authentication. The server may be configured to validate the input for the third factor authentication.
At block 535, the method 500 may include converting data from a first type to a second type. After successfully authenticating the input, for example, by the application of the client device or the server, the application of the client device or the server may be configured to convert a transaction from a card-not-present transaction to card-present transaction, the transaction associated with the first data set. In some examples, the application of the client device may be configured to receive and authenticate the input via one or more responses that are responsive to the queries posed in the one or more prompts. In other examples, the application of the client device may be configured to transmit input that it received via one or more responses that are responsive to the queries posed in the one or prompts to a server for authentication. The server may be configured to transmit the received input to a database for authentication of the input and conversion of the transaction.
The application of the client device or the server may be configured to receive input that is responsive to the one or more queries. For example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many times the user shopped at a particular merchant, or conducted an operation with a specified reader or terminal, within a time frame. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to how many items were associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an amount spent associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the input to the one or more queries may include a response that includes an answer as to a location and/or an identity of the last two transactions. In another example, the application of the client device may be configured to transmit the received input to the server for authentication.
At block 605, the method 600 may include conducting a first read. For example, the first read may be conducted by an application of a device. The device may include one or more processors. The device may include a memory. The device may include an application comprising instructions for execution thereon.
At block 610, the method 600 may include authenticating a cryptogram. The processor may be configured to perform a first factor authentication. In some examples, the first factor authentication may comprise authenticating a cryptogram. For example, the cryptogram may be obtained via a near field communication data exchange format (NDEF) read. The first read of a tag of a card may yield the cryptogram.
At block 615, the method 600 may include conducting a second read. For example, after the first factor authentication, the processor may be configured to perform another read, such as a second read. In some examples, the read performed after the first factor authentication may comprise an NDEF read.
At block 620, the method 600 may include authenticating data. For example, the second read may yield data, such as a first dataset. The first data set may be transmitted by the card to the processor via the read. The first data set may comprise one or more sets of prior data. Without limitation, the first data set may include data for the last three transactions, such as an identifier associated with the first data set, a type of first data set, method of entry into the communication field, time stamp, and amount. The read may be associated with one or more gestures, including but not limited to a tap, a swipe, or a wave, that represent any number of entries of a communication interface of the card into a communication field of the device.
The first data set may be transmitted by the processor for another factor of authentication, such as a second factor authentication. For example, the processor may be configured to transmit the first data set to a server. In some examples, the processor may be configured to transmit the first data set for a second factor authentication. For example, the one or more sets of prior data may be evaluated against one or more reference sets of prior data. The processor may be configured to generate an outcome of the second factor authentication by comparing the one or more sets of prior data to one or more reference sets of prior data. Based on the outcome of the second factor authentication, the processor may be configured to transmit one or more messages that are indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication.
In another example, the server may be configured to generate an outcome of the second factor authentication by comparing the one or more sets of prior data to one or more reference sets of prior data. The processor may be configured to receive one or more messages indicative of an outcome of the second factor authentication. For example, the processor may be configured to receive, from the server, a message that is indicative of authentication validation, such as a successful outcome of the second factor authentication. In another example, the processor may be configured to receive, from the server, a message that is indicative of an unsuccessful outcome of the second factor authentication. To the extent that the processor is configured to receive a message that is indicative of the unsuccessful outcome of the second factor authentication, the processor may be configured to re-transmit the first data set for second factor authentication. For example, the processor may be configured to retransmit the first data set for second factor authentication up to and including a predetermined number corresponding to a threshold. After the threshold has been reached, the processor may be configured to halt the authentication process. In another example, to the extent that the processor is configured to receive a message that is indicative of the unsuccessful outcome of the second factor authentication, the processor may be configured to halt the authentication process.
Prior to performance of a second factor authentication, the application of the client device, or server, may be configured to extract metadata from the first data set. The metadata may be extracted from the first device. In some examples, the second factor authentication may include authentication of metadata. For example, the second factor authentication may comprise authentication of metadata of the first device. In some examples, the metadata belonging to the first device may be personalized at the time of creation of the first device, for example by the issuer. The metadata of the first device may be customized such that it is populated to include, without limitation, a plurality of fields comprising one or more prior transactions (including merchant and transaction data for a predetermined number of transactions, such as five transactions), one or more transaction date and time stamps, one or more phone numbers, one or more addresses, and/or combination thereof and/or any other personally identifiable information that is capable of being authenticated. In some examples, the mobile phone number associated with the user or account may be read from the first device, and a second factor authentication may be transmitted to the application of client device. For example, the second factor authentication may comprise a short message system one-time password received by application of the client device.
After receipt of the message that is indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication, the processor may be configured to convert a transaction from a card-not-present transaction to a card-present transaction. In some examples, the transaction may be associated with the transaction data.
At block 625, the method 600 may include generate one or more queries. For example, the processor may be configured to perform a third factor authentication. The third factor authentication may be performed prior to conversion of a first type of operation to a second type of operation by the application of the client device. In other examples, the server or application of the client device may be configured to generate, transmit and/or receive one or more messages indicative of the outcome of the second factor authentication. For example, at least one of the messages may be configured to instruct the application or server to effectuate one or more actions. The one or more actions may include conversion of the first type of operation to a second type of operation. For example, the first type of operation may comprise a card-not-present transaction. The second type of operation may comprise a card-present transaction. In this manner, the conversion may allow for improved security by indicating that the card was present for performing one or more operations, such as capturing a communication with card readers, contactless or contact-enabled terminals. In this manner, the conversion from the first type of operation to the second type of operation may be dependent on the outcome, such as the successful outcome, of the second factor authentication, since the first device will be have been proven to be in physical possession of the user, thereby distinguishing between a card-present transaction and a card-not-present transaction. For example, the processor may be configured to perform the third factor authentication by generating one or more prompts that are transmitted via one or more notifications. In some examples, the third factor authentication may be performed by prompting, via the one or more notifications, input that is responsive to one or more queries.
Without limitation, the one or more queries may include at least one selected from the group of a primary account number, cardholder identifier such as first name, middle name, last name, a type of operation, a date, a nationality of the cardholder, a cardholder language, an address, a date of birth, an email, a telephone number, an expiration date, a credit card number, a debit card number, and/or any combination thereof. Moreover, the one or more queries may include a request for a partial portion, including but not limited to a redacted portion, of any number of these queries. The one or more queries may resemble knowledge-based authentication that form the basis of the third factor authentication.
In other examples, the query may include a question requesting how many times has the user shopped at a particular merchant, or conducted an operation with a specified reader or terminal, within a time frame. In another example, the query may include a question requesting how many items were associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the query may include a question requesting an amount spent associated with the most recent purchase. In another example, the query may include a question requesting a location and/or identity of the last two transactions.
At block 630, the method 600 may include transmitting, via one or more prompts, the one or more queries. For example, the processor may be configured to transmit the one or more queries. In another example, the server may be configured to transmit the one or more queries.
In some examples, the prompt for input for a response to the one or more queries may be time-restricted. For example, the prompt for input may be configured to expire after a predetermined time, including but not limited to seconds, minutes, hours, etc. In another example, the one or more processors may be configured to prompt, after expiration of the predetermined time, additional input that is responsive to the one or more queries. In some examples, the additional input that is responsive to the one or more queries may be different from the input that is initially requested that is responsive to the one or more queries. Thus, the initial set of one or more queries may be different from the additional set of one or more queries.
For example, the processor may be configured to request a middle name of the user via one or more prompts. If no input is received or provided within 10 seconds, the expiration time for input responsive to this query may expire after 10 seconds, and another prompt for input responsive to another query may be generated and transmitted. For example, the processor may be configured to request the last four digits of the primary account number, in which the input must be provided within 15 seconds. In some examples, the predetermined time associated with the additional queries may be different than the predetermined time associated with the initial queries. In other examples, the predetermined time associated with the additional queries may be the same as the predetermined time associated with the initial queries.
In another example, the processor may be configured to generate and transmit a prompt requiring, within 5 seconds, input of the nationality of the user. If no input is received or provided within the 5 seconds, the expiration time for input responsive to the query may expire after 5 seconds, and another prompt for input responsive to another query may be generated and transmitted. For example, the processor may be configured to request the location of the most recent transaction, and whether the transaction was associated with a credit or debit card, in which the input must be provided within 10 seconds.
In some examples, the prompt for input may be associated with a threshold number of the one or more queries. For example, the prompt for input may be associated with any number, such as two queries. After exhaustion of the number of queries, the processor may be configured to determine whether to authenticate the input based on the response input associated with the prompt of the queries. Using the above example, after exhaustion of two queries, the processor may be configured to terminate the received input that is responsive to the queries if it determines that the input is incorrect.
At block 635, the method 600 may include receiving input responsive to the one or more queries. For example, the processor may be configured to receive the input responsive to the one or more queries. In another example, the server may be configured to receive input responsive to the one or more queries.
At block 640, the method 600 may include authenticating the input. For example, the processor may be configured to authenticate, after receipt of the input, the input that is responsive to the one or more queries. In another example, the server may be configured to authenticate, after receipt of the input, the input that is responsive to the one or more queries.
It is further noted that the systems and methods described herein may be tangibly embodied in one of more physical media, such as, but not limited to, a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc (DVD), a floppy disk, a hard drive, read only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), as well as other physical media capable of data storage. For example, data storage may include random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM), which may be configured to access and store data and information and computer program instructions. Data storage may also include storage media or other suitable type of memory (e.g., such as, for example, RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, any type of tangible and non-transitory storage medium), where the files that comprise an operating system, application programs including, for example, web browser application, email application and/or other applications, and data files may be stored. The data storage of the network-enabled computer systems may include electronic information, files, and documents stored in various ways, including, for example, a flat file, indexed file, hierarchical database, relational database, such as a database created and maintained with software from, for example, Oracle® Corporation, Microsoft® Excel file, Microsoft® Access file, a solid state storage device, which may include a flash array, a hybrid array, or a server-side product, enterprise storage, which may include online or cloud storage, or any other storage mechanism. Moreover, the figures illustrate various components (e.g., servers, computers, processors, etc.) separately. The functions described as being performed at various components may be performed at other components, and the various components may be combined or separated. Other modifications also may be made.
In the preceding specification, various embodiments have been described with references to the accompanying drawings. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded as an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.
The subject application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/680,080 filed Feb. 24, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/659,327 filed Oct. 21, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,444,775, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/351,433 filed Mar. 12, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,511,443, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/205,119 filed Nov. 29, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,581,611, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/740,352 filed Oct. 2, 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4683553 | Mollier | Jul 1987 | A |
| 4827113 | Rikuna | May 1989 | A |
| 4910773 | Hazard et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 5036461 | Elliott et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5363448 | Koopman, Jr. et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5377270 | Koopman, Jr. et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5533126 | Hazard | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5537314 | Kanter | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5592553 | Guski et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5616901 | Crandall | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5666415 | Kaufman | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5764789 | Pare, Jr. et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5768373 | Lohstroh et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5778072 | Samar | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5796827 | Coppersmith et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5832090 | Raspotnik | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5883810 | Franklin et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5901874 | Deters | May 1999 | A |
| 5929413 | Gardner | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5960411 | Hartman et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6021203 | Douceur et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6049328 | Vanderheiden | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6058373 | Blinn et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6061666 | Do et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6105008 | Davis | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6105013 | Curry et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6199114 | White et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6199762 | Hohle | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6216227 | Goldstein et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6227447 | Campisano | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6282522 | Davis et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6324271 | Sawyer et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6342844 | Rozin | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6367011 | Lee et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6402028 | Graham, Jr. et al. | Jun 2002 | B1 |
| 6438550 | Doyle et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6501847 | Helot et al. | Dec 2002 | B2 |
| 6631197 | Taenzer | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6641050 | Kelley et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6655585 | Shinn | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6662020 | Aaro et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6721706 | Strubbe et al. | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6731778 | Oda et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6779115 | Naim | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6792533 | Jablon | Sep 2004 | B2 |
| 6829711 | Kwok et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6834271 | Hodgson et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6834795 | Rasmussen et al. | Dec 2004 | B1 |
| 6852031 | Rowe | Feb 2005 | B1 |
| 6865547 | Brake, Jr. et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
| 6873260 | Lancos et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6877656 | Jaros et al. | Apr 2005 | B1 |
| 6889198 | Kawan | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6905411 | Nguyen et al. | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6910627 | Simpson-Young et al. | Jun 2005 | B1 |
| 6971031 | Haala | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6990588 | Yasukura | Jan 2006 | B1 |
| 7006986 | Sines et al. | Feb 2006 | B1 |
| 7085931 | Smith et al. | Aug 2006 | B1 |
| 7127605 | Montgomery et al. | Oct 2006 | B1 |
| 7128274 | Kelley et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7140550 | Ramachandran | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7152045 | Hoffman | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7165727 | de Jong | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7175076 | Block et al. | Feb 2007 | B1 |
| 7202773 | Oba et al. | Apr 2007 | B1 |
| 7206806 | Pineau | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7232073 | de Jong | Jun 2007 | B1 |
| 7246752 | Brown | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7254569 | Goodman et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7263507 | Brake, Jr. et al. | Aug 2007 | B1 |
| 7270276 | Vayssiere | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7278025 | Saito et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 7287692 | Patel et al. | Oct 2007 | B1 |
| 7290709 | Tsai et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
| 7306143 | Bonneau, Jr. et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7319986 | Praisner et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7325132 | Takayama et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7373515 | Owen et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7374099 | de Jong | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7375616 | Rowse et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7380710 | Brown | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7424977 | Smets et al. | Sep 2008 | B2 |
| 7453439 | Kushler et al. | Nov 2008 | B1 |
| 7472829 | Brown | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7487357 | Smith et al. | Feb 2009 | B2 |
| 7568631 | Gibbs et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7584153 | Brown et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7597250 | Finn | Oct 2009 | B2 |
| 7628322 | Holtmanns et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7652578 | Braun et al. | Jan 2010 | B2 |
| 7689832 | Talmor et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7703142 | Wilson et al. | Apr 2010 | B1 |
| 7748609 | Sachdeva et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7748617 | Gray | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7748636 | Finn | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7762457 | Bonalle et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
| 7789302 | Tame | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7793851 | Mullen | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7796013 | Murakami et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7801799 | Brake, Jr. et al. | Sep 2010 | B1 |
| 7801829 | Gray et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7805755 | Brown et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7809643 | Phillips et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 7827115 | Weller et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7828214 | Narendra et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7848746 | Juels | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7882553 | Tuliani | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7900048 | Andersson | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7908216 | Davis et al. | Mar 2011 | B1 |
| 7922082 | Muscato | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7933589 | Mamdani et al. | Apr 2011 | B1 |
| 7949559 | Freiberg | May 2011 | B2 |
| 7954716 | Narendra et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7954723 | Charrat | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7962369 | Rosenberg | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7993197 | Mamdani et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8005426 | Huomo et al. | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8010405 | Bortolin et al. | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| RE42762 | Shin | Sep 2011 | E |
| 8041954 | Plesman | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8060012 | Sklovsky et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8074877 | Mullen et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8082450 | Frey et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8095113 | Kean et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8099332 | Lemay et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8103249 | Markison | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8108687 | Ellis et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8127143 | Abdallah et al. | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8135648 | Oram et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8140010 | Symons et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8141136 | Lee et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8150321 | Winter et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8150767 | Wankmueller | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8186602 | Itay et al. | May 2012 | B2 |
| 8196131 | von Behren et al. | Jun 2012 | B1 |
| 8215563 | Levy et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8224753 | Atef et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8232879 | Davis | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8233841 | Griffin et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8245292 | Buer | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8249654 | Zhu | Aug 2012 | B1 |
| 8266451 | Leydier et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8285329 | Zhu | Oct 2012 | B1 |
| 8302872 | Mullen | Nov 2012 | B2 |
| 8312519 | Bailey et al. | Nov 2012 | B1 |
| 8316237 | Felsher et al. | Nov 2012 | B1 |
| 8332272 | Fisher | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8365988 | Medina, III et al. | Feb 2013 | B1 |
| 8369960 | Tran et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8371501 | Hopkins | Feb 2013 | B1 |
| 8381307 | Cimino | Feb 2013 | B2 |
| 8391719 | Alameh et al. | Mar 2013 | B2 |
| 8417231 | Sanding et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8439271 | Smets et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
| 8475367 | Yuen et al. | Jul 2013 | B1 |
| 8489112 | Roeding et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8511542 | Pan | Aug 2013 | B2 |
| 8559872 | Butler | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8566916 | Vernon et al. | Oct 2013 | B1 |
| 8567670 | Stanfield et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8572386 | Takekawa et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
| 8577810 | Dalit et al. | Nov 2013 | B1 |
| 8583454 | Beraja et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8589335 | Smith et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8594730 | Bona et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8615468 | Varadarajan | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8620218 | Awad | Dec 2013 | B2 |
| 8667285 | Coulier et al. | Mar 2014 | B2 |
| 8723941 | Shirbabadi et al. | May 2014 | B1 |
| 8726405 | Bailey et al. | May 2014 | B1 |
| 8740073 | Vijayshankar et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8750514 | Gallo et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8752189 | De Jong | Jun 2014 | B2 |
| 8794509 | Bishop et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8799668 | Cheng | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8806592 | Ganesan | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8807440 | Von Behren et al. | Aug 2014 | B1 |
| 8811892 | Khan et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8814039 | Bishop et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8814052 | Bona et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8818867 | Baldwin et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8850538 | Vernon et al. | Sep 2014 | B1 |
| 8861733 | Benteo et al. | Oct 2014 | B2 |
| 8880027 | Darringer | Nov 2014 | B1 |
| 8888002 | Chesney et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8898088 | Springer et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8934837 | Zhu et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8977569 | Rao | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 8994498 | Agrafioti et al. | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9004365 | Bona et al. | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9038894 | Khalid | May 2015 | B2 |
| 9042814 | Royston et al. | May 2015 | B2 |
| 9047531 | Showering et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9069976 | Toole et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
| 9081948 | Magne | Jul 2015 | B2 |
| 9104853 | Venkataramani et al. | Aug 2015 | B2 |
| 9118663 | Bailey et al. | Aug 2015 | B1 |
| 9122964 | Krawczewicz | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9129280 | Bona et al. | Sep 2015 | B2 |
| 9152832 | Royston et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 9203800 | Izu et al. | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9209867 | Royston | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9251330 | Boivie et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
| 9251518 | Levin et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
| 9258715 | Borghei | Feb 2016 | B2 |
| 9270337 | Zhu et al. | Feb 2016 | B2 |
| 9306626 | Hall et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9306942 | Bailey et al. | Apr 2016 | B1 |
| 9324066 | Archer et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9324067 | Van Os et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9332433 | Dotan | May 2016 | B1 |
| 9332587 | Salahshoor | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9338622 | Bjontegard | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9373141 | Shakkarwar | Jun 2016 | B1 |
| 9379841 | Fine et al. | Jun 2016 | B2 |
| 9413430 | Royston et al. | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9413768 | Gregg et al. | Aug 2016 | B1 |
| 9420496 | Indurkar | Aug 2016 | B1 |
| 9426132 | Alikhani | Aug 2016 | B1 |
| 9432087 | Lee | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9432339 | Bowness | Aug 2016 | B1 |
| 9455968 | Machani et al. | Sep 2016 | B1 |
| 9473509 | Arsanjani et al. | Oct 2016 | B2 |
| 9491626 | Sharma et al. | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9553637 | Yang et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9619952 | Zhao et al. | Apr 2017 | B1 |
| 9635000 | Muftic | Apr 2017 | B1 |
| 9665858 | Kumar | May 2017 | B1 |
| 9674705 | Rose et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9679286 | Colnot et al. | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9680942 | Dimmick | Jun 2017 | B2 |
| 9710804 | Zhou et al. | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9740342 | Paulsen et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9740988 | Levin et al. | Aug 2017 | B1 |
| 9763097 | Robinson et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9767329 | Forster | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9769662 | Queru | Sep 2017 | B1 |
| 9773151 | Mil'shtein et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9780953 | Gaddam et al. | Oct 2017 | B2 |
| 9891823 | Feng et al. | Feb 2018 | B2 |
| 9940571 | Herrington | Apr 2018 | B1 |
| 9953323 | Candelore et al. | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9961194 | Wiechman et al. | May 2018 | B1 |
| 9965756 | Davis et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
| 9965911 | Wishne | May 2018 | B2 |
| 9978058 | Wurmfeld et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
| 10043164 | Dogin et al. | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10075437 | Costigan et al. | Sep 2018 | B1 |
| 10129648 | Hernandez et al. | Nov 2018 | B1 |
| 10133979 | Eidam et al. | Nov 2018 | B1 |
| 10217105 | Sangi et al. | Feb 2019 | B1 |
| 10339531 | Khurana | Jul 2019 | B2 |
| 10541995 | Mossler et al. | Jan 2020 | B1 |
| 11010752 | Gupta | May 2021 | B1 |
| 20010010723 | Pinkas | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010029485 | Brody et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010034702 | Mockett et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
| 20010054003 | Chien et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20020078345 | Sandhu et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020093530 | Krothapalli et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20020100808 | Norwood et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020120583 | Keresman, III et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
| 20020152116 | Yan et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020153424 | Li | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020165827 | Gien et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20030023554 | Yap et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030034873 | Chase et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030055727 | Walker et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078882 | Sukeda et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030167350 | Davis et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030208449 | Diao | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040015958 | Veil et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040039919 | Takayama et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040127256 | Goldthwaite et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040215674 | Odinak et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040230799 | Davis | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20050044367 | Gasparini et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050075985 | Cartmell | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050081038 | Arditti Modiano et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050138387 | Lam et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050156026 | Ghosh et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050160049 | Lundholm | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050195975 | Kawakita | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050247797 | Ramachandran | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060006230 | Bear et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060040726 | Szrek et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060041402 | Baker | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060044153 | Dawidowsky | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060047954 | Sachdeva et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060085848 | Aissi et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060136334 | Atkinson et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060173985 | Moore | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060174331 | Schuetz | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060242698 | Inskeep et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060280338 | Rabb | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070033642 | Ganesan et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070055630 | Gauthier et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070061266 | Moore et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070061487 | Moore et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070116292 | Kurita et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070118745 | Buer | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070197261 | Humbel | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070224969 | Rao | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070241182 | Buer | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070256134 | Lehtonen et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070258594 | Sandhu et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070278291 | Rans et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080008315 | Fontana et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080011831 | Bonalle et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080014867 | Finn | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080035738 | Mullen | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080071681 | Khalid | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080072303 | Syed | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080086767 | Kulkarni et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080103968 | Bies et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080109309 | Landau et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080110983 | Ashfield | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080120711 | Dispensa | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080156873 | Wilhelm et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080162312 | Sklovsky et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080164308 | Aaron et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080207307 | Cunningham, II et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080209543 | Aaron | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080223918 | Williams et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080285746 | Landrock et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080308641 | Finn | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090037275 | Pollio | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090048026 | French | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090132417 | Scipioni et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090143104 | Loh et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090171682 | Dixon et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090210308 | Toomer et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090235339 | Mennes et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090249077 | Gargaro et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090282264 | Amiel et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20100023449 | Skowronek et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100023455 | Dispensa et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100029202 | Jolivet et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100033310 | Narendra et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100036769 | Winters et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100078471 | Lin et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100082491 | Rosenblatt et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100094754 | Bertran et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100095130 | Bertran et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100100480 | Altman et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100114731 | Kingston et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100192230 | Steeves et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100207742 | Buhot et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100211797 | Westerveld et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100240413 | He et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100257357 | McClain | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100312634 | Cervenka | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100312635 | Cervenka | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110028160 | Roeding et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110035604 | Habraken | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110060631 | Grossman et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110068170 | Lehman | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110084132 | Tofighbakhsh | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110101093 | Ehrensvard | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110113245 | Varadrajan | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110125638 | Davis et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110131415 | Schneider | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110153437 | Archer et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110153496 | Royyuru | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110208658 | Makhotin | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110208965 | Machani | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110211219 | Bradley | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110218911 | Spodak | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110238564 | Lim et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110246780 | Yeap et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110258452 | Coulier et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110280406 | Ma et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110282785 | Chin | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110294418 | Chen | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110312271 | Ma et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120024947 | Naelon | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120030047 | Fuentes et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120030121 | Grellier | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120047071 | Mullen et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120079281 | Lowenstein et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120109735 | Krawczewicz et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120109764 | Martin et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120143754 | Patel | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120150737 | Rottink | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120178366 | Levy et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120196583 | Kindo | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120207305 | Gallo et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120209773 | Ranganathan | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120238206 | Singh et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120239560 | Pourfallah et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120252350 | Steinmetz et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120254394 | Barras | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20120284194 | Liu et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120290472 | Mullen et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120296818 | Nuzzi et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120316992 | Oborne | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120317035 | Royyuru et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120317628 | Yeager | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130005245 | Royston | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130008956 | Ashfield | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130026229 | Jarman et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130048713 | Pan | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130054474 | Yeager | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130065564 | Conner et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130080228 | Fisher | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130080229 | Fisher | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130099587 | Lou | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130104251 | Moore et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130106576 | Hinman et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130119130 | Braams | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130130614 | Busch-Sorensen | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130144793 | Royston | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130171929 | Adams et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130179351 | Wallner | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130185772 | Jaudon et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130191279 | Calman et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130200999 | Spodak et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130216108 | Hwang et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130226791 | Springer et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130226796 | Jiang et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130232082 | Krawczewicz et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130238894 | Ferg et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130282360 | Shimota et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130303085 | Boucher et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130304651 | Smith | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130312082 | Izu et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130314593 | Reznik et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130344857 | Berionne et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140002238 | Taveau et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140019352 | Shrivastava | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140027506 | Heo et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140032409 | Rosano | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140032410 | Georgiev et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140040120 | Cho et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140040139 | Brudnicki et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140040147 | Varadarakan et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140047235 | Lessiak et al. | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140067690 | Pitroda et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140074637 | Hammad | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140074655 | Lim et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140081720 | Wu | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140108263 | Ortiz | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140138435 | Khalid | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140171034 | Aleksin et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140171039 | Bjontegard | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140172700 | Teuwen et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140180851 | Fisher | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140208112 | McDonald et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140214674 | Narula | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140229375 | Zaytzsev et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140245391 | Adenuga | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140256251 | Caceres et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140258099 | Rosano | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140258113 | Gauthier et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140258125 | Gerber et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140274179 | Zhu et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140279479 | Maniar et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140337235 | Van Heerden et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140339315 | Ko | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140346860 | Aubry et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140365780 | Movassaghi | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20140379361 | Mahadkar et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150012444 | Brown et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150032635 | Guise | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150071486 | Rhoads et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150088757 | Zhou et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150089586 | Ballesteros | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150134452 | Williams | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150140960 | Powell et al. | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150154595 | Collinge et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150170138 | Rao | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150178724 | Ngo et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150178774 | Vijay | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150186871 | Laracey | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150205379 | Mag et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150302409 | Malek | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150317626 | Ran et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150332266 | Friedlander et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150339474 | Paz et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150371234 | Huang et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160012465 | Sharp | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160026997 | Tsui et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160048913 | Rausaria et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160055480 | Shah | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160057619 | Lopez | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160065370 | Le Saint et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160087957 | Shah et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160092696 | Guglani et al. | Mar 2016 | A1 |
| 20160148193 | Kelley et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160232523 | Venot et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160239672 | Khan et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160253651 | Park et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160255072 | Liu | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160267486 | Mitra et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160277383 | Guyomarc'h et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160277388 | Lowe et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160307187 | Guo et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160307189 | Zarakas et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160314472 | Ashfield | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160330027 | Ebrahimi | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160335531 | Mullen et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160379217 | Hammad | Dec 2016 | A1 |
| 20170004502 | Quentin et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170006009 | Hessler | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170011395 | Pillai et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170011406 | Tunnell et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170017957 | Radu | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170017964 | Janefalkar et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170024716 | Jiam et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170039566 | Schipperheijn | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170041759 | Gantert et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170068950 | Kwon | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170103388 | Pillai et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170104739 | Lansler et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170109509 | Baghdasaryan | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170109730 | Locke et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170116447 | Cimino et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170124568 | Moghadam | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170140379 | Deck | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170154328 | Zarakas et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170154333 | Gleeson et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170180134 | King | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170230189 | Toll et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170237301 | Elad et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170289127 | Hendrick | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170295013 | Claes | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170316696 | Bartel | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170317834 | Smith et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170330173 | Woo et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170374070 | Shah et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20180034507 | Wobak et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180039986 | Essebag et al. | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180068316 | Essebag et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180129945 | Saxena et al. | May 2018 | A1 |
| 20180160255 | Park | Jun 2018 | A1 |
| 20180191501 | Lindemann | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180205712 | Versteeg et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180240106 | Garrett et al. | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180254909 | Hancock | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180268132 | Buer et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180270214 | Caterino et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180294959 | Traynor et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180300716 | Carlson | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180302396 | Camenisch et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180315050 | Hammad | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180316666 | Koved et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180322486 | Deliwala et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180359100 | Gaddam et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20190014107 | George | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190019375 | Foley | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190036678 | Ahmed | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190238517 | D'Agostino et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
| 20190268325 | Roper | Aug 2019 | A1 |
| 20200013051 | Kadiwala | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200019725 | Rule et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 3010336 | Jul 2017 | CA |
| 101192295 | Jun 2008 | CN |
| 103023643 | Apr 2013 | CN |
| 103417202 | Dec 2013 | CN |
| 1 085 424 | Mar 2001 | EP |
| 1 223 565 | Jul 2002 | EP |
| 1 265 186 | Dec 2002 | EP |
| 1 783 919 | May 2007 | EP |
| 2 852 070 | Jan 2009 | EP |
| 2 139 196 | Dec 2009 | EP |
| 1 469 419 | Feb 2012 | EP |
| 2 457 221 | Aug 2009 | GB |
| 2 516 861 | Feb 2015 | GB |
| 2 551 907 | Jan 2018 | GB |
| 101508320 | Apr 2015 | KR |
| WO 0049586 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| WO 2006070189 | Jul 2006 | WO |
| WO 2008055170 | May 2008 | WO |
| WO 2009025605 | Feb 2009 | WO |
| WO 2010049252 | May 2010 | WO |
| WO 2011112158 | Sep 2011 | WO |
| WO 2012001624 | Jan 2012 | WO |
| WO 2013039395 | Mar 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013155562 | Oct 2013 | WO |
| WO 2013192358 | Dec 2013 | WO |
| WO 2014043278 | Mar 2014 | WO |
| WO 2014170741 | Oct 2014 | WO |
| WO 2015179649 | Nov 2015 | WO |
| WO 2015183818 | Dec 2015 | WO |
| WO 2016097718 | Jun 2016 | WO |
| WO 2016160816 | Oct 2016 | WO |
| WO 2016168394 | Oct 2016 | WO |
| WO 2017042375 | Mar 2017 | WO |
| WO 2017042400 | Mar 2017 | WO |
| WO 2017157859 | Sep 2017 | WO |
| WO 2017208063 | Dec 2017 | WO |
| WO 2018063809 | Apr 2018 | WO |
| WO 2018137888 | Aug 2018 | WO |
| WO 2020072419 | Apr 2020 | WO |
| WO 2020072424 | Apr 2020 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| Batina, Lejla and Poll, Erik, “SmartCards and RFID,” PowerPoint Presentation for IPA Security Course, Digital Security at University of Nijmegen, Netherlands (date unknown), 75 pages. |
| Haykin M. and Warnar, R., “Smart Card Technology: New Methods for Computer Access Control,” Computer Science and Technology NIST Special Publication 500-157:1-60 (1988). |
| Lehpamer, Harvey, “Component of the RFID System,” RFID Design Principles, 2nd edition pp. 133-201 (2012). |
| Pourghomi, Pardis et al., “A Proposed NFC Payment Application,” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol. 4, No. 8 (2013). |
| Author Unknown, “CardrefresherSM from American Express®,” [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://merchant-channel.americanexpress.com/merchant/en_US/cardrefresher, 2 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Add Account Updater to your recurring payment tool,” [online] 2018-19 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.authorize.net/our-features/account-updater/, 5 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “VisaR Account Updater for Merchants,” [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/download/merchants/visa-account-updater-product-information-fact-sheet-for-merchants.pdf, 2 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Manage the cards that you use with Apple Pay,” Apple Support [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT205583, 5 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Contactless Specifications for Payment Systems,” EMV Book B—Entry Point Specification [online] 2016 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.emvco.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BookB_Entry_Point_Specification_v2_6_20160809023257319.pdf, 52 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “EMV Integrated Circuit Card Specifications for Payment Systems, Book 2, Security and Key Management,” Version 3.4, [online] 2011 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.emvco.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/EMV_v4.3_Book_2_Security_and_Key_Management_20120607061923900.pdf, 174 pages. |
| Author unknown, “NFC Guide: All You Need to Know About Near Field Communication” Square Guide [online] 2018[retrieved on Nov. 13, 2018]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://squareup.com/guides/nfc, 8 pages. |
| Profis, S., “Everything you need to know about NFC and mobile payments” CNET Directory [online], 2014 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from the Internet URL: https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-nfc-works-and-mobile-payments/, 6 pages. |
| Cozma, N., “Copy data from other devices in Android 5.0 Lollipop setup” CNET Directory [online] 2014 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from the Internet URL: https://www.cnet.com/how-to/copy-data-from-other-devices-in-android-5-0-lollipop-setup/, 5 pages. |
| Kevin, Android Enthusiast, “How to copy text string from nfc tag” StackExchange [online] 2013 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from the Internet URL: https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/55689/how-to-copy-text-string-from-nfc-tag, 11 pages. |
| Author unknown, “Tap & Go Device Setup” Samsung [online] date unknown [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from the Internet URL: https://www.samsung.com/us/switch-me/switch-to-the-galaxy-s-5/app/partial/setup-device/tap-go.html, 1 page. |
| Author Unknown, “Multiple encryption”, Wikipedia [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_encryption, 4 pages. |
| Krawczyk, et al., “HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication”, Network Working Group RFC:2104 memo [online] 1997 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2104, 12 pages. |
| Song, et al., “The AES-CMAC Algorithm”, Network Working Group RFC: 4493 memo [online] 2006 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4493, 21 pages. |
| Katz, J., and Lindell, Y., “Aggregate Message Authentication Codes”, Topics in Cryptology [online] 2008 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.cs.umd.edu/˜jkatz/papers/aggregateMAC.pdf, 11 pages. |
| Adams, D., and Maier, A-K, “Goldbug BIG SEVEN open source crypto-messengers to be compared—: or Comprehensive Confidentiality Review & Audit of GoldBug Encrypting E-Mail-Client & Secure Instant Messenger”, Big Seven Study 2016 [online] [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2018]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://sf.net/projects/goldbug/files/bigseven-crypto-audit.pdf, 309 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Triple DES”, Wikipedia [online] 2018 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES, 2 pages. |
| Song, F., and Yun, A.l, “Quantum Security of NMAC and Related Constructions—PRF domain extension against quantum attacks”, IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive [online] 2017 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/509.pdf, 41 pages. |
| Saxena, N., “Lecture 10: NMAC, HMAC and Number Theory”, CS 6903 Modern Cryptography [online] 2008 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: http://isis.poly.edu/courses/cs6903/Lectures/lecture10.pdf, 8 pages. |
| Berg, Guy, “Fundamentals of EMV” Smart Card Alliance [online] date unknown [retrieved on Mar. 27, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.securetechalliance.org/resources/media/scap13_preconference/02.pdf, 37 pages. |
| Pierce, Kevin, “Is the amazon echo NFC compatible,?” Amazon.com Customer Q&A [online] 2016 [retrieved on Mar. 26, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.amazon.com/ask/questions/Tx1RJXYSPE6XLJD?_encodi . . . , 2 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Multi-Factor Authentication”, idaptive [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.centrify.com/products/application-services/adaptive-multi-factor-authentication/risk-based-mfa/, 10 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Adaptive Authentication”, SecureAuth [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019}. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.secureauth.com/products/access-management/adaptive-authentication, 7 pages. |
| van den Breekel, J., et al., “EMV in a nutshell”, Technical Report, 2016 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.cs.ru.nl/E.Poll/papers/EMVtechreport.pdf, 37 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Autofill”, Computer Hope [online] 2018 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/autofill.htm, 2 pages. |
| Author Unknown, “Fill out forms automatically”, Google Chrome Help [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/142893?co=GENIE.Platform%3DDesktop&hl=en, 3 pages. |
| Author unknown, “Autofill credit cards, contacts, and passwords in Safari on Mac”, Apple Safari User Guide [online] 2019 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://support.apple.com/guide/safari/use-autofill-ibrw1103/mac, 3 pages. |
| Menghin, M.J., “Power Optimization Techniques for Near Field Communication Systems” 2014 Dissertation at Technical University of Graz [online]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://diglib.tugraz.at/download.php?id=576a7b910d2d6&location=browse, 135 pages. |
| Mareli, M., et al., “Experimental evaluation of NFC reliability between an RFID tag and a smartphone” Conference paper (2013) IEEE AFRICON at Mauritius [online] [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/54204839.pdf, 5 pages. |
| Davison, A., et al., “MonoSLAM: Real-Time Single Camera Slam”, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 29(6): 1052-1067 (2007). |
| Barba, R., “Sharing your location with your bank sounds creepy, but it's also useful”, Bankrate, LLC [online] 2017 [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.bankrate.com/banking/banking-app-location-sharing/, 6 pages. |
| Author unknown: “onetappayment™”, [online] Jan. 24, 2019, [retrieved on Mar. 25, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.payubiz.in/onetap, 4 pages. |
| Vu et al., (2012). “Distinguishing users with capacitive touch communication” Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MOBICOM. 10.1145/2348543.2348569. |
| EMVCo, EMV Card Personalization Specification, version 1.0 (Jun. 2003), 81 pages. |
| Ullmann et al., (2012). “On-Card” User Authentication for Contactless Smart Cards based on Gesture Recognition, LNI, 223-234, 12 pages. |
| Faraj et al. (2008). “Investigation of Java Smart Card Technology for Multi-Task Applications” J. of Al-Anbar University for Pure Science, vol. 2: No. 1: 2008, 11 pages. |
| Dhamdhere (2017) “Key Benefits of a Unified Platform for Loyalty, Referral Marketing, and UGC” Annex Cloud [retrieved on Jul. 3, 2019]. Retrieved from Internet URL: https://www.annexcloude.com/blog/benefits-unified-platform/, 13 pages. |
| International Search Report and the Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority issued in related PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/013970 dated Apr. 28, 2022. |
| International Preliminary Report on Patentability from related PCT Application No. PCT/US2022/013870, dated Aug. 10, 2023, 7 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20230169503 A1 | Jun 2023 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17161424 | Jan 2021 | US |
| Child | 18076235 | US |
