Patent Grant
11564596
Embodiments disclosed herein relate to systems and methods for patient fluid management, for example in connection with heart failure or renal failure conditions, as well as other disease states requiring careful management of patient fluid balance.
A significant challenge in the treatment of acute heart failure patients is the management of the patient fluid volume. Similar challenges are also presented in the treatment of renal failure patients, and, in fact, studies have shown a direct correlation, and potentially causal relationship, between heart and renal failure conditions with respect to patient fluid management [e.g., Silverberg, et al., The association between congestive heart failure and chronic renal disease, Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. (2004) 13:163-170]. Acute heart or renal failure can lead to peripheral and pulmonary edema if not properly treated, but too aggressive of a treatment can lead to a hypovolemic state in which the patient lacks sufficient fluid volume. Treatments may include dialysis, ultrafiltration, diuretics and other drug administration. For longer term patients, fluid and dietary intake also may be monitored and modulated. Traditionally, diagnostic techniques used in monitoring fluid status were based on various externally observable symptoms (e.g., jugular vein distention, edema, patient weight change). Also, central venous catheterization (CVC) to monitor central venous pressure (CVP) has been used as a fluid status indicator. However, there are a number of serious risks associated with CVC, such as infection and thrombosis, and reliance on externally observable or measurable symptoms presents an obvious drawback in that the observable response to a therapy is often significantly delayed relative to acute changes in physiological status.
Monitoring fluid status can also be used as a predictor for onset of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), which is a significant factor driving rehospitalization of heart failure patients. There is potential to significantly reduce hospitalizations if there is a sufficiently early signal of increasing patient fluid volume. However, drawbacks of traditional diagnostic tools as mentioned above make such tools relatively ineffective as early predictors of ADHF.
In an attempt to overcome risks and drawbacks associated with more traditional diagnostic techniques, different types of diagnostic devices or techniques have been developed to measure central venous pressure (CVP) [e.g., Shuros, et al., Coronary Vein Hemodynamic Sensor, US 20090/01497666, Jun. 11, 2009] or pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) [e.g., Abraham, et al., Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial, Lancet (2011) 377:658-66]. Also, research using external ultrasound observation of the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) has led to a general understanding of a correlation between the IVC volume and patient health in terms of proper fluid balance [e.g., Feissel et al., The respiratory variation in inferior vena cava diameter as a guide to fluid therapy, Intensive Care Med (2004) 30:1834-1837]. Based on this understanding, external ultrasound systems are now sometimes used in emergency treatment situations to provide the attending physicians with information on patient fluid state. In addition, more recent techniques have been proposed in which devices indirectly measure vessel pressure or volume based on changes in impedance in response to an applied current within the vessel.
While devices and techniques now available may offer advantages over more traditional techniques based on observation of externally visible symptoms, each has its own disadvantages that limit effectiveness as a diagnostic tool to support more aggressive therapies. Many newer monitoring devices or techniques either do not provide sufficiently accurate data to allow early warning of changes in patient stability or do not provide guidance with respect to a particular type of intervention [see, e.g., Marik, et al., Does Central Venous Pressure Predict Fluid Responsiveness?*: A Systematic Review of the Literature and the Tale of Seven Mares, Chest (2008) 134(1):172-178]. Examples include that impedance-based devices have not shown sufficient sensitivity and PAP measurements do not provide a warning of hypovolemia. External measurement of IVC dimensions with external ultrasound systems is heavily reliant on proper and consistent positioning of the patient and the imaging device, both initially and over the period of monitoring, and may not always provide accurate prediction of fluid state [e.g., Blehar, et al, Inferior vena cava displacement during respirophasic ultrasound imaging, Critical Ultrasound Journal (2012) 4:18]. It is also impractical for use as a longer term diagnostic tool for regular (e.g. daily) monitoring of patients who are not hospitalized.
Embodiments disclosed herein include a system for managing patient body fluid volume, comprising a wireless sensing device, a sensing control module and a patient management system. The wireless sensing device is configured to be positioned within a patient's IVC to measure a physical dimension of the IVC and generate a measurement signal indicative of the measured IVC physical dimension. The sensing device control module is configured to wirelessly communicate with the sensing device to at least receive the measurement signal from the sensing device. The patient management system may include a processor and memory, and is configured to receive or generate measurement data representative of the measured IVC physical dimension based on the measurement signal, to receive patient specific information, and to execute instructions contained in the memory responsive to received patient specific information and the measurement data. The instructions contained in memory may include instructions to prompt for initiation of a sensor measurement of the IVC physical dimension and generate an alert signal when the measured IVC physical dimension is outside predetermined clinical limits for the patient. The instructions may further include instructions to wirelessly communicate with the implanted sensing device to monitor changes in the measured IVC dimension throughout an euvolemic region defined for said patient. In some embodiments, the physical dimension of the patient's IVC is at least one of IVC diameter or IVC area.
In another, alternative embodiment, a system for managing patient body fluid volume includes a processor and memory configured to communicate with the implanted wireless sensing device and the sensing device control module. The processor may be configured to receive measurement data representing the IVC physical dimension measurement by the sensing device and execute instructions contained in the memory responsive that measurement data. The processor also may be configured to receive patient specific information. The instructions stored in memory may comprise defining euvolemic, hypovolemic and hypervolemic regions for the patient wherein the euvolemic range, the hypovolemic range and the range are correlated to IVC diameter or volume measurements for the patient, identifying a hypovolemic warning zone for the patient encompassing a portion of the defined euvolemic region at a lower end of the euvolemic region adjacent the hypovolemic region, identifying a hypervolemic warning zone for the patient encompassing a portion of the defined euvolemic region at an upper end of the euvolemic region adjacent the hypervolemic region, generating an alert signal when measured IVC diameter or volume falls within either of the hypovolemic warning zone or hypervolemic warning zone of the defined euvolemic region before the patient fluid state reaches one of the hypovolemic region or hypervolemic region, respectively.
In some embodiments the wireless sensing device may comprise an ultrasound transducer and anchor element configured to anchor the ultrasound transducer in the IVC in a fixed position relative to the IVC wall. In other embodiments, the wireless sensing device may comprise a resilient coil forming a resonant circuit, wherein the resilient coil is configured to engage the wall of the IVC and deform therewith to provide a variable characteristic frequency correlated to an IVC physical dimension in response to activation of the resonant circuit. Such a system may further include an antenna configured to activate the resonant circuit and receive the signal representative of the measured IVC physical dimension in response to activation.
Further alternative embodiments disclosed herein include methods of managing patient body fluid volume. One embodiment of the disclosed methods may include directly measuring a physical dimension of the patient's IVC with a sensing device implanted within the IVC, wirelessly communicating with the implanted sensing device to monitor changes in the measured IVC dimension throughout an euvolemic region defined for said patient, and generating an alert signal when measured IVC diameter or area approaches or falls outside predetermined clinical limits for the patient. The alert signal may be direct to a healthcare provider or to the patient. When directed to the patient, the alert signal may include a prompt to initiate a patient self-directed treatment.
In some embodiments the predetermined clinical limits may include at least a first, lower limit indicative of the patient fluid state trending towards hypovolemia, and a second, higher limit indicative of the patient fluid state trending towards hypervolemia. Further, each of the predetermined limits falls within the euvolemic range defined for the patient. In such embodiments, further method steps may comprise setting (1) a hypovolemic warning zone for the patient encompassing a portion of the defined euvolemic region at the lower end of the euvolemic region adjacent a hypovolemic region and (2) a hypervolemic warning zone for the patient encompassing a portion of the defined euvolemic region at the upper end of the euvolemic region adjacent a hypervolemic region, wherein the euvolemic range, hypovolemic range and hypervolemic range are correlated to IVC physical dimension measurements for the patient.
In another alternative embodiment disclosed herein, a diagnostic method for monitoring patient body fluid volume comprises positioning a sensing device within the patient's IVC, wherein the sensing device is configured to measure at least one physical dimension of the IVC. Wirelessly monitoring changes in measured IVC physical dimension over time throughout an euvolemic region defined for said patient. Identifying (1) a hypovolemic warning zone for the patient encompassing a portion of the defined euvolemic region at the lower end of the euvolemic region adjacent a hypovolemic region and (2) a hypervolemic warning zone for the patient encompassing a portion of the defined euvolemic region at the upper end of the euvolemic region adjacent a hypervolemic region, wherein the euvolemic range, hypovolemic range and hypervolemic range are correlated to IVC physical dimension measurements for the patient. Another step in such a method as disclosed may include signaling a warning state when measured IVC physical dimension falls within either of the hypovolemic warning zone or hypervolemic warning zone of the defined euvolemic region before the patient fluid state reaches one of the hypovolemic region or hypervolemic region, respectively.
For the purpose of illustrating the disclosed embodiments, the drawings show aspects thereof. It is to be understood, however, that the teachings of the present disclosure are not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, wherein:
Embodiments disclosed herein include systems and methodologies allowing for regular, periodic or continuous monitoring of fluid volume more accurately than current techniques and with reduced lag time before changes in volume status are observed, thus providing earlier warning of hypervolemia or hypovolemia and enabling the modulation of patient treatments to permit more stable long term fluid management. Further, in acute situations, the methods and systems disclosed enable more rapid reduction of excessive intravascular volume and edema and restoration of more ideal fluid balance, with lessened risk of creating a hypovolemic state as can be created when patient “drying” treatments overshoot due to the response of patient monitoring devices or protocols.
A challenge presented by patients in decompensated heart failure is managing patient fluid balance, bringing down excess fluid volume as quickly as possible, but without overshooting and taking the patient into a potentially equally dangerous hypovolemic state. In the longer term management of heart failure, maintaining fluid balance is still a challenge, but in this case it involves maintaining the patient well within a safe fluid state without unintentionally migrating into a hypervolemic or hypovolemic state.
Existing clinical devices focused on pressure measurement present certain difficulties in meeting these challenges. Pressure measurements can be useful as an indicator of gross fluid volume change, and as a predictor of acute decompensation when fluid levels are already at a relatively high level. However, detectable changes in PAP can lag changes in physiological state to an extent that a patient may be in an early stage of the risk zone before the change is identified. Also, as shown in
While there is a general knowledge of a correlation between IVC diameter and patient health and fluid state, existing devices and techniques for monitoring patient fluid state across the full volume range have not led to treatment systems or methodologies permitting more rapid stabilization of acute patients and longer term maintenance without that avoids the critical fluid states and may thus lead to otherwise unnecessary treatments or hospitalizations.
“Euvolemia” refers to the normal fluid volume in a patient's body, and “euvolemic region” refers to a range of fluid volume within the patient that is clinically characterizable as normal or not requiring intervention. (“Euvolemia” is also sometimes referred to in the medical literature as “normovolemia.”) The euvolemic region, as explained in more detail below, also a fluid state or volume range across which measurement of central venous pressure (CVP) in the IVC is generally non-responsive to changes in fluid volume. “Hypervolemia” refers to a state in which a patient's body fluid volume exceeds a normal range, and “hypervolemic range” refers to a range of fluid volume within the patient that is clinically characterizable as excessive. Intervention may be indicated when a patient trends towards, enters into or persists within the hypervolemic range. “Hypovolemia” refers to a state in which a patient's body fluid volume is below a normal range, and “hypovolemic range” refers to a range of fluid volume within the patient that is clinically characterizable as insufficient. As with the hypervolemic range, intervention also may be indicated when a patient trends towards, enters into or persists within the hypovolemic range. As is well-understood by clinicians and other persons of skill in the art, these body fluid states are not static nor are they uniform or in terms of absolute volume. While it is possible for a person of ordinary skill to assign approximate ranges of parameters generally corresponding to the different fluid states, it can be difficult in practice for ordinary skilled persons, with existing diagnostic tools and methods, to identify where a particular patient's fluid state may reside with respect to the euvolemic, hypovolemic and hypervolemic ranges.
In response to the need for more accurate devices with faster response times, the Assignee of the present disclosure has developed a number of new devices that provide fluid volume data based on direct measurement of physical dimensions of the IVC, such as the diameter or area. Examples of these new devices are described, for example, in PCT/US2016/017902, filed Feb. 12, 2016, U.S. Provisional Patent Application, Ser. No. 62/427,631, filed Nov. 29, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application, Ser. No. 62/534,329, filed Jul. 19, 2017 by the present Applicant, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Devices of the types described in these prior disclosures facilitate new management and treatment techniques as described herein based on regular intermittent (e.g., daily) or substantially continuous (near real-time), direct feedback on IVC diameter.
In further alternative embodiments disclosed herein, patient fluid state can be further modulated based on a combination of IVC data with other monitoring signals; symptoms and clinical input, by use of IVC data as it is influenced by some stimulus (e.g., exercise; leg raises) to indicate either system capacitance or redistribution of fluid, by use of IVC measurements from an implanted sensor to transmit regular information locally to help the clinical management of patients, e.g. patients managing their own dialysis and/or diuresis at home, or by use of IVC measurement from an implanted sensor to control drug delivery (e.g., like a closed loop implanted system for diabetes). Advantages achievable with disclosed systems and methods may include improved reduction of excessive intravascular blood volume in the clinical setting, through the controlled use of diuretics, more accurate management of blood volume in the home setting, through the monitoring of patients and use of a treatment algorithm, more rapid dialysis through the monitoring of volume and informed variation of dialysis rate.
As an illustration of the presently disclosed methodology,
As can be seen in
Using IVC diameter or area measurement as an indicator of patient fluid volume as disclosed herein thus provides an opportunity for earlier response both as a hypovolemic warning and as an earlier hypervolemic warning. With respect to hypovolemia, when using pressure as a monitoring tool, a high pressure threshold can act as a potential sign of congestion, however when pressure is below a pressure threshold (i.e., along the flat part of curve B), it gives no information about the fluid status as the patient approaches hypovolemia. With respect to hypervolemia, IVC diameter or area measurements potentially provide an earlier signal than pressure-based signals due to the fact that IVC diameter or area measurements change a relatively large amount without significant change in pressure. Hence, a threshold set on IVC diameter or area measurements can give an earlier indication of hypervolemia, in advance of a pressure-based signal.
Based on systems and methods disclosed herein, a patient healthcare provider can devise defined early warning zones for the hypovolemic region (OE) and hypervolemic region (RE). Just as the euvolemic region boundaries vary from patient to patient based on many physical and health related factors, such as age, sex, obesity and disease state. The early warning zones reside within the euvolemic range immediately adjacent the hypovolemic and hypervolemic regions such that the patient may still be considered to be within acceptable fluid balance parameters when in the early warning zones. However, the ability to define early warning zones as such based on IVC diameter or area measurements means that appropriate interventions may be initiated earlier, before the patient reaches higher levels of criticality, and thus also may be controlled more precisely and smoothly to minimize risk of shock from sudden interventions and/or overshoot of therapy targets. Table II below illustrates an example of possible fluid state regions for a hypothetical patient in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure.
Use of IVC diameter or area measurements as described herein thus offers advantages in titrating patient therapies.
IVC diameter or area measurements also may be used in combination with other diagnostic signals to provide guidance on therapeutic intervention, e.g. diuretics versus vasodilators. When used with intervention, the IVC diameter or area measurement time dynamics response may be used to give information on the fluid status/distribution of the patient to guide therapy intervention. Response of IVC diameter or area measurements to a perturbation, e.g., physical activity, can cause sympathetic nerve response and fluid redistribution. Looking at changes in IVC diameter or area will thus provide information on fluid volume status. In other words, an act as simple as a leg raise may cause a fluid change/redistribution that could also provide information on fluid volume status that would not be visible with pressure-based systems. Thus, in certain embodiments, at-risk patients may have continuous or near-continuous monitoring of IVC diameter or area changes during physical activity.
Sensed changes in IVC diameter or area also may be combined with other parameters such as with BNP or pressure/edema signals to help guide therapy intervention or differentiate patient phenotype (HFrEF v HFpEF). Examples include detection of low collapsibility plus peripheral edema as an indication for diuretic therapy or detection of low collapsibility without peripheral edema as an indication for indicate vasodilator therapy. Combination of monitoring IVC diameter or area changes with implanted pressure-based monitors (in the IVC, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, left atrium, or other vessel) also may permit determination of abdominal pressure and flow in the IVC. In addition, the IVC monitoring device of the invention may include additional sensors to measure non-dimensional parameters within the IVC such as blood flow rate and venous pressure. Further, measurement of the dimensions or non-dimensional parameters of other vessels, such as the superior vena cava, pulmonary artery, or heart chambers, may in some cases be advantageous to supplement IVC measurement. In such cases, dimensional measurement devices similar to the IVC monitoring device of the present invention may be configured for implantation in such other vessels. In such embodiments, the methods and systems of the invention may be adapted to receive such supplementary data from these sources and incorporate such data in the determination of fluid status, heart failure status, appropriate thresholds for communicating alerts or messages, or therapeutic treatment plans or recommendations.
Use of IVC diameter or area measurements also leads to the development of new systems such as closed-loop systems for therapy intervention as described herein. Examples include modification of a standard dialysis system filtration rate from a constant rate to a faster or variable rate using information that was previously unavailable to the clinician or patient. In one example, as illustrated in
In another example, illustrated in
Measurements of IVC diameter or area by monitoring device 12 may be made continuously over one or more respiratory cycles to determine the variation in IVC dimensions over this cycle. Further, these measurement periods may be taken continuously, at preselected periods and/or in response to a remotely provided prompt from a health care provider/patient. In this example, monitoring device 12 may communicate via an implanted antenna 14 positioned in the left brachiocephalic vein or other location close to an insertion point or location facilitating signal detection by an external antenna or detector 16. External antenna/detector 16 may be configured to be handheld by the patient or healthcare provider, or worn by or affixed to the patient in an anatomical location selected for optimal communication with the implanted antenna 14. Communication between the implanted antenna 14 and monitoring device 12 occurs via an intravascular lead 18, which extends through the venous vasculature to the monitoring device 12. This is just one example of a communications arrangement with a monitoring device such as device 12. In another example, wireless communication to receiver(s) outside the body may be effected directly by the monitoring device itself, without a separate, implanted antenna and connecting intravascular lead.
External antenna/detector 16 may be configured to communicate via wireless or wired connection with bedside console 30, smart phone 32, or other external communication/control device. Data collected by the monitoring device may be communicated ultimately to a healthcare provider device 20 via wired 22 and/or wireless 24 communications and/or directly through hard wired links such as telephone or local area networks 26 or through Internet or cloud based systems 28. Communications may be facilitated by a bedside console 30 in a home or clinical treatment location or, particularly in the case of implanted monitoring devices, through a mobile device 32, such as a smart phone. Healthcare provider device 20 may be configured with appropriate user interface, processing and communications modules for data input and handling, communications and processing, as well as treatment and control modules, which may include treatment algorithms as described herein for determining treatment protocols based on collected IVC diameter or area measurements, and systems for automated remote control of treatment devices based on determined treatment protocols as elsewhere described herein. Examples of such treatment devices include, but are not limited to, dialysis machine 34 and drug delivery devices 36. Examples of treatments include, when measured dimensions fall within the hypovolemic warning zone, administration of fluids or vaso-constricting drugs, and when measured dimensions fall within the hypervolemic warning zone, dialysis or administration of diuretics or vasodilating drugs.
IVC physical dimension data and/or fluid volume state information derived therefrom may also be communicated directly to the patient themselves, along with therapy advice based on this data and using pre-determined algorithms/implanted medical devices. Communications protocols throughout the system may include bidirectional communications to permit a healthcare provider (or other appropriately trained operator at another point in the system) to alter overall monitoring protocols executed at the monitoring device or, for example, to request additional queries by the monitoring device outside the current operational protocol.
Other embodiments include systems for patient self-directed therapy, for example with IVC volume metrics data utilized directly by the patient with or without clinician overview, e.g., for self-administration of drugs or other therapies. Such systems may also be implemented for home dialysis and/or peritoneal dialysis. Wireless communication between the IVC monitor and the patient's cell phone or computer would allow continuous or periodic transmission of IVC data and the use of software applications to provide alarms or reminders, graphically present trends, suggest patient actions, drug dosage options, or treatment system settings, and allow communication with physicians.
In response to a prompt from system 40 to take a reading, the patient would position him/herself with respect to antenna/detector 60 as appropriate to communicate with selected implant 12. Antenna/detector 60 may communicate locally with a control console 62 to receive and interpret signals from implant 12.
Varying levels of response may be generated by the home system 42 depending on IVC measurements received from implant 12 and as may be interpreted in light of other patient data 58. Minimal responses may indicate to the patient that fluid status is within acceptable ranges and no action is required. Mid-level responses may include prompts for medication administration or changes in home drug delivery, or home dialysis. Examples of treatment protocols are explained further below. When home dialysis or drug delivery is prompted, it may be controlled directly in a closed-loop system as described above or may be controlled by the patient with prompts from the system. Patient data 58 and IVC measurements from implant 12 also may be communicated continuously or periodically by system 40 to cloud storage 44 and further communicated to a remote patient management system 46. Functionality for system 40 may be largely contained in home system 42 or in patient management system 46 or appropriately distributed across the network. Optionally, patient related data including sensor results and patient health and fluid states also may be communicated to or accessible by a hospital network 60. System 40 also may receive patient related data, including for example, medical records related to past therapies and medical history.
When a patient condition is recognized by system 40 as outside acceptable limits, an alert may be generated by physician alert system 48. Information supporting the alert condition may be communicated, for example, through patient management system 46 to physician alert system 48. Physician alert system 48 may reside at a healthcare provider office or may include a mobile link accessible by the health care provider remotely, and which permits communication 64 between the healthcare provider and the patient. Communication 64 between healthcare provider and patient may be network, Internet or telephone based and may include email, SMS (text) messaging or telephone/voice communication. Physician alert system 48 allows the healthcare provider to review logs of IVC measurements over time and make decisions regarding therapy titration, and in critical cases, hospital admissions, remote from the patient.
Exemplary system embodiments 10 and 40 are each illustrated, respectively, in
Various care algorithms may be developed based on systems 10 and 40. In one scenario, a first, home-care algorithm governs interactions in the home system including periodic IVC diameter/area measurements using implant 12 and dictates whether to maintain current therapies or to change therapies within the scope of home-care team capabilities. As long as IVC volume metrics stay within predefined limits, the first, home-care algorithm continues to govern monitoring and treatment. However, if monitored parameters, for example IVC volume metrics, exceed the predefined limits, then an alert is generated that engages a second, healthcare provider algorithm. Such an alert may be generated internally by home system 42, or may be generated in patient management system 46 (or physician alert system 48) based on monitored data communicated by home system 42 and received by the other systems either periodically or on a continuous basis. In one embodiment, an alert initially is received by a physician's assistant or heart failure nurse who can triage the situation through patient management system 46. At that level the assistant or nurse may elect to generate a message for communication 64 to the patient through the network related to modulation of therapy or other parameters such as level of physical activity. However, if triage indicates the alert to represent a more critical event, the physician may be alerted through physician alert system 48. Multiple layers of care and review based on measured IVC volume metrics are thus provided to efficiently manage patient fluid status and where possible avoid hospitalizations.
As mentioned above, IVC collapsibility or IVC CI are parameters that may be generated to facilitate diagnostic decisions based on IVC metrics.
Based on a calculated IVC collapsibility, a treatment algorithm such as shown in
In developing any treatment algorithm a starting point is existing clinical guidelines, which a physician may then customize to an individual patient. Consistent with medically accepted best practices changes to treatment algorithms are made in conjunction with normal clinical exam and other data that treating physician has available. Embodiments described herein offer a new and powerful tool in this regard by making available regular IVC diameter or volume measurements without requiring a patient to be in a clinical setting and, potentially, providing continuous information on IVC volume metrics in near-real time.
With more and more accurate data on IVC volume metrics available to the healthcare provider based on systems described herein, more refined treatment algorithms may be devised. Such algorithms also may include a significant home-care component that was not previously possible. Table II below sets forth an alternative treatment algorithm in the form of IVC metrics to guide to patient volume status over the course of 4-5 respiratory cycles (IVC metrics employed in this algorithm include maximum and minimum diameters & IVCCI calculation (max−min)/max)×100).
Treatment algorithms as described above may allow more precise titration and management of a patient's circulating blood volume than pulmonary artery pressure. As mentioned above, a patient might have a significant increase in circulating blood volume with only minor changes in pressure. Despite the normal pressure, this added volume may have deleterious short- and long-term effects on the patient's cardiac or renal function. By directly using IVC diameter or area measurements, the patient's fluid volume could be managed more closely, without a risk of inducing hypovolemia, which could also have deleterious effects.
Utilizing embodiments described herein, it is possible to determine not only IVC metrics indicating blood volume status, but also respiration and heart rates. New clinical work flows also may be employed based on these multiple metrics to increase opportunities for improved patient outcomes. For example, as shown in
Further exemplary embodiments may include patient fluid management methods comprising steps such as measuring the diameter of the IVC in a patient, calculation of IVC collapsibility index and/or estimating patient blood volume based on IVC collapsibility, applying a treatment to the patient to effect a change in patient fluid level when determined fluid level is outside predetermined limits, continuously or substantially continuously monitoring IVC diameter or area measurements, such as change in IVC diameter, during said treatment and modulating said treatment in response to monitored change in the IVC diameter. With such methods, treatment modulation may be accomplished in near real-time as desired. The measurement and treatment may be directly linked and operate directly in a closed loop.
In one alternative, measurement of IVC diameter or area measurements may be performed by applying an electromagnetic signal from an external transmitter to a passive implant, and sensing the electromagnetic behavior of the passive implant in response to that signal using an external receiver. In another alternative, the measuring and monitoring may comprise positioning a monitoring device at a monitoring location within the IVC configured to detect a distance between opposed walls in the IVC or the diameter/area of the IVC at the monitoring location. Examples of suitable passive implants of this type are also disclosed in the aforementioned and incorporated PCT applications by the present Applicant.
Further alternative embodiments may involve monitoring IVC dimension variation over the respiratory and cardiac cycle, which may additionally include measurement/derivation of both breathing rate and heart rate on their own and/or in conjunction with different breathing maneuvers, or exercise. Longitudinal variation over days or weeks also may be a factor monitored. In another aspect, embodiments disclosed may include algorithms that incorporate other physiologic data, such as vascular pressures, heart rate, weight, posture, exercise status, etc. and also may use data from other implanted sensors, or other external devices.
In yet another alternative, the modulating may comprise use of multiple treatment algorithms including trend analysis and reference baselines with daily or near-daily titration of medications, diet, and other therapeutic actions. Diuretic delivery also may be added with algorithms generally applicable to patient populations, or custom algorithms based on specific patient status or physiology, for example, HFpEF vs HFrEF, renal functional status.
Other exemplary embodiments include fluid management systems comprising at least one monitoring device positioned in a patient IVC and configured to monitor IVC diameter or area measurements, such as changes in the IVC diameter, and output a signal representative of those changes. A healthcare provider device may be configured to communicate with the monitoring device in the patient IVC and determine patient treatment protocols based on the output signal and an executable treatment algorithm. Interventional devices are included providing patient treatment or therapies controlled by the healthcare provider device based on the determined treatment protocols.
A further alternative embodiment is a dialysis or ultrafiltration management method comprising continuously measuring the diameter of the IVC in a patient during dialysis or ultrafiltration, estimating patient blood volume based on measured IVC diameter, and adjusting the rate of fluid removal to continuously optimize the patient's circulating blood volume. The measurement of the diameter may track diameter variations over the respiratory and/or cardiac cycle. With such a method, a patient's circulating blood volume may be rapidly reduced to an optimal level at the beginning of the dialysis session, and then maintained at that level throughout the session as interstitial fluid migrates into the circulatory system. Further alternatives in such a method may be used to optimize the dialysis procedure so as to maximize safety, by preventing episodes of hypovolemia, effectiveness, by maximizing safe fluid removal from the interstitial space over a given time period and/or long-term patient health, by safely maintaining the patient at a lower total body fluid volume than could otherwise be maintained.
Examples of sensors 12 for use with systems and methods described herein are shown in
One form of implant 12 may employ a variable inductance L-C circuit 110 for performing measuring or monitoring functions described herein, as shown in
Variable inductor 112 is configured to be remotely energized by an electric field delivered by one or more transmit coils within antenna/detector module 102 positioned external to the patient. When energized, L-C circuit 110 produces a resonant frequency which is then detected by one or more receive coils of the antenna module. Because the resonant frequency is dependent upon the inductance of the variable inductor, changes in shape or dimension of the inductor caused by changes in shape or dimension of the vessel wall cause changes in the resonant frequency. The detected resonant frequency is then analyzed by the control and communication components of the system to determine the IVC diameter or area, or changes therein.
Turning to specific embodiments of implant 12, implant 12a, shown in
Electronics capsule 120 is connected to anchor element 122 at the superior end of the capsule. Anchor element 122 as depicted in this embodiment includes a single anchor wire 130 configured in a generally figure-eight or double helix shape. Alternatively, the same configuration can be provided with two or more wires. Anchor wire 130 is pinned to telescoping deployment member 132 at both its inferior end 134 and superior end 136. Telescoping deployment member 132 includes inner member 138, which is secured to electronics capsule 120, through anchor isolation structure 124 and outer member 140. Relative motion between inner member 138 and outer member 140 moves anchor wire 130 from a collapsed position to a deployed or anchoring position. Barbs 142 may be included to ensure fixation.
Various actuation mechanisms may be utilized for deploying and securing anchor element 122. In one alternative, anchor wire 130 is resilient, with shape-memory properties configured to provide a rest state in the deployed configuration. In this alternative, implant 12a may be delivered to the desired location in the IVC via a conventional guide catheter or other suitable sheath type delivery device. When position is confirmed as described below, implant 12a is ejected from the delivery catheter or sheath with anchor element 122 self-deploying upon ejection.
A further feature of implant 12a is spacing between the marker element position relative to the anchor element, provided by anchor isolation structure 124. In general, anchor element 122 is positioned sufficiently distant from the marker elements so as to not have an effect upon the IVC size or shape at or close to the location of measurement due to the anchoring force imparted to the IVC wall. Anchor isolation structure 124 facilitates the desired positioning, which may be distance approximately 1 to 4 times the IVC diameter from the measurement location.
As the IVC changes shape, the longitudinal wires may move closer together or farther apart, and the coil ears may also move closer together or farther apart, thereby changing the inductance of the coil. The ears may be separated by about 1 cm to about 5 cm at the apex of the curved ends of the ears. An implant as adapted for an average IVC size may be about 2.5 cm to 10 cm long. It may be appreciated that as the IVC collapses in the anterior-posterior direction, the ears deform inwardly thereby changing the inductance of the coil. However, the central region of the coil remains relatively undeformed and maintains sufficient size that the inductance of the coil is high enough to produce a field sufficiently strong for external detection, as described more fully below. Capacitor portion 152 of implant 12b includes a capacitor element 160 to complete the RC circuit. Capacitor portion 152 can be located in a number of locations, such as distal to the ears, or along the spine.
Frame 172 may be formed from Nitinol, either as a shape set wire or laser cut shape. One advantage to a laser cut shape is that extra anchor features may cut along with the frame shape and collapse into the frame for delivery. When using a frame structure as shown in
Insertion of devices into the circulatory system of a human or other animal is well known in the art and so is not described in significant detail herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand after reading this disclosure in its entirety that implants 12 can be delivered to a desired location in the IVC using, e.g., a loading tool to load a sterile implant 12 into a sterile delivery system, which may be used to deliver the implant to the IVC via a femoral vein or other peripheral vascular access point, although other methods may be used.
Computer—Software Implementation
It is to be noted that any one or more of the aspects and embodiments described herein, such as, for example, related to communications, monitoring, control or signal processing, may be conveniently implemented using one or more machines (e.g., one or more computing devices that are utilized as a user computing device for an electronic document, one or more server devices, such as a document server, etc.) programmed according to the teachings of the present specification. Appropriate software coding can readily be prepared by skilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the software art. Aspects and implementations discussed above employing software and/or software modules may also include appropriate hardware for assisting in the implementation of the machine executable instructions of the software and/or software module.
Such software may be a computer program product that employs a machine-readable storage medium. A machine-readable storage medium may be any non-transitory medium that is capable of storing and/or encoding a sequence of instructions for execution by a machine (e.g., a computing device) and that causes the machine to perform any one of the methodologies and/or embodiments described herein. Examples of a machine-readable storage medium include, but are not limited to, a magnetic disk, an optical disc (e.g., CD, CD-R, DVD, DVD-R, etc.), a magneto-optical disk, a read-only memory “ROM” device, a random access memory “RAM” device, a magnetic card, an optical card, a solid-state memory device, an EPROM, an EEPROM, and any combinations thereof. A machine-readable medium, as used herein, is intended to include a single medium as well as a collection of physically separate media, such as, for example, a collection of compact discs or one or more hard disk drives in combination with a computer memory. As used herein, a machine-readable storage medium does not include transitory forms of signal transmission.
Such software may also include information (e.g., data) carried as a data signal on a data carrier, such as a carrier wave. For example, machine-executable information may be included as a data-carrying signal embodied in a data carrier in which the signal encodes a sequence of instruction, or portion thereof, for execution by a machine (e.g., a computing device) and any related information (e.g., data structures and data) that causes the machine to perform any one of the methodologies and/or embodiments described herein.
Examples of a computing device include, but are not limited to, an electronic book reading device, a computer workstation, a terminal computer, a server computer, a handheld device (e.g., a tablet computer, a smartphone, smart watch, etc.), a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, any machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify an action to be taken by that machine, and any combinations thereof. In one example, a computing device may include and/or be included in a kiosk.
Memory 1008 may include various components (e.g., machine-readable media) including, but not limited to, a random access memory component, a read only component, and any combinations thereof. In one example, a basic input/output system 1016 (BIOS), including basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within control and communication system 1000, such as during start-up, may be stored in memory 1008. Memory 1008 may also include (e.g., stored on one or more machine-readable media) instructions (e.g., software) 1020 embodying any one or more of the aspects and/or methodologies of the present disclosure. In another example, memory 1008 may further include any number of program modules including, but not limited to, an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, program data, and any combinations thereof.
Control and communication system 1000 may also include a storage device 1024. Examples of a storage device (e.g., storage device 1024) include, but are not limited to, a hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, an optical disc drive in combination with an optical medium, a solid-state memory device, and any combinations thereof. Storage device 1024 may be connected to bus 1012 by an appropriate interface (not shown). Example interfaces include, but are not limited to, SCSI, advanced technology attachment (ATA), serial ATA, universal serial bus (USB), IEEE 1394 (FIREWIRE), and any combinations thereof. In one example, storage device 1024 (or one or more components thereof) may be removably interfaced with control and communication system 1000 (e.g., via an external port connector (not shown)). Particularly, storage device 1024 and an associated machine-readable medium 1028 may provide nonvolatile and/or volatile storage of machine-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and/or other data for control and communication system 1000. In one example, software 1020 may reside, completely or partially, within machine-readable medium 1028. In another example, software 1020 may reside, completely or partially, within processor 1004.
Control and communication system 1000 may also include an input device 1032. In one example, a user of control and communication system 1000 may enter commands and/or other information into control and communication system 1000 via input device 1032. Examples of an input device 1032 include, but are not limited to, an alpha-numeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), a pointing device, a joystick, a gamepad, an audio input device (e.g., a microphone, a voice response system, etc.), a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a touchpad, an optical scanner, a video capture device (e.g., a still camera, a video camera), a touchscreen, and any combinations thereof. Input device 1032 may be interfaced to bus 1012 via any of a variety of interfaces (not shown) including, but not limited to, a serial interface, a parallel interface, a game port, a USB interface, a FIREWIRE interface, a direct interface to bus 1012, and any combinations thereof. Input device 1032 may include a touch screen interface that may be a part of or separate from display 1036, discussed further below. Input device 1032 may be utilized as a user selection device for selecting one or more graphical representations in a graphical interface as described above.
A user may also input commands and/or other information to control and communication system 1000 via storage device 1024 (e.g., a removable disk drive, a flash drive, etc.) and/or network interface device 1040. A network interface device, such as network interface device 1040, may be utilized for connecting control and communication system 1000 to one or more of a variety of networks, such as network 1044, and one or more remote devices 1048 connected thereto. Examples of a network interface device include, but are not limited to, a network interface card (e.g., a mobile network interface card, a LAN card), a modem, and any combination thereof. Examples of a network include, but are not limited to, a wide area network (e.g., the Internet, an enterprise network), a local area network (e.g., a network associated with an office, a building, a campus or other relatively small geographic space), a telephone network, a data network associated with a telephone/voice provider (e.g., a mobile communications provider data and/or voice network), a direct connection between two computing devices, and any combinations thereof. A network, such as network 1044, may employ a wired and/or a wireless mode of communication. In general, any network topology may be used. Information (e.g., data, software 1020, etc.) may be communicated to and/or from control and communication system 1000 via network interface device 1040.
control and communication system 1000 may further include a video display adapter 1052 for communicating a displayable image to a display device, such as display device 1036. Examples of a display device include, but are not limited to, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT), a plasma display, a light emitting diode (LED) display, and any combinations thereof. Display adapter 1052 and display device 1036 may be utilized in combination with processor 1004 to provide graphical representations of aspects of the present disclosure. In addition to a display device, control and communication system 1000 may include one or more other peripheral output devices including, but not limited to, an audio speaker, a printer, and any combinations thereof. Such peripheral output devices may be connected to bus 1012 via a peripheral interface 1056. Examples of a peripheral interface include, but are not limited to, a serial port, a USB connection, a FIREWIRE connection, a parallel connection, and any combinations thereof.
As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill embodiments described herein may provide a number of beneficial effects and advantages as follows:
The foregoing has been a detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. It is noted that conjunctive language such as is used herein in phrases like “at least one of X, Y and Z” and “one or more of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated or indicated otherwise, shall be taken to mean that each item in the conjunctive list can be present in any number exclusive of every other item in the list or in any number in combination with any or all other item(s) in the conjunctive list, each of which may also be present in any number. Applying this general rule, the conjunctive phrases in the foregoing examples in which the conjunctive list consists of X, Y, and Z shall each encompass: one or more of X; one or more of Y; one or more of Z; one or more of X and one or more of Y; one or more of Y and one or more of Z; one or more of X and one or more of Z; and one or more of X, one or more of Y and one or more of Z.
Various modifications and additions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. Features of each of the various embodiments described above may be combined with features of other described embodiments as appropriate in order to provide a multiplicity of feature combinations in associated new embodiments. Furthermore, while the foregoing describes a number of separate embodiments, what has been described herein is merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the present disclosure. Additionally, although particular methods herein may be illustrated and/or described as being performed in a specific order, the ordering is highly variable within ordinary skill to achieve aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, this description is meant to be taken only by way of example, and not to otherwise limit the scope of this disclosure.
Exemplary embodiments have been disclosed above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, omissions and additions may be made to that which is specifically disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
This application is a continuation of PCT/US017/046204, filed Aug. 10, 2017, entitled Systems and Methods for Patient Fluid Management, which PCT application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/373,436, filed Aug. 11, 2016, and titled “Methods and Systems For Patient Fluid Management”, this application also claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/427,631, filed Nov. 29, 2016, and titled “Wireless Vascular Monitoring Implants, Systems, Methods, and Software”, and also claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/534,329, filed Jul. 19, 2017, and titled “Wireless Vascular Monitoring Implants, Systems and Methods”. Each of these applications is incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190167188 A1 | Jun 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62534329 | Jul 2017 | US | |
| 62427631 | Nov 2016 | US | |
| 62373436 | Aug 2016 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2017/046204 | Aug 2017 | US |
| Child | 16271798 | US |
