Patent Application
20080257411
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to preparation of emulsions. More particularly, the invention relates to preparing one or more emulsions using a hydrodynamic cavitation system.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art
Many processed food products, industrial products, beverage products, medicine products, personal care products, paints, inks, toners, and photographic media may either be emulsions or use emulsions during preparation of the finished product.
Some emulsions require small and/or uniform droplets or particles. High-pressure homogenizers are often used to produce small and uniform droplets or particles. Some homogenizers employ two or more fixed orifices, and use high pressures (up to about 40,000 psi) to create emulsions. Various systems for preparing emulsions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,764,213 to Schechter; U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,713 to Saito; U.S. Pat. No. 4,251,627 to Calamur; U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,254 to Cook et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,908,154 Cook et al, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Creating stable emulsions, however, continues to be a challenge for many industries, despite existing homogenizers, thus improved methods and/or new apparatus to manufacture stable emulsions is desired.
Systems and methods to prepare one or more emulsions (e.g., liquid/liquid emulsions) are described herein. In some embodiments, emulsions may be formed with or without the use of additives in conjunction with a fluid treatment system. A fluid treatment system includes a first vortex nozzle unit and a second vortex nozzle unit positioned opposed to the first vortex nozzle unit. A fluid stream is introduced into the fluid treatment system. A first portion of the fluid stream flows through the first vortex nozzle unit and a second portion of the fluid stream flows through the second vortex nozzle unit. The fluid stream exiting the first vortex nozzle unit contacts the second portion of the fluid stream exiting the second vortex nozzle unit. Contact of the fluid stream exiting the first vortex nozzle unit with the fluid stream exiting the second vortex nozzle unit emulsifies the fluid stream.
In some embodiments, the fluid treatment system is coupled to a reservoir. A conduit may couple the reservoir to an inlet of the fluid treatment system. An additional conduit may couple the fluid treatment system back to the reservoir. During use, at least a portion of the fluid stream exiting the fluid treatment system may be sent to the reservoir or distributed to other processing and/or storage units. The reservoir may contain a mixture of two or more components to be emulsified. At least two of the components in the reservoir are not be miscible. The mixture may be transferred to the fluid treatment system from the reservoir. The mixture may be passed through the opposing nozzles and at least partially emulsified by contact of the opposed streams.
In some embodiments, a reservoir is not used. Instead the components may be added to a conduit coupled to the inlet of the fluid treatment system. Components that are not miscible may be stored in separate containers and separately supplied to the conduit. The resulting mixture of components travels through the conduit to the fluid treatment system. In the fluid treatment system the mixture is passed through the opposing nozzles to create an emulsified mixture.
Features and advantages of the methods and apparatus of the present invention will be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of presently preferred but nonetheless illustrative embodiments in accordance with the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. The drawings may not be to scale. It should be understood that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but to the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Systems and methods for preparing an emulsion are described herein. Selected terms used herein are listed below.
“Emulsion” refers to a mixture of at least two components of the same phase in which one phase is at least partially immiscible in the second phase. For example, an emulsion may include two or more immiscible liquids (e.g., oil in water).
“Hydrophilic” refers to a molecule soluble in a water phase.
“Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB)” refers to a number that indicates the stability of the emulsion. Typically, HLB numbers range between about 1 to about 40. A high HLB number may indicate that an organic-in-water emulsion is formed. A low HLB number may indicate that a water-in-organic emulsion is formed.
“Immiscible” refers to substances of the same phase of matter that cannot be uniformly mixed or blended.
“Miscible” refers to substances that can be mixed together in any proportion and form a single homogenous phase.
“Non-Miscible” refers to substances that, at some proportions, cannot form a homogenous phase.
“Interfacial tension” refers to a surface free energy that exists between two or more fluids that exhibit a boundary.
“Lipophilic” refers to a molecule soluble in an organic phase.
“Phase” refers to a gas, a liquid or a solid.
“Streams” refer to a stream or a combination of streams. The term fluid and/or stream may be used interchangeably.
It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. As used in this specification, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a nozzle” includes a combination of two or more nozzles.
Interactions between the non-miscible fluids in a mixture may create interfaces or boundaries between the fluids. In some embodiments, a first boundary may form between a water layer and an oil or organic layer. A second boundary may form between organic compounds of different densities in a mixture. In some embodiments, multiple fluids with multiple boundaries may be present in a mixture. It should be understood, that many combinations of boundaries between fluids may be present in any given mixture.
The mixed fluids may have different interactions at the boundary. Quantification of the interactions (e.g., energy level) at the interface of the fluids may be useful to predict stability of an emulsion. Quantification of energy required for interactions (e.g., mixing) between non-miscible fluids may be determined by generally known techniques (e.g., spinning drop tensiometer). Interaction energy requirements at an interface may be referred to as interfacial tension. A high interfacial tension value (e.g., greater than about 10 dynes/cm) may indicate the inability of one fluid to mix with a second fluid to form a fluid emulsion.
The inability of the fluids to mix may be due to high surface interaction energy between the two fluids. Low interfacial tension values (e.g., less than about 1 dyne/cm) may indicate less surface interaction between the two immiscible fluids. Less surface interaction energy between two immiscible fluids may result in the mixing of the two fluids to form an emulsion. Thus, fluids with low interfacial tension values may form stable emulsions. In some embodiments, an emulsion of a first non-miscible fluid into a second non-miscible fluid may be formed by addition of a composition that reduces the interfacial tension between the fluids to achieve stability.
In an embodiment, preparation of an emulsion may include mixing one or more non-miscible components in a reservoir and/or mixing tank and then treating the mixture with cavitation forces to form the emulsion. In one embodiment, the mixture of components in the reservoir may be fed to a hydrodynamic cavitation treatment system, which converts the mixture of components into an emulsion.
In another embodiment, at least two separate reservoirs, each containing one or more separate non-miscible components to be used to form the emulsion may be coupled to two opposed nozzle units of a hydrodynamic cavitation treatment system. In this embodiment, blending and emulsification of the components may occur as each of the components is simultaneously fed into the opposed nozzle units.
In some embodiments, additives such as surfactants and/or emulsifiers may be added to the mixture, or added to at least one of the nozzle units, to assist in forming an emulsion that is stable for a period of time (for example, 1 hour, 12 hours, 24 hours, or 1 week).
Incorporating one or more fluid treatment systems in the emulsification system may efficiently reduce the interfacial tension between the two fluids, thus forming a stable emulsion. In some embodiments, the fluid treatment system may be a hydrodynamic cavitation system marketed by VRTX Technologies (Schertz, Tex.). In certain embodiments, a fluid treatment system may be positioned near or adjacent to the emulsification system.
In certain embodiments, a fluid treatment system includes a first vortex nozzle unit positioned in opposed relationship to a second vortex nozzle unit, and a pressure-equalizing chamber that delivers a flow of a stream to each of the nozzle units. As used herein the term “vortex nozzle unit” refers to a single vortex nozzle or a plurality of vortex nozzles coupled together. The pressure-equalizing chamber receives a stream from a pump and delivers the stream into the first vortex nozzle unit and the second vortex nozzle unit. The first and second vortex nozzle units receive the stream therein and impart rotation to the stream, thereby creating a first rotating stream and a second rotating stream, respectively. The fluid treatment system further includes a collision chamber where impingement of the first rotating stream flow with the second rotating stream flow occurs.
In some embodiments, a fluid treatment system may include two sets of opposed cascaded vortex nozzles. For example, a vortex nozzle unit may include a cascaded vortex nozzle pair, which includes a first vortex nozzle having a second vortex nozzle cascaded within it. The vortex nozzle unit further includes a second cascaded vortex nozzle pair, which includes a third vortex nozzle having a fourth vortex nozzle cascaded within it. More particularly, the outlet from the second nozzle communicates with an inlet into the first nozzle and the outlet from the fourth nozzle communicates with an inlet into the third nozzle. Each of the four vortex nozzles receives a fluid through an inlet that communicates with a stream to impart a rotation to the stream passing through the nozzles. The cascaded vortex nozzles are positioned in opposed relation and communicate with a chamber so that the streams exiting the nozzles rotate in opposite directions to collide at approximately the mid-point of the chamber. The two counter-rotating streams exiting the nozzles collide at high velocity to create a compression wave throughout the fluid.
Hydrodynamic cavitation systems and other fluid treatments systems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,521 to Ashbrook; U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,606 to Ashbrook et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,799 to Ashbrook et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,283 to Ashbrook et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,626 to Ashbrook; U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,702 to Ashbrook; U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,913 to Ashbrook; U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,068 to Ashbrook; U.S. Pat. No. 6,649,059 to Romanyszyn et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,712,968 to Romanyszyn; U.S. Pat. No. 6,797,170 to Romanyszyn; U.S. Pat. No. 6,811,698 to Romanyszyn; U.S. Pat. No. 6,811,712 to Romanyszyn; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,178 to Romanyszyn et al.; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/519,986 entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN METAL WORKING FLUIDS” to Kelsey et al., filed Sep. 12, 2006 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/901,814 to Kelsey et al., entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER” filed Feb. 13, 2007, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.
Cylindrical body portion 102 houses within its chamber vortex nozzle assembly blocks 112-122 (see
Vortex nozzle assembly blocks 116 and 118 are inserted within the chamber defined by cylindrical body portion 102 until their inner edges contact ledges 140, 142 in body portion 102. Ledges 140, 142 prevent vortex nozzle assembly blocks 116 and 118 from being inserted the center of the chamber defined within cylindrical body portion 102. Vortex nozzle assembly blocks 116 and 118 reside within cylindrical body portion 102 such that they define chamber 148, which communicates with outlet 110. Vortex nozzle assembly blocks 116 and 118 include o-rings 150 and 152, respectively, which form a fluid seal between vortex nozzle assembly blocks 116 and 118 and the inner surface of cylindrical body portion 102.
After the insertion of vortex nozzle assembly blocks 116 and 118 to the position shown in
Cylindrical body portion 102 includes plates 158 and 160 that fit within the entrances at either end of the cylindrical body portion. Plates 158 and 160 mount over vortex nozzle assembly blocks 112 and 122, respectively, using any suitable means (e.g., screws) to secure vortex nozzle assembly blocks 112-122 with the chamber defined by cylindrical body portion 102.
With vortex nozzle assembly blocks 112-122 positioned and secured within the chamber defined by cylindrical body portion 102, vortex nozzle assembly blocks 112-122 define vortex nozzles 132-138 and conduits 162 and 164. Vortex nozzles 134 and 136 are positioned in opposed relation so that a stream of water exiting their outlets 166 and 168, respectively, will collide approximately at the mid-point of chamber 148. Vortex nozzle assembly blocks 116 and 118 define frustro-conical inner surfaces 170 and 172 of vortex nozzles 134 and 136, respectively. The abutment of vortex nozzle assembly block 116 with vortex nozzle assembly block 114 defines circular portion 174 and channel 176, which communicates with inlet 126. Additionally, outlet 178 from vortex nozzle 132 communicates with circular portion 174 of vortex nozzle 134. Similarly, vortex nozzle blocks 118 and 120 define circular portion 180 and channel 182, which communicates with inlet 128, while outlet 184 from vortex nozzle 138 communicates with circular portion 180 of vortex nozzle 136.
Vortex nozzle assembly block 114 defines frustro-conical inner surface 186, while the abutment between vortex nozzle assembly blocks 112 and 114 defines circular portion 188 and channel 190, which communicates with inlet 124. Vortex nozzle assembly block 120 defines frustro-conical inner surface 192 and the abutment between vortex nozzle assembly blocks 120 and 122 defines circular portion 194 and channel 196, which communicates with inlet 130. Vortex nozzle assembly blocks 112 and 122 include conduits 162 and 164, respectively, which communicate to the exterior of cylindrical body portion 102 via opening 198 in plate 158 (see
In operation, fluid is pumped into chamber 106 via inlet 108. The fluid flows from chamber 106 into channels 190, 176, 182, and 196 via inlets 124-130, respectively, of cylindrical body portion 102. Channels 190, 176, 182, and 196 deliver the fluid to circular portions 188, 174, 180, and 194, respectively, of vortex nozzles 132-138. Circular portions 188, 174, 180, and 194 impart a circular rotation to the water and deliver the circularly rotating water streams into frustro-conical inner surfaces 186, 170, 172, and 192, respectively. Frustro-conical inner surfaces 186, 170, 172, 192 maintain the circular rotation in their respective water stream and deliver the circularly rotating water streams to outlets 178, 166, 168, and 184, respectively, from vortex nozzles 132-138.
Due to the cascaded configuration of vortex nozzles 132 and 138, the water streams exiting outlets 178 and 184 enter vortex nozzles 134 and 136, respectively. Those circularly rotating streams combine with the circularly rotating streams within vortex nozzles 134 and 136 to increase the velocity of the circularly rotating streams therein. Additionally, as the streams exiting vortex nozzles 132 and 138 contact the streams within vortex 134 and 136, they strike the circularly rotating streams within vortex nozzles 134 and 136 such that they create compression waves therein.
The combined streams from vortex nozzles 132 and 134 and the combined streams from vortex nozzles 138 and 136 exit vortex nozzles 134 and 136 at outlets 166 and 168, respectively, and collide at approximately the mid-point of chamber 148. The streams are rotating oppositely as they exit vortex nozzles 134 and 136 because vortex nozzles 134 and 136 are positioned in an opposed relationship. As the exiting streams collide, additional compression waves are created which combine with the earlier compression waves to create compression waves having amplitudes greater than the original waves. The recombined water streams exit chamber 148 into outlet 110. The compression waves created by the collision of the exiting streams are sufficient to reduce the interfacial tension in the stream entering inlet 108.
Although the above description depicts a pair of cascaded nozzles, such description has been for exemplary purposes only, and, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, any number of vortex nozzles may be used.
Pump 307 includes outlet 311 and is any suitable pump capable of pumping fluid from a fluid source through apparatus 305. As shown, pump 307 delivers fluids, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize many other suitable and equivalent means for delivering fluids, such as pressurized gas canisters may be used.
Manifold 308 includes inlet 312, diverter 313, and elbows 316-319. Inlet 312 couples to outlet 311 of pump 307 using any suitable means (e.g., flange and fasteners) to receive fluid flow from the pump. Inlet 312 fits within an inlet of diverter 313 and is held therein by friction, threading, welding, glue, or the like, to deliver fluid into the diverter. Diverter 313 receives the fluid flow therein and divides the fluid flow into a first fluid flow and a second fluid flow by changing the direction of fluid flow substantially perpendicular relative to the flow from inlet 312. Diverter 313 connects to elbows 316 and 318 by friction, threading, welding, glue, or the like, to deliver the first fluid flow to elbow 317 and the second fluid flow to elbow 319. Elbows 317 and 319 reverses its respective fluid flow received from the diverter 313 to deliver the fluid flow to housing 309. Conduits 345 may pass through portions of elbows 317, 319 to allow for pressure measurements and/or for the introduction of fluid or fluids to the streams entering housing 309. As shown, manifold 308 delivers fluid flow into housing 309, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize many other suitable and equivalent means, such as two pumps and separate connections to housing 309 or a single pump delivering fluid into side portions of housing 309 instead of end portions.
Housing 309 includes inlets 321, 322, outlet 323, and ledgers 325 and 326. Housing 309 defines bore 320 along its central axis and bore 324 positioned approximately central to the midpoint of housing 309 and communicating with bore 320. Housing 309 is attached to elbows 317 and 319, using any suitable means, such as flanges and fasteners. Housing 309 receives a first fluid flow at inlet 321 and a second fluid flow at inlet 322. Outlet 323 is connectable to any suitable fluid storage or delivery system using well-known piping means.
Vortex nozzle assembly 310 resides within bore 320 and, in one embodiment, includes vortex nozzles 327 and 328, which are positioned within bore 320 of housing 309 in opposed relationship to impinge the first fluid flow with the second fluid flow, thereby treating the flowing fluid. With vortex nozzle 327 inserted into housing 309, vortex nozzle 327 and housing 309 define cavity 340, which receives the first fluid flow from elbow 317 and delivers the first fluid flow to vortex nozzle 327. Similarly, with vortex nozzle 328 inserted into housing 309, vortex nozzle 328 and housing 309 define cavity 341, which receives the second fluid flow from elbow 319 and delivers the second fluid flow to vortex nozzle 328.
As illustrated in
Nozzle body 329, in one embodiment, is substantially cylindrical in shape and includes tapered passageway 331 located axially therethrough. The tapered passageway 331 includes inlet side 332 and decreases in diameter until terminating at an outlet side 333. The taper of the tapered passageway 331 is at least 1° and at most 90°. In some embodiments, the taper of the tapered passageway is at least 5° and at most 60°.
Nozzle body 329 includes shoulder 334 having raised portion 335 with groove 336 therein. Shoulder 334 is sized to frictionally engage vortex nozzle 327 with an interior surface of housing 309, while raised portion 335 of the vortex nozzle abuts ledge 325, thereby controlling the position of vortex nozzle 327 within the housing 309. Groove 336 receives a seal as o-ring to seal nozzle body 329 with housing 309 and, thus, vortex nozzle 327 within housing 309.
Nozzle body 329 further includes ports 337-339 for introducing fluid into tapered passageway 331 of vortex nozzle 327. As shown, ports 337-339 may be equally spaced radially about the nozzle body 329 beginning at inlet side 332. Although three ports 337-339 are shown, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any number of ports may be utilized. Furthermore, ports 337-339 may be any shape suitable to deliver fluid into the tapered passageway 331, such as elliptical, triangular, D-shaped, and the like.
As shown, ports 337-339 are tangential to the inner surface of tapered passageway 331 and enter tapered passageway 331 at the same angle as the taper of the tapered passageway, which enhances the delivery of the fluid into tapered passageway 331 and, ultimately, the distribution of the fluid around the tapered passageway. Although tangential ports 337-339 are shown as being angled with the taper of the tapered passageway 331, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the ports 337-339 may enter tapered passageway 331 at any angle relative to the taper of the tapered passageway 331.
End cap 330 abuts the end of nozzle body 329, defining inlet side 332, to seal inlet side 332, and thereby permitting fluid to enter into the tapered passageway 331 through ports 337-339. End cap 330 may include boss 342 formed integrally therewith or attached thereto at approximately the center of the inner face of the end cap. In this embodiment, the boss 342 is conical in shape and extends into tapered passageway 331 to adjust the force vector components of the fluid entering tapered passageway 331. Passageway 343 through boss 342 communicates with cavity 344 at approximately the center of the outer face of end cap 330. Conduit 345 (see
A flow of fluid delivered to vortex nozzle 327 enters tapered passageway 331 via ports 337-339. The entry of fluid through ports 337-339 imparts a rotation to the fluid, thereby creating a rotating fluid flow that travels down tapered passageway 331 and exits outlet side 333. Each port 337-339 delivers a portion of the fluid flow to tapered passageway 331. The flow may be in multiple bands that are distributed uniformly in thin rotating films about tapered passageway 331. This minimizes pressure losses due to internal turbulent motion. Accordingly, vortex nozzle 327 provides for a more intense and stable impact of rotating fluid flow exiting outlet side 333 of tapered passageway 331 with fluid exiting vortex nozzle 328.
In some embodiments, a cross-sectional area of ports 337-339 is less than the cross-sectional area of inlet side 332 of tapered passageway 331, which creates a reduced pressure within the rotating fluid flow. It should be understood to those of ordinary skill in the art that the size of ports 337-339 may be varied based upon particular application requirements. The amount of vacuum created by ports 337-339 may be adjusted utilizing boss 342 to alter the force vectors of the rotating fluid flow. Illustratively, increasing the size of boss 342 (e.g., either diameter or length) decreases the volume within the tapered passageway 331 fillable with fluid, thereby increasing the vacuum and, thus, providing the rotating fluid flow with more downward and outward force vector components.
In operation, manifold 308 is assembled as previously described and connected to pump 307. Vortex nozzles 327 and 328 are inserted in opposed relationship into housing 309 as previously described, and housing 309 is connected to manifold 308. Pump 307 pumps fluid from a fluid source and delivers the fluid into manifold 308, which divides the fluid into a first fluid flow and a second fluid flow. Manifold 308 delivers the first fluid flow into cavity. 340 of housing 309 and the second fluid flow into cavity 341 of housing 309. The first fluid flow enters vortex nozzle 327 from cavity 340 via the ports of vortex nozzle 327. Vortex nozzle 327 receives the fluid therein and imparts rotation to the fluid, thereby creating a first rotating fluid flow that travels down vortex nozzle 327 and exits its outlet side. Similarly, the second fluid flow enters vortex nozzle 328 from cavity 341 via the ports of vortex nozzle 328. Vortex nozzle 328 receives the fluid therein and imparts rotation to the fluid, thereby creating a second rotating fluid flow that travels down vortex nozzle 328 and exits its outlet side. Due to the opposed relationship of vortex nozzles 327 and 328, the first rotating fluid flow impinges the second rotating fluid flow, resulting in the treatment of the fluid through the breaking of molecular bonding in the fluid and/or the reduction in size of solid particulates within the fluid. The treated fluid then exits outlet 323 of housing 309 and travels to a suitable fluid storage or delivery system.
Processing streams with any of the above-described fluid treatment systems may aerate the stream and/or reduce particle size of particulates and/or emulsify the phases of the treated stream.
In some embodiments, an additive may be added to one or more of the sets of nozzles to increase the stability of the emulsion. Addition of the additive may increase the solubility of one phase with another (for example, a hydrophilic phase with a lipophilic phase).
In some embodiments, a fluid treatment system may include an inlet. The inlet may be coupled to a conduit and/or reservoir of an emulsification system. The concentration of fluids in the reservoir and/or in lines coupling the fluid treatment system to the emulsification system may be monitored. In some embodiments, a stream may be continuously processed by the fluid treatment system. That is the stream may be continuously drawn from a reservoir, into the fluid treatment system and returned to the reservoir, to control the concentration of hydrophilic, lipophilic, additives, or combinations thereof. Additionally, the stability of the emulsion of the fluid exiting the fluid treatment system may be monitored. If the fluid exiting the fluid treatment system is not within a predetermined acceptable range, the fluid may be recycled back into the fluid treatment system, an additive, hydrophilic fluid, lipophilic fluid, or mixtures thereof may be introduced into the fluid treatment system, and/or the amount of composition introduced to the fluid treatment system may be modified.
Pressure equalizing manifolds and/or stabilization chambers may be coupled to the fluid inlet of a fluid treatment system. In some embodiments, a pump may be coupled to the inlet to increase the velocity and/or pressure at which a stream enters a vortex nozzle unit. In other embodiments, a pump is not coupled to the system. The inlet may be coupled to each vortex nozzle unit. If a vortex nozzle unit includes two or more vortex nozzles, the inlet may be coupled to each of the individual vortex nozzles. In such a situation, a portion of the stream may concurrently flow into each vortex nozzle.
In some embodiments, the pressure of the stream in a vortex nozzle unit may be in the range of approximately 50 pounds per square inch (psi) to approximately 200 psi, approximately 80 psi to approximately 140 psi, or approximately 85 psi to approximately 120 psi. The stream may flow into a fluid treatment system at a flow rate of 1500 gallons per minute or less. In certain embodiments, a stream may flow into a fluid treatment unit at a flow rate of approximately 70 gallons to approximately 200 gallons per minute.
In some embodiments, hydrodynamic cavitation may occur as the stream passes through a vortex nozzle unit and/or when exit streams from the vortex nozzle units contact each other. In some embodiments, a plurality of vapor filled cavities and bubbles form if the pressure decreases to a level where the fluid boils. Boiling of the fluid may, in some embodiments, reduce an amount of dissolved gas and/or undesirable liquids to produce a stable emulsion.
Fluid and cavitation bubbles may initially encounter a region of higher pressure when entering one or more of the vortex nozzle units in the system and encounter a vacuum area, at which point vapor condensation occurs within the bubbles and the bubbles collapse. The collapse of cavitation bubbles may cause hydrodynamic cavitations and pressure impulses. In some embodiments, the pressure impulses within the collapsing cavities and bubbles may be on the order of up to 1000 lbs/in2. Hydrodynamic cavitation and/or other forces exerted on the fluid (e.g., pressure impulse, side walls of the nozzles) may cause changes in solubility of dissolved gasses, solubility of liquids, pH changes, formation of free radicals, and/or precipitation of dissolved ions such as phosphates, nitrates, calcium, iron, and carbonate which may aid in forming an emulsion.
In some embodiments, hydrodynamic cavitation and/or the physical and mechanical forces created as the stream flows through the vortex nozzle units (e.g., shear collision and pressure/vacuum forces) may emulsify phases, change solubility of one phase with another phase, change particulate size, or combinations thereof.
Additionally, when streams of fluids containing water collide with a speed of at least 450 mph collide (e.g., between 450 mph to 600 mph), at least some of the oxygen-hydrogen bonds in the water may be broken. The breakage of the oxygen-hydrogen bonds may help to create a more stable emulsion.
In some embodiments, one or more additives may be introduced into one or more of the vortex nozzle units via one or more additive inlets. Additives may include surfactants, nonionic additives, anionic surfactants or mixtures thereof. Nonionic additives include, but are not limited to, alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols, nonionic surfactants and/or sugar-based esters. Anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to sulfates, sulfonates, ethoxylated sulfates, and/or phosphates. A nonionic additive may exhibit a HLB number of less than 10.
An amount of additive may be introduced into the fluid treatment system to reduce an interfacial tension of the fluids in the stream to a desired level or range. An additive may be able to increase a fluid treatment system's effective HLB by a greater amount than the effectiveness of the additive alone, the fluid system alone or a combination of the additive alone and the fluid system alone.
In fluid treatment systems described herein, a “pass” through the fluid treatment system is defined as passing a fluid through the system for a time sufficient to pass the entire volume of a reservoir through the system. For example, if the reservoir to be treated by the fluid treatment system is a 20-gallon reservoir, a “pass” is complete when 20 gallons of fluid from the reservoir have gone through the fluid treatment system.
In some embodiments, all or a portion of the stream flowing out of the fluid treatment system may be recycled through the fluid treatment system via one or more recycle lines. Recycling the stream through the fluid treatment system for a number of passes may allow for a more stable emulsion. In some embodiments, a portion of the stream exiting the fluid treatment system may be mixed with a portion of the stream entering the fluid treatment system inlet.
In some embodiments, the system may be monitored and/or adjustments made as needed to control the stability of the emulsion. For example, surface tension and/or an HLB number of the fluid may be monitored continuously or periodically. Monitoring the surface tension and/or HLB number of the fluid continuously or periodically may allow for the adjustment of flow rates, number of recycles through the system, and/or the amount and/or type of additive introduced into the system so that the stability of the emulsion exiting the fluid treatment system is at or below a desired level.
In some embodiments, emulsifying system 400 includes a reservoir 402 and a fluid treatment system 100 coupled to the reservoir, as depicted in
In other embodiments, reservoir 402 is not needed, as shown in
In an embodiment, the stability of the emulsion may be assessed prior to introducing the fluid into the fluid treatment system. For example, a sample from reservoir 402 and/or fluid treatment system 100 may be removed and the surface tension and/or a HLB number of the fluid may be determined. Alternatively, in-line monitoring equipment may be coupled to conduits 410 and 412 to allow continuous monitoring of the stability of the emulsion in reservoir 402 and/or fluid treatment system 100. In some embodiments, once a stability of the emulsion is assessed, a number of passes through the fluid treatment system may be estimated and/or additives may be added to fluid treatment system 100 and/or reservoir 402 via conduits 418 and/or 420.
In this patent, certain U.S. patents and other materials (e.g., articles) have been incorporated by reference. The text of such U.S. patents and other materials is, however, only incorporated by reference to the extent that no conflict exists between such text and the other statements and drawings set forth herein. In the event of such conflict, then any such conflicting text in such incorporated by reference U.S. patents and other materials is specifically not incorporated by reference in this patent.
Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the following claims.
