Patent Application
20200294055
This invention relates generally to risk and fraud associated with payment card transactions and, more particularly, to network-based systems and methods for providing risk analysis and decision-making services for a merchant while processing payment card transactions.
At least some known credit/debit card purchases involve fraudulent activity. These fraudulent transactions present liability issues to one or more parties involved in the transaction, such as an issuing bank, a merchant, a payment processing network, or an acquirer bank. As such, these parties are interested in fraud detection, or the ability to analyze the data surrounding a payment card transaction before authorizing the transaction. Accordingly, a technical solution is desirable that provides a risk-based evaluation and a decisioning service to one or more of the parties during a payment card transaction.
In one aspect, a computing device for providing risk-based decisioning to a merchant during payment card transactions is provided. The computing device includes a processor communicatively coupled to a memory. The computing device is programmed to receive, from the merchant, transaction data associated with a payment card transaction. The payment card transaction includes a suspect consumer presenting a payment card from a digital wallet of a privileged cardholder. The computing device is further programmed to compute a risk score for the payment card transaction based at least in part on the transaction data and infrastructure data associated with the payment card transaction. The computing device is also programmed to transmit an indication of acceptable risk to the merchant if the risk score satisfies a first pre-defined threshold. The computing device is still further programmed to initiate an authentication challenge of the suspect consumer if the risk score satisfies a second pre-defined threshold.
In another aspect, a computer-based method for providing risk-based decisioning to a merchant during payment card transactions is provided. The method is implemented using a computer device including a processor and a memory. The method includes receiving, from the merchant, transaction data associated with a payment card transaction. The payment card transaction includes a suspect consumer presenting a payment card from a digital wallet of a privileged cardholder. The method further includes computing a risk score for the payment card transaction based at least in part on the transaction data and infrastructure data associated with the payment card transaction. The method also includes transmitting an indication of acceptable risk to the merchant if the risk score satisfies a first pre-defined threshold. The method still further includes initiating an authentication challenge of the suspect consumer if the risk score satisfies a second pre-defined threshold.
In yet another aspect, at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon is provided. When executed by at least one processor, the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to receive, from a merchant, transaction data associated with a payment card transaction. The payment card transaction includes a suspect consumer presenting a payment card from a digital wallet of a privileged cardholder. The computer-executable instructions further cause the processor to compute a risk score for the payment card transaction based at least in part on the transaction data and infrastructure data associated with the payment card transaction. The computer-executable instructions also cause the processor to transmit an indication of acceptable risk to the merchant if the risk score satisfies a first pre-defined threshold. The computer-executable instructions still further cause the processor to initiate an authentication challenge of the suspect consumer if the risk score satisfies a second pre-defined threshold.
Like numbers in the Figures indicate the same or functionally similar components.
Systems and methods are described herein for evaluating payment card transactions for fraud. In one aspect, systems and methods are provided for performing risk-based decisioning for payment card transactions involving a digital wallet and associated data. In another aspect, systems and methods are provided for providing risk-based decisioning to merchants and/or merchant acquirers. In still another aspect, systems and methods are provided for sharing risk-based decisioning data with an issuer through use of extensions to an authentication protocol.
Risk-based decisioning for payment card transactions involves evaluating data included within a prior authorization message of a payment card transaction. At least some known credit/debit card purchases involve the exchange of a number of payment card network messages between the merchant, acquirer, and issuer parties of a four-party interchange model. Such messages may include authorizations, advices, reversals, account status inquiry presentments, purchase returns, and chargebacks. The credit or debit card payment transaction messages may include several transaction attributes, such as, for example, primary account number (either real or virtual), transaction amount, merchant identifier, acquirer identifier (the combination of which with above uniquely identifies a merchant), transaction date-time, and address verification.
In some situations such as in-store credit card purchases, the issuer of the credit card typically assumes liability for certain aspects of the transaction, such as chargebacks. In other situations, such as online transactions through a merchant web site, the merchant party in the transaction assumes initial liability for certain aspects of the transaction unless, for example, certain risk-mitigating steps are taken, such as an authentication step. For example, some known payment networks engage an authentication service such as a 3-D Secure® (Visa International Service Association, Delaware) (3DS) protocol (e.g., MasterCard SecureCode® (MasterCard International Incorporated, Purchase, N.Y.)) that performs an authentication of a suspect consumer prior to authorization of the transaction. During some known 3-D Secure transactions, the suspect consumer (i.e., the consumer attempting to perform the payment card transaction with the merchant) is presented with an authentication challenge, sometimes called a “step-up challenge.” This step-up challenge generally requires the suspect consumer to provide a password, or a passcode from a second factor user device, before the transaction will be processed. This extra step presents an interruptive inconvenience, barrier, or an interference to at least some legitimate consumers, and subsequently causes at least some consumers to abandon legitimate transactions. These abandonments results in lost revenues to both the merchant and the issuer.
One risk-based decisioning (RBD) system described herein evaluates payment card transactions involving digital wallets. During a payment card transaction, such as an online transaction on a merchant web site, the suspect consumer uses a computing device such as a smart phone or personal computer device to log in to a digital wallet. The suspect consumer selects a payment card from the digital wallet for use in the transaction, and the merchant or digital wallet provider initiates an authentication process (i.e., to gauge whether or not the suspect consumer is a privileged cardholder associated with the payment card).
The RBD system identifies one or more pieces of information about the payment card transaction that are used to “score” the transaction for risk (e.g., potential fraud). More specifically, the RBD system scores the payment card transaction based on three aspects: device information, payment card information, and digital wallet information. Device information may include information about the computing device used during the transaction, such as a unique hardware identifier, or an IP address associated with the device. Payment card information may include information about the payment card or the privileged cardholder, such as an expiration date of the payment card or a name or a home address of the privileged cardholder. Digital wallet information may include information about the digital wallet used during the transaction, such as how the suspect consumer was authenticated into the digital wallet, whether the digital wallet has historically been used with the current computing device, or whether the shipping address of the current transaction is a shipping address previously used with the digital wallet.
In one embodiment, the RBD system generates a device score from the device information and a digital wallet score from the digital wallet information and combines these scores into a session trust level. The session trust level generally indicates a confidence as to whether or not the user of the device and wallet is the privileged cardholder. This level may be a level such as, for example, one of “basic”, “good”, “excellent”, and “trusted.” The RBD system also generates a payment card score from the payment card information and combines the payment card score with the session trust level to generate an overall transaction risk level for the payment card transaction. From this overall transaction risk level, the RBD system generates a baseline recommendation.
In some embodiments, parties to the transaction (e.g., issuers) may provide to the RBD system certain transaction limits, such as a transaction amount limit for individual payment cards, a daily spend limit, or a number of transactions limit. Further, these limits may be customized based at least in part on the overall transaction risk level. For example, transactions that the RBD system scores as less risky (e.g., “excellent” or “trusted” overall risk level) may have higher thresholds (e.g., higher transaction amount limit) than transactions that the RBD system scores as more risky.
In some embodiments, the RBD system may be provided as a service to issuing banks. In other words, the RBD system may provide scores to an issuer's access control system (ACS), and the ACS may make decisions based at least in part on the risk scores or risk data available from the RBD system.
In another aspect described herein, the RBD system sends risk-based decisioning data to the issuer's ACS via an extension message to the 3DS protocol. For example, the RBD system may score the payment card transaction and provide an overall score and/or an overall recommendation to the issuer's ACS by embedding an XML-formatted message as a 3DS extension during the authentication process. The RBD system may send other “sub-scores” within the 3DS extension message, such as the device score, the digital wallet score, or the payment card score. In some embodiments, the RBD system may share individual risk-based data elements such as the method the suspect consumer authenticated into the digital wallet, or how long the digital wallet has been in service. Using this risk-based data, the issuer's ACS determines whether or not the suspect consumer should be further authenticated (e.g., through a 3DS “step-up” challenge).
In yet another aspect described herein, the RBD system is presented for use by a merchant, a merchant acquirer, and/or a merchant service provider in card-not-present (CNP) transactions, such as online transactions. One risk-mitigating step for some issuers and large merchants is to perform their own risk-based decisioning on the transaction prior to authorization, such as described above. These parties may establish a custom fraud analysis system to analyze transactions for fraud. However, these systems can be resource-intensive and, as such, not feasible for smaller entities, such as small- or medium-sized merchants.
In an example embodiment, a transaction processing system (TPS) provides merchants and/or acquiring banks an option to perform risk-based decisioning on payment card transactions prior to the normal authorization process. For certain types of transactions, merchants may retain liability for the transaction. As such, merchants may desire additional risk mitigation by analyzing transactions for potential fraud prior to accepting liability. In one embodiment, an acquiring bank may offer or provide this risk-based decisioning process to one or more of their associated merchants, and thus may engage the TPS of the payment network to perform this process for those merchant transactions. In other words, the payment network provides this service on behalf of the acquiring banks to the merchants. In another embodiment, merchants may directly engage the payment network to perform this process on behalf of the merchant. In yet another embodiment, a third-party processing service performs this process on behalf of the merchant.
One TPS described herein engages an RBD system on behalf of the merchant, or the acquiring bank, during a payment card transaction. More specifically, at the time a transaction is initiated, the TPS receives transaction data from the merchant and/or merchant acquirer. The TPS may also identify additional data associated with the subject transaction, such as, for example, one or more of (1) information about a computing device used to conduct the subject transaction (“device information”, e.g., geo-location data of the device Internet protocol (IP) address), (2) additional payment card information not included in the transaction data (“payment card information”), (3) information about a digital wallet used to conduct the subject transaction (“digital wallet information”, e.g., whether and/or how often this particular device has been used in conjunction with this digital wallet), and (4) cart data associated with the subject transaction (“cart data”). This additional data may also be individually or collectively referred to as infrastructure data, because it refers to the infrastructure used by the TPS to process a transaction, and/or as fraud feature data because, as described below, at least some of this data may be used as part of a fraud- or risk-scoring process.
The TPS transmits the transaction data and infrastructure data to the RBD system for scoring. The RBD system is configured to score the riskiness of the subject transaction and determine whether or not additional authentication should be initiated. More specifically, the RBD system scores the subject transaction based at least in part on the transaction data and the infrastructure data. If the score is below the pre-defined threshold (i.e., “less risky”), then the transaction will be approved at this stage and subsequently will continue through to authorization without additional authentication of the suspect consumer. If the score is above a pre-defined threshold (i.e., “more risky”), then the transaction will undergo additional, direct authentication of the suspect consumer (e.g., a 3DS “step-up” challenge). In the former case, the merchant may maintain liability for the subject transaction, but under the knowledge that the RBD system has analyzed the transaction for fraud prior to completion. In the latter case, the suspect consumer is challenged during the transaction, thus providing additional authentication of the suspect consumer in those situations where the transaction seems most risky.
At least one of the technical problems addressed by this system includes: (i) high network load based at least in part on step-up challenging most or all card-not-present transactions which results in network delays and reduced bandwidth; (ii) allowing fraudulent transactions to be successfully processed if there is no step-up challenge of a card-not-present transaction; (iii) consumer inconvenience during card-not-present transactions based at least in part on having to answer an additional authentication challenge during a transaction; (iv) abandonment of transactions by consumers when faced with a step-up challenge, thus leading to lost sales for merchants and lost processing fees for the other network parties based on those abandoned transactions; (v) unavailability of customizable fraud-related services to merchants and/or merchant acquirers; (vi) increased risk with merchant liability for fraudulent transactions; (vii) digital wallet-related fraud; (viii) issuers having limited access to some data that may be used to fraud-score transactions.
A technical effect of the systems and processes described herein is achieved by performing at least one of the following steps: (i) receiving, from the merchant, transaction data associated with a payment card transaction, the payment card transaction including a suspect consumer presenting a payment card from a digital wallet of a privileged cardholder; (ii) computing a risk score for the payment card transaction based at least in part on the transaction data and infrastructure data associated with the payment card transaction; (iii) transmitting an indication of acceptable risk to the merchant if the risk score satisfies a first pre-defined threshold; and (iv) initiating an authentication challenge of the suspect consumer if the risk score satisfies a second pre-defined threshold.
The technical effect achieved by this system is at least one of: (i) reducing the amount of network and computing resources needed to reduce the number of fraudulent transactions processed by the payment network; (ii) reducing the number of fraudulent transactions being processed; (iii) reducing consumer inconvenience during card-not-present transactions; (iv) reducing the number of transactions that are abandoned by consumers when faced with an additional authentication challenge, and thus reducing lost sales for the merchant and reducing lost fees for the other network parties based on those abandoned transactions; (v) enabling liability shift to issuing banks for some transactions; (vi) providing additional fraud-related data to issuers during authentication and/or authorization of transactions; (vii) including digital wallet-related data in fraud scoring of transactions; (vii) providing a risk-based decisioning service to issuers that includes digital wallet-related data; (viii) providing a risk-based decisioning service to merchants and/or merchant acquirers when issuers are not participating; (ix) enabling merchants and/or issuers to customize how their transactions are risk-scored and authenticated. For example, network resources and computing resources are reduced by reducing the number of step-up challenges being performed, and thus the number of messages transmitted and processed across the network. Instead of requiring a step-up challenge on each and every card-not-present transaction, the present system intelligently determines which transactions require the step-up challenge and which do not. One or more of the parties to the transaction are benefitted by the system by, for example, less burden on the consumer to further authenticate themselves during the transaction, and fewer abandoned transactions for the merchant (e.g., lost sales), and for the acquiring bank, network, and issuer (e.g., lost transaction processing fees).
As used herein, the term “authentication” (or an “authentication process”) is used generally to refer to a process conducted on a payment transaction prior to the “authorization” of a transaction (or an “authorization process”). At least one purpose of the authentication process is to evaluate whether or not the person conducting the transaction (the “suspect consumer”) is actually a person privileged to use the payment card presented in the transaction (the “privileged cardholder”). For example, issuers may want to authenticate an online transaction to evaluate whether or not the user of a computing device conducting the online transaction is really the privileged cardholder. An authentication process may be used to reduce fraudulent transactions, and thus protect one or more parties to the transaction (e.g., the merchant, or the issuer of the subject payment card).
As used herein, a processor may include any programmable system including systems using micro-controllers, reduced instruction set circuits (RISC), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), logic circuits, and any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described herein. The above examples are example only, and are thus not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term “processor.”
As used herein, the terms “software” and “firmware” are interchangeable, and include any computer program stored in memory for execution by a processor, including RAM memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, and non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) memory. The above memory types are example only, and are thus not limiting as to the types of memory usable for storage of a computer program.
In one embodiment, a computer program is provided, and the program is embodied on a computer readable medium. In an example embodiment, the system is executed on a single computer system, without requiring a connection to a sever computer. In a further embodiment, the system is being run in a Windows® environment (Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash.). In yet another embodiment, the system is run on a mainframe environment and a UNIX® server environment (UNIX is a registered trademark of X/Open Company Limited located in Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom). The application is flexible and designed to run in various different environments without compromising any major functionality. In some embodiments, the system includes multiple components distributed among a plurality of computing devices. One or more components may be in the form of computer-executable instructions embodied in a computer-readable medium. The systems and processes are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. In addition, components of each system and each process can be practiced independent and separate from other components and processes described herein. Each component and process can also be used in combination with other assembly packages and processes.
As used herein, the terms “transaction card,” “financial transaction card,” and “payment card” refer to any suitable transaction card, such as a credit card, a debit card, a prepaid card, a charge card, a membership card, a promotional card, a frequent flyer card, an identification card, a prepaid card, a gift card, and/or any other device that may hold payment account information, such as mobile phones, Smartphones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), key fobs, digital wallets, and/or computers. Each type of transactions card can be used as a method of payment for performing a transaction. As used herein, the term “payment account” is used generally to refer to the underlying account with the transaction card. In addition, cardholder card account behavior can include but is not limited to purchases, management activities (e.g., balance checking), bill payments, achievement of targets (meeting account balance goals, paying bills on time), and/or product registrations (e.g., mobile application downloads).
The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the disclosure by way of example and not by way of limitation. It is contemplated that the disclosure has general application to processing financial transaction data by a third party in industrial, commercial, and residential applications.
As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and proceeded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “example embodiment” or “one embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.
In a typical transaction card system, a financial institution called the “issuer” issues a transaction card, such as a credit card, to a consumer or cardholder 22, who uses the transaction card to tender payment for a purchase from a merchant 24. To accept payment with the transaction card, merchant 24 must normally establish an account with a financial institution that is part of the financial payment system. This financial institution is usually called the “merchant bank,” the “acquiring bank,” or the “acquirer.” When cardholder 22 tenders payment for a purchase with a transaction card, merchant 24 requests authorization from a merchant bank 26 for the amount of the purchase. The request may be performed over the telephone, but is usually performed through the use of a point-of-sale terminal, which reads cardholder's 22 account information from a magnetic stripe, a chip, or embossed characters on the transaction card and communicates electronically with the transaction processing computers of merchant bank 26. Alternatively, merchant bank 26 may authorize a third party to perform transaction processing on its behalf. In this case, the point-of-sale terminal will be configured to communicate with the third party. Such a third party is usually called a “merchant processor,” an “acquiring processor,” or a “third party processor.”
Using an interchange network 28, computers of merchant bank 26 or merchant processor will communicate with computers of an issuer bank 30 to determine whether cardholder's 22 account 32 is in good standing and whether the purchase is covered by cardholder's 22 available credit line. Based on these determinations, the request for authorization will be declined or accepted. If the request is accepted, an authorization code is issued to merchant 24.
When a request for authorization is accepted, the available credit line of cardholder's 22 account 32 is decreased. Normally, a charge for a payment card transaction is not posted immediately to cardholder's 22 account 32 because bankcard associations, such as MasterCard International Incorporated®, have promulgated rules that do not allow merchant 24 to charge, or “capture,” a transaction until goods are shipped or services are delivered. However, with respect to at least some debit card transactions, a charge may be posted at the time of the transaction. When merchant 24 ships or delivers the goods or services, merchant 24 captures the transaction by, for example, appropriate data entry procedures on the point-of-sale terminal. This may include bundling of approved transactions daily for standard retail purchases. If cardholder 22 cancels a transaction before it is captured, a “void” is generated. If cardholder 22 returns goods after the transaction has been captured, a “credit” is generated. Interchange network 28 and/or issuer bank 30 stores the transaction card information, such as a type of merchant, amount of purchase, date of purchase, in a database 120 (shown in
After a purchase has been made, a clearing process occurs to transfer additional transaction data related to the purchase among the parties to the transaction, such as merchant bank 26, interchange network 28, and issuer bank 30. More specifically, during and/or after the clearing process, additional data, such as a time of purchase, a merchant name, a type of merchant, purchase information, cardholder account information, a type of transaction, savings information, itinerary information, information regarding the purchased item and/or service, and/or other suitable information, is associated with a transaction and transmitted between parties to the transaction as transaction data, and may be stored by any of the parties to the transaction.
After a transaction is authorized and cleared, the transaction is settled among merchant 24, merchant bank 26, and issuer bank 30. Settlement refers to the transfer of financial data or funds among merchant's 24 account, merchant bank 26, and issuer bank 30 related to the transaction. Usually, transactions are captured and accumulated into a “batch,” which is settled as a group. More specifically, a transaction is typically settled between issuer bank 30 and interchange network 28, and then between interchange network 28 and merchant bank 26, and then between merchant bank 26 and merchant 24.
In some embodiments, the payment card transaction is a card-not-present transaction conducted, for example, with a payment card in a digital wallet. Network 28 includes a risk-based decisioning (RBD) module (not separately shown in
More specifically, in the example embodiment, TPS 101 includes a server system 112 of, for example, a payment processing network 28, in communication with a point-of-sale (POS) terminal 118 at a merchant location 24, and/or other client systems 114 associated with merchants, merchant banks, payment networks, and/or issuer banks. Server system 112 is also in communication with a plurality of client sub-systems, also referred to as client systems 114. In one embodiment, client systems 114 are computers including a web browser, such that server system 112 is accessible to client systems 114 using the Internet. Client systems 114 are interconnected to the Internet through many interfaces including a network 115, such as a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), dial-in-connections, cable modems, special high-speed Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) lines, and RDT networks. Client systems 114 could be any device capable of interconnecting to the Internet including a web-based phone, PDA, or other web-based connectable equipment.
In the example embodiment, TPS 101 also includes POS terminals 118, which may be connected to client systems 114 and may be connected to server system 112. POS terminals 118 may be interconnected to the Internet (or any other network that allows the POS terminals 118 to communicate as described herein) through many interfaces including a network, such as a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), dial-in-connections, cable modems, wireless modems, and special high-speed ISDN lines. POS terminals 118 could be any device capable of interconnecting to the Internet and including an input device capable of reading information from a cardholder's financial transaction card. In some embodiments, POS terminal 118 may be a cardholder's personal computer, such as when conducting an online purchase through the Internet. As used herein, the terms POS device, POS terminal, and point of interaction device are used broadly, generally, and interchangeably to refer to any device in which a cardholder interacts with a merchant to complete a payment card transaction.
A database server 116 is connected to database 120, which contains information on a variety of matters, as described below in greater detail. In one embodiment, centralized database 120 is stored on server system 112 and can be accessed by potential users at one of client systems 114 by logging onto server system 112 through one of client systems 114. In an alternative embodiment, database 120 is stored remotely from server system 112 and may be non-centralized.
Database 120 may include a single database having separated sections or partitions or may include multiple databases, each being separate from each other. Database 120 may store transaction data generated as part of sales activities and savings activities conducted over the processing network including data relating to merchants, account holders or customers, issuers, acquirers, savings amounts, savings account information, and/or purchases made. Database 120 may also store account data including at least one of a cardholder name, a cardholder address, an account number, and other account identifier. Database 120 may also store merchant data including a merchant identifier that identifies each merchant registered to use the network, and instructions for settling transactions including merchant bank account information. Database 120 may also store purchase data associated with items being purchased by a cardholder from a merchant, and authorization request data. Database 120 may also store digital wallet information, device information, payment card information, scoring rules, risk thresholds, and other data involved with providing risk-based decisioning to one or more parties to the transaction.
In the example embodiment, one of client systems 114 may be associated with acquirer bank 26 (shown in
In some embodiments, TPS 101 is in communication with RBD system 121 and an authentication service 123. In some embodiments, RBD system 121 and/or authentication service 123 are third-party systems. In other embodiments, one or more of RBD system 121 and/or authentication service 123 may be a part of TPS 101. In some embodiments, RBD system 121 and/or authentication service 123 are in communication with each other and may directly interact during the processing of payment card transactions. In the example embodiment, RBD system 121 performs fraud scoring on payment card transactions, and authentication service 123 provides additional authentication services for suspect consumers during the payment card transaction if RBD system 121 generates a score above a pre-defined threshold (i.e., indicating that the transaction is of greater risk from a fraud perspective). In some embodiments, RBD system 121 and/or authentication service 122 are also in communication with a merchant system and/or an issuer system (e.g., computer 114) and/or POS terminal 118 of the merchant.
Each workstation 138, 140, and 142 is a personal computer having a web browser. Although the functions performed at the workstations typically are illustrated as being performed at respective workstations 138, 140, and 142, such functions can be performed at one of many personal computers coupled to LAN 136. Workstations 138, 140, and 142 are illustrated as being associated with separate functions only to facilitate an understanding of the different types of functions that can be performed by individuals having access to LAN 136.
Server system 112 is configured to be communicatively coupled to various individuals, including employees 144 and to third parties, e.g., account holders, customers, auditors, developers, cardholders (i.e., consumers), merchants, acquirers, issuers, etc., 146 using an ISP Internet connection 148. The communication in the example embodiment is illustrated as being performed using the Internet, however, any other wide area network (WAN) type communication can be utilized in other embodiments, i.e., the systems and processes are not limited to being practiced using the Internet. In addition, and rather than WAN 150, local area network 136 could be used in place of WAN 150.
In the example embodiment, any authorized individual having a workstation 154 can access system 122. At least one of the client systems includes a manager workstation 156 located at a remote location. Workstations 154 and 156 are personal computers having a web browser. Also, workstations 154 and 156 are configured to communicate with server system 112. Furthermore, fax server 128 communicates with remotely located client systems, including a client system 156 using a telephone link. Fax server 128 is configured to communicate with other client systems 138, 140, and 142 as well.
User system 202 also includes at least one media output component 215 for presenting information to user 201. Media output component 215 is any component capable of conveying information to user 201. In some embodiments, media output component 215 includes an output adapter such as a video adapter and/or an audio adapter. An output adapter is operatively coupled to processor 205 and operatively couplable to an output device such as a display device, a liquid crystal display (LCD), organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or “electronic ink” display, or an audio output device, a speaker or headphones.
In some embodiments, user system 202 includes an input device 220 for receiving input from user 201. Input device 220 may include, for example, a keyboard, a pointing device, a mouse, a stylus, a touch sensitive panel, a touch pad, a touch screen, a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a position detector, or an audio input device. A single component such as a touch screen may function as both an output device of media output component 215 and input device 220. User system 202 may also include a communication interface 225, which is communicatively couplable to a remote device such as server system 112. Communication interface 225 may include, for example, a wired or wireless network adapter or a wireless data transceiver for use with a mobile phone network, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), 3G, or other mobile data network or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX).
Stored in memory area 210 are, for example, computer readable instructions for providing a user interface to user 201 via media output component 215 and, optionally, receiving and processing input from input device 220. A user interface may include, among other possibilities, a web browser and client application. Web browsers enable users, such as user 201, to display and interact with media and other information typically embedded on a web page or a website from server system 112. A client application allows user 201 to interact with a server application from server system 112.
In the example embodiment, computing device 202 is a user computing device from which user 201 engages with a digital wallet (not shown in
Server system 301 includes a processor 305 for executing instructions. Instructions may be stored in a memory area 310, for example. Processor 305 may include one or more processing units (e.g., in a multi-core configuration) for executing instructions. The instructions may be executed within a variety of different operating systems on the server system 301, such as UNIX, LINUX, Microsoft Windows®, etc. It should also be appreciated that upon initiation of a computer-based method, various instructions may be executed during initialization. Some operations may be required in order to perform one or more processes described herein, while other operations may be more general and/or specific to a particular programming language (e.g., C, C#, C++, Java, or other suitable programming languages, etc.).
Processor 305 is operatively coupled to a communication interface 315 such that server system 301 is capable of communicating with a remote device such as user system 202 (shown in
Processor 305 may also be operatively coupled to a storage device 134. Storage device 134 is any computer-operated hardware suitable for storing and/or retrieving data. In some embodiments, storage device 134 is integrated in server system 301. For example, server system 301 may include one or more hard disk drives as storage device 134. In other embodiments, storage device 134 is external to server system 301 and may be accessed by a plurality of server systems 301. For example, storage device 134 may include multiple storage units such as hard disks or solid state disks in a redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) configuration. Storage device 134 may include a storage area network (SAN) and/or a network attached storage (NAS) system.
In some embodiments, processor 305 is operatively coupled to storage device 134 via a storage interface 320. Storage interface 320 is any component capable of providing processor 305 with access to storage device 134. Storage interface 320 may include, for example, an Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) adapter, a Serial ATA (SATA) adapter, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapter, a RAID controller, a SAN adapter, a network adapter, and/or any component providing processor 305 with access to storage device 134.
Memory area 310 may include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM) such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and non-volatile RAM (NVRAM). The above memory types are exemplary only, and are thus not limiting as to the types of memory usable for storage of a computer program.
In the example embodiment, server system 301 is a risk-based decisioning (RBD) system in communication with one or more of issuer 30 and merchant 24 during a payment card transaction involving a digital wallet of a user. RBD system 301 performs risk analysis of the payment card transaction and provides one or more authentication-related services during the transaction.
In the example embodiment, digital wallet 600 includes devices data 610, payment cards data 620, loyalty cards data 630, and personal data 640. Digital wallet 600 may also include access method data, biometric data, and behavioral information. Some or all of this data may be stored in a centralized database (e.g., database 120, shown in
Device data 610 includes data about devices somehow associated with digital wallet 600. Device data 610 may include data associated with one or more devices 612, 614, 616 that have historically been used during past payment card transactions. Further, device data 610 may include data about a device currently being used for a present payment card transaction. For example, devices data 610 may include an Internet Protocol (IP) address, a media access control (MAC) address, or other identifier that may be used to identify particular devices 612, 614, 618. In some embodiments, device data 610 may include a fraudulent device status (e.g., whether the device has been involved in past fraudulent transactions).
Digital wallet 600, in the example embodiment, also includes payment cards data 620 for one or more payment cards 622. During the life of a digital wallet, cardholder 602 may enter one or more payment cards 622 into digital wallet 600 for use in payment card transactions. Payment cards data 620 may include, for example, payment card authorization numbers (PANs), expiration dates, issuing bank names, associated security codes (e.g., a CVC2 code), cardholder name, tokens representing or otherwise associated with payment cards, and other data associated with payment cards 622.
In some embodiments, payment cards data 620 includes which payment cards 622 were used with which devices 612. Further, in some embodiments, payment cards data 620 includes an age of payment card 622 within digital wallet 600. In other words, digital wallet 600 tracks how long each payment card 622 has been loaded into digital wallet 600. Further, in some embodiments, payment cards data 620 includes a history of card authentications for payment cards 622. For example, one payment card may have been successfully or unsuccessfully 3DS authenticated, or secure-code authenticated, several times in the past. For example, if a payment card is used from digital wallet 600 for a past legitimate transaction (e.g., one not associated with a chargeback) then, controlling for all other variables, a subsequent transaction with that payment card/digital wallet may be scored in such a way indicating that the subsequent transaction is less risky from a fraud perspective. Similarly, if there are fraudulent transactions and/or transactions that result in a chargeback, then the subsequent transaction with that payment card/digital wallet may be scored in such a way indicating that the subsequent transaction is riskier from a fraud perspective. Such data may be tied to a particular payment card, a particular digital wallet, and/or a particular device.
In some embodiments, payment cards data 620 includes data indicating how payment cards 622 were loaded into digital wallet 600 (e.g., manually entered by a user, loaded by the issuing bank or the digital wallet provider). In some embodiments, payment cards data 620 includes status data for payment cards 622 (e.g., whether a card is “blacklisted”, has a prior history of fraudulent transactions, has a clean prior history). In some embodiments, payment cards data 620 includes transaction amount limits, daily spending limits, weekly spending limits, and/or a number of transactions limit associated with payment card 622. In some embodiments, payment cards data 620 includes the number of wallets into which a particular payment card 622 has been loaded, and/or a number of merchant sites into which the particular payment card has been loaded.
In some embodiments, device data 610 and/or payment card data 620 may include a recognized secure element such as, for example, a token associated with a particular device and/or payment card (e.g., as with MasterCard® Digital Enablement Service (MDES), or Digital Secure Remote Payments (DSRP)). In some embodiments, this secure element may be provided by a piece of hardware such as a separate computing device that is separated from the device being used in the payment card transaction. For example, during a prior payment card transaction involving digital wallet 600, the secure element is generated and/or validated as a part of the transaction, and subsequently associated with digital wallet 600 (e.g., as a part of device data 610 or payment card data 620). Then during a later transaction, a current secure element provided as a part of the transaction (e.g., by a mobile phone accessing digital wallet 600 for the transaction) may be compared to the prior secure element in device data 610 and/or payment card data 620. If the current secure element is recognized as previously used, the current transaction may be scored “less risky” than the alternative. As such, this may also result in an improved cardholder experience, as it may decrease the likelihood of a step-up challenge to the cardholder.
In the example embodiment, digital wallet 600 also includes loyalty cards data 630 for one or more loyalty programs. Some merchants provide loyalty (“rewards”) programs for their regular customers, such as to incentivize more purchases by the accountholder (e.g., cardholder 302). Some digital wallets, including the example digital wallet 600, enable cardholders 602 to load loyalty cards 632 into the digital wallet (in addition to payment cards 622). As such, loyalty cards data 630 includes data such as an account number (i.e., unique identifier identifying the cardholder's account), a merchant name, and a cardholder name.
Digital wallet 600, in the example embodiment, also includes personal data 640 associated with cardholder 602. Digital wallet 600 and/or merchants 24 may store personal information that is regularly used in payment card transactions so that, for example, cardholder 602 can more easily populate data into a payment card transaction rather than have to remember and/or manually enter such data. For example, personal data 640 may include addresses 642 of cardholder 602, such as a home address and a work address, which may be regularly reused as mailing addresses for digital wallet purchases.
In some embodiments, personal data 640 may also include (1) information about digital wallet 600 such as, for example, (a) an account age for digital wallet 600 (e.g., how long digital wallet has been open and/or active), and (b) a provider of digital wallet 600. In some embodiments, personal data 640 includes (2) one or more email addresses and/or phone numbers associated with cardholder 602. In some embodiments, personal data 640 may include (3) information associated with a plurality of privileged cardholders 602, such as spouses.
Additionally, in some embodiments, personal data 640 may include transaction data associated with the present transaction, such as a transaction type of the present transaction. The transaction type may include E-Commerce, mobile payment using QR code, mobile payment using near-field communication (NFC), mobile payment using Bluetooth low energy (BLE), and/or mobile payment using another technology. Further, the transaction type may also include an application programming interface (API) designation used by the merchant. For example, some merchants may use a particular checkout type that utilizes a risk-based decisioning system (e.g., as described below), while other merchants may utilize data stored in the digital wallet, paired with the merchant, and then requested by the merchant at the time of the transaction.
Further, in the example embodiment, cardholder 602 (or the suspect consumer) accesses digital wallet 600 through one or more access methods 650. At least some digital wallets provide multiple avenues of access, or methods of authenticating into the digital wallet. In some embodiments, cardholder 602 may authenticate into digital wallet 600 through the wallet provider. For example, the wallet provider may be an issuing bank, and may provide a user name and password to cardholder 602, and cardholder 602 may subsequently use that user name and password as an access method 650. In some embodiments, cardholder 602 may authenticate into digital wallet 600 through a merchant site (e.g., using a merchant-provided account). For example, cardholder 602 may have a user name and password with a merchant's web site. During an online shopping experience, cardholder 602 may login to the merchant's web site, select items for purchase, and select digital wallet 600 for use in completing payment. Digital wallet 600 may associate cardholder's 602 merchant login account with cardholder 602 and, as such, may “trust” the merchant login authentication as a successful authentication (and access method) into digital wallet 600. In some embodiments, the digital wallet provider may require an additional authentication into digital wallet 600 using the digital wallet provider's authentication service prior to “trusting” the merchant login as authentication into digital wallet 600. In some embodiments, cardholder 602 may authenticate into digital wallet 600 through a payment network such as network 28. For example, network 28 may provide a user authentication mechanism for authenticating cardholder 602 and, as such, cardholder 602 may be authenticated into digital wallet 600 through this access method.
In some embodiments, digital wallet 600 also includes biometric data associated with cardholder 602, payment cards 622, loyalty cards 632, and/or devices 612. Such biometric data may include, for example, biometric reference samples such as cardholder's 602 registered (authentic) fingerprint or iris image that may be used to authenticate a suspect consumer during a payment card transaction. Further, in some embodiments, digital wallet 600 includes behavioral information associated with cardholder 602, digital wallet 600, devices 612, payment cards 622, loyalty cards 632, and/or personal data 640. For example, digital wallet 600 may include past use data, behavioral information, transaction history, or other behavioral data for each of these elements.
In the example embodiment, RBD module 750 generates risk result 752 based at least in part on one or more sources of information about transaction 710. RBD module 750 is configured to consider fraud feature data such as device information 720, digital wallet information 730, and payment card information 740 when evaluating risk associated with transaction 710. In some embodiments, historical data 760 and scoring rules 770 may also be considered. Further, in some embodiments, risk result 752 includes one or more of (1) a numerical risk value computed for transaction 710 as a whole, and (2) a risk level indicator for transaction 710 as a whole, (3) one or more risk level indicators and/or numerical risk values for one or more of (a) a device score (e.g., for device 704), (b) a digital wallet score (e.g., for digital wallet 600), and (c) a payment card score (e.g., for payment card 712).
In some embodiments, some or all of device information 720 may be received from one or more sources such as, for example, a merchant system, an issuer system, a digital wallet provider system, a third party device scoring system, and/or the suspect consumer's 702 device 704. Additionally, in some embodiments, some or all of digital wallet information 730 may be received by RBD module 750 from one or more sources such as, for example, a payment transaction processing system such as described in reference to
In the example embodiment, RBD module 750 determines a device score at step 810 using at least device information 720. The device score represents one factor of risk-based evaluation, where the device score focuses on the computing device being used in the transaction (e.g., computing device 704, shown in
RBD module 750, in the example embodiment, also determines an access method score at step 820 using at least digital wallet information 730. The access method score represents a factor of risk-based evaluation, where the access method score focuses on data involving the digital wallet being used in the transaction (e.g., digital wallet 600, shown in
In the example embodiment, the access method score is a level determined from the tiered set of “None”, “Basic”, “Good”, “Excellent”, and “Trusted”. RBD module 750 determines an access method score based at least in part on the access method that the suspect consumer used to authenticate into the digital wallet in use during the subject transaction. Several different avenues of access, or access methods 650, are described above in reference to
In some embodiments, RBD module 750 includes one or more additional digital wallet-based risk factors when determining the access method score. For example, in one embodiment, RBD module 750 examines historical data 760 involving past authentication results involving one or more of the subject payment card (e.g., payment card 712), the subject digital wallet (e.g., digital wallet 600), and/or the subject device (e.g., computing device 704) and alters the access method score based on this historical data. For example, RBD module 750 may adjust the access method score to indicate an increased risk of fraud if the subject payment card was used in a prior recent transaction in which an address verification system (AVS) check or a 3DS step-up was conducted but failed. In some embodiments, RBD module 750 may adjust the access method score based on how recent transactions with this payment card were authenticated. For example, a recent 3DS verification success may indicate less risk for the current transaction than a recent AVS check, or than a non-verified transaction. As such, RBD module 750 may raise or lower the access method score based on such historical verification data. In some embodiments, RBD module 750 may examine how just the most recent transaction was authenticated, and the associated results.
In another embodiment, RBD module 750 examines past devices used during transactions involving the subject digital wallet. For example, if the subject device (e.g., computing device 704) has been used several times in past, non-fraudulent transactions, then it is more likely that the subject transaction is non-fraudulent than if, for example, the subject device has never been used with, or otherwise associated to, the subject digital wallet. As such, RBD module 750 may risk-score the subject transaction higher or lower based on perceived risk associated with prior-used devices.
In yet another embodiment, RBD module 750 examines how long the subject digital wallet has been in active service (e.g., how old account is), and/or the transaction volume associated with the subject digital wallet (e.g., how many total transactions have been completed, or how much total has been spent), and/or how many times the user has authenticated into the subject digital wallet. For example, if the subject digital wallet has been recently created and/or has a low volume of transactions, then RBD module 750 may risk-score the subject transaction indicating an increased risk of fraud than if the digital wallet had a long lifetime and/or a high volume of transactions.
In still another embodiment, RBD module 750 examines how long the subject payment card (e.g., payment card 740) has been loaded into the subject digital wallet, and/or how the subject payment card was loaded into the wallet. For example, if the subject payment card was recently loaded into the digital wallet, and/or manually loaded into the wallet (e.g., by hand, by suspect consumer 702), then RBD module 750 may risk-score the subject transaction indicating an increased risk of fraud than if the subject payment card was loaded into the wallet long ago, and/or loaded in by a more secure manner (e.g., by an issuer, or by the wallet provider).
In another embodiment, RBD module 750 examines how many cards are loaded into the subject digital wallet, and/or information comparison between multiple cards in the wallet. For example, if the subject digital wallet includes dozens of payment cards 622, and/or the payment cards share differing names or billing addresses, then RBD module 750 may risk-score the subject transaction indicating an increased risk of fraud than if the subject digital wallet only included a few payment cards, and/or the payment cards within the wallet all shared similar names or billing addresses.
In yet another embodiment, RBD module 750 compares a shipping address of the subject transaction to shipping addresses of past transactions associated with the digital wallet. If, for example, the subject shipping address matches a shipping address previously used, and perhaps regularly used, then RBD module 750 may risk-score the subject transaction indicating a reduced risk of fraud than if the subject shipping address were one never used in past digital wallet transactions or otherwise not associated with the subject digital wallet.
Further, in some embodiments, RBD module 750 may combine one or more of the above digital-wallet-based behavioral items for risk-scoring purposes. For example, RBD module 750 may examine how many times a particular payment card has been used from a particular device within this digital wallet's history. RBD module 750 may risk-score the subject transaction lower risk if the subject payment card and the subject device have been used together in numerous past transactions, or may risk-score the transaction higher risk if, for example, the subject device had never been used with the subject payment card.
In some embodiments, the device score may be determined 810 using one or more data elements from digital wallet information 730 and/or payment card information 770. Further, in some embodiments, the access method score may be determined 820 using one or more data elements from device information 720 and/or payment card information.
Referring now to
where the cross-referenced value (i.e., the value within the cell having the identified device score and access score) is the session trust level for the subject transaction.
In the example embodiment, RBD module 750 determines 840 a card verification score using at least payment card information 740. In some embodiments, card verification score may be determined 840 using one or more data elements from digital wallet information 730 and/or device information 720. The card verification score represents a factor of risk-based evaluation, where the card verification score focuses on the payment card being used in the transaction (e.g., computing device 704, shown in
Once RBD module 750 has a session trust level 830 and has determined 840 a card verification score, RBD module 750 combines these two scores into a transaction risk level 850. In the example embodiment, RBD module 750 uses the following table to determine transaction risk level 850 from the two variables of session trust level 830 (“Session”, vertical axis) and the card verification score (“Card”, horizontal axis):
where the cross-referenced value (i.e., the value within the cell having the identified session trust level 830 and the card verification score) is the overall transaction risk level for the subject transaction. Thus, transaction risk level 850 represents a combination of device score, a digital wallet/access method score, and a card verification score.
In the example embodiment, transaction risk level 850 represents a baseline recommendation 860 generated by RBD module 750. In other words, if no other considerations were included, RBD module 750 would provide baseline recommendation 860 as risk result 752. However, in the example embodiment, RBD module 750 additionally applies 870 one or more overrides and/or risk limits before generating a final risk result 752. In some embodiments, RBD module 750 may provide a default set of rules that are used to generate risk result 752. In the example embodiment, RBD module 750 enables issuer-specific risk limits. In other words, each particular issuing bank may provide its own custom set of rules to be applied by RBD module 750 to generate risk result 752. For example, in one specific embodiment, an issuer customizes the following table of risk limits:
Each column of the table represents a particular aspect or characteristic associated with the transaction, the privileged cardholder, or the payment card account (referred to herein as a “transaction aspects”). Each cell within the table may be configured with a threshold level, and each cell may also be associated with a corresponding transaction risk level (e.g., transaction risk level 850). Based on the determined transaction risk level 850, if one or more of the threshold levels is exceeded, RBD module 750 will recommend an additional authentication of the suspect consumer (e.g., 3DS step-up authentication). The threshold levels shown in Table 3 are merely one example. Issuers may elect to use any number of these or other limits at step 870, or none at all.
In the example embodiment, for the subject payment card, RBD module 750 determines a set of risk limits (e.g., table of risk limits) for the subject transaction (e.g., either issuer-specified limits, or default limits). Each set of risk limits may include one or more transaction aspects (e.g., “transaction amount limit”, “daily spending limit”). RBD module 750 cross-references each transaction aspect with the determined transaction risk level 850 for the subject transaction to determine an associated threshold limit (e.g., a cell of Table 3). RBD module 750, in the example embodiment, then identifies a reference value associated with each transaction aspect. The reference value is the value that RBD module 750 compares to the threshold value to determine whether or not the transaction aspect has been exceeded. RBD module 750 examines each transaction aspect independently at step 870.
For example, presume an issuer of the subject payment card adopts Table 3, as described above, as their set of risk limits, and presume transaction risk level 850 for the subject transaction is “Good”. “Transaction amount limit” is related only to the subject transaction and, more specifically, to the amount of the subject transaction (e.g., in U.S. dollars). As such, the reference value for the “transaction amount limit” is the payment amount identified in the transaction (e.g., presume the subject transaction is for $44.95). RBD module 750 identifies the reference value (e.g., from transaction 710 data), compares the payment amount, $44.95, to the threshold limit for the “Good” risk level, $250, and determines that the subject transaction is below the threshold level. As such, RBD module 750 would not recommend additional user authentication based only on the “transaction amount limit” transaction aspect.
Continuing the same example, presume that the subject payment card has already incurred $975 in purchases earlier on the day of the subject transaction. RBD module 750 evaluates the “daily spending limit” transaction aspect. “Daily spending limit” is related to the subject payment card and, more specifically, to the total amount that has been spent using the subject transaction card on the same day, including the amount of the current transaction. As such, the reference value for the “daily spending limit” is a daily total of transaction amounts for the subject payment card, $975, plus the current amount, $44.95, for a total reference value of $1,019.95. RBD module 750 identifies the reference value (e.g., from historical data 760 and transaction 710 data), compares the reference value of $1,019.95 to the threshold limit for the “Good” risk level, $1,000, and determines that the subject transaction is above the threshold level. As such, RBD module 750 would recommend additional user authentication based only on the “transaction amount limit” transaction aspect.
Similarly, RBD module 750 examines each transaction aspect included in the identified set of risk limits. In the example embodiment, if the subject transaction exceeds any transaction aspect threshold, then RBD module 750 includes a recommendation for additional user authentication in risk result 752. In other embodiments, more than one transaction aspect above threshold are required before a recommendation for additional user authentication is provided in risk result 752.
In some embodiments, issuers may define limits based on payment card account numbers. For example, in one specific embodiment, issuers may define a single set of risk limits (e.g., Table 3) for a specific bank identification number (BIN) range. In some embodiments, a single issuer may have several different sets of risk limits for non-overlapping BIN ranges.
It should be understood that using Tables 1 and 2 for determining session trust level from a device score and an access method score is merely exemplary, and other combinations of scores are possible. Further, in other embodiments, RBD module 750 generates numeric values for one or more of device score, access method score, card verification score, session trust level, and transaction risk level include numeric values rather than, or in addition to, the tiered levels described in the example embodiment above.
In some embodiments, RBD module 750 may enable the “liable parties” (e.g., issuers 28 and/or merchants 24) to customize scoring for their associated transactions. In other words, the liable parties may provide scoring rules 770 that influence one or more of device score 810, method score 820, verification score 840, session trust level 830, and/or transaction risk level 850. For example, one liable party may believe that the device score is a better indicator of fraud than access method or card verifications scores and, as such, may elect to weight the device score more relative to access method score and card verification score. In one embodiment, RBD module 750 may implement a customized Table 1 and/or a customized Table 2 to affect such weighting. In another embodiment, liable parties may weight specific, more granular aspects of each score (i.e., weight the components of each score as to how heavily they contribute to that score). For example, RBD module 750 may enable liable parties to weight the access method used to access a digital wallet relative to how long a payment card has been loaded into a digital wallet. As such, RBD module 750 may provide greater granularity of control to the liable parties, thereby allowing them to influence the risk determination.
In the example embodiment, TPS 910 transmits a scoring request to a risk-based decisioning (RBD) system 920 for fraud analysis and scoring. In some embodiments, RBD system 920 is a third-party fraud screening service. In other embodiments, RBD system 920 is provided by network 28 or issuer 30 (shown in
RBD system 920, in the example embodiment, scores the subject transaction for fraud using at least some of the provided data. More specifically, under Verified Checkout, RBD system 920 generates a risk result 922 (e.g., a risk score) for the transaction. In some embodiments, risk result 922 is similar to risk result 752 (shown in
In the example embodiment, if risk result 922 includes a recommendation for additional authentication of suspect consumer 902, or if the risk score satisfies a second pre-defined threshold, which may be the same as or different from the first pre-defined threshold (i.e., the risk sore indicates that the transaction is more risky), then additional authentication of suspect consumer 902 will be performed. More specifically, TPS 910 initiates (e.g., transmits) a request to an additional authentication service 930, and the authentication service 930 performs an authentication challenge 932 of suspect consumer 902. In some embodiments under Verified Checkout, TPS 910 may include additional extension data 929 when initiating the request to additional authentication service 930, as described in reference to
In some embodiments, TPS 910 offers to individual merchants 24 and/or merchant banks 26 three options for transaction authentication 906 of CNP payment card transactions: (1) Basic Checkout; (2) Verified Checkout; and (3) Advanced Checkout. Basic Checkout offers a limited level of transaction authentication that does not include an option for additional authentication challenge of suspect consumer 902 (e.g., no 3DS step-up challenge), and thus no liability shift (i.e., the merchant retains liability for the subject transaction). Advanced Checkout, on the other hand, includes liability shift from the merchant, but may also prompt additional authentication challenge of suspect consumer 902. Verified Checkout is a middle ground between Basic and Advanced, in which suspect consumer 902 is only subject to additional authentication challenge if the subject transaction exceeds a certain risk threshold.
In the example embodiment, TPS 910 provides merchants and/or merchant acquiring banks three different check-out choices, along with tiers of risk scoring options. Different merchants may desire different liability responsibilities and/or different consumer experiences for their customers. For example, for some small merchants who conduct small numbers of transactions, every single transaction is important. Such a merchant may desire liability shift to issuers on most or all transactions. On the other hand, large merchants who conduct large numbers of transactions may accept a certain risk of fraudulent transactions in exchange for the expected benefit of not losing the abandoned transactions. As such, TPS 910 provides merchant value in the form of enabling merchants to balance between consumer experience and liability protection. In some embodiments, merchants may select Basic, Advanced, or Verified Checkout for different types of transactions. Merchant may configure a settings profile dictating what types of transactions are processed with which method.
In some embodiments, under Basic Checkout, TPS 910 does not provide additional a consumer authentication challenge option, and no liability shift to issuer is possible (e.g., liability stays with merchant). In such embodiments, RBD 920 may collect data, but may not score, or may only partially score the subject transaction (e.g., device-data only scoring). In some embodiments, a flag “NOTIFY” is provided as a part of the subject transaction, and serves as an indicator, to TPS 910 and/or RBD 920, what check-out choice the merchant has elected for this transaction. In some embodiments, NOTIFY prompts RBD 920 to record risk data (e.g, what card and/or device combination has been used) for future use and not score or only partially score the subject transaction. Thus, RBD 920 may not provide risk result 922 to merchant 24.
In some embodiments, under Verify Checkout, TPS 910 invokes RBD 920 to calculate risk result 922. RBD 920 may provide risk scoring as described above similar to RBD 750 (shown in
In some embodiments, under Advanced Checkout, TPS 910 ensures liability shift to the issuer. TPS 910 invokes RBD 920 to score the subject transaction. Suspect consumer 902 may or may not be challenged 932. If the issuer does not participate in scoring by RBD 920 (e.g., as explained above in reference to
In some embodiments, at least one of TPS 910 and RBD 920 is configured to store an indication of the party liable for the transaction, such that if a dispute arises about the transaction, the indication of liability may be recalled. For example, under Basic Checkout, as described above, the merchant may assume liability. At least one of TPS 910 and RBD 920 may store an indication of merchant liability for each transaction. Under Advanced Checkout, as described above, liability may shift to the issuer. At least one of TPS 910 and RBD 920 may store an indication of issuer liability for each transaction. Under Verified Checkout, as described above, the liability may remain with the merchant for certain (less risky) transactions, for which an indication of merchant liability may be stored, and liability may shift to the issuer for certain (riskier) transaction, for which an indication of issuer liability may be stored.
During the example transaction, at step 1010, suspect consumer 702 commences an online purchase with merchant 24 (e.g., selects a button on the merchant's web site indicating that the user is ready to check out). Suspect consumer 702 selects, for example, digital wallet 600 provided by a wallet provider 1002. At step 1015, the transaction proceeds to wallet provider 1002 (e.g., after suspect consumer 702 logs into digital wallet 600). At step 1020, wallet provider 1002 notifies merchant 24 of the login, and may provide data associated with digital wallet 600 (e.g., a selection of payment cards present available to suspect consumer 702 through digital wallet 600). At step 1025, merchant 24 (e.g., via the merchant's web site) displays data associated with digital wallet 600 to suspect consumer 702 (e.g., confirming login to wallet, and/or payment card selection information). Suspect consumer 702 selects a particular payment card (the “subject payment card”) to use with this transaction, and submits the transaction for processing.
At step 1030a, in the example embodiment, the transaction is sent to wallet provider 1002 who, at step 1035, transmits transaction information (e.g., payment information) and other information (e.g., digital wallet information 730) to a merchant plug-in (MPI) system 1004. In other embodiments, such as when a digital wallet is not used, the transaction is sent (e.g., step 1030b) directly to MPI 1004 along with at least transaction information.
MPI 1004 initiates an authentication process associated with the subject transaction. More specifically, in the example embodiment, MPI 1004 gathers various data associated with the transaction and initiates an authentication transaction for authenticating suspect consumer 702. In some embodiments, MPI 1004 is similar to transaction processing system 910 (shown in
Steps 1040, 1045, 1050, and 1055 represent an example authentication transaction 1042 under the 3DS protocol. In some embodiments, authentication transaction 1042 is similar to transaction authentication 906 (shown in
In the example embodiment, as a part of 3DS enrollment check, MPI 1004, network 28, and ACS 1006 utilize a non-critical extension to a 3DS VeReq message 1044 to pass fraud-related information to issuer 30 and/or ACS 1006. At step 1040, MPI 1004 generates VeReq message 1044 to include fraud-related data in an extension, and transmits VeReq message 1044 to a directory server 1008 associated with network 28. Directory server 1008 identifies issuer 30 and ACS 1006 by a primary account number (PAN) of the subject payment card and transmits VeReq message 1004 to ACS 1006. Issuer 30 and/or ACS 1006 extracts the fraud-related data (e.g., the extensions) from VeReq message 1044 for consideration when determining how to respond (e.g., the status given in a VeRes response message (not shown)).
Issuer 30, or ACS 1006 on behalf of issuer 30, may use the fraud-related data for many uses such as, for example, implementing their own risk-based decisioning system similar to RBD 750, 920. ACS 1006 determines a result of the enrollment check and, at steps 1050 and 155, responds with that result to directory server 1008 and back to MPI 1004. Based on the given result, the payment card transaction may be, for example, failed (e.g., if the subject payment card is ineligible for 3DS step-up authentication) or authenticated (e.g., receiving an AUTHENTICATION_COMPLETE message indicates that the issuer has sufficient data to authenticate the suspect consumer without any further interaction with the cardholder) or as requiring a challenge (e.g., receiving a CHALLENGE_REQUIRED message indicates that the issuer ACS has determined that the suspect consumer has to be challenged before proceeding with the transaction). In the example embodiment, a VeRes message (not shown in
In the example embodiment, the extension to VeReq message 1044 is an extended markup language (XML) section nested into (e.g., added into) a base VeReq message as defined by the 3DS protocol. The extension section is started with a “<Extension>” start-tag and ended with a “</Extension>” end-tag. For example, consider the following example:
The example VeReq message shown in Table 4 includes several fields that provide transaction data associated with the subject transaction, such as a primary account number at line (3), merchant information at lines (4) to (9) (e.g., a merchant ID, an acquirer BIN), and purchase information at lines (11) to (17) (e.g., a purchase amount and date). Further, the example VeReq message includes an extension section at lines (18) to (37). This extension section contains one or more elements of fraud-related information.
In the example embodiment, the extension section includes one or more sub-sections, or sections within the extension section. In the example shown in Table 4, the extension section includes two sub-sections: a <RiskDetermination> section from lines (20) to (24) (terminated by </RiskDetermination>) and a <Wallet> section from lines (25) to (37) (terminated by </Wallet>). Each of these sections embeds information associated with one or more aspects of risk scoring of the subject transaction. Each sub-section of the extension section is referred to herein by the extension sub-section's start-tag, for convenience. Further, it should be understood that the exact sub-section tag names used as examples herein are merely example tag names, and these tag name may vary within the scope of this disclosure.
In the example embodiment, the <RiskDetermination> section is directed to providing an overall risk score provided by a risk-based decisioning service such as RBD 750 or 920 (e.g., baseline recommendation 860 and/or risk result 752, both shown in
In the example embodiment, the <Wallet> section is directed to providing information associated with a digital wallet (e.g., dital wallet information 730 for digital wallet 600, both shown in
In the example embodiment, the <Wallet> section also includes a <transactionRefNumber> section representing a unique identifier (e.g., “wrozorkl225lskjo0oiu”) associated with the transaction and the wallet. <Wallet> also includes a <userProfileID> section representing a unique identifier (e.g., “abcxyz”) associated with the user account of the wallet. <Wallet> further includes a <userAuthenticationStrength> section representing an enumerated value indicating the login strength (e.g., “Excellent”) associated with the suspect consumer's authentication or login to the subject digital wallet. In some embodiments, this enumerated list includes “fraud”, “basic”, “good”, “excellent”, and “trusted”.
In the example embodiment, <Wallet> also includes a <userAccountAge> section representing a length of time (e.g., 565 days) the subject digital wallet has been active. <Wallet> further includes a <userConfidenceScore> representing a score or sub-score associated with how the suspect consumer authenticated with the subject digital wallet during this transaction and/or past transactions.
Further, in the example embodiment, <Wallet> also includes a <paymentCardAge> section representing a length of time the subject payment card has been associated with the subject digital wallet. <Wallet> also includes a <paymentCardValidationMethod> section. <Wallet> also includes a <deviceConfidencelevel> section representing a score or sub-score associated with the device accessing the subject wallet during the subject transaction (e.g., in some embodiments, device score 810).
In some embodiments, <Wallet> may also include a <score> section representing an overall transaction trust level score based on digital wallet information associated with the subject digital wallet as used in the subject transaction. For example, <score> may be an access method score 820 generated by RBD 750 using digital wallet information 730 as described and shown in relation to
In some embodiments, the <RiskDetermination> section also includes a <deviceTrustLevel> section that represents a score associated with the subject device used during the subject transaction. In some embodiments, the <deviceTrustLevel> includes one of an enumerated list that includes “fraud”, “basic”, “good”, “excellent”, and “trusted”. In some embodiments, the <deviceTrustLevel> is similar to device score 810 (shown in
Further, in some embodiments, the <RiskDetermination> section also includes a <sessionTrustLevel> section that represents a score associated with a trustworthiness of the login session associated with the subject payment card transaction. In some embodiments, <sessionTrustLevel> includes one of an enumerated list that includes “basic”, “good”, “excellent”, and “trusted”. In some embodiments, <sessionTrustLevel> is similar to session trust level 830 (shown in
In the example embodiment, database 1420 includes digital wallet data 1422, transaction data 1424, and device and payment card data 1426. In some embodiments, database 1420 is similar to database 120 (shown in
Computing device 1410 includes the database 1420, as well as data storage devices 1430. Computing device 1410 also includes a fraud scoring component 1440 for computing fraud scores (e.g., risk result 752). Computing device 1410 also includes an authentication component 1450 (e.g., authentication service 930, shown in
As will be appreciated based on the foregoing specification, the above-described embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented using computer programming or engineering techniques including computer software, firmware, hardware or any combination or subset thereof, wherein the technical effect is a flexible system for various aspects of fraud analysis of payment card transactions. Any such resulting program, having computer-readable code means, may be embodied or provided within one or more computer-readable media, thereby making a computer program product, i.e., an article of manufacture, according to the discussed embodiments of the disclosure. The computer-readable media may be, for example, but is not limited to, a fixed (hard) drive, diskette, optical disk, magnetic tape, semiconductor memory such as read-only memory (ROM), and/or any transmitting/receiving medium such as the Internet or other communication network or link. The article of manufacture containing the computer code may be made and/or used by executing the code directly from one medium, by copying the code from one medium to another medium, or by transmitting the code over a network.
These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications, “apps”, or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” “computer-readable medium” refers to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium,” however, do not include transitory signals. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.
This written description uses examples to disclose the disclosure, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the disclosure, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/720,309, filed May 22, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/051,150, filed Sep. 16, 2014, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62051150 | Sep 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14720309 | May 2015 | US |
| Child | 16805501 | US |
