Patent Grant
8973124
The subject matter disclosed herein relates to industrial control systems and, more particularly, to securing the operation of industrial control systems.
Industrial control systems, such as automated power generation systems (e.g., wind, water, and gas turbine systems) and automated manufacturing systems (e.g., petroleum refineries, chemical manufacturing plants, and the like) are a common feature of modern industry. For such industrial control systems, an industrial controller may generally control the operation of the system. For example, certain devices in the industrial control system (e.g., sensors, pumps, valves, actuators, and the like) may be controlled by, and may report data to, the industrial controller. Furthermore, the industrial controller may execute instructions (e.g., firmware and/or applications) that may generally enable the industrial controller to control the operation of the industrial control system (e.g., a gas turbine system). These instructions may be provided by the manufacturer of the industrial controller. For example, these instructions may be loaded onto the industrial controller before it is installed in the industrial control system. Additionally, industrial controller may offer several different methods of accessing and/or providing instructions to the industrial controller, such as via a network connection or a local port.
Certain embodiments commensurate in scope with the originally claimed invention are summarized below. These embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claimed invention, but rather these embodiments are intended only to provide a brief summary of possible forms of the invention. Indeed, the invention may encompass a variety of forms that may be similar to or different from the embodiments set forth below.
In an embodiment, a system includes an industrial controller having a memory and a processor configured to operate the industrial controller in an open mode, wherein the open mode is configured to enable the industrial controller to receive instructions via unauthenticated network connection or a local connection. The processor of the industrial controller is further configured to operate the industrial controller in a secure mode, wherein the secure mode is configured to enable the industrial controller to receive instructions only via an authenticated network connection.
In another embodiment, a method includes operating an industrial controller in an open mode, wherein the open mode includes allowing the industrial controller to communicate with a configuration tool using an unauthenticated network protocol. The method also includes receiving instructions from the configuration tool to operate the industrial controller in a secure more, wherein the secure mode includes restricting the industrial controller to communicate with the configuration tool using only an authenticated network protocol. The method also includes operating the industrial controller in a negotiation mode, wherein the negotiation mode includes acquiring a security certificate from a certificate authority and disabling unauthenticated network protocols. The method also includes operating the industrial controller in an authentication mode, wherein the authenticating mode includes establishing a certificate-authenticated connection between the industrial controller and the configuration tool. The method further includes operating the industrial controller in the secure mode.
In another embodiment, a tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium is configured to store instructions executable by a processor of an industrial controller. The instructions include instructions to disable communication to the industrial controller via unauthenticated network connections or via local ports. The instructions further include instruction to enable communication to the industrial controller via authenticated network connections. The instructions further include instructions to verify that an executable file stored on the computer-readable medium has not been altered before allowing the executable file to execute.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
One or more specific embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “executable file” and “binary file” may both generally refer to a computer-readable file that that includes instructions (e.g., binary instructions) that may be performed by a processor (e.g., the processor of an industrial controller). Furthermore, as used herein, the term “software developer” may generally refer to an organization which develops, maintains, and/or provides instructions in the form of source code and/or executable files to control the operation of industrial controllers. Also, as used herein, the term “whitelist” may refer to a file which includes a list identifying executable files that are authorized to run on an industrial controller. Additionally, the term “authorized” may be used herein to refer to an executable file that is verified to be from a trustworthy source (i.e., the software developer) and whose contents are verified as being the same as when it was provided by the trustworthy source.
It may generally be desirable to operate an industrial controller of an industrial control system in a secure mode. That is, it may generally be desirable to impose a number of restrictions on the typical behavior or operations of the industrial controller in order to improve the overall security of the industrial control system. For example, as set forth in detail below, operating the industrial controller in a secure mode may generally block the execution of unauthorized executable files and/or block access to the industrial controller by unauthorized persons or systems. Accordingly, the presently disclosed systems and methods enable the operation of an industrial controller in a secure mode, in which the secure mode generally blocks unauthorized access to the industrial controller. Additionally, the presently disclosed embodiments enable the industrial controller to move from an open mode (e.g., without restrictions) to the secure mode (e.g., with additional security restrictions) by gradually applying a number of security restrictions to the industrial controller. By enabling the industrial controller to operate in a secure mode that persists across the various activities of the industrial controller (e.g., power cycles and software upgrades), the presently disclosed embodiments generally provide an industrial control system having reduced risk of unauthorized access and/or the execution of unauthorized instructions.
With the foregoing in mind,
For the illustrated industrial control system 10, the field devices 16, 18, and 20 are communicatively coupled to the industrial controller 12 (e.g., via the network 14) while monitoring and controlling various aspects and parameters of the operation of the gas turbine system 22 (e.g., monitoring the temperature in a combustor of the gas turbine system, controlling the voltage output of an electrical generator coupled to a shaft of the gas turbine system, regulating a flow of a fuel into the combustor, controlling a steam input of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), and the like). It should be appreciated that the illustrated industrial control system 10 represents a simplified industrial control system, and that other industrial control systems may include any suitable number of industrial controllers 12, networks 14, networking devices, field devices, etc., to monitor and control portions of any automated system 22.
In the depicted embodiment, industrial controller 12 may use the network 14 for communicating with and controlling any one of the field devices 16, 18, or 20. For example, the industrial controller 12 may reside in an industrial plant and may be configured to adjust one or more process conditions related to the devices 16, 18, 20. The network 14 may be any electronic and/or wireless network suitable for enabling communications, and may include fiber media, twisted pair cable media, wireless communications hardware, Ethernet cable media (e.g., Cat-5, Cat-7), and the like. Further, the network 14 may include several sub-buses, such as a high speed Ethernet sub-bus suitable for connecting components of the industrial control system 10 at communication speeds of 100 MB/sec and upwards. Additionally, the network 14 may include an input/output (I/O) network, such as an I/O network conforming to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 standard. The network 14 may also include an H1 network sub-bus suitable for connecting components of the industrial control system 10 at communications speeds of approximately 31.25 Kb/sec. The sub-buses may intercommunicate with each other, for example, by using linking devices or gateways, such as those gateways available under the designation FG-100 provided by softing AG, of Haar, Germany, and/or I/O packs available from General Electric Co. of Schenectady, New York. Indeed, a number of interconnected sub-buses of the network 14 may be used to communicate amongst the components of the industrial control system 10.
The industrial controller 12, including memory 34 and processor 36, may execute instructions (e.g., binary instructions in executable files) to generally control the operation of the industrial control system 10. For example, the memory 34 of the industrial controller 34 may include one or more files including binary instructions that may be performed by the processor 36 in order to control and monitor the field devices 16, 18, and 20 disposed within portions of the gas turbine system 22. These executable files may, for example, be initially installed in the memory 34 of the industrial controller 12 by the manufacturer of the industrial controller 12 before the industrial controller 12 is installed in the industrial control system 10. Furthermore, the executable files stored in the memory 34 of the industrial controller 12 may occasionally be updated, for example, to augment the features of previous software versions as well as improve performance.
Also communicatively coupled to the industrial controller 12 (e.g., via the network 14 or another suitable network) is the device 24, including a memory 25 and a processor 26, which may host a human machine interface (HMI) system 27, a manufacturing execution system (MES) 28, a supervisor control and data acquisition (SCADA) system 29, a distributed control system (DCS) 30, or similar interface systems. In particular, in certain embodiments, the device 24 may host a configuration application or tool, such as ToolboxST™ (represented by element 32), available from General Electric Co., of Schenectady, New York. In general, the aforementioned systems may provide one or more interfaces by which a user may monitor and control the operation of the industrial controller 12. For example, the HMI 27 and/or the ToolboxST 32 may provide a user interface through which various parameters of the industrial control system 10 (e.g., stored in the memory 34 of the industrial controller 12) may be forced or set. By further example, the HMI 27 and/or the ToolboxST 32 may include an interface through which the various executable files stored in the memory 34 of the controller 12 may be updated to newer versions. In certain embodiments, the aforementioned systems may be hosted on a single device 24, while, in other embodiments, they may each be installed on one or more devices in the industrial control system 10.
Also, a security server 38 having a memory 40 and a processor 42 may be communicatively coupled to the industrial controller 12 and the device 24 (e.g., via the network 14 or another suitable network) and may host a certificate authority (CA) 44. The certificate authority 44 hosted by security server 38 may generally issue and revoke certificates among the industrial control system 10 to, for example, enable secure communications between the industrial controller 12 and device 24. It should be appreciated that, while only a single security server 38 and certificate authority 44 is illustrated in
Generally speaking, certificates are electronic documents that may use digital signatures to verify the identity of a certificate holder. For example, it may be desirable for the various components of the control system 10 to verify each other's identities using mutual authentication or other security techniques (e.g., two-factor authentication). In general, mutual authentication may refer to a first certificate holder (e.g., device 24) verifying the identity of a second certificate holder (e.g., industrial controller 12), and reciprocally, the second certificate holder subsequently verifying the identity of the first certificate holder (e.g., over the network 14). Accordingly, mutual authentication may reduce the likelihood of unauthorized use of the industrial control system 10.
As such, the disclosed embodiments include systems and methods suitable for securing communication to the industrial controller 12 through the use of mutual authentication (e.g., two-way authentication) using certificates. For example, as discussed in detail below, the device 24 (e.g., the HMI 27 or the ToolboxST 32 running on the device 24) and the industrial controller 12 may acquire respective certificates from the certificate authority 44. Then, for example, when the ToolboxST 32 wants to establish an authenticated communication channel to the industrial controller 12, the two devices may exchange their respective certificates as a part of verifying their respective identities. This authentication may generally reduce or eliminate the possibility of unauthorized use of the device 24 and/or the industrial controller 12. In addition, the device 24 may reciprocally verify the identity of the industrial controller 12 to further improve the security of the industrial control system 10. Furthermore, in addition to this authentication, certain embodiments may also enable the use of encryption to further secure the authenticated communication channel. That is, in certain embodiments, the industrial controller 12 and the device 24 may respectively use a portion of data (e.g., a public key) included in the other device's certificate to encrypt the communication contents so that these contents are not generally readable by other devices in the industrial control system 10.
In addition to securing communication, presently disclosed embodiments may utilize a whitelisting method to verify each executable file stored in the memory 34 of the industrial controller 12 prior to execution. For example, this whitelist file may include a collection of hash key values determined for the authorized executable files in a particular software release. That is, after each executable file is built (e.g., compiled), the executable file may be provided as input to a hash function (e.g., a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) hash function, a Message-Digest Algorithm (MD) hash function, a Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) hash function, or other suitable hash function) and the hash key value output associated with that executable file may be stored in the whitelist file (e.g., an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file). Furthermore, the whitelist file may be securely provided to the industrial controller (e.g., encrypted prior to packaging and/or transport and decrypted by the industrial controller). The industrial controller, prior to executing a particular executable file, may also provide the particular executable file to the same hash function (e.g., CRC, MD5, SHA-1, or other suitable hash function) and may subsequently determine if the hash key value output from the hash function is included in the whitelist file. If the hash key value is located in the whitelist file, the industrial controller may conclude that the particular executable file is authorized (e.g., from a trustworthy source and unaltered since it was built) and proceed with executing the executable file. If, however, the hash key value is not located in the whitelist file, the industrial controller may block the execution of the particular executable file, and may log the attempt at unauthorized execution. By using a whitelisting method in this manner, the industrial controller 12 may efficiently and simultaneously verify the identity and contents of each executable file prior to execution.
Accordingly, the presently disclosed embodiments may impose a number of security restrictions (e.g., in a step-wise fashion) to move the industrial controller 12 from an open mode of operation to a secure mode of operation.
In response to receiving the instructions from the configuration tool (e.g., ToolboxST 32 on device 24) to operate the industrial controller 12 in a secure mode, the industrial controller may switch to operating (block 56) in a negotiation mode. Generally speaking, during negotiation mode, the industrial controller 12 may generally prepare for secure mode operations. For example, turning to
Additionally, as part of the negotiation mode process 70, the industrial controller 12 may also block the execution (block 78) of files that lack a corresponding entry in the whitelist file. That is, as set forth above, present industrial controller 12 embodiments may receive an encrypted whitelist file along with executable files for a particular software release. Furthermore, one of the executable files (e.g., a startup executable file) may include a private key value that may be used to decrypt the whitelist file. Then, when a particular executable file attempts execution, the industrial controller 12 may compare a hash key value for the executable attempting execution to the hash key values listed in the decrypted whitelist file. If the hash key value for an executable file is not located in the whitelist file, it may be blocked from execution. It should also be appreciated that, during the negotiation process, the industrial controller 12 may also verify that any executable files that began execution prior to the industrial controller 12 entering negotiation mode are authorized as well. That is, the industrial controller 12 may perform a verification of the executable files for all executable files that are currently executing on the industrial controller 12 when the industrial controller 12 enters negotiation mode.
Returning to
Turning once more to
Technical effects of this disclosure include an improvement to the overall security of the industrial control system 10. That is, presently disclosed embodiments enable operating the industrial controller 12 in a secure mode that may generally block the execution of unauthorized executable files and/or block access to the industrial controller by unauthorized persons or systems. Additionally, the presently disclosed embodiments enable the industrial controller 12 to move from an open mode (e.g., without restrictions) to the secure mode (e.g., with additional security restrictions) by gradually applying a number of security restrictions to the industrial controller 12. By enabling the industrial controller 12 to operate in a secure mode that persists across the various activities of the industrial controller 12 (e.g., power cycles, software downloads, and/or software upgrades), the presently disclosed embodiments generally provide an industrial control system 10 having reduced risk of unauthorized access and/or the execution of unauthorized instructions.
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.
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