Patent Grant
9213840
1. Field
Innovations herein pertain to computer software and hardware, computer virtualization, computer security and/or data isolation, and/or the use of a separation kernel hypervisor (and/or hypervisor), such as to detect and/or process information, including notification(s) and other processing regarding code execution by guest software and which may include or involve guest operating system(s).
2. Description of Related Information
In computer systems with hypervisors supporting a guest operating system, there exist some means to monitor the guest operating system for malicious or errant activity.
In a virtualized environment, running under control of a hypervisor, a suitably authorized guest may be allowed to monitor the activities of another guest. Among the reasons for such monitoring are debugging and security. However, previous approaches may include various drawbacks, such as allowing guests to poll the memory and other information within the monitored guest.
However, due to the constantly evolving nature of malicious code, such systems face numerous limitations in their ability to detect and defeat malicious code. One major limitation is the inability of a hypervisor to defend itself against malicious code; e.g., the particular hypervisor may be subverted by malicious code and/or may allow malicious code in a guest operating system to proliferate between a plurality of guest operating systems in the system.
To solve that issue, the motivation and use of a Separation Kernel Hypervisor is introduced in environments with malicious code. The Separation Kernel Hypervisor, unlike a hypervisor, does not merely support a plurality of Virtual Machines (VMs), but supports more secure, more isolated mechanisms, including systems and mechanisms to monitor and defeat malicious code, where such mechanisms are isolated from the malicious code but are also have high temporal and spatial locality to the malicious code. For example, they are proximate to the malicious code, but incorruptible and unaffected by the malicious code.
Furthermore the Separation Kernel Hypervisor is designed and constructed from the ground-up, with security and isolation in mind, in order to provide security and certain isolation between a plurality of software entities (and their associated/assigned resources, e.g., devices, memory, etc.); by mechanisms which may include Guest Operating System Virtual Machine Protection Domains (secure entities established and maintained by a Separation Kernel Hypervisor to provide isolation in time and space between such entities, and subsets therein, which may include guest operating systems, virtualization assistance layers, and detection mechanisms); where such software entities (and their associated assigned resources, e.g., devices, memory, etc., are themselves isolated and protected from each other by the Separation Kernel Hypervisor, and/or its use of hardware platform virtualization mechanisms.
Additionally, where some hypervisors may provide mechanisms to communicate between the hypervisor and antivirus software, or monitoring agent, executing within a guest operating system, the hypervisor is not able to prevent corruption of the monitoring agent where the agent is within the same guest operating system; or the guest operating system (or any subset thereof, possibly including the antivirus software, and/or monitoring agent) may be corrupted and/or subverted.
Finally, while some known systems and methods include implementations involving virtualized assistance layers and separation kernel hypervisors to handle various malicious code intrusions, however the present disclosure is directed to innovations for handling and/or intercepting various certain specified attacks, such as those related to APIs of interest.
Overview of Some Aspects
Systems, methods, computer readable media and articles of manufacture consistent with innovations herein are directed to computer virtualization, computer security and/or data isolation, and/or the use of a Separation Kernel Hypervisor (and/or hypervisor), such as to detect, process information and/or provide notification regarding code execution associated with specified interfaces or memory locations, such as Application Program Interfaces (APIs) of interest, by guest software and which may include or involve guest operating system(s). Information may further be obtained regarding the context of such code execution. Here, for example, certain implementations may include a suitably authorized guest running under control of a hypervisor and involving features of being immediately notified of another guest executing code at specified physical memory location(s) or involving specified interfaces. Upon access, the monitoring guest may be provided with execution context information from the monitored guest.
According to some illustrative implementations, innovations herein may utilize and/or involve a separation kernel hypervisor which may include the use of a guest operating system virtual machine protection domain, a virtualization assistance layer, and/or a code execution detection mechanism (which may be proximate in temporal and/or spatial locality to subject code, but isolated from it). Such implementations may be utilized, inter alia, for detection and/or notification of code execution by guest software involving specified memory locations or interfaces, such as APIs of interest. In some implementations, for example, a suitably authorized guest may obtain immediate notification if another guest it is monitoring executes code calling, involving or otherwise associated with the specified locations or interfaces. Upon such access, the monitoring guest may be provided with execution context information from the monitored guest. Further, the monitored guest may be paused until the monitoring guest provides a new execution context to the monitored guest, whereupon the monitored guest resumes execution with the new context.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the inventions, as described. Further features and/or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, the present inventions may be directed to various combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and subcombinations of several further features disclosed below in the detailed description.
The accompanying drawings, which constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various implementations and features of the present innovations and, together with the description, explain aspects of the inventions herein. In the drawings:
Reference will now be made in detail to the inventions herein, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The implementations set forth in the following description do not represent all implementations consistent with the inventions herein. Instead, they are merely some examples consistent with certain aspects related to the present innovations. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
To solve one or more of the drawbacks mentioned above and/or other issues, implementations herein may relate to various detection, monitoring, notification(s), interception and/or prevention techniques, systems, and mechanisms, as may be used with a separation kernel hypervisor. Among other things, such systems and methods may include and/or involve the use of the monitoring of the entirety, or suitably configured subset thereof of guest operating system resources including virtualized resources, and/or “physical” or “pass-through” resources. Examples include monitoring of the virtual CPUs, its memory access attempts to execute code at specified memory or involving specified interfaces, such as monitoring APIs of interest.
With regard to certain implementations, in order to perform such advanced monitoring in a manner that maintains suitable performance characteristics in a system that may include a separation kernel hypervisor and a guest operating system, mechanisms such as a separation kernel hypervisor, a guest operating system virtual machine protection domain, virtual machine assistance layer, and/or code execution detection mechanisms, may be used to monitor a monitored guest on a corresponding guest operating system.
Systems and methods are disclosed for detecting and/or notifying executed code by guest software and which may include or involve guest operating system(s). According to some implementations, for example, a suitably authorized guest running under control of a hypervisor may request that it be notified of another guest executing code at a specified physical memory location. Features of real-time notification of, and action(s) regarding obtaining an execution context are provided to the monitoring guest upon access by the monitored guest to executed code at specific physical memory locations. Here, monitoring may also be performed in a timely and expeditious fashion, including by virtue of the monitoring context being proximate (in time and space) to the monitored context. Additionally, isolation may be maintained between the monitor and monitored context. Further, such monitoring may be performed by mechanisms providing a wide and comprehensive set of monitoring techniques and resources under monitoring, inter alia, so as to monitor against threats which are multi-lateral and/or multi-dimensional in nature.
According to some implementations, for example, a hypervisor is configured to allow a guest (monitoring guest) to request notifications of code execution by another guest (monitored guest). The monitoring guest requests that a set of physical memory locations be monitored for code execution, and the execution context data be returned on such access. The Virtualization Assistance Layer (VAL) in the Monitored Guest maps (e.g., remaps, unmaps) those physical APIs containing those locations as non-executable. This is distinct from the Monitored Guest's notion of API mappings. When software in the Monitored Guest attempts to execute code in such an API, control transitions to the VAL. The VAL determines that the address being executed is part of the set to be monitored. The VAL notifies the monitoring guest of the access and provides the monitoring guest with the execution context data as configured for that access. The Monitored Guest is allowed to continue operation as though the API has always been mapped executable.
According to some implementations, for example, a Separation Kernel Hypervisor (SKH) ensures the isolation of multiple guest Operating Systems each in its own Virtual Machine (VM). The SKH may implement a mechanism whereby a suitably authorized Monitoring Guest sends a list of memory locations to be monitored for another guest. Furthermore, each of the physical memory locations may be associated with a specification for the execution context information to be obtained upon access to the memory location(s). The SKH may send to the other guests the specification for the execution context information associated with the list of memory locations. A Virtualization Assistance Layer of software runs within the same protection domain as the guest Virtual Machine but is not directly accessible by the guest. A Virtualization Assistance Layer implements a virtual motherboard containing a virtual CPU and memory. The VAL and mechanism may process exceptions caused by non-executable API execution attempts by its associated guest virtual machine. The VAL may determine whether the memory address accessed is one of those specified in the list of physical memory locations sent to another guest. The VAL may send a notification of the memory access and associated context information to the requesting guest.
Systems and methods are disclosed for providing secure information monitoring. According to some implementations, for example, such information monitoring may be provided from a context not able to be bypassed, tampered with or by the context under monitoring. Here, monitoring may also be performed in a timely and expeditious fashion, including by virtue of the monitoring context being proximate (in time and space) to the monitored context. Additionally, isolation may be maintained between the monitor and monitored context. Further, such monitoring may be performed by mechanisms providing a wide and comprehensive set of monitoring techniques and resources under monitoring, inter alia, so as to monitor against threats which are multi-lateral and/or multi-dimensional in nature.
In one exemplary implementation, there is provided a method of secure domain isolation, whereby an execution context within a virtual machine may monitor another execution context within that virtual machine or another virtual machine, in a manner maintaining security and isolation between such contexts. Innovations herein also relate to provision of these contexts such that neither/none can necessarily corrupt, affect, and/or detect the other.
Moreover, systems and methods herein may include and/or involve a virtual machine which is augmented to form a more secure virtual representation of the native hardware platform for a particular execution context. And such implementations may also include a virtual representation which is augmented with a wide and deep variety of built-in detection, notification(s) and monitoring mechanisms, wherein secure isolation between the domains or virtual machines is maintained.
In general, aspects of the present innovations may include, relate to, and/or involve one or more of the following aspects, features and/or functionality. Systems and methods herein may include or involve a separation kernel hypervisor. According to some implementations, a software entity in hypervisor context that partitions the native hardware platform resources, in time and space, in an isolated and secure fashion may be utilized. Here, for example, embodiments may be configured for partitioning/isolation as between a plurality of guest operating system virtual machine protection domains (e.g., entities in a hypervisor guest context).
The separation kernel hypervisor may host a plurality of guest operating system virtual machine protection domains and may host a plurality of mechanisms including detection mechanisms which may execute within such guest operating system virtual machine protection domains. The detection mechanisms may execute in an environment where guest operating systems cannot tamper with, bypass, or corrupt the detection mechanisms. The detection mechanisms may also execute to increase temporal and spatial locality of the guest operating system's resources. Further, in some implementations, the detection mechanisms may execute in a manner that is not interfered with, nor able to be interfered with, nor corrupted by other guest operating system virtual machine protection domains including their corresponding guest operating systems. The detection mechanisms include, but are not limited to, performing one or more of the following actions on guest operating systems related to guest code execution at specified memory location(s), such as access to APIs of interest including sensitive memory regions, and/or actions in response thereto.
Where monitoring may include, but is not limited to, actions pertaining to observation, detection, mitigation, prevention, tracking, modification, reporting upon, of memory access within and/or by a guest operating system and/or by entities configured to perform such monitoring for purposes which may be used to ascertain, and assist in ascertaining, when suspect code, and/or code under general monitoring or instrumented execution/debugging, unit test, regression test, or similar scrutiny, is or may be operating at specified memory location(s); or, therein, hiding and/or concealed, halted, stalled, infinitely looping, making no progress beyond its intended execution, stored and/or present (either operating or not), once-active (e.g., extinct/not present, but having performed suspect and/or malicious action), and otherwise having been or being in a position to adversely and/or maliciously affect the hypervisor guest, or resource under control of the hypervisor guest.
The term “map” or “mapped” shall broadly mean: setting a memory page with any of the following properties applied to it (as set and enforced by the hardware MMU via the SKH): mapped (present), executable, readable, writeable.
The term “unmap” or “unmapped” shall broadly mean: setting a memory page with any of the following properties applied to it (as set and enforced by the hardware MMU via the SKH): unmapped (non-present), non-executable, non-readable, non-writeable.
The separation kernel hypervisor 100 may also support the execution of a plurality of guest operating system virtual machine protection domains, e.g., 200 to 299 in
According to some implementations, in terms of the sequence of establishment, after the native hardware platform resources 600 boot the system, execution is transitioned to the separation kernel hypervisor 100. The separation kernel hypervisor 100 then creates and executes a guest operating system virtual machine protection domain 200, or a plurality of guest operating system virtual machine protection domains, e.g., 200 to 299 in
Consistent with aspects of the present implementations, it is within a guest operating system virtual machine protection domain that a guest operating system may execute. Further, it is within a guest operating system virtual machine protection domain that code execution detection mechanisms may also execute, e.g., in a fashion isolated from any guest operating system which may also execute within that same guest operating system virtual machine protection domain, or in other guest operating system virtual machine protection domains.
The guest operating system 300 and the virtualization assistance layer 400 (which may include code execution detection mechanism(s) 500) are isolated from each other by the separation kernel hypervisor 100. In implementations herein, the guest operating system 300 cannot tamper with, bypass, or corrupt the virtualization assistance layer 400, nor can it tamper with, bypass or corrupt the code execution detection mechanisms 500. Since the code execution detection mechanisms 500 are isolated from the guest operating system 300, the code execution detection mechanisms 500 are able to act on a portion of (or the entirety, depending on policy and configuration) of the guest operating system 300 and its assigned resources in a manner that is (a) is transparent to the guest operating system 300 and (b) not able to be tampered with by the guest operating system 300 or its assigned resources (e.g., errant and/or malicious device DMA originated by devices assigned to the guest operating system 300), and (c) not able to be bypassed by the guest operating system 300. For example, the code execution detection mechanisms 500, within the given virtualization assistance layer 400, may read and/or modify portions of the guest operating system 300 and resources to which the Guest Operating System 300 has been granted access (by the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100), while none of the Guest Operating System 300 nor the resources to which has access may modify any portion of the code execution detection mechanisms 500 and/or virtualization assistance layer 400.
By having a given virtualization assistance layer 400 and a given Guest Operating System 300 within the within the same Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 200, isolated from each other by the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100, various benefits, non-penalties, or mitigation of penalties, such as the following, may be conferred to the system at large and to the code execution detection mechanisms 500:
Increased Spatial and Temporal Locality of Data
By being contained within the same Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 300, the virtualization assistance layer 200, and/or corresponding private (local) code execution detection mechanisms 500 existing in that same Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 300, have greater access, such as in time and space, to the resources of the Guest Operating System 300 than would entities in other guest virtual machine protection domains or other Guest Operating Systems; e.g., the subject guest virtual machine protection domain has faster responsiveness and/or has lower latency than if processed in another guest virtual machine protection domain. Though such resources are still accessed in a manner that is ultimately constrained by the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100, there is less indirection and time/latency consumed in accessing the resources:
In one illustrative case, the code execution detection mechanisms 500 private (local) to a given Guest virtualization assistance layer 200 and its associated Guest Operating System 300 can react faster to code execution physical memory access issues, and not need to wait on actions from another entity in another guest virtual machine protection domain 200 or guest operating system 300 (which may themselves have high latency, be corrupted, unavailable, poorly scheduled, or subject to a lack of determinism and/or resource constraint, or improper policy configuration, etc.).
Here, for example, if a Guest Operating System 300 was to monitor a Guest Operating System 399 located within another Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 107, it would encounter penalties in time and space for accessing that Guest Operating System and its resources; furthermore, there is increased code, data, scheduling, and/or security policy complexity to establish and maintain such a more complex system; such increases in complexity and resources allow for more bugs in the implementation, configuration, and/or security policy establishment and maintenance.
Scalability and Parallelism
Each Guest Operating System 300 may have a virtualization assistance layer 200, and code execution detection mechanisms 500, that are private (local) to the Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 200 that contains both that Guest Operating System 300, the virtualization assistance layer 400, and the code execution detection mechanisms.
Fault Isolation, Low Level of Privilege, Defense in Depth, Locality of Security Policy, and Constraint of Resource Access
Here, for example, relative to the extremely high level of privilege of the separation kernel hypervisor 100, the virtualization assistance layer 400, the code execution detection mechanism 500, and the Guest Operating System 300 within the same Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 200 are only able to act on portions of that Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 200 (subject to the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100) and not portions of other Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domains (nor their contained or assigned resources).
Subject to the isolation guarantees provided by the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100, the virtualization assistance layer 400 accesses only the resources of the Guest Operating System 300 within the same Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 200 and that virtualization assistance layer 400 is not able to access the resources of other Guest Operating Systems.
As such, if there is corruption (bugs, programmatic errors, malicious code, code and/or data corruption, or other faults, etc.) within a given Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 200 they are isolated to that Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 200. They do not affect other Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domains 299 nor do they affect the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100. This allows the Separation Kernel Hypervisor to act upon (e.g., instantiate, maintain, monitor, create/destroy, suspend, restart, refresh, backup/restore, patch/fix, import/export etc.) a plurality of Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domains 200 and their corresponding virtualization assistance layer 400 and code execution detection mechanisms 500 (or even Guest Operating Systems 300) without corruption of the most privileged execution context of the system, the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100.
Similarly, the faults that may occur within a virtualization assistance layer 400 or the code execution detection mechanisms 500 (e.g., by corruption of software during delivery) are contained to the Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain 200 and do not corrupt any other Guest Virtual Machine Protection Domain; nor do they corrupt the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100.
Furthermore, the faults within a Guest Operating System 300 are contained to that Guest Operating System 300, and do not corrupt either the virtualization assistance layer 400 or the code execution detection mechanisms 500.
For example, in
With regard to other exemplary implementations, as may be appreciated in connection with
With regard to another illustration, again with reference to
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In general, referring to
Furthermore, in the examples above and other cases, such corruption of the guest operating system 300, and the resources to which it has access, do not corrupt the code execution detection mechanisms 500, the virtualization assistance layer 400, the guest virtual machine protection domain 200, or plurality of other such resources in the system (e.g., other guest virtual machine protection domains 299), or the separation kernel hypervisor 100.
In some implementations, the code execution detection mechanisms 500, in conjunction with the virtualization assistance layer 400, and the separation kernel hypervisor 100, may utilize various methods and mechanisms such as the following, given by way of illustration and example but not limitation, to act with and upon its associated guest operating system 300 the resources assigned to the guest operating system 300, and the systems behavior generated thereto and/or thereby.
Such resources, explained here by way of example, not limitation, may include a subset of (a) hardware platform resources 600, virtualized hardware platform resources (hardware platform resources 600 subject to further constraint by the separation kernel hypervisor 100, the hardware CPU virtualization protection mechanisms 602, and/or the hardware virtualization DMA protection mechanisms 601), and execution time on a CPU 700 (or a plurality of CPUs, e.g., 700 to 731) (scheduling time provided by the separation kernel hypervisor 100), and space (memory 900 provided by the separation kernel hypervisor) within which the guest operating system 300 may instantiate and utilize constructs of the particular guest operating system 300, such as a privileged (“kernel” space) modes of execution, non-privileged (“user” space) modes of execution, code and data for each such mode of execution (e.g., processes, tasks, threads, interrupt handlers, drivers, signal handlers, inter process communication mechanisms, shared memory, shared APIs between such entities/contexts/modes, etc.
The virtualization assistance layer 400 and/or the code execution detection mechanisms 500 may also use an export API 509 and/or an import API 599 (as may be configured and governed by the separation kernel hypervisor 100), in order to provide secure communication between a plurality of virtualization assistance layers (e.g., virtualization assistance layers 400 to 499) and/or a plurality of code execution detection mechanisms (e.g., code execution detection mechanisms 500 to 599).
Innovations set forth herein, as also described in additional detail elsewhere herein via notation to the reference numerals in the description below, reside around various interrelated functionality of the following features or aspects: (i) a separation kernel hypervisor that ensures the isolation of multiple guest operating systems each in its own virtual machine (VM); (ii) a separation kernel hypervisor as in (i) that implements a mechanism whereby a suitably authorized guest is configured to send a list of physical memory locations to be watched to another guest; (iii) a separation kernel hypervisor as in (i) that implements a mechanism whereby each of the physical memory locations in (ii) is associated with a specification for what execution context information is to be obtained on access to that location; (iv) a separation kernel hypervisor as in (i) that implements a mechanism whereby the specifications associated with the list of memory locations in (ii) can be sent to the other guest as in (ii); (v) a virtualization assistance layer (VAL) of software that runs within the same protection domain as the guest Virtual Machine but is not directly accessible by the guest; (vi) a virtualization assistance layer as in (vi) that implements a virtual motherboard containing a virtual CPU and memory; (vii) a VAL as in (vi) that implements a mechanism to map physical memory pages as non-executable; (viii) a VAL as in (vi) that processes exceptions caused by non-executable page execution attempts by its associated guest virtual machine; (ix) a VAL as in (vi) that implements a mechanism to determine whether the address accessed is one of those specified in (ii); (x) a VAL as in (vi) that can send a notification of the memory access and associated context information as in (iii) to the requesting guest; (xi) a VAL as in (vi) that can pause the execution of its virtual machine; and/or (xii) a VAL as in (vi) that can resume the execution of its virtual machine.
Systems and mechanisms, and example embodiments, of the code execution detection mechanisms 500 may include:
1. Monitoring of CPU (and CPU cache based) guest OS memory access (originated from a plurality of resources available to the guest operating system 300 (in
The virtualization assistance layer 400, code execution detection mechanisms 500, and/or the separation kernel hypervisor 100 may use feedback mechanisms between themselves to recognize and monitor patterns of guest operating system 300 memory access; not strictly one-off memory access attempts.
The monitoring of guest operating system 300 memory access includes, but is not limited to, constructs in guest operating system 300 memory (including the resources in the guest operating system 300 in
The virtualization assistance layer 400, code execution detection mechanisms 500, and/or the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100 may use feedback mechanisms between themselves to recognize and monitor patterns of Guest Operating System 300 DMA access to memory; not strictly one-off access attempts.
Illustrative aspects, here, are shown in
2. Monitoring of specific Guest Operating System 300 instruction execution attempts, and/or specific instruction sequence execution attempts.
For all such attempts by the Guest Operating System 300, the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100 (when configured to do so, or via feedback receive from the virtualization assistance layer 400 and/or the code execution detection mechanisms 500) may trap such access attempts, then pass associated data of that trap to the virtualization assistance layer 400 and/or code execution detection mechanisms 500.
The virtualization assistance layer 400 and/or the code execution detection mechanisms 500 can respond to such instruction sequences; including, but not limited to, recognition of a significant fraction of a given sequence, then prevent/block the final instructions of the malicious sequence from execution.
Illustrative aspects, here, are shown in
Turning to the illustrative implementations/aspects of
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The detection mechanisms may transition execution to the VAL 1035 with a request that the page of memory the GuestOS had attempted to access be remapped (mapped as accessible) to the GuestOS at step 1030.
The VAL may then transition execution to the SKH with a request that the page of memory the GuestOS had attempted to access be remapped (mapped as accessible) to the GuestOS at step 1040. The SKH executes a policy decision at step 1045 to allow or deny the request that the page of memory the GuestOS had attempted to access be remapped (mapped as accessible) to the GuestOS. In an exemplary embodiment, the SKH allows the request to map the memory page as accessible to the GuestOS.
The SKH may transition execution back to the VAL at step 1050 with a message that the memory page that the GuestOS had attempted to access has been remapped (mapped as accessible) to the GuestOS. The VAL transitions execution back to the detection mechanisms 1020 at step 1055 with a message that the memory page that the GuestOS had attempted to access has been remapped (mapped as accessible) to the GuestOS.
At step 1060, the detection mechanisms 1020 execute a policy decision to either allow or deny the GuestOS to complete the execution of the command/instruction that the GuestOS had attempted which had triggered the GuestOS access attempt to the memory page.
At step 1065, the detection mechanisms 1020 determine to allow the GuestOS to complete execution of the command/instruction that the GuestOS had attempted which had triggered the GuestOS access attempt to the memory page. The detection mechanisms then transition execution to the VAL 1035.
At step 1070, the VAL 1035 then transitions execution to the SKH with a request to allow the GuestOS to complete execution command/instruction that the GuestOS had attempted which had triggered the GuestOS access attempt to the memory page. The SKH executes a policy decision at step 1072 to allow or deny the GuestOS to complete execution of the command/instruction that the GuestOS had attempted which had triggered the GuestOS access attempt to the memory page. In this example, the SKH allows the GuestOS to complete the execution of that command/instruction. At step 1074, the SKH securely transition execution to the GuestOS. At step 1076, the GuestOS completes execution of the command/instruction that the GuestOS had attempted which triggered the GuestOS access attempt to the memory page. At step 1078, the protection mechanisms provided by the SKH trigger a transition back to the SKH immediately after completion of the GuestOS command/instruction.
At step 1080, the SKH transitions execution back to the VAL 1035, with a message that the GuestOS has completed execution of the command/instruction that the GuestOS had attempted which had triggered the GuestOS access attempt to the memory page. At step 1082, the VAL 1035 transitions execution to the detection mechanisms 1020 with a message that the GuestOS has completed execution of the command/instruction that the GuestOS had attempted which had triggered the GuestOS access attempt to the memory page. At step 1084, the detection mechanisms 1020 determine whether to map the memory page as nonexecutable again. At step 1086, the detection mechanisms 1020 make a transition back to the VAL via any of the control paths including step 600 (from
At a high level, as may apply to the above examples, the Actions taken on monitored activity may include policy based actions taken by, and/or coordinated between, the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100, virtualization assistance layer 400, and/or code execution detection mechanisms 500 Such actions may include, but are not limited to any of the following: (1) preventing the monitored activity; (2) allowing the monitored activity; (3) allowing the monitored activity, with instrumentation, and/or partial blocking. It may be that certain sub-sets of the activity are permissible (by configuration policy), and that a portion of the activity may be allowed and a portion blocked and/or substituted with a harmless surrogate; such as insertion of no-ops in malicious code to render malicious code inert. This may include run-time patching of CPU state of a guest operating system 300, and/or any resources of the guest operating system 300; (4) reporting on the monitored activity, possibly exporting reports to other software in the system, or on remote systems; and/or (5) performing replay of the monitored activity.
With regard to (5), performing replay of the monitored activity, in Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100 configurations supporting rewind of guest operating system 300 state, the state of the guest operating system 300 can be rewound and the monitored activity can be replayed and re-monitored (to a degree); e.g., if the code execution detection mechanisms 500 requires more systems resources, and/or to map more context of the guest operating system 300, the code execution detection mechanisms 500 may request a rewind, request more resources, then request the replay of the monitored activity; so that the code execution detection mechanisms 500 may perform analysis of the monitored activity with the advantage of more resources. Systems and methods of monitoring activity, as may be utilized by the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100, virtualization assistance layer 400, and/or code execution detection mechanisms 500; for activities which may include guest operating system 300 activities, and/or Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100, virtualization assistance layer 400, and/or code execution detection mechanisms 500 activities (such as feedback between such components), including those activities which may cause transition to the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100, virtualization assistance layer 400, and/or code execution detection mechanisms 500 include (but are not limited to): Synchronous, bound to a specific instruction stream and/or sequence within a processor, CPU, or platform device and/or ABI, certain elements of which can be used to trap and/or transition to/from the hypervisor. For example, instructions which induce trapping. Such events may be generated by the Separation Kernel Hypervisor 100, virtualization assistance layer 400, and/or code execution detection mechanisms 500.
The innovations and mechanisms herein may also provide or enable means by which software and/or guest operating system vulnerabilities, including improper use of CPU interfaces, specifications, and/or ABIs may be detected and/or prevented; including cases where software vendors have implemented emulation and/or virtualization mechanisms improperly.
Implementations and Other Nuances
The innovations herein may be implemented via one or more components, systems, servers, appliances, other subcomponents, or distributed between such elements. When implemented as a system, such system may comprise, inter alia, components such as software modules, general-purpose CPU, RAM, etc. found in general-purpose computers, and/or FPGAs and/or ASICs found in more specialized computing devices. In implementations where the innovations reside on a server, such a server may comprise components such as CPU, RAM, etc. found in general-purpose computers.
Additionally, the innovations herein may be achieved via implementations with disparate or entirely different software, hardware and/or firmware components, beyond that set forth above. With regard to such other components (e.g., software, processing components, etc.) and/or computer-readable media associated with or embodying the present inventions, for example, aspects of the innovations herein may be implemented consistent with numerous general purpose or special purpose computing systems or configurations. Various exemplary computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the innovations herein may include, but are not limited to: software or other components within or embodied on personal computers, appliances, servers or server computing devices such as routing/connectivity components, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, consumer electronic devices, network PCs, other existing computer platforms, distributed computing environments that include one or more of the above systems or devices, etc.
In some instances, aspects of the innovations herein may be achieved via logic and/or logic instructions including program modules, executed in association with such components or circuitry, for example. In general, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular instructions herein. The inventions may also be practiced in the context of distributed circuit settings where circuitry is connected via communication buses, circuitry or links. In distributed settings, control/instructions may occur from both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
Innovative software, circuitry and components herein may also include and/or utilize one or more type of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that is resident on, associable with, or can be accessed by such circuits and/or computing components. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and other non-transitory media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and can accessed by computing component. Other non-transitory media may comprise computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data embodying the functionality herein, in various non-transitory formats. Combinations of the any of the above are also included within the scope of computer readable media.
In the present description, the terms component, module, device, etc. may refer to any type of logical or functional circuits, blocks and/or processes that may be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, the functions of various circuits and/or blocks can be combined with one another into any other number of modules. Each module may even be implemented as a software program stored on a tangible memory (e.g., random access memory, read only memory, CD-ROM memory, hard disk drive, etc.) to be read by a central processing unit to implement the functions of the innovations herein. Or, the modules can comprise programming instructions transmitted to a general purpose computer, to processing/graphics hardware, and the like. Also, the modules can be implemented as hardware logic circuitry implementing the functions encompassed by the innovations herein. Finally, the modules can be implemented using special purpose instructions (SIMD instructions), field programmable logic arrays or any mix thereof which provides the desired level performance and cost.
As disclosed herein, features consistent with the present inventions may be implemented via computer-hardware, software and/or firmware. For example, the systems and methods disclosed herein may be embodied in various forms including, for example, a data processor, such as a computer that also includes a database, digital electronic circuitry, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Further, while some of the disclosed implementations describe specific hardware components, systems and methods consistent with the innovations herein may be implemented with any combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Moreover, the above-noted features and other aspects and principles of the innovations herein may be implemented in various environments. Such environments and related applications may be specially constructed for performing the various routines, processes and/or operations according to the invention or they may include a general-purpose computer or computing platform selectively activated or reconfigured by code to provide the necessary functionality. The processes disclosed herein are not inherently related to any particular computer, network, architecture, environment, or other apparatus, and may be implemented by a suitable combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. For example, various general-purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with teachings of the invention, or it may be more convenient to construct a specialized apparatus or system to perform the required methods and techniques.
Aspects of the method and system described herein, such as the logic, may also be implemented as functionality programmed into any of a variety of circuitry, including programmable logic devices (“PLDs”), such as field programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”), programmable array logic (“PAL”) devices, electrically programmable logic and memory devices and standard cell-based devices, as well as application specific integrated circuits. Some other possibilities for implementing aspects include: memory devices, microcontrollers with memory (such as EEPROM), embedded microprocessors, firmware, software, etc. Furthermore, aspects may be embodied in microprocessors having software-based circuit emulation, discrete logic (sequential and combinatorial), custom devices, fuzzy (neural) logic, quantum devices, and hybrids of any of the above device types. The underlying device technologies may be provided in a variety of component types, e.g., metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (“MOSFET”) technologies like complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”), bipolar technologies like emitter-coupled logic (“ECL”), polymer technologies (e.g., Silicon-conjugated polymer and metal-conjugated polymer-metal structures), mixed analog and digital, and so on.
It should also be noted that the various logic and/or functions disclosed herein may be enabled using any number of combinations of hardware, firmware, and/or as data and/or instructions embodied in various machine-readable or computer-readable media, in terms of their behavioral, register transfer, logic component, and/or other characteristics. Computer-readable media in which such formatted data and/or instructions may be embodied include, but are not limited to, non-volatile storage media in various forms (e.g., optical, magnetic or semiconductor storage media), though do not include transitory media such as carrier waves.
Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in a sense of “including, but not limited to.” Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number respectively. Additionally, the words “herein,” “hereunder,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. When the word “or” is used in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list and any combination of the items in the list.
Although certain presently preferred implementations of the inventions have been specifically described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the inventions pertain that variations and modifications of the various implementations shown and described herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventions. Accordingly, it is intended that the inventions be limited only to the extent required by the applicable rules of law.
This application claims benefit/priority of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/993,291, filed May 15, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference in entirety.
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