Patent Grant
11572774
The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for operating a dual-shaft gas turbine engine for hydraulic fracturing and, more particularly, to systems and methods for operating a dual-shaft gas turbine engine to pump fracturing fluid into a wellhead.
Hydraulic fracturing is an oilfield operation that stimulates production of hydrocarbons, such that the hydrocarbons may more easily or readily flow from a subsurface formation to a well. For example, a hydraulic fracturing system may fracture a formation by pumping a fracturing fluid into a well at high pressure and high flow rates. Some fracturing fluids may take the form of a slurry including water, proppants, and/or other additives, such as thickening agents and/or gels. The slurry may be forced via one or more pumps into the formation at rates faster than can be accepted by the existing pores, fractures, faults, or other spaces within the formation. As a result, pressure may build rapidly to the point where the formation may fail and may begin to fracture. By continuing to pump the fracturing fluid into the formation, existing fractures in the formation are caused to expand and extend in directions farther away from a well bore, thereby creating additional flow paths for hydrocarbons to flow to the well bore. The proppants may serve to prevent the expanded fractures from closing or may reduce the extent to which the expanded fractures contract when pumping of the fracturing fluid is ceased. Once the formation is fractured, large quantities of the injected fracturing fluid are allowed to flow out of the well, and the production stream of hydrocarbons may be obtained from the formation.
Prime movers may be used to supply power to hydraulic fracturing pumps for pumping the fracturing fluid into the formation. For example, internal combustion engines may each be mechanically connected to a corresponding hydraulic fracturing pump and operated to drive the hydraulic fracturing pump. The prime mover, hydraulic fracturing pump, and auxiliary components associated with the prime mover and hydraulic fracturing pump may be connected to a common platform or trailer for transportation and set-up as a hydraulic fracturing unit at the site of a fracturing operation, which may include up to a dozen or more of such hydraulic fracturing units operating together to perform the fracturing operation.
Hydraulic fracturing units have traditionally used diesel engines as the prime movers to drive the hydraulic fracturing pumps. In order to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel, a recent trend has developed for using electrically-powered fracturing pumps. For example, a gas turbine engine may be used to drive an electric generator, which supplies power to electric motors used to drive the hydraulic fracturing pumps. Such systems may result in the production of power using cleaner energy sources relative to the combustion of diesel fuel, thereby reducing undesirable emissions. However, the deployment and use of electrically-powered fracturing units may suffer from possible drawbacks.
For example, in order to supply electric power in an amount sufficient to operate the large number of hydraulic fracturing pumps that may often be required to successfully complete a fracturing operation, the gas turbine engine may need to be extremely large. Because fracturing equipment must often be transported to a relatively remote wellsite and be assembled on-site, the assembly and preparation of a sufficiently large gas turbine engine may be cumbersome and complex, for example, often requiring the assembly of large components, such as the exhaust and intake systems, as well as connection of numerous and complex electrical components across the fracturing site. Moreover, using a single gas turbine engine to generate electrical power and transfer of the electrical power to each of the hydraulic fracturing units may be relatively inefficient, for example, depending on ambient conditions. For example, in high temperature climates and high altitude environments, the gas turbine engine may produce relatively less power. In addition, the efficiency of electrical power generation and transfer of the electrical power to the fracturing units may be relatively lower at high temperatures. In addition, in high-temperature environments, additional cooling for the gas turbine engine, electrical components, and the hydraulic fracturing pumps may be needed, which may result in additional inefficiencies. When combined, such inefficiencies may result in reducing the amount of power available for performing the fracturing operation. In addition, electrically-powered fracturing operations may still require a large foot-print at the wellsite, which may be magnified by the need of supplemental electric power generation and conditioning trailers, as well as large and complex cable assemblies for supplying power to the electric motors of the hydraulic fracturing units. For example, an electrically-powered fracturing operation may include electrical transfer and conditioning equipment, such as drive trailers and transformer systems, which may be connected to one another by relatively large and complex interconnecting cable assemblies.
Accordingly, Applicant has recognized a need for systems and methods that reduce undesirable emissions common to diesel-powered fracturing operations, while still providing a relatively efficient set-up and a fracturing operation that provides sufficient power for the multiple hydraulic fracturing pumps of a fracturing operation. The present disclosure may address one or more of the above-referenced drawbacks, as well as other possible drawbacks.
As referenced above, in order to reduce the consumption of diesel fuel and the resulting undesirable emissions, a recent trend has developed for using electrically-powered fracturing units, which use electric motors to drive hydraulic fracturing pumps for performing fracturing operations. However, electrically-powered fracturing units may use a large gas turbine engine to drive an electrical generator and convert mechanical power into electrical power supplied to the electric motors driving the fracturing pumps. As noted above, this may result in several possible drawbacks, including difficult and complex on-site assembly of the gas turbine engine and electrical equipment necessary to perform the fracturing operation, and reduced operational efficiencies in some environments, such in high-temperature or high-altitude environments.
The present disclosure generally is directed to systems and methods for operating a dual-shaft gas turbine engine for hydraulic fracturing and, more particularly, to systems and methods for operating a dual-shaft gas turbine engine to pump fracturing fluid into a wellhead. For example, in some embodiments, a hydraulic fracturing unit assembly to pump fracturing fluid into a wellhead may include a dual-shaft gas turbine engine connected to a hydraulic fracturing pump by a transmission, and a fracturing unit controller configured to control operation of the gas turbine engine, the transmission, and/or the hydraulic fracturing pump of the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly, for example, during start-up, operation, and/or completion of a hydraulic fracturing operation.
According to some embodiments, a hydraulic fracturing unit assembly to pump fracturing fluid into a wellhead may include a chassis and a gas turbine engine connected to the chassis. The gas turbine engine may include a compressor positioned to compress air, and a combustor section positioned to receive compressed air from the compressor and fuel. The combustor section may be positioned to combust at least a portion of the compressed air and fuel to provide heated combustion gas. The gas turbine engine also may include a compressor turbine shaft connected to the compressor, such that the compressor turbine shaft rotates with the compressor, and a compressor turbine connected to the compressor turbine shaft, such that the compressor turbine shaft and the compressor turbine rotate a first rotational speed. The gas turbine engine further may include a power turbine positioned downstream relative to the compressor turbine, such that the heated combustion gas causes the power turbine to rotate at a second rotational speed. The gas turbine engine still further may include a power turbine output shaft connected to the power turbine, such that the power turbine output shaft rotates with the power turbine at the second rotational speed. The compressor turbine shaft and the power turbine output shaft may be rotatable at different rotational speeds. The hydraulic fracturing unit assembly also may include a transmission including a transmission input shaft connected to the power turbine output shaft, such that the transmission input shaft rotates at the second rotational speed, and a transmission output shaft positioned to be driven by the transmission input shaft at a third rotational speed. The hydraulic fracturing unit assembly further may include a hydraulic fracturing pump positioned to pump fracturing fluid into the wellhead. The hydraulic fracturing pump may include a pump drive shaft connected to the transmission output shaft, such that the transmission output shaft drives the pump drive shaft at the third rotational speed. The hydraulic fracturing unit assembly also may include a fracturing unit controller in communication with one or more of the gas turbine engine, the transmission, or the hydraulic fracturing pump. The fracturing unit controller may be configured to receive one or more target signals indicative of one or more of a target pressure associated with the fracturing fluid pumped into the wellhead or a target flow rate associated with the fracturing fluid pumped into the wellhead. The fracturing unit controller further may be configured to receive one or more fluid flow signals indicative of one or more of an actual pressure associated with the fracturing fluid pumped into the wellhead or an actual flow rate associated with the fracturing fluid pumped into the wellhead. The fracturing unit controller still further may be configured to control, based at least in part on one or more of the one or more target signals or the one or more fluid flow signals, one or more of the first rotational speed, the second rotational speed, or the third rotational speed.
According some embodiments, a method for pumping fracturing fluid into a wellhead may include receiving, via a fracturing unit controller, one or more target signals indicative of one or more of a target pressure associated with pumping fracturing fluid into a wellhead or a target flow rate associated with the fracturing fluid pumped into the wellhead. The method also may include receiving, via the fracturing unit controller, one or more fluid flow signals indicative of one or more of an actual pressure associated with pumping the fracturing fluid into the wellhead or an actual flow rate associated with pumping the fracturing fluid into the wellhead. The method further may include controlling, via the fracturing unit controller, based at least in part on one or more of the one or more target signals or the one or more fluid flow signals, one or more of: a first rotational speed associated with a compressor turbine shaft connected to a compressor and a compressor turbine of a gas turbine engine; a second rotational speed associated with a power turbine output shaft connected to a power turbine of the gas turbine engine; or a third rotational speed associated with a transmission output shaft connected to a pump drive shaft of a hydraulic fracturing pump positioned to pump the fracturing fluid into the wellhead.
According to some embodiments, a powertrain to supply power to a hydraulic fracturing unit assembly to pump fracturing fluid into a wellhead may include a gas turbine engine, which may include a compressor positioned to compress air and a combustor section positioned to receive compressed air from the compressor and fuel. The combustor section may be positioned to combust at least a portion of the compressed air and fuel to provide heated combustion gas. The gas turbine engine also may include a compressor turbine shaft connected to the compressor, such that the compressor turbine shaft rotates with the compressor, and a compressor turbine connected to the compressor turbine shaft, such that the compressor turbine shaft and the compressor turbine rotate a first rotational speed. The gas turbine engine further may include a power turbine positioned downstream relative to the compressor turbine, such that the heated combustion gas causes the power turbine to rotate at a second rotational speed, and a power turbine output shaft connected to the power turbine, such that the power turbine output shaft rotates with the power turbine at the second rotational speed. The compressor turbine shaft and the power turbine output shaft may be rotatable at different rotational speeds. The powertrain also may include a transmission including a transmission input shaft connected to the power turbine output shaft, such that the transmission input shaft rotates at the second rotational speed, and a transmission output shaft positioned to be driven by the transmission input shaft at a third rotational speed and to drive a pump drive shaft. The powertrain further may include a fracturing unit controller in communication with one or more of the gas turbine engine or the transmission. The fracturing unit controller may be configured to receive one or more target signals indicative of one or more of a target pressure associated with fracturing fluid pumped into a wellhead or a target flow rate associated with the fracturing fluid pumped into the wellhead. The fracturing unit controller also may be configured to receive one or more fluid flow signals indicative of one or more of an actual pressure associated with the fracturing fluid pumped into the wellhead or an actual flow rate associated with the fracturing fluid pumped into the wellhead. The fracturing unit controller further may be configured to control, based at least in part on one or more of the one or more target signals or the one or more fluid flow signals, one or more of the first rotational speed, the second rotational speed, or the third rotational speed.
Still other aspects and advantages of these exemplary embodiments and other embodiments, are discussed in detail herein. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing information and the following detailed description provide merely illustrative examples of various aspects and embodiments, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects and embodiments. Accordingly, these and other objects, along with advantages and features of the present invention herein disclosed, will become apparent through reference to the following description and the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and may exist in various combinations and permutations.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure, and together with the detailed description, serve to explain principles of the embodiments discussed herein. No attempt is made to show structural details of this disclosure in more detail than can be necessary for a fundamental understanding of the embodiments discussed herein and the various ways in which they can be practiced. According to common practice, the various features of the drawings discussed below are not necessarily drawn to scale. Dimensions of various features and elements in the drawings can be expanded or reduced to more clearly illustrate embodiments of the disclosure.
The drawings include like numerals to indicate like parts throughout the several views, the following description is provided as an enabling teaching of exemplary embodiments, and those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that many changes may be made to the embodiments described. It also will be apparent that some of the desired benefits of the embodiments described can be obtained by selecting some of the features of the embodiments without utilizing other features. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications and adaptations to the embodiments described are possible and may even be desirable in certain circumstances. Thus, the following description is provided as illustrative of the principles of the embodiments and not in limitation thereof.
The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As used herein, the term “plurality” refers to two or more items or components. The terms “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” and “involving,” whether in the written description or the claims and the like, are open-ended terms, i.e., to mean “including but not limited to,” unless otherwise stated. Thus, the use of such terms is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter, and equivalents thereof, as well as additional items. The transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of,” are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, with respect to any claims. Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” and the like in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish claim elements.
In some embodiments, one or more of the GTEs 16 may be a dual-fuel or bi-fuel GTE, for example, capable of being operated using of two or more different types of fuel, such as natural gas and diesel fuel, although other types of fuel are contemplated. For example, a dual-fuel or bi-fuel GTE may be capable of being operated using a first type of fuel, a second type of fuel, and/or a combination of the first type of fuel and the second type of fuel. For example, the fuel may include gaseous fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG), natural gas, field gas, pipeline gas, methane, propane, butane, and/or liquid fuels, such as, for example, diesel fuel (e.g., #2 diesel), bio-diesel fuel, bio-fuel, alcohol, gasoline, gasohol, aviation fuel, and other fuels. Gaseous fuels may be supplied by CNG bulk vessels, a gas compressor, a liquid natural gas vaporizer, line gas, and/or well-gas produced natural gas. Other types and associated fuel supply sources are contemplated as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The one or more GTEs 16 may be operated to provide horsepower to drive the transmission 18 connected to one or more of the hydraulic fracturing pumps 14 to safely and successfully fracture a formation during a well stimulation project or fracturing operation.
In some embodiments, the fracturing fluid may include, for example, water, proppants, and/or other additives, such as thickening agents and/or gels. For example, proppants may include grains of sand, ceramic beads or spheres, shells, and/or other particulates, and may be added to the fracturing fluid, along with gelling agents to create a slurry as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The slurry may be forced via the hydraulic fracturing pumps 14 into the formation at rates faster than can be accepted by the existing pores, fractures, faults, or other spaces within the formation. As a result, pressure may build rapidly to the point where the formation may fail and begin to fracture. By continuing to pump the fracturing fluid into the formation, existing fractures in the formation may be caused to expand and extend in directions farther away from a well bore, thereby creating additional flow paths for hydrocarbons to flow to the well. The proppants may serve to prevent the expanded fractures from closing or may reduce the extent to which the expanded fractures contract when pumping of the fracturing fluid is ceased. Once the well is fractured, large quantities of the injected fracturing fluid may be allowed to flow out of the well, and the water and any proppants not remaining in the expanded fractures may be separated from hydrocarbons produced by the well to protect downstream equipment from damage and corrosion. In some instances, the production stream may be processed to neutralize corrosive agents in the production stream resulting from the fracturing process.
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The hydraulic fracturing pumps 14, driven by the respective internal GTEs 16, discharge the slurry (e.g., the fracturing fluid including the water, agents, gels, and/or proppants) at high flow rates and/or high pressures through individual high-pressure discharge lines 40 into two or more high-pressure flow lines, sometimes referred to as “missiles,” on the fracturing manifold 36. The flow from the high-pressure flow lines is combined at the fracturing manifold 36, and one or more of the high-pressure flow lines provide fluid flow to a manifold assembly 44, sometimes referred to as a “goat head.” The manifold assembly 44 delivers the slurry into a wellhead manifold 46. The wellhead manifold 46 may be configured to selectively divert the slurry to, for example, one or more wellheads 48 via operation of one or more valves. Once the fracturing process is ceased or completed, flow returning from the fractured formation discharges into a flowback manifold, and the returned flow may be collected in one or more flowback tanks as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
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In some embodiments, the compressor 62, combustor section 64, and/or the compressor turbine 68 may form a gas generator. The compressor 62 may be configured to rotate and compress air drawn into the GTE 16, such that compressed air is supplied to the combustor section 64 for combustion. The combustor section 64 may be configured to receive the compressed air and fuel and combust an air fuel mixture to generate heated combustion gas. In some embodiments, the combustor section 64 may receive fuel from a fuel feed system having at least one independently controlled fuel line to regulate the combustion process. In some embodiments, control of each respective fuel line may be provided by at least one actuator-controlled fuel valve positioned and configured to regulate fuel flow to a combustor stage of the combustor section 64.
The power turbine 70, located downstream of the combustor section 64, may receive the heated combustion gas, causing the power turbine 70 to rotate, except as otherwise described herein, thereby driving the power turbine output shaft 72. In some embodiments, for example, as shown, the compressor 62, the compressor turbine shaft 66, the compressor turbine 68, the power turbine 70, and the power turbine output shaft 72 are concentrically arranged, and in some embodiments, the compressor turbine shaft 66 and the power turbine output shaft 72 may rotate independently of one another. In some embodiments, changing the amount of compressed air and/or fuel supplied to the combustor section 64 for combustion may be used to at least partially control the output of the GTE 16 and/or to change the rotational speed of the power turbine 70 and power turbine output shaft 72.
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For example, a user or operator of the hydraulic fracturing system 10, using a user interface, may input a desired or target fracturing pressure and/or a desired or target fracturing flow rate for one or more hydraulic fracturing unit assemblies 12 for one or more stages of the fracturing operation, for example, to achieve the desired results of the fracturing operation. The fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to receive one or more target signals 110 indicative of the target pressure and/or target flow rate and control operation of the GTE 16, the transmission 18, and/or the hydraulic fracturing pump 14, based at least in part on the one or more target signals 110. For example, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to control the output of the GTE 16 (e.g., the rotational speed and/or torque output of the power turbine output shaft 72), the ratio of the rotational speed of the transmission input shaft 74 to the rotational speed of the transmission output shaft 76, and/or operation of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 to substantially achieve and/or substantially maintain the target pressure and/or target flow rate of the fracturing fluid, for example, within a range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate. For example, the range may be within less than 10% of the target pressure and/or target flow rate, within less than 7.5% of the target pressure and/or target flow rate, or within less than 5% of the target pressure and/or target flow rate.
In some embodiments, the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12 may be incorporated into a hydraulic fracturing system 10 to perform high pressure, high volume hydraulic fracturing operations. Such operations may involve fluid pressures greater than 13,000 pounds per square inch (psi) and/or flow rates in excess of 100 barrels per minute (bpm). In some embodiments, the GTE 16 may be a dual-shaft DDT gas turbine engine able to produce, for example, from about 4,100 hydraulic horsepower (hhp) to about 4,400 hhp, although GTEs 16 of different types and/or having different power output capabilities are contemplated. In some embodiments, the GTE 16 may be a dual-shaft gas turbine engine, which may facilitate an ability to operate the GTE 16 at a relatively elevated power output level known as Maximum Intermittent Power (MIP). In such embodiments, the GTE 16 may be operated at about 90% load, with a maximum continuous power output being 100% and the MIP power output being about 108% load, although other MIP levels are contemplated. In some embodiments, the ability of the GTE 16 to be selectively operated at MIP may facilitate mitigating a loss of power from one GTE 16 of the hydraulic fracturing system 10 by at least partially offsetting the power loss by operating one or more other GTEs 16 of the hydraulic fracturing system 10 at MIP, for example, while the GTE 16 experiencing the power loss may be serviced or replaced, and in some instances, without necessarily discontinuing the fracturing operation. In at least some such instances, when the GTE 16 experiencing the power loss has been repaired or replaced, it may be brought back online, and the power output of the remaining GTEs 16 may be reduced from the respective MIP levels to respective rated power output levels.
In some embodiments, the transmission 18 may be configured to convert the rotational speed of the power turbine output shaft 72 to a rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78 that enhances efficiency and/or operation of the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12 and the hydraulic fracturing pump 14. For example, the GTE 16 may be configured to be operated such that the rotational speed of the power turbine output shaft 72 is up to about 16,500 revolutions per minute (rpm). The transmission 18, in some embodiments, may be configured to provide a reduction ratio ranging from about 15:1 to about 5:1 (e.g., about 11:1), such that the resulting rotational speed of the pump drive shaft is reduced to about 1,500 rpm, which may be a more efficient rotational speed for operation of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 and which may facilitate operation of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 at a desired or target output, for example, depending on the fracturing operation conditions. Other ratios (and/or variable ratios) are contemplated. For example, the transmission 18 may be a continuously variable transmission, a transmission including one or more planetary gear trains, and/or a transmission shiftable between discrete input-to-output ratios. In some embodiments, if the GTE 16 is operated at rotational speeds greater than, or otherwise different from, 16,500 rpm, the transmission 18 may be configured to provide a different input-to-output ratio, for example, to more efficiently or effectively utilize the power generated by the GTE 16 to efficiently operate the hydraulic fracturing pump 14.
In some embodiments, the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 may be rated for operation to be greater than or equal to the maximum power output of the GTE 16, for example, so that the GTE 16 may be efficiently utilized with the maximum hydraulic horsepower output capacity of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14. For example, if the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 is rated at 5,000 hp, in some embodiments, the GTE 16 may be rated, at iso conditions, at 5,000 hp. In some embodiments, the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 may be rated for operation to be greater than the maximum power output of the GTE 16, for example, so that the GTE 16 may be selectively operated at relatively higher power output levels, such as at MIP.
In some embodiments, the GTE 16 may have a rated shaft horsepower (shp) of 5,100 at standard conditions, and the transmission 18 may be a reduction helical gearbox that has a constant running power rating of 5,500 shp and an intermittent power output of 5,850 shp, although other suitable transmission types having the same or other ratings are contemplated. For example, example, the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 may be a high-pressure, high-power, reciprocating positive-displacement pump rated at 5,000 hp, although the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 may be rated for a relatively elevated power output above the rating of the GTE 16 (e.g., 7,000 hp). In some embodiments, during operation, the GTE 16 may be subjected to dynamic and/or rapid load changes, such as for example, step-load changes of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
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In some embodiments, the one or more variable geometry assemblies 114 may include one or more variable position/orientation vanes, for example, in the form of variable inlet guide vanes, which may be provided for compressor turbine 68 and/or the power turbine 70. In some embodiments, variable position/orientation vanes may be positioned and configured to control the amount of air flowing through the compressor turbine 68 and/or the power turbine 70, which may be used to at least partially control the output of the GTE 16 and/or to change the rotational speed of the power turbine 70 and power turbine output shaft 72. Other forms and/or positions of variable geometry assemblies 114 are contemplated.
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For example, the torque sensor(s) 122 may be positioned on the pump drive shaft 78 between the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 transmission 18, for example, so that torque signals may be generated during operation of the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12. The fracturing unit controller 12 may be configured to monitor the torque signals and detect whether the torque associated with the compressor turbine shaft 66, the power turbine output shaft 72, the transmission input shaft 74, the transmission output shaft 76, and/or the pump drive shaft 78, is greater than a threshold torque above which may result in excessive wear rates and/or damage to components of the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12. For example, upon detection of a torque level beyond the threshold torque level, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to reduce the output of the GTE 16, alter the ratio of the transmission 18, and/or reduce the output of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14, to thereby protect one or more of the components of the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12.
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In some embodiments, the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 may be a reciprocating pump. During operation, the GTE 16 may be operated to cause the transmission output shaft 76 to drive the pump drive shaft 78 of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14, such that the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 pumps slugs of fracturing fluid into the high-pressure discharge lines 40, for example, such that the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 provides a relatively constant flow of fracturing fluid into the wellhead 48. As the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 pumps slugs of fracturing fluid, pulses of the slugs of fluid being pumped by cylinders of the reciprocating pump create a pulsating pressure increase superimposed onto the nominal operating fluid pressure supplied by the hydraulic fracturing pump 14. The pulsating pressure increase may be transmitted through the powertrain 106 from the pump drive shaft 78, to the transmission output shaft 76 and transmission 18, and/or to the power turbine output shaft 72. For example, the pulsating pressure increase may result in torque variations in the crank shaft of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 that may be transferred as torque output variations at the pump drive shaft 78. These torque output variations may generate minor and/or significant torsional shocks that may reduce the service life or damage components of the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12.
In some embodiments, the vibration damping assembly 124 may be positioned and configured to reduce transmission of torsional shocks to the transmission output shaft 76, any gear trains or similar structures in the transmission 18, the transmission input shaft 74, the power turbine output shaft 72, and/or the GTE 16. The vibration damping assembly 124 may include one or more flywheels coupled to the pump drive shaft 78, the transmission output shaft 76, the transmission 18, the transmission input shaft 74, the power turbine output shaft 72, and/or the GTE 16. The one or more flywheels may dampen torsional vibrations transmitted to components of the powertrain 106 caused by the pulsating pressure increases generated by operation of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14. Such pulsating pressure increases may be relatively low frequency and relatively high amplitude. In some embodiments, a torsional vibration damper may be connected to the pump drive shaft 78 and/or may be connected to a downstream side of a flywheel. In some embodiments, the torsional vibration damper may be connected directly to a flywheel or directly to the pump drive shaft 78. It is contemplated that the torsional vibration damper(s) and/or the flywheel(s) may be connected to the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12 at multiple and/or different locations.
In some embodiments, the torsional vibration damper(s) 140 (see
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For example, the GTE 16 may be commanded to achieve an idle status. The starter signal(s) 128 may be generated in response to an operator or a master controller entering into a user interface an idle command for the GTE 16. In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller 108 may generate the one or more idle signals commanding, for example, a hydraulic starter to selectively, mechanically couple to the compressor turbine shaft 66 of the GTE 16 to rotate the compressor turbine shaft 66 while sequencing a fuel feed system and igniters of the combustor section 64. In some embodiments, at idle, the compressor turbine shaft 72 may be controlled by the fracturing unit controller 108 to rotate at a rotational speed ranging from about 40% to about 80% of rated speed (e.g., about 60% of rated speed). In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to determine whether the compressor turbine shaft 66 is rotating at a speed consistent with the GTE 16 being idle mode. In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller 12 may be configured to continue to operate the GTE at idle, while maintaining the power turbine 70 and the power turbine output shaft 72 in a static, non-rotating condition.
As explained above, some embodiments of the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12 may include a brake assembly 118 associated with the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly 12 (e.g., with the GTE 16) and configured to at least partially control the rotational speed of the power turbine 70 and power turbine output shaft 72, for example, independent from the rotational speed of the compressor 62, the compressor turbine shaft 66, and the compressor turbine 68. In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to generate one or more brake control signals causing the brake assembly 118 to prevent rotation of the power turbine 70 and power turbine output shaft 72 while the GTE 16 is idling with the compressor 62, the compressor turbine shaft 66, and the compressor turbine 68 rotating at idle speed.
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In some embodiments, during operation, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to control the output of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14, for example, by controlling the output (the rotational speed and/or torque) of the GTE 16 and/or the input-to-output ratio of the transmission 18 (e.g., in transmissions having a changeable input-to-output ratio). For example, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to control the rotational speed of the GTE 16 by controlling a fuel feed system associated with the combustor section 64 to increase or decrease the flow rate of fuel supplied to the combustor section 64. In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to control the rotational speed of the GTE 16 (e.g., the power turbine 70 and the power turbine output shaft 72) by controlling the variable geometry assembly 114, for example, to change the degree to which blades or vanes and/or other structures of the variable geometry assembly 114 obstruct or allow the flow of air through the GTE 16 (e.g., through the compressor 62 and/or the compressor turbine 68).
In some embodiments, as the load on the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 increases, for example, due to an increase in resistance to the flow of fracturing fluid into the wellhead 48 and into the formation of the well, the rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78, the transmission output shaft 76, the transmission input shaft 74, the power turbine output shaft 72, and the fluid pressure and/or the flow rate of the fracturing fluid may decrease. In some such instances, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to increase the flow rate of fuel supplied by the fuel feed system to the combustor section 64 of the GTE 16, for example, based at least in part on a difference between the target pressure and/or the target flow rate and the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate, respectively. The rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78 may be selectively controlled so that the actual pressure and/or flow rate of the fracturing fluid substantially stays within a range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate of the fracturing fluid.
In contrast, if the load on the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 decreases, for example, due to a decrease in the resistance to the flow of fracturing fluid into the wellhead 48 and into the formation of the well, the rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78, the transmission output shaft 76, the transmission input shaft 74, the power turbine output shaft 72, and the fluid pressure and/or the flow rate of the fracturing fluid may increase. In some such instances, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to decrease the flow rate of fuel supplied by the fuel feed system to the combustor section 64 of the GTE 16, for example, based at least in part on a difference between the target pressure and/or the target flow rate and the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate, respectively. The rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78 may be selectively controlled, so that the actual pressure and/or flow rate of the fracturing fluid substantially stays within a range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate of the fracturing fluid.
In some embodiments, as the load on the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 changes and causes the output of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 to begin to change, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to adjust the variable geometry assembly 114 based at least in part on a difference between the target pressure and/or the target flow rate and the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate, respectively. This may substantially offset or mitigate changing loads on the hydraulic fracturing pump 14.
In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to determine (or may be provided with) a target rotational speed for the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 that generally corresponds to the target pressure and/or the target flow rate. In some such embodiments, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured control the output (e.g., the rotational speed and/or the torque) of the GTE 16 and/or the input-to-output ratio of the transmission 18, for example, as described herein, so that the rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78 and the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 is substantially maintained within a range of the target rotational speed.
In some embodiments, as the load increases on the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 and causes the rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78, the power turbine output shaft 72, power turbine 70, and the resulting output pressure and/or flow rate provided by the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 may begin to drop, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to raise the flow rate of the fuel supplied by the fuel feed system to the combustor section 64 of the GTE 16. For example, the fracturing unit controller 108 may raise the fuel flow rate based at least in part on a difference between a target rotational speed of the compressor 62 and/or the compressor turbine shaft 66, which is suitable for substantially maintaining a target rotational speed for the pump drive shaft 78 of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 for the applied load, and an actual rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78, which may be determined based at least in part on speed signals generated by one of more of the speed sensor(s) 120. For example, the actual rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78 may be substantially maintained within a range of the target speed of the pump drive shaft 78. In contrast, if the load on the hydraulic fracturing pump 14 decreases, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to reduce the flow rate of the fuel suppled to the combustor section 64 based at least in part on the difference between the target rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78 and the actual rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78.
In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to control the rotational speed of the pump drive shaft 78 by monitoring the torque applied to the power turbine shaft 72, the transmission input shaft 74, the transmission output shaft 76, and/or pump drive shaft 78, for example, based on torque signals received from the one or more torque sensors 122. For example, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to determine (and/or receive) a target torque, for example, which may be based at least in part on a value of the target pressure and/or the target flow rate of the hydraulic fracturing pump 14, and/or which may be input by an operator via an input device such as a user interface. The fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to adjust the flow rate of the fuel supplied by the fuel feed system to the combustor section 64 based, for example, on actual torque applied to the power turbine shaft 72, the transmission input shaft 74, the transmission output shaft 76, and/or pump drive shaft 78, for example, based on torque signals received from the one or more torque sensors 122. If the fracturing unit controller 108 determines that a difference exists between the actual torque value and the target torque, the fracturing unit controller 108 may be configured to selectively cause a change the rotational speed of the power turbine shaft 72, the transmission input shaft 74, the transmission output shaft 76, and/or the pump drive shaft 78, such that the actual torque is substantially maintained within a range of the target torque, for example, as described herein, so that the that target pressure and/or target flow rate is substantially maintained.
The example method 600, at 602, may include receiving one or more starter signals indicative of starting a gas turbine engine associated with a hydraulic fracturing pump. For example, one or more starter signals indicative of an operator or user's desire to start the gas turbine engine may be communicated to a fracturing unit controller, for example, via an operator or user using an input device, such as a user interface, for example, as described herein
At 604, the example method may include causing, based at least in part on the one or more starter signals, a compressor turbine of the gas turbine engine to rotate at a target idle speed while the power turbine remains at zero rotational speed (e.g., at a static, non-rotational condition). For example, the fracturing unit controller may be configured to cause a starter assembly, which may include a hydraulic starter, to cause rotation of the compressor turbine, for example, by mechanically coupling to the compressor turbine shaft and rotating the compressor turbine shaft while sequencing a fuel feed system and igniters of the combustor section, for example, as described herein.
At 606, the example process 600 may include determining whether the compressor turbine is rotating at a rotational speed within a range of a target idle speed, which may range from about 40% to about 80% (e.g., about 60%) of the rated speed of the compressor turbine shaft, for example, when the gas turbine engine is operating to drive the hydraulic fracturing pump to pump fracturing fluid into the wellhead at a target pressure and/or target flow rate.
If at 606, it is determined that the compressor turbine shaft is not rotating at a rotational speed within the range of the target idle speed, at 608, the example method 600 may include causing the fuel feed system of the gas turbine engine to change the flow rate of fuel supplied to the combustor section to change the rotational speed of the compressor turbine shaft. In some examples, the fracturing unit controller may communicate one or more fuel signals to the fuel feed system indicative of the flow rate of fuel to be supplied to the combustor section and to cause the rotational speed of the compressor turbine shaft to change toward the target idle speed.
Thereafter, the example method 600, may return to 606 to determine whether the compressor turbine is rotating at rotational speed within a range of a target idle speed and repeat the process until it has been determined that the compressor turbine is rotating at rotational speed within a range of a target idle speed, for example, by the fracturing unit controller.
If at 606, it is determined that the compressor turbine shaft is rotating at a rotational speed within the range of the target idle speed, at 610, the example method 600 may include controlling a brake assembly connected to the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly to prevent rotation of the power turbine. For example, the gas turbine engine may include a brake assembly positioned and configured to at least partially control the rotational speed of the power turbine output shaft, for example, independent from the rotational speed of the compressor turbine shaft, which may be rotating according to an idle speed setting, for example, as described herein. The fracturing unit controller may be configured to generate one or more brake control signals configured to at least partially control operation of the brake assembly, and the one or more brake control signals may cause the brake assembly to prevent the power turbine shaft from rotating while the compressor turbine shaft is rotating at idle speed.
The example method 600, at 612, may include determining whether an operator or user of the hydraulic fracturing system has initiated a hydraulic fracturing stage. For example, the fracturing unit controller may determine whether it has received one or more drive signals indicative of commencement of the pumping of fracturing fluid into the wellhead using the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly.
If, at 612, it is determined that an operator or user of the hydraulic fracturing system has not initiated a hydraulic fracturing stage, at 614, the example method 600 may include waiting a period of time and returning to 612 to determine whether an operator or user of the hydraulic fracturing system has initiated a hydraulic fracturing stage.
If, at 612, it is determined that an operator or user of the hydraulic fracturing system has initiated a hydraulic fracturing stage, at 616, the example method 600 may include causing, based at least in part on the one or more drive signals, the power turbine to rotate and drive the transmission input shaft. For example, the fracturing unit controller, upon receipt of the one or more drive signals, may communicate one or more brake release signals to the brake assembly causing the brake assembly to release the power turbine output shaft, permitting the power turbine to rotate, thereby driving the transmission input shaft, the transmission output shaft, and the pump drive shaft, such that the hydraulic fracturing pump begins to pump fracturing fluid into the wellhead.
The example method 600, at 618 (see
At 620, the example method 600 may include determining whether the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid has increased to a level within a range of a target pressure and/or target flow rate. For example, the fracturing unit controller may be configured to receive one or more fluid signals from one or more fluid sensors positioned and configured to generate signals indicative of the pressure and/or flow rate of the fracturing fluid flowing into the wellhead. Based at least in part on the one or more fluid signals, the fracturing unit controller may determine whether the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid has increased to a level within the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate.
If, at 620, it is determined that the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid has not increased to the level within the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate, the example method 600, at 622, may include waiting a period of time and returning to 618 to increase the fuel flow rate to the combustor section of the gas turbine engine. For example, the fracturing unit controller may communicate one or more fuel signals to the fuel feed system of the gas turbine engine to increase the flow rate of fuel supplied to the combustor section to increase the rotational speed of the compressor turbine shaft, for example, as described herein.
If, at 620, it is determined that the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid has increased to the level within the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate, the example method 600, at 624, may include determining whether the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is within the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate.
If, at 624, it is determined that the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is not within the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate, the example method 600, at 626, may include determining whether the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is greater than or less than the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate. For example, the fracturing unit controller may be configured to receive the one or more fluid signals from one or more fluid sensors positioned and configured to generate signals indicative of the pressure and/or flow rate of the fracturing fluid flowing into the wellhead. Based at least in part on the one or more fluid signals, the fracturing unit controller may determine whether the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is greater than or less than the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate.
If, at 626, it is determined that the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is greater than the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate, at 628, the example method 600 may include decreasing the fuel flow rate to the combustor section of the gas turbine engine to decrease the rotational speed of the pump drive shaft and the output of the hydraulic fracturing pump. For example, the fracturing unit controller may communicate one or more fuel signals to the fuel feed system of the gas turbine engine to decrease the flow rate of fuel supplied to the combustor section to decrease the rotational speed of the compressor turbine shaft, for example, as described herein. In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller may be configured to alternatively, or additionally, control operation of one or more variable geometry assemblies associated with the power turbine, for example, by communicating variable geometry signals to the variable geometry assemblies to cause them to reduce the amount of air supplied to the combustor section and/or power turbine to reduce the rotational speed and/or torque output of the gas turbine engine (e.g., at the power turbine output shaft). In some embodiments, the fracturing unit controller may be configured to alternatively, or additionally, control operation of brake assembly, for example, by communicating brake signals to the brake assembly causing the brake assembly to at least partially slow the rotational speed of power turbine output shaft to reduce the rotational speed and/or torque output of the gas turbine engine (e.g., at the power turbine output shaft) and the output of the hydraulic fracturing pump. Thereafter, the example method may return to 624 to determine whether the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is within the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate.
If, at 626, it is determined that the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is less than the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate, at 630 (
At 632, the example method 600 may include returning to 624 (
If, at 624, it is determined that the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is within the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate, at 634, the example method 600 may include determining whether the fracturing stage has been completed. This may be determined, for example, by receipt of one or more signals indicative of the completion of the fracturing stage by the fracturing unit controller, for example, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
If, at 634, it has been determined that the fracturing stage has not been completed, the example method 600, at 636, may include returning to 624 to continue monitoring whether the actual pressure and/or the actual flow rate of the fracturing fluid is within the range of the target pressure and/or target flow rate.
If, at 634, it has been determined that the fracturing stage has been completed, the example method 600, at 638 may include commencing a controlled shut down of the hydraulic fracturing unit assembly, for example, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
It should be appreciated that subject matter presented herein may be implemented as a computer process, a computer-controlled apparatus, a computing system, or an article of manufacture, such as a computer-readable storage medium. While the subject matter described herein is presented in the general context of program modules that execute on one or more computing devices, those skilled in the art will recognize that other implementations may be performed in combination with other types of program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that aspects of the subject matter described herein may be practiced on or in conjunction with other computer system configurations beyond those described herein, including multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, handheld computers, mobile telephone devices, tablet computing devices, special-purposed hardware devices, network appliances, and the like.
The memory 702 may be used to store program instructions that are loadable and executable by the processor(s) 700, as well as to store data generated during the execution of these programs. Depending on the configuration and type of the fracturing unit controller 108, the memory 702 may be volatile (such as random access memory (RAM)) and/or non-volatile (such as read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.). In some examples, the memory devices may include additional removable storage 704 and/or non-removable storage 706 including, but not limited to, magnetic storage, optical disks, and/or tape storage. The disk drives and their associated computer-readable media may provide non-volatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for the devices. In some implementations, the memory 702 may include multiple different types of memory, such as static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or ROM.
The memory 702, the removable storage 704, and the non-removable storage 706 are all examples of computer-readable storage media. For example, computer-readable storage media may include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Additional types of computer storage media that may be present may include, but are not limited to, programmable random access memory (PRAM), SRAM, DRAM, RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile discs (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tapes, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which may be used to store the desired information and which may be accessed by the devices. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
The fracturing unit controller 108 may also include one or more communication connection(s) 708 that may facilitate a control device (not shown) to communicate with devices or equipment capable of communicating with the fracturing unit controller 108. The fracturing unit controller 108 may also include a computer system (not shown). Connections may also be established via various data communication channels or ports, such as USB or COM ports to receive cables connecting the fracturing unit controller 108 to various other devices on a network. In some examples, the fracturing unit controller 108 may include Ethernet drivers that enable the fracturing unit controller 108 to communicate with other devices on the network. According to various examples, communication connections 708 may be established via a wired and/or wireless connection on the network.
The fracturing unit controller 108 may also include one or more input devices 710, such as a keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, gesture input device, and/or touch input device. The one or more input device(s) 710 may correspond to the one or more input devices described herein. It may further include one or more output devices 712, such as a display, printer, and/or speakers. In some examples, computer-readable communication media may include computer-readable instructions, program modules, or other data transmitted within a data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transmission. As used herein, however, computer-readable storage media may not include computer-readable communication media.
Turning to the contents of the memory 702, the memory 702 may include, but is not limited to, an operating system (OS) 714 and one or more application programs or services for implementing the features and embodiments disclosed herein. Such applications or services may include remote terminal units for executing certain systems and methods for controlling operation of the hydraulic fracturing unit assemblies 12 (e.g., semi- or full-autonomously controlling operation of the hydraulic fracturing unit assemblies 12), for example, upon receipt of one or more control signals generated by the fracturing unit controller 108. In some embodiments, each of the hydraulic fracturing unit assemblies 12 may include a remote terminal unit 716. The remote terminal units 716 may reside in the memory 702 or may be independent of the fracturing unit controller 108. In some examples, the remote terminal unit 716 may be implemented by software that may be provided in configurable control block language and may be stored in non-volatile memory. When executed by the processor(s) 700, the remote terminal unit 716 may implement the various functionalities and features associated with the fracturing unit controller 108 described herein.
As desired, embodiments of the disclosure may include a fracturing unit controller 108 with more or fewer components than are illustrated in
References are made to block diagrams of systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products according to example embodiments. It will be understood that at least some of the blocks of the block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams, may be implemented at least partially by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be loaded onto a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, special purpose hardware-based computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing the functionality of at least some of the blocks of the block diagrams, or combinations of blocks in the block diagrams discussed.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement the function specified in the block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide task, acts, actions, or operations for implementing the functions specified in the block or blocks.
One or more components of the systems and one or more elements of the methods described herein may be implemented through an application program running on an operating system of a computer. They may also be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, mini-computers, mainframe computers, and the like.
Application programs that are components of the systems and methods described herein may include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that may implement certain abstract data types and perform certain tasks or actions. In a distributed computing environment, the application program (in whole or in part) may be located in local memory or in other storage. In addition, or alternatively, the application program (in whole or in part) may be located in remote memory or in storage to allow for circumstances where tasks can be performed by remote processing devices linked through a communications network.
Although only a few exemplary embodiments have been described in detail herein, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the embodiments of the present disclosure. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure as defined in the following claims.
This is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 17/173,475, filed Feb. 11, 2021, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS TO OPERATE A DUAL-SHAFT GAS TURBINE ENGINE FOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURING,” which claims priority to and the benefit of, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/705,334, filed Jun. 22, 2020, titled “METHOD AND SYSTEM OF OPERATING A DUAL SHAFT GAS TURBINE IN A DIRECT DRIVE TURBINE FRACKING UNIT,” the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20210396123 A1 | Dec 2021 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62705334 | Jun 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17173475 | Feb 2021 | US |
| Child | 17396914 | US |
