CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
N/A
BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
This disclosure relates generally to catalytic converters, and, more particularly, to materials of use in catalyst systems.
2. Background Information
Emissions standards seek the reduction of a variety of materials in exhaust gases, including unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NO). In order to meet such standards, catalyst systems able to convert such materials present in the exhaust of any number of mechanisms are needed.
To this end, there is a continuing need to provide materials able to perform in a variety of environments, which may vary in a number ways, including oxygen content and the temperature of the gases undergoing treatment.
SUMMARY
Zero platinum group metals (ZPGM) catalyst systems are disclosed. Materials suitable to use as variations of carrier material oxide to form Cu—Mn spinel may include TiO2, doped TiO2, Ti1-xNbxO2, SiO2, Alumina and doped alumina, ZrO2 and doped ZrO2, Nb2O5—ZrO2, Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 and combinations thereof.
Suitable methods for preparing Cu—Mn spinel containing these materials may include a co-precipitation method or any other suitable known in the art chemical techniques, deposition methods and treatment systems may be employed in order to form the disclosed ZPGM catalyst.
Metal salt solutions suitable for the use in the co-precipitation process described in this disclosure may include solutions of Copper Nitrate (CuNO3) or Copper acetate and Manganese Nitrate (MnNO3) or Manganese acetate in any suitable solvent.
The type of Cu—Mn spinel phase and the crystallite size may vary depending on the type of carrier material oxide used and the treatment condition the final catalyst may receive. In addition, the effect of aging on the nature of Cu—Mn spinel depends on the type of carrier metal oxides.
The disclosed Cu—Mn spinel catalyst may be formed on a substrate, where the substrate may be of any suitable material, including cordierite and may be used for TWC application.
Numerous other aspects, features and advantages of the present disclosure may be made apparent from the following detailed description, taken together with the drawing figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present disclosure can be better understood by referring to the following figures. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the figures, any reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout different views.
FIG. 1 shows co-precipitation method for the powder synthesis of Stoichiometric Cu—Mn spinel, according to an embodiment
FIG. 2 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks of bare ZrO2-Nb2O5, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 3 s shows XRD phase analysis including diffraction peaks of powder prepared in example#1, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 4 illustrates the XRD phase analysis of the same powder of example#1 after aging, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 5 shows the XRD phase analysis peaks of fresh powder sample prepared in example#1 after reaction, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 6 illustrates (XRD) peaks of bare Nb2O5-ZrO2-CeO2, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 7 shows the XRD phase analysis peaks of powder prepared in example#2 when the powder is fresh, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 8 shows the XRD phase analysis of the same powder of example#2 after aging, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 9 shows the XRD phase analysis peaks of powder prepared in example#3 when the powder is fresh, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 10 shows the XRD phase analysis of the same powder of example#3 after aging, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 11 shows the comparison of crystallite size of Cu—Mn mixed phase formed on samples of example#1, example#2 and example#3, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 12 shows CO light-off test under rich exhaust conditions for samples of example #1 , example#2 and example#3, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 13 illustrates NO light-off test under rich exhaust conditions for samples of example #1 , example#2 and example#3, according to an embodiment.
FIG. 14 shows NO light-off test under rich exhaust conditions for samples of example #1 , example#2 and example#3 after aging, according to an embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Definitions
As used here, the following terms have the following definitions:
“Exhaust” refers to the discharge of gases, vapor, and fumes that may include hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, and/or carbon monoxide.
“R Value” refers to the number obtained by dividing the reducing potential by the oxidizing potential.
“Rich Exhaust” refers to exhaust with an R value above 1.
“Lean Exhaust” refers to exhaust with an R value below 1.
“Conversion” refers to the chemical alteration of at least one material into one or more other materials.
“Catalyst” refers to one or more materials that may be of use in the conversion of one or more other materials.
“Carrier Material Oxide (CMO)” refers to support materials used for providing a surface for at least one catalyst.
“Oxygen Storage Material (OSM)” refers to a material able to take up oxygen from oxygen rich streams and able to release oxygen to oxygen deficient streams.
“Three Way Catalyst (TWC)” refers to a catalyst suitable for use in converting at least hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide.
“Oxidation Catalyst” refers to a catalyst suitable for use in converting at least hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
“Wash-coat” refers to at least one coating including at least one oxide solid that may be deposited on a substrate.
“Over-coat” refers to at least one coating that may be deposited on at least one wash-coat or impregnation layer.
“Zero Platinum Group (ZPGM) Catalyst” refers to a catalyst completely or substantially free of platinum group metals.
“Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)” refers to platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, and rhodium.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Disclosed here are catalyst materials that may be of use in the conversion of exhaust gases, according to an embodiment.
The present disclosure is here described in detail with reference to embodiments illustrated in the drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, which are not necessarily to scale or to proportion, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. Other embodiments may be used and/or other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description are not meant to be limiting of the subject matter presented herein.
FIG. 1 shows co-precipitation method 100 for the powder synthesis of Stoichiometric Cu—Mn spinel with general formula of Cu1.0Mn2.0O4 on different carrier oxide supports. The preparation may begin by mixing the appropriate amount of Mn nitrate solution 102 and Cu nitrate solution 104, where the suitable copper loadings may include loadings in a range of 10 to 20 percent by weight and suitable manganese loadings may include loadings in a range of 10 to 30 percent by weight. The next step may mix 106 the Cu—Mn solution with slurry of carrier material oxide 110 support.
Co-precipitation method 100 may be created by addition of appropriate amount of one or more of NaOH solution, Na2CO3 solution, and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) solution. The pH of Cu—Mn carrier oxide support slurry may be adjusted at the range of 7-9 and the slurry may be aged for a period of time of about 12 to 24 hours, while keep stirring. This precipitation may be formed over a slurry including at least one suitable carrier material oxide 110, where the slurry may include any number of additional suitable carrier material oxides 110, and may include one or more suitable Oxygen Storage Materials. After precipitation 112, metal oxide slurry 108 may then undergo filtering and washing 114, where the resulting material may be dried 116 and may later be calcined at any suitable temperature of about 300° C. to about 600° C., preferably about 500° C. for about 5 hours.
Metal salt solutions suitable for use in co-precipitation method 100 described above may include solutions of Copper Nitrate (CuNO3) or Copper acetate and Manganese Nitrate (MnNO3) or Manganese acetate in any suitable solvent.
Other methods suitable for preparing catalysts similar to those described above may include sol-gel methods and templating methods, including polymeric templating agent such as polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(N-vinyl-2pyrrolidone)(PVP), polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, multilayer polyelectrolyte films, poly-siloxane, oligosaccharides, poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(N,Ndialkylcarbodiimide), chitosan, hyper-branched aromatic polyamides and other suitable polymers.
Cu—Mn spinel catalyst may be formed on a substrate, where the substrate may be of any suitable material, including cordierite. The washcoat may include one or more carrier material oxide 110 and may also include one or more OSMs. Cu—Mn spinel may be precipitated 112 on said one or more carrier material oxide 110 or combination of carrier material oxide 110 and oxygen storage material, where the catalyst may be synthesized by any suitable chemical technique, including co-precipitation method 100. The milled Cu—Mn spinel catalyst and carrier material oxide 110 may then be deposited on a substrate, forming an overcoat, where the overcoat may undergo one or more heat treatments.
Variations of Carrier Material Oxide
Various types of carrier material oxide 110 may be useful for supporting Cu—Mn spinel catalyst. Carrier material oxide 110 may include TiO2, doped TiO2, Ti1-xNbxO2, SiO2, Al2O3 and doped Al2O3, ZrO2 and doped ZrO2 (for example Pr-doped ZrO2), Nb2O5—ZrO2 and Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 and combinations thereof.
Types of carrier material oxide 110 may directly affect the type of Cu—Mn oxide phase and structure. This may influence the formation of spinel phase and also size of crystallite Cu—Mn spinel.
EXAMPLES
Example #1 A powder Cu—Mn spinel with a general formula of Cu1.0Mn2.0O4 is formed on Nb2O5-ZrO2 support. The co-precipitation method 100 shown in FIG. 1 was used to prepare this powder. Nb2O5—ZrO2 is used as carrier material oxide 110 which contains ZrO2 from 60 to 80 percent by weight, preferably 75 percent by weight and Nb2O5 from 20 to 40 percent by weight, preferably 25 percent by weight. In case of aged samples, the powder sample was treated at 900° C. for 4 hours under dry air condition.
FIG. 2 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks of bare ZrO2-Nb2O5 200 which is used as carrier material oxide 110 in preparation of powder Cu—Mn spinel of example #1. The solid triangles are assigned to Nb2O5 and the circles assigned to ZrO2.
FIG. 3 shows XRD phase analysis 300 including diffraction peaks of powder prepared in example#1 when the powder is fresh. XRD phase analysis 300 shows the formation of CuMn2O4 spinel (solid line) and the presence of free CuO phase (solid triangle). The remaining diffraction peaks in FIG. 3 corresponds to Nb2O5—ZrO2 support. The XRD phase analysis 300 result test shows the formation of mixed CuO and Cu—Mn spinel at fresh sample prepared in example#1. The average crystalline size of this mixed oxide phase was measured at approximately 11 nm.
FIG. 4 illustrates the XRD phase analysis 400 of the same powder of example#1 after aging at 900° C. for about 4 hours. The XRD phase analysis 400 of aged samples shows the stability of CuMn2O4 and CuO after aging, and no new phase formed. However, decreasing the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of mixed metal oxides phase (having sharper peaks) is evidence of increasing the crystalline size of Cu oxide and Cu—Mn spinel mixed phase. The average crystallite size of this mixed oxide phase was measured at approximately 18 nm.
FIG. 5 shows the XRD phase analysis 500 peaks of fresh powder sample prepared in example#1 after placing under rich exhaust condition. The fresh sample undergoes a light-off test with a rich gas stream at R-value=1.224 from temperature of 100° C. to 600° C. FIG. 5 compares the XRD peaks of fresh powder sample before and after reaction. The position of Cu—Mn spinel diffraction peaks (shown in FIG. 3) shows the same angles after reaction. Therefore, XRD phase analysis 500 shows the stability of Cu—Mn spinel phase during reaction. However, the results show the formation of Mn3O4 during reaction.
In Example #2 A powder Cu—Mn spinel with a general formula of Cu1.0Mn2.0O4 is formed on Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 support. The co-precipitation method 100 shown in FIG. 1 was used for preparation of this powder. Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 is used as carrier material oxide 110 which contains ZrO2 from 50 to 70 percent by weight, preferably 60 percent by weight and Nb2O5 from 10 to 30 percent by weight, preferably 20 percent by weight and CeO2 from 10 to 30 percent by weight, preferably 20 percent by weight. In case of aged samples, the powder sample was treated at 900° C. for 4 hours under dry air condition.
FIG. 6 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks of bare Nb2O5-ZrO2-CeO2 600 which is used as carrier material oxide 110 in preparation of powder Cu—Mn spinel of example #2. The solid triangles are assigned to Nb2O5 phase, the solid circles assigned CeO2 phase, and solid line assigned to ZrO2.
FIG. 7 shows the XRD phase analysis 700 peaks of powder prepared in example #2 when the powder is fresh. XRD phase analysis 700 shows the formation of CuMn2O4 spinel (solid line) and the presence of free CuO phase (solid triangle). The remaining diffraction peaks in FIG. 7 corresponds to Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 support. The XRD phase analysis 700 result test shows the formation of mixed CuO and Cu—Mn spinel at fresh sample prepared in example #2. The average crystallite size of this mixed oxide phase was measured at approximately 8 nm.
FIG. 8 shows the XRD phase analysis 800 of the same powder of example #2 after aging at 900° C. for about 4 hours. The XRD phase analysis 800 of aged samples shows the stability of CuMn2O4 and CuO after aging. However, a new copper niobium oxide phase is formed in the powder of example #2 on Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 support after aging. In addition, decreasing the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of mixed metal oxides phase (having sharper peaks) is evidence of increasing the crystalline size of mixed oxide phase in this sample. The average crystallite size of this mixed oxide phase increased to approximately 17 nm.
In Example #3 A powder Cu—Mn spinel with a general formula of Cu1.0Mn2.0O4 is formed on Pr-dopped ZrO2. The co-precipitation method 100 shown in FIG. 1 was used for preparation of this powder. ZrO2—Pr6O11 is used as carrier material oxide 110 which contains ZrO2 from 80 to 95 percent by weight, preferably 90 percent by weight and Pr6O11 from 5 to 20 percent by weight, preferably 10 percent by weight. In case of aged samples, the powder sample was treated at 900° C. for 4 hours under dry air condition.
FIG. 9 shows the XRD phase analysis 900 peaks of powder prepared in example #3 when the powder is fresh. XRD phase analysis 900 shows no Cu—Mn spinel phase formed on Pr-doped ZrO2 support. FIG. 9 shows the formation of mixed CuO and MnO phase on the fresh powder sample of example #3. The remaining diffraction peaks corresponds to ZrO2 from the support. The average crystallite size of this mixed oxide phase was measured at approximately 8 nm.
FIG. 10 shows the XRD phase analysis 1000 of the same powder of example #3 after aging at 900° C. for about 4 hours. The XRD phase analysis 1000 of aged samples shows the formation of Cu—Mn spinel phase (solid line) after aging on Pr-doped ZrO2 support. However, in addition to Cu—Mn spinel phase (solid line) and CuO phase (solid triangle), the Mn3O4 phase (solid circle) formed after aging. The remaining diffraction peaks in FIG. 10 corresponds to ZrO2 from the support. The average crystallite size of this mixed oxide phase is approximately 10 nm.
FIG. 11 shows the comparison 1100 of crystallite size of Cu—Mn mixed 106 phases formed on samples of example #1, example #2 and example #3. FIG. 11 compares the crystallite size of fresh and aged samples. Each variation of carrier material oxide 110 may provide different crystallite sizes, which may also depend on the condition treatment used to form the Cu—Mn spinel. As shown in FIG. 11, the increasing of crystallite size of Cu—Mn mixed 106 phases is more significant for Nb2O5—ZrO2 and Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 supports.
FIG. 12 shows CO light-off test 1200 under rich exhaust conditions for samples of example #1, example #2 and example #3. All samples are fresh and temperature increased from 100° C. to 600° C. under rich exhaust at R-value=1.224. Propylene (C3H6) is used as feed hydrocarbon. FIG. 12 shows T50 of CO at 185° C., 178° C., and 188° C. for powder sample of example #1, example #2, and example #3, respectively. The results show that the type of carrier metal oxide has no significant effect on CO conversion; however, Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 support shows slightly improvement in CO conversion.
FIG. 13 illustrates NO light-off test 1300 under rich exhaust conditions for samples of example #1, example #2 and example #3. All samples are fresh and reaction temperature increased from 100° C. to 600° C. under rich exhaust at R-value=1.224. Propylene (C3H6) is used as feed hydrocarbon. FIG. 13 shows T50 of NO at 375° C., 383° C., and 450° C. for powder sample of example #1, example #2, and example #3, respectively. The results show that the type of support has significant effect on type of Cu and Mn oxide phase formed, and therefore on NO conversion. Nb2O5—ZrO2—CeO2 and Nb2O5—ZrO2 supports show improvement in NO conversion. This can be related to formation of Cu—Mn spinel in these samples when they are fresh. Absence of Cu—Mn spinel phase on Pr-doped ZrO2 (example #3) results in significant increase of T50 of NO conversion in this sample under fresh condition.
FIG. 14 shows NO light-off test 1400 under rich exhaust conditions for samples of example #1, example #2 and example #3 after aging. All samples are aged at 900° C. for 4 hours and the reaction temperature increased from 100° C. to 600° C. under rich exhaust at R-value=1.224. Propylene (C3H6) is used as feed hydrocarbon. FIG. 14 shows T50 of NO at 410° C., 385° C., and 403° C. for powder sample of example #1, example #2, and example #3, respectively. The results show that the type of support influences the NO conversion after aging. The overall NO conversion of samples of example #1 and example #2 decreased after aging and this is because of increasing the crystallite size of Cu—Mn spinel phase. However, the overall NO conversion of sample of example #3 improved after aging. The improvement can be related to formation of Cu—Mn spinel phase on Pr-doped ZrO2 after aging.
Patent Application
20140357475
