Patent Application
20110198024
The present invention relates to equipment and methods for applying heat transfer labels to a curved surface, and particularly to a compound curved surface. The present invention also relates to labeling processes and in particular, applying heat transfer labels to containers. The invention is particularly directed to application of labels onto curved container surfaces and defect-free retention thereon.
It is known to apply labels to containers or bottles to provide information such as the supplier or the contents of the container. Such containers and bottles are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes for holding many different types of materials such as detergents, chemicals, personal care products, motor oil, beverages, etc.
Polymeric film materials and film facestocks have been used as labels in various fields. Polymeric labels are increasingly desired for many applications, particularly transparent polymeric labels since they provide a no-label look to decorated glass and plastic containers. Paper labels block the visibility of the container and/or the contents in the container. Clear polymeric labels enhance the visual aesthetics of the container, and therefore the product. The popularity of polymeric labels is increasing much faster than that of paper labels in the package decoration market as consumer product companies are continuously trying to upgrade the appearance of their products. Polymeric film labels also have superior mechanical properties as compared to paper labels, such as greater tensile strength and abrasion resistance.
Traditional polymeric pressure sensitive (PSA) labels often exhibit difficulty adhering smoothly to containers having curved surfaces and/or complex shapes without wrinkling, darting or lifting on the curved surfaces. As a result, heat shrink sleeve labels have typically been used on these types of containers having compound curved surfaces. Labeling operations for sleeve type labels are carried out using processes and methods that form a tube or sleeve of the heat shrink film that is placed over the container and heated in order to shrink the film to conform to the size and shape of the container. Alternatively, the containers are completely wrapped with a shrink label using a process in which the shrink film is applied to the container directly from a continuous roll of film material and then heat is applied to conform the wrapped label to the container. Regardless, label defects frequently occur during labeling operations of simple or compound shaped bottles during label application or in post label application processes. These misapplied labels result in high scrap or extra processing steps that can be costly.
Accordingly, a need exists for a process in which a design and/or indicia could be applied to a curved surface and particularly a compound curved surface without the occurrence of defects.
Eliminating or reducing the previously noted problems may also lead to additional advantages such as reducing overall capital costs for process equipment, reducing floor space associated with a labeling process, increasing equipment life by reducing exposure to heat, and improving process consistency and reliability as a result of process simplification.
The present invention provides advances in labeling operations, and particularly for methods of applying designs to articles by heat transfer labeling.
The difficulties and drawbacks associated with previously known systems and methods are overcome in the present method and apparatus relating to a heated flexible member that readily and consistently applies one or more designs to containers using heat transfer label assemblies, and particularly containers with compound curved surfaces, without the occurrence of defects.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of applying a heat transfer design from a support member or web to a container. The heat transfer design includes a region of ink or other pigmented formulation disposed on the support member. The method comprises providing a label processor comprising (i) a rigid frame defining a first face and an oppositely directed second face, the frame defining an opening extending between the first and the second faces; and (ii) a flexible member disposed adjacent to at least one of the first face and the second face of the frame and extending through the opening of the frame and projecting outward from the second face of the frame. The flexible member defines an outer surface for contacting the support member. The flexible member also defines an interior hollow region accessible from the first face of the frame. The flexible member is deformable upon application of a label contacting force to a portion of the member projecting outward from the second face of the frame. The method also comprises heating the flexible member. The method further comprises positioning the heat transfer design and the support member between the outer surface of the flexible member and the container. The method additionally comprises contacting the outer surface of the flexible member with the support member and contacting the heat transfer design with the container. The method also comprises applying a label contacting force to the flexible member whereby the flexible member is deformed and the heat transfer design is at least partially transferred to the container.
In another aspect, the invention provides a label processing system comprising a heat transfer label including a support member or web, and a region of ink or other pigmented formulation disposed on the support member. The label processing system also comprises a label processor for concurrently heating and contacting a label to a container. The label processor includes (i) a rigid frame defining a first face and an oppositely directed second face, the frame defining an opening extending between the first and the second faces, and (ii) a flexible member disposed adjacent to at least one of the first face and the second face of the frame and extending through the opening of the frame and projecting outward from the second face of the frame. The flexible member defining an outer surface for contacting a label. The flexible member also defines an interior hollow region accessible from the first face of the frame. The flexible member is deformable upon application of a label contacting force to a portion of the member projecting outward from the second face of the frame.
As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative and not restrictive.
The present invention provides further advances in strategies, methods, components, and equipment for applying labels and films onto curved surfaces such as outer curved surfaces of various containers. Although the present invention is primarily described in terms of applying heat transfer labels or related assemblies to containers, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to containers. Instead, the invention can be used to apply a variety of labels or films onto surfaces of nearly any type of article. The invention is particularly directed to applying heat transfer labels onto curved container surfaces. And, the invention is also particularly directed to applying labels such as heat transfer labels onto compound curved surfaces of various containers. Although descriptions of various preferred equipment are provided herein with regard to applying pressure sensitive labels and/or shrink labels, it will be appreciated that the preferred equipment and associated components can also be used in conjunction with heat transfer labeling.
References are made herein to containers having curved surfaces or compound curved surfaces. A curved surface is a surface defined by a line moving along a curved path. A compound curved surface is a particular type of curved surface in which the previously noted line is a curved line. Examples of a compound curved surface include, but are not limited to, the outer surface of a sphere, a hyperbolic parabloid, and a dome. It is to be understood that the present invention can be used for applying labels and films onto a wide variety of surfaces, including planar surfaces and simple curved surfaces. However, as explained in greater detail herein, the invention is particularly well suited for applying labels and films onto compound curved surfaces.
A widely employed method for imprinting designs onto articles is heat transfer labeling. This process typically uses a paper base sheet or web carrying a label including a release layer over which a design is imprinted in ink or other pigmented formulation. In one successful technique of heat transfer decoration, labels are transferred to bottles or other articles using heat and pressure by feeding the article to a transfer site, where a label-bearing web is pressed against the article to transfer the label, i.e. the design onto the outer surface of the article.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the various label processors and particularly their corresponding flexible members are used to apply one or more designs from a web or other transfer member to a container, bottle, or other article of interest. The preferred embodiment label processors and their flexible members are well suited for use in a heat transfer labeling operation and particularly well suited for applying designs to compound curved surfaces.
More specifically, the invention provides a heat transfer labeling method employing a decorative laminate including a design which is transferred from a support member or web to an article. The support member or web is heated to a first temperature, permitting separation of the design of the decorative lamination from the support member. In certain embodiments, the surface of the flexible member is advantageously at a second, somewhat lower temperature. In other embodiments, the surface of the flexible member is at a second temperature higher than the temperature of the web. And in still other embodiments, the surface of the flexible member is at the same temperature as the temperature of the web. The decorative laminate and design are pressed against the article forming an adhesive bond thereto. Upon withdrawal of the flexible member, the support member or web readily separates from the design now adhered or otherwise disposed on the article. In the following description, a heat transfer label assembly generally comprises a decorative laminate that includes one or more designs to be transferred to corresponding articles. And, the heat transfer label assembly also comprises a support member or web which carries the decorative laminate. The heat transfer label assembly may include one or more release layers between the decorative laminate and the web to facilitate separation of the design from the web. The decorative laminate may also include additional components such as an outer layer of a heat transfer adhesive. Upon contacting the decorative laminate to an article, the adhesive promotes retention and adherence of the design to the article.
In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer label assembly includes a non-wax based adhesive/release layer which is in direct contact with the support member or web. The adhesive/release layer functions as a release layer permitting separation of the decorative laminate from the support as the support member is heated and as an adhesive as the decorative laminate is pressed against the article and transferred from the web to the article. The heat transfer label assembly may include a wax based release layer intermediate the adhesive/release layer and the support. The nonwax adhesive/release layer is softened by the heating of the support member and separated therefrom during transfer. This layer may also function as an adhesive forming a permanent bond to the article during transfer.
The heat transfer label assembly further includes an ink design. Optionally, the heat transfer label assembly includes a protective coating layer over the ink layer. However, this layer may be omitted in many applications.
Optionally, the heat transfer label assembly further includes a barrier layer intermediate the adhesive/release layer and the ink layer. The barrier layer, where included, functions to prevent absorption of ink into the nonwax adhesive/release layer.
The embodiment has the advantage that the decorative laminate may be composed of either a single colored decorative design or a multicolored decorative design including halftone colors. Another advantage of the embodiment is that the decorative laminate may be transferred to virtually any type of article irrespective of its shape or degree of surface curvature without causing distortion to the design imprint. Thus, the article may, for example, be composed of ceramic, glass, plastic, paper foil, and a variety of polymeric materials, and the surface to which the transfer substrate is transposed may be flat or include compound curves, irregular surfaces, or recessed panels. As described in greater detail, for certain applications, the articles to which the design(s) are transferred are fabrics or textiles, including woven and nonwoven materials.
The heat transfer label assembly of the preferred embodiment includes a paper sheet or web, which is coated on one side with the various layers constituting decorative laminate. The decorative laminate generally includes a resinous coating layer in contact with the support (i.e., the adhesive/release layer), an ink layer covering the resinous coating layer and a protective coating layer over the ink layer.
In yet another embodiment, the various label processors as described herein can be used in conjunction with heat transfer labeling and permeable or “breathable” adhesives to apply designs onto fabrics, textiles, and the like.
A representative heat transfer label providing permeable adhesives and/or inks is as follows. Typically, the heat transfer label has four layers: a layer of temporary support, a layer of indicia, a layer of heat transfer adhesive, and a release layer between and in contact with the layer of indicia and the support. Upon application onto a fabric, the label is placed on the fabric with the heat transfer adhesive layer in contact with the fabric. The label application process can be accomplished in any of a number of known labeling processes, direct attached, tip on, blown on, etc. and then secured. Preferably, the label processor and its flexible member as described herein are used to apply the layer of indicia and the layer of heat transfer adhesive to the fabric.
Heat can be applied through the side of the temporary support. The temporary support is then withdrawn with the release layer and leaving only the printed indicia attached to the fabric surface through the adhesive. The temporary support and the release layer form the support portion of the label, which functions as carrier for the label but do not get transferred to the fabric. The layer of indicia and the layer of heat transfer adhesive form the transfer portion of the label, which will be transferred onto the fabric. Each layer in the transfer portion of the label is preferably breathable. Each layer in the support portion does not necessarily need to be breathable as it does not get transferred to the fabric.
The heat transfer label can further include at least one of the following layers in the transfer portion: a white layer situated between the indicia and the adhesive layer, a clear layer situated between the indicia and the release layer, and a clear layer situated between the white layer and the adhesive layer when a white layer is used. A white layer can provide a contrasting background color for the indicia so that the appearance of the indicia is not offset significantly by the color of the fabric. A clear layer can be used to protect the indicia layer and modify adhesion of the indicia layer to the release layer. Another clear layer can be used to modify the adhesion between the adhesive layer and the white layer.
The carrier support or web provides mechanical strength for the label structure for ease of processing and handling. It also allows the label sheet to be rolled up or stacked for storage until further processing or attachment to the apparel item occurs. Paper or polymer films can be used as the carrier. A preferred carrier is thermally stabilized polymer film such as PET. A wide array of materials can be used for the carrier, support member, or web. In addition to the materials noted herein, it is also contemplated that fabrics, textiles, non-wovens, and woven materials could be used as carriers. It is also contemplated that the heat transfer label assemblies could include one or more fabric or textile layers. Combinations of all of these materials are contemplated. A preferred thickness for the carrier film is 2 to 7 mil thick. It is more preferred to be 4 to 6 mil.
The release layer is a low melting point material with suitable adhesion to the indicia layer or clear coating when used. Suitable adhesion means the indicia or clear coating can be deposited on the release layer but can also be separated from the release layer in the heat transfer process. The release for the release layer can be wax based material or silicone. The release may further include a polymer binder and other additives such as matting agents. In situations where a wax is selected for the release, certain types of wax could contaminate the surface of the breathable label after the heat transfer occurs, hydrophilic wax is preferred. Preferred melting points for the wax range from 70 to 150 C. It is more preferred to use wax with a melting point in the range of 100 to 120 C. One example of hydrophilic wax is Unithox D-300, a non-ionic wax emulsion from Baker Petrolite that is 23.5% in solids. Another example is E6 Release available from Avery Dennison RIS division. The wax layer can be solvent or water based and can include the same set of additives as layers in the transfer portion of the label, to be discussed in detail later. The wax layer can be printed or coated. The thickness of wax release layer is between about 1 to about 10 microns but is more preferably between about 1 to about 5 microns.
In certain embodiments, each layer of the heat transfer label that is attached to the article preferably exhibits breathability, that is, to allow moisture to penetrate through. The breathability results from the use of polymers that can form a breathable film. Those polymers are hydrophilic in nature and form a monolithic film, that is, a film without microporous interconnected structures. The breathability of these hydrophilic polymers is the result of molecular water diffusion and conduction along the hydrophilic polymer side chain. This mechanism is described in detail in J. Mater. Chem., 2007, 17, 2775-2784, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The hydrophilic polymers can also absorb condensed water and allow the water to pass through the polymer film, a process commonly referred to as water wicking.
Breathable hydrophilic polymers include water based dispersions and solvent based dispersions. Examples of water based hydrophilic polymer dispersions include Permax 202, Permax 230, Permax 300, and Permax 803, all of which are from Lubrizol Corp. of Wickliffe, Ohio, USA. The preferred hydrophilic breathable polymers have polyalkyleneoxide grafted as side chains instead of the being part of the main backbone as described by Lubnin et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,897,281. Permax 230 is a non-ionic stabilized polyurethane dispersion with solid value of 33%. It has an MVTR value for the dried film of 500 g/m2/day using the upright water cup (ASTM E-96B) and 4500 g/m2/day using the inverted water cup (ASTM E-96BW). Permax 230 has also a melt viscosity that allows it to flow into the fabrics when molten at a temperature above 250° F., making it ideal for formulating breathable hot melt adhesives.
Examples of solvent based hydrophilic polymers include the breathable polyurethane SU-55-074 from Stahl Corp, which is a 30% solid solution in a toluene/IPA mixture. Such polymers can also be crosslinked via the urethane group using poly-isocyanates such as the HDI trimer Coronate HXLV from Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co. Preferred solvents for such polymers include propylene and di-propylene glycol.
Besides hydrophilic polymer, the formulation for each layer in the transfer portion may further include a liquid carrier, and one or more of the following components: polymers, waxes, additives, pigments, etc. The additives include chemicals such as humectants, rheology modifiers, surface tension modifiers, leveling agents, release agents etc.
The liquid carrier can be water or solvent. Examples of suitable solvents include dipropyleneglycol dimethylether, dipropyleneglycol monomethylether, dipropyleneglycol monobutylether, dipropyleneglycol monomethylether acetate, gama butyrolactone, n-ethyl pyrolidinone etc. When water is used as a liquid carrier, it may still require the presence of a co-solvent to help the stability of the formulation. Suitable co-solvents include propylene glycol ethers, esters and ethylene glycol ether/esters. Examples of co-solvents include di-propylene glycol di-methyl ether, di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether, di-propylene glycol monobutylether, di-propylene glycol mono methyl ether acetate, and the mono propylene glycol series.
Humectants maintain the mobility and wetting of the formulation during processing. Examples of humectants include: mono-propylene glycol, di-propylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol, glycerol, etc or mixtures of glycols and waxes, such as Aqualube AQ54 from Nazdar Corp.
Rheology modifiers provide the suitable flow characteristics for the formulation. Newtonian or viscoelastic flow properties are preferred for the formulations. For screen-printing, the viscosities of the formulations are preferred to be from 10,000 cp to 100,000 cp. For other printing methods such as flexo or gravure, the viscosities of the formulations are preferably in a lower range, e.g. 5-250 cp and Newtonian flow property is preferred. Examples of rheology modifiers include associated hydrophilic polyurethanes such as DSX1415 from Cognis Corp., BorchiGel L75N from Borchers, or alkali-swellable thickeners such as UCAR Polyphobes 102 and 106 from Dow Chemical.
Surface tension modifiers or surfactants can be anionic or non-ionic. The preferred ones are non-ionic and non-fluorinated with low foaming ability. Examples of suitable surface tension modifiers include alkoxylated silicones such as TegoWet 270 from Tego-Degussa or BYK 319 from BYK Chemie, ethoxylated hydrocarbons such Triton CF-10 from Dow Chemical, or acetylene derived alcohols such as Surfynol 104E from Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
Defoamers such as BYK 24, 28, 19 from BYK Chemie can also be used.
Pigments are important for the indicia layer and white layer. Pigment pastes that are pre-dispersed in water or organic solvent are preferred. Examples of such pigments include Aurasperse series of pigment concentrates from BASF. Aurasperse W-308, for example, is a white TiO2 concentrate with 71% solids. It can be used in the white background layer. Aurasperse W-7012 is a black pigment concentrated with 35% solids. It can be used in the black color ink of the color layer.
pH buffers could also be a part of the formulations. The role of the buffers is to maintain the pH value of the formulation and prolong the pot life of the liquid ink by moderating the reactivity of the cross linker. The pH buffers are also used to control the rheology of the formulations when any form of alkali induced thickening is employed. A suitable pH buffer is DMAMP-80, an amino alcohol product from Dow Chemical that is an 80% solution of 2-Dimethylamino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol in water. DMAMP-80 could effectively thicken alkali-swellable thickeners such as UCAR Polyphobes 102 and 106 from Dow Chemical.
The optional clear layer functions as a protective layer or varnish to give the label increased resistance to abrasion and scuffing effects. It also serves to tune the adhesion of the label to the supporting release layer. This layer should be deposited uniformly. The preferred thickness is about 1 to about 20 microns.
The indicia is a color design layer that functions to display the visual information of the label. This layer should be breathable but the breathability can be a function of the solid pigment content of the ink. Important for the color layer is the usage of color pigments as compared to dyes. Color carriers in the inks typically offer improved resistance to environmental factors and do not exhibit propensity to thermal sublimation. The preferred color carriers used in the indicia are the organic and inorganic pigments. The thickness of the indicia can be a function of pigment concentration (lower limits or minimal necessary achieving the required color density is preferred) and breathability (higher the better). A preferred thickness is about 10 to about 50 microns.
The white background layer offers a contrasting background for the color design layer. This layer should be printed uniformly and be breathable. The preferred thickness is about 20 to about 200 microns. It has all the features of the color design layer and in addition requires an increased level of white pigmentation (>50% pigment in the solid film mix) as its masking power should overcome the background color of the fabric the label is bonded onto. The white background layer may be optional if the color of the fabric substrate is white. It is preferred for this layer, disregarding the color or nature of the fabric substrate, to exhibit a consistent background for the indicia. The preferred pigment for this layer is silica or alumina treated TiO2 as they are also hydrophilic.
The optional clear layer functions as a tie layer if the white background layer does not offer satisfactory adhesion to the adhesive layer. This is especially required for some heavily TiO2 loaded white formulations.
The adhesive layer used in typical heat transfer labels preferably satisfies the following requirements: a) melt and flow in the fabrics texture between about 250-350° F. when heated up for 5 to about 50 seconds, b) have a suitable modulus to withstand high temperature wash tests required by some apparel manufacturers, and c) have suitable adhesion to synthetic fibers. The adhesive thickness can range between about 20 and about 500 microns.
As the adhesive layer will be in contact with the fabric after the heat transfer process, and therefore hidden behind the indicia layer and other layers when used, there are two methods to render this layer breathable: through the use of a breathable hot melt adhesive, or through pattern printing of a hot melt adhesive that is not breathable, or a combination of both. When using pattern printing, the adhesive is deposited at discrete locations, leaving space between adhesives so that moisture or condensed water can pass through. Breathable adhesives can be used to at least partially fill up the space between the non-breathable adhesives.
When using breathable heat transfer labels as described herein, typically the heat transfer label has a MVTR of at least 100 g/m2/day when measured via ASTM 96E Procedure D. Preferably, the MVTR of the labels ranges from 400 to 900 g/m2/day when tested via ASTM 96E Procedure D.
It will be appreciated that the preferred embodiment heat transfer labeling methods are not limited to the particular label, support member and configuration as previously described. Instead, the invention includes a wide array of alternate methods and strategies of performing heat transfer labeling using the preferred embodiment equipment and namely the label processor, as described herein. Although the following description of various labeling equipment is generally provided in terms of applying polymeric film labels and particularly pressure sensitive labels and/or heat shrink labels, it will be understood that the equipment can also be used to apply one or more designs such as in the form of a decorative laminate from at heat transfer label assembly.
Specifically, the invention provides a flexible label applicator or processor member and associated assembly that when used in accordance with a preferred technique as described herein, applies labels onto curved surfaces without attendant problems of the occurrence of defects such as darts and wrinkles. The technique results in the application of labels onto curved container surfaces without defects by using a unique concurrent heating and wiping operation.
The flexible member, its various characteristics, and various frames and related assemblies for supporting and using the member are all described in greater detail herein. Additionally, preferred aspects of labels and films for application to containers are also described herein. Moreover, preferred aspects of adhesives associated with the labels and other aspects and details of labels are described herein. Furthermore, preferred processes for applying labels by use of the flexible member(s) are all described in greater detail herein.
The present invention provides a flexible member or diaphragm that is adapted for contacting a label, label assembly, film(s), or other like components and applying pressure to the label to contact and adhere the label to a surface of a container. Typically, labels are applied to the outer surface of a container, which as previously noted, is curved or otherwise exhibits a curved contour or shape. In many instances, certain regions of the container may exhibit compound curves. By use of the present invention, labels may be applied over these regions in a defect-free manner.
The flexible member is sufficiently rigid such that the member maintains its shape prior to contact with the label(s) or container(s). The member is not overly rigid, and hence flexible, such that the member readily deforms upon contact and under application of a load, such as for example, a label contacting force. This preferred characteristic is described in greater detail herein, but generally designated by reference to the flexible member as being deformable.
The flexible member may be provided in a wide variety of different shapes, sizes, and configurations so long as it exhibits the noted deformable feature. Preferably, the flexible member defines an outwardly bulging or domed surface such as a convex surface for contacting a label and/or container. The flexible member also defines an interior hollow region, preferably accessible from a location opposite that of the outwardly bulging contact surface.
It is also preferred that the flexible member provide heat to the label and/or container. Accordingly, it is preferred that the flexible member transfer heat along at least a portion of its outer surface, and preferably along its outwardly bulging surface for subsequent transfer of such heat to a label and/or container, particularly when contacting the label. Heat may be provided along the surface of the flexible member in a variety of different ways. However, it is generally preferred that a source of heat be provided within the interior of the flexible member. Heat within the interior of the flexible member is then transmitted through a wall of the flexible member, such as by conduction, to the outer surface of the member. It will be understood that the invention includes flexible members that do not include any heating provisions. In this version of the invention, one or more preheaters are used to heat the labels and/or films.
A preferred source of heat for the flexible member is a flameless heater such as an electrically powered resistive heater. Alternatively, one or more coils of a conduit through which a heated medium is passed could also be positioned within the interior of the flexible member. Yet another source of heat is administering a heated medium directly within the hollow interior of the flexible medium. Examples of such mediums include but are not limited to air, other gases, fluids, or flowable liquids. For example, liquid hydrocarbons such as oils could be used to heat and/or fill the interior hollow region of the flexible member. However, air is often preferred since it is readily available and leakage is not a concern.
For embodiments in which a heating coil or heating unit is provided within the interior of the flexible member, the particular configuration of the coil or unit may be provided so as to optimize the transmission of heat to desired regions of the flexible member, e.g. outer peripheral regions of the region of the domed outer surface. Generally, the preferred configuration or pattern of the heater is dependent on the particular geometry of the bottle and its respective label, to which the flexible member is contacted. Preferably, an oval or circular pattern can be used, with the heater being positioned relatively close to the interior wall surface of the flexible member along regions corresponding to outer regions of the label being applied thereto. This is preferred because it is generally not necessary to heat portion(s) of the label that are already adhered to the container, e.g. the interior middle region(s). This is explained in greater detail herein.
In the preferred versions of the flexible member, the outer domed region and sometimes the sidewalls attached thereto, are flexed, deformed and moved as the member is contacted against a container and label. Thus, it is generally preferred that any heating provisions such as for example electrically resistive heating elements, not be directly attached to the flexible member. However, the present invention contemplates that such constructions and arrangements could be used. For example, flexible printed heating elements could be applied onto the inner surface or the outer surface of the flexible member. It is also contemplated that an electrically powered resistive heater could be formed within or otherwise disposed within the flexible member.
Heating of the domed label-contacting outer surface of the flexible member can be accomplished in nearly any fashion. For example, multiple heating sources, provisions, and/or other techniques may be used. In certain applications, it may be preferred to employ multiple heaters. For example, a first heater can be used to heat air entering the interior hollow region of the flexible member. The first heater can for example be an electrically powered resistive heater. A second heater can be provided within the interior of the flexible member and be relatively stationary. The second heater can be in the form of an electrically powered resistive heater or utilize one or more coils through which a heat transfer fluid flows. Heating of the flexible member is performed such that the outer temperature of the flexible member is at least 38° C. and most preferably from about 120° C. to about 150° C. during label application operations. It will be appreciated that the temperature or range of temperatures to which the outer surface of the flexible member is heated, depends upon numerous factors, including for example, the heat shrink characteristics of the label and the adhesive properties. It is also contemplated that another set of heaters could be used to heat the labels and/or the containers prior to their contact with the flexible member. These heaters can be positioned external to the flexible member. For example, one or more infrared heaters could be utilized. Infrared lamps are preferred since they tend to heat objects of interest, i.e. the labels, and do not heat the surrounding atmosphere. Preferably, for certain applications, the labels are heated to a temperature of at least 38° C. prior to their final application to a container. A wide array of heating strategies and techniques can be used in order to increase the temperature of the external surface of the flexible member.
For certain preferred embodiments, it is desirable to utilize a single heat source. That is, for certain applications it is preferred to use one or more inlet heaters to heat incoming air during or prior to its entrance into the flexible member, and not employ one or more heaters within the flexible member. Heaters provided within the interior of a flexible member are preferably radiant heaters. Elimination or avoidance of such interior heaters may provide significant cost savings. However, it will be appreciated that the invention includes systems in which heating is provided exclusively within the flexible member, systems in which heating is provided by both inlet heaters and heaters within the flexible member, and by systems using tertiary or other supplemental heaters in combination with inlet heaters and/or heaters within the interior of the flexible member.
Another feature provided in certain preferred embodiments relates to the use of one or more air manifolds generally positioned within a flexible member. In a preferred system configuration, heated air is continuously cycled through one or more flexible members during a labeling operation. Excess air is exhausted as one or more flexible members are contacted and pressed against corresponding containers carrying labels. New air is then introduced upon positioning the flexible member away from and no longer in contact with the container and label. It is preferred that the new air is heated as such practice avoids the use of ambient temperature air which would otherwise cool the flexible member.
Many of the preferred embodiment flexible member, frame, and/or enclosure assemblies utilize a single entrance for incoming heated air along a rear wall that encloses the interior of the flexible member. Directing heated air into the flexible member interior and particularly, through a single entrance, results in the creation of regions of higher temperatures along the flexible member. Such regions of non-uniformity are undesirable.
Accordingly, for certain applications, it is preferred to use an air manifold or diffuser assembly within the interior of a flexible member. The air manifolds may be in a wide array of shapes and sizes. The air manifolds serve to distribute heated air within the interior of a flexible member to thereby more uniformly heat the flexible member.
The air flow manifold or diffuser may be in a variety of different shapes, sizes, and/or configurations. For example, one or more diffuser plates may be provided against which incoming heated air is directed toward. The flowing airstream is deflected by the diffuser plate(s) and thereby directed to other regions within the interior of the flexible member. The diffuser plate can be positioned directly within the flowing air stream such as by securing the plate across the opening of an air inlet port. Other members can be used in combination with a diffuser plate such as one or more pins or other flow deflecting members. Generally, any member that induces or promotes turbulence of the air flow within the interior of a flexible member may be used.
A particularly preferred embodiment of an air manifold is a tube diffuser. A tube diffuser is preferably in the form of a pipe or conduit in flow communication with the heated air inlet and is sized and shaped so as to fit within the interior of a flexible member. The pipe or conduit defines a longitudinally extending interior flow channel. The pipe or conduit also defines a plurality of holes or other apertures in the sidewalls and any end walls of the pipe. Air entering a flexible member through the inlet is directed through the pipe and exits the pipe via the plurality of holes. The pattern or arrangement of apertures is such that the heated air exiting the pipe uniformly heats, or substantially so, the interior of the flexible member and preferably the front wall of the flexible member which ultimately contacts labels. For example, a representative pattern of apertures may include two rows of apertures extending along the length of the pipe. Each hole or aperture is approximately 1.5 mm in diameter, and spaced about 25 mm apart. The two rows are spaced 60° apart and are directed toward the inner sides and front surfaces within the interior of the flexible member. Such orientation of the rows serves to direct heated air to the lateral side regions of the flexible member where such heat is typically needed.
The interior hollow region of the flexible member may be open or in communication with the atmosphere and thus be at atmospheric pressure. Alternatively, communication between the interior region and the external atmosphere may be partially or entirely restricted, such that the interior region is at a pressure that is greater than or less than atmospheric pressure. The flexible member may also be configured or engaged with other components such that during deformation of the flexible member, the pressure within the interior hollow region of the member changes, and is different from the pressure within that region prior to deformation. For example, a preferred configuration as described in greater detail herein, provides partially restricted communication between the interior hollow region of the flexible member and the external atmosphere. Prior to deformation, the restriction is not complete so that the interior hollow region is at atmospheric pressure. Upon deformation, the volume of the interior hollow region is reduced. Due to the noted partial restriction and decrease in volume, the pressure within the interior hollow region of the flexible member increases to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. The increase in pressure is preferably temporary as air within the interior hollow region is allowed to exit the interior region of the flexible member. These aspects are described in greater detail herein.
Preferably, the flexible member is not pressurized prior to a label application process. That is, preferably, the interior hollow region of the flexible member is at atmospheric pressure. By selectively controlling the flow restriction of air exiting the flexible member during a label application operation, controlled increase and maintenance of pressure within the flexible member is achieved. Preferably, the contents of the flexible member are exhausted after each label application operation so that the pressure within the interior of the flexible member returns to atmospheric. Preferably, the peak pressure as measured within the interior hollow region of the flexible member is less than 34,500 N/m2, more preferably less than 27,600 N/m2, and most preferably less than 20,700 N/m2. However, it will be understood that the present invention includes other venting strategies and the use of peak pressures lesser than or greater than these noted. Generally, over the course of a label application operation, a somewhat steady and constant inflow of air to the flexible member is provided through open exhaust ports. The flexible member will partially deflate as it contacts the label and container and in certain instances, may collapse as it fully contacts the label and container.
It will be appreciated that the present invention may utilize a wide array of assemblies in addition to or in certain applications, instead of, the flexible members described herein for applying a label or film onto a curved surface. For example, various mechanical assemblies particularly using springs or other biasing members could be used. It is also contemplated that label applicator or label processing members using compressible foams could be used.
The flexible member may be formed from nearly any material so long as the member is sufficiently flexible, i.e. deformable, and exhibits good thermal conductivity, durability, and wear properties. A preferred class of materials for the flexible member is silicones.
More precisely called polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes, silicones are mixed inorganic-organic polymers with the chemical formula [R2SiO]n, where R is an organic group such as methyl, ethyl, or phenyl. These materials typically include an inorganic silicon-oxygen backbone ( . . . —Si—O—Si—O—Si—O— . . . ) with organic side groups attached to the silicon atoms, which are four-coordinate.
In some cases, organic side groups can be used to link two or more of these —Si—O— backbones together. By varying the —Si—O— chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized with a wide variety of properties and compositions. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to rubber to hard plastic. The most common siloxane is linear polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicone oil. The second largest group of silicone materials is based on silicone resins, which are formed by branched and cage-like oligosiloxanes.
A particularly preferred silicone for use in forming the flexible member is a commercially available silicone elastomer designated as Rhodorsil® V-240. Rhodorsil® V-240 is available from Bluestar Silicones of Rock Hill, S.C. This silicone elastomer is a two component, addition cure, room temperature or heat accelerated cure silicone rubber compound. It is designed as a 60 Durometer (Shore A) rubber with high strength properties, long library life, low shrinkage, excellent detail reproduction, good release characteristics, and improved resistance to inhibition. The formulation of Rhodorsil® V-240 is generally as shown in Table 1 below:
As explained herein, in certain applications, it is desirable to heat the label prior to or during application, of the label to the surface of interest. And, as previously noted, heating provisions can be incorporated within the interior hollow region of the flexible member. Accordingly, it is desirable that the material of the flexible member exhibit a relatively high thermal conductivity to promote heat transfer to the outer surface of the flexible member. Preferably, the thermal conductivity of the flexible member is at least 0.1 W/(m·° C.), more preferably at least 0.15 W/(m·° C.), more preferably at least 0.20 W/(m·° C.), more preferably at least 0.25 W/(m·° C.), and most preferably at least 0.275 W/(m·° C.).
For embodiments in which the flexible member is formed from a silicone elastomer, the thickness of the walls of the flexible member are preferably from about 2.3 mm to about 3.0 mm. It will be understood that the particular wall thickness depends upon material selection, desired deformability characteristics, and other factors. Accordingly, in no way is the present invention limited to these wall thicknesses.
Most preferably, the flexible member is a domed outwardly projecting deformable member. The member may include one or more arcuate side walls or a plurality of straight walls arranged so as to form the interior hollow region. In a preferred version, the flexible member includes four side walls that extend between a base and a domed label-contacting surface. The four walls are arranged transversely with neighboring walls so as to form a square or rectangular shape. The base is preferably in the form of a lip that extends along a common edge of the four side walls. The domed surface extends from an edge of the side walls opposite the lip. The entire flexible member, i.e. its base, side walls, and domed surface, can be readily formed by molding a silicone elastomer, such as the previously noted Rhodorsil® V-240. The exact shape, size, and configuration of the flexible member primarily depends upon the shape, size, and configuration of the bottle to which a label is to be applied. For many applications, the flexible member may be in the shape of an oval with a domed front face. However, it will be appreciated that the present invention includes flexible members of nearly any shape.
The particular shape and/or configuration of a flexible member primarily depends upon the shape of the label and the shape or contour of the container. Although for many applications, a flexible member having a generally rectangular and symmetrical frontal profile with arcuate or rounded edges may be suitable, for certain applications, it may be preferred to use flexible members having non-symmetrical frontal and/or side profiles. Examples of flexible members having non-symmetrical profiles are provided and described herein.
The present invention also provides a frame for supporting the flexible member and preferably engaging the member to facilitate positioning and contacting the member against a label and/or container. The frame is preferably rigid and may be constructed from one or more metals, polymeric materials, or composite materials exhibiting the requisite properties as more fully described herein.
Preferably, in one form, a frame having a relatively planar shape defining two oppositely directed sides and defining a relatively large central opening is provided. The opening is sized and shaped to accommodate and receive the flexible member. Accordingly, upon positioning the flexible member within the frame's opening, the frame extends about the flexible member and provides support for the member and facilitates movement or positioning of the flexible member. In a preferred embodiment, the flexible member includes a plurality of side walls. Thus, preferably, the frame defines an opening having the same shape as the plurality of side walls of the flexible member. For collections of linear side walls of a flexible member, the shape of the opening defined in the frame preferably corresponds to the shape of the collection of side walls. And, preferably, the number of linear side walls corresponds to the number of interior linear edges of the opening of the frame.
In certain applications, it may be preferred to provide one or more guides extending from the frame and generally alongside the flexible member when coupled with the frame. The one or more guide(s) are positioned and oriented relative to the flexible member such that they serve to limit the extent and/or direction of deformation of the flexible member. The guides may be affixed or otherwise formed with the frame by techniques known in the art. The guides are preferably located about the previously noted frame opening. The guides preferably extend or otherwise project from a face of the frame, and in certain embodiments, may extend transversely therefrom.
Each guide may also comprise one or more additional components or may itself extend in a desired direction relative to the flexible member. For example, an adjustably positionable secondary guide member may be provided along a distal end region of a guide. The secondary guide member may extend transverse to, or at some angle, with respect to the longitudinal axis of the guide. The position and specifically, the angular orientation of the secondary guide is preferably selectable so that a user may vary the orientation and position of the secondary guide member relative to the flexible member as desired.
Yet another preferred feature in many of the embodiments is the provision of guides having particular shapes or profiles along their inner faces, i.e. the faces of guides that are directed toward a flexible member. The use of shaped or contoured inner sides of guides promotes improved contact between flexible members and containers/labels. For certain containers having curved or sloping sidewall and/or arcuate front or rear faces, the use of guides having contoured inner sides promotes rolling contact between the flexible member and label. In addition, the provision of guides having inner sides that match or generally correspond to the contour of the container sides promotes further displacement of the flexible member around the contour of the container. Furthermore, the use of guides having inner sides that correspond to the shape of the container has also been found to promote label application of corner and outer end regions of the label to the container.
The frame is preferably formed from steel or aluminum, although a wide array of other materials are contemplated. The guides and/or the secondary guide members are also preferably formed from steel or aluminum. The guides can be integrally formed with the frame. Alternatively, the guides can be affixed to the frame after formation of the frame such as by welding or by the use of one or more fasteners. As noted, it is preferred that the secondary guide member(s) be positionable with respect to the guide(s) and/or the frame. And so, it is preferred that a selectively positionable assembly be used to releasably affix each secondary guide to a corresponding guide.
The present invention also provides an enclosure or other mounting assembly. Preferably, the frame and/or the flexible member are attached to the enclosure. The enclosure is preferably sized, shaped, and configured to be affixed to or otherwise secured to the frame. The enclosure may also serve to house heating provisions for the flexible member. These aspects are all described in greater detail herein.
Additionally, for certain embodiments it may be preferred to provide adjustment assemblies such that the position of the guides can be selectively adjusted relative to the frame. Such adjustment assemblies can be provided in many forms, however a preferred assembly includes a pair of vertically oriented rails upon which the guides can be selectively positioned and engaged. The use of such an adjustment assembly enables the vertical position of one or more guides to be readily and conveniently positioned as desired. Vertical positioning of a guide may be desirable to accommodate application of labels of different sizes and/or placement positions on the containers of interest.
The assembly of frame and enclosure, and ultimately including the flexible member, may further include one or more additional components. As previously noted, heating provisions are preferably provided within the interior hollow region of the flexible member. Preferably, such heating is provided by one or more electrically powered resistive heating element(s). The element can be in a variety of different shapes and configurations. Also, as previously noted, a conduit carrying a flowable heating medium can be positioned in the interior hollow region of the flexible member. It is generally preferred that appropriate insulating members be provided in association with the heating element to prevent direct contact with the flexible member. However, if the flexible member is formed from a material that is sufficiently resistant to high temperatures such insulating members may not be necessary.
The assembly of frame, flexible member, and enclosure preferably further includes a vent plate that extends across the open rear region of the flexible member. The vent plate provides access to the interior hollow region of the flexible member. Upon incorporation in the assembly, the vent plate contacts, and preferably sealingly contacts a rearwardly directed face of the flexible member and/or the frame. The vent plate preferably defines one or more openings extending through the vent plate that allow air to pass. Air can be introduced through these openings to pressurize the interior of the flexible member and/or to heat the flexible member. Upon deformation of the flexible member, such as after contact with a label and container, air is directed out of the hollow interior of the flexible member through the one or more openings defined in the vent plate. The total flow area of the openings of the vent plate can be selected or varied such that the rate of air exiting or entering the flexible member is limited or otherwise controlled. This strategy can be utilized to slow the rate of deformation of the flexible member. These aspects are described in greater detail herein.
In certain applications, particularly those involving high volume manufacturing, it is preferred to utilize multiple assemblies of frame(s), flexible member(s) and/or enclosure(s) such as in a parallel configuration in which the components are alongside one another.
Another optional feature of the invention is the provision of a “quick change” head assembly. In these embodiments, a releasable head assembly which carries a flexible member, optional heater(s) within the flexible member, frame, and electrical components is provided. The releasable head assembly can be readily engaged with and removed from a larger frame or support assembly, or with a walking beam apparatus as known in the art. The provision of a releasable head assembly enables fast and efficient changing of one flexible member and associated assembly for another flexible member and its associated assembly. This may be desirable when the use of a flexible member having a particular configuration is preferred over another flexible member having a different configuration. The releasable head assemblies are preferably configured such that they are easily engageable or securable to the other frame or walking beam apparatus. Electrical power and signal connections are preferably made by plug connections, although the invention includes the use of other connecting systems. These and other aspects are described in greater detail herein in conjunction with a description of a representative preferred embodiment.
As previously noted, it is preferred that the various systems, equipment, and components be used for applying heat transfer labels and/or indicia to articles, it will be understood that the systems, equipment, and components can also be used to apply pressure sensitive labels and/or shrink labels to articles.
The polymeric films useful in the label constructions, the application of which the present invention is directed, preferably possess balanced shrink properties. The balanced shrink properties allow the film to shrink in multiple directions to thereby follow the contour of a compound curved surface as the label is applied upon the curved surfaces. Films having unbalanced shrink, that is, films having a high degree of shrink in one direction and low to moderate shrink in the other direction, can be used. Useful films having balanced shrink allow for a wider variety of label shapes to be applied to a wider variety of container shapes. Generally, films having balanced shrink properties are preferred.
In one embodiment, the polymeric film has an ultimate shrinkage (S) as measured by ASTM procedure D1204 in at least one direction of at least 10% at 90° C. and in the other direction, the shrinkage is within the range of S+/−20%. In another embodiment, the film has an ultimate shrinkage (S) in at least one direction of about 10% to about 50% at 70° C. and in the other direction, the shrinkage is within the range of S+/−20%. In one embodiment, the ultimate shrinkage (S) is at least 10% at 90° C. and in the other direction, the shrinkage is within the range of S+/−20%. The shrink initiation temperature of the film, in one embodiment, is in the range of about 60° C. to about 80° C.
The shrink film must be thermally shrinkable and yet have sufficient stiffness to be dispensed using conventional labeling equipment and processes, including printing, die-cutting and label transfer. The stiffness of the film required depends on the size of the label, the speed of application and the labeling equipment being used. In one embodiment, the shrink film has a stiffness in the machine direction (MD) of at least 5 mN, as measured by the L&W Bending Resistance test. In one embodiment, the shrink film has a stiffness of at least 10 mN, or at least 20 mN. The stiffness of the shrink film is important for proper dispensing of labels over a peel plate at higher line speeds.
In one embodiment, die-cut labels are applied to the article or container in an automated labeling line process at a line speed of at least 30 units per minute, and preferably from at least 250 units per minute to at least 500 units per minute. It is contemplated that the present invention could be used in conjunction with processes operating as fast as 700 to 800 units per minutes, or more.
In one embodiment, the shrink film has a 2% secant modulus as measured by ASTM D882 in the machine direction (MD) of about 138,000,000 N/m2 to about 2,760,000,000 N/m2, and in the transverse (or cross) direction (TD) of about 138,000,000 N/m2 to about 2,760,000,000 N/m2. In another embodiment, the 2% secant modulus of the film is about 206,000,000 N/m2 to about 2,060,000,000 N/m2 in the machine direction and about 206,000,000 N/m2 to about 2,060,000,000 N/m2 in the transverse direction. The film may have a lower modulus in the transverse direction than in the machine direction so that the label is easily dispensed (MD) while maintaining sufficiently low modulus in the TD for conformability and/or squeezability.
The polymeric film may be made by conventional processes. For example, the film may be produced using a double bubble process, tenter process or may comprise a blown film.
The shrink film useful in the label may be a single layer construction or a multilayer construction. The layer or layers of the shrink film may be formed from a polymer chosen from polyester, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polylactic acid, copolymers and blends thereof.
Polyolefins comprise homopolymers or copolymers of olefins that are aliphatic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon to carbon double bonds. Olefins include alkenes that comprise 1-alkenes, also known as alpha-olefins, such as 1-butene and internal alkenes having the carbon to carbon double bond on nonterminal carbon atoms of the carbon chain, such as 2-butene, cyclic olefins having one or more carbon to carbon double bonds, such as cyclohexene and norbornadiene, and cyclic polyenes which are noncyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having two or more carbon to carbon double bonds, such as 1,4-butadiene and isoprene. Polyolefins comprise alkene homopolymers from a single alkene monomer, such as a polypropylene homopolymer, alkene copolymers from at least one alkene monomer and one or more additional olefin monomers where the first listed alkene is the major constituent of the copolymer, such as a propylene-ethylene copolymer and a propylene-ethylene-butadiene copolymer, cyclic olefin homopolymers from a single cyclic olefin monomer, and cyclic olefin copolymers from at least one cyclic olefin monomer and one or more additional olefin monomers wherein the first listed cyclic olefin is the major constituent of the copolymer, and mixtures of any of the foregoing olefin polymers.
In one embodiment, the shrink film is a multilayer film comprising a core layer and at least one skin layer. The skin layer may be a printable skin layer. In one embodiment, the multilayer shrink film comprises a core and two skin layers, wherein in at least one skin layer is printable. The multilayer shrink film may be a coextruded film.
The film can range in thickness from 12 to 500, or 12 to 300, or 12 to 200, or 25 to 75 microns. The difference in the layers of the film can include a difference in thermoplastic polymer components, in additive components, in orientation, in thickness, or a combination thereof. The thickness of the core layer can be 50 to 95%, or 60 to 95% or 70 to 90% of the thickness of the film. The thickness of a skin layer or of a combination of two skin layers can be 5 to 50%, or 5 to 40% or 10 to 30% of the thickness of the film.
The film can be further treated on one surface or both the upper and lower surfaces to enhance performance in terms of printability or adhesion to an adhesive. The treatment can comprise applying a surface coating such as, for example, a lacquer, applying a high energy discharge to include a corona discharge to a surface, applying a flame treatment to a surface, or a combination of any of the foregoing treatments. In an embodiment of the invention, the film is treated on both surfaces, and in another embodiment the film is treated on one surface with a corona discharge and is flame treated on the other surface.
The layers of the shrink film may contain pigments, fillers, stabilizers, light protective agents or other suitable modifying agents if desired. The film may also contain anti-block, slip additives and anti-static agents. Useful anti-block agents include inorganic particles, such as clays, talc, calcium carbonate and glass. Slip additives useful in the present invention include polysiloxanes, waxes, fatty amides, fatty acids, metal soaps and particulate such as silica, synthetic amorphous silica and polytetrafluoroethylene powder. Anti-static agents useful in the present invention include alkali metal sulfonates, polyether-modified polydiorganosiloxanes, polyalkylphenylsiloxanes and tertiary amines.
In one embodiment, the shrink film is microperforated to allow trapped air to be released from the interface between the label and the article to which it is adhered. In another embodiment, the shrink film is permeable to allow fluid to escape from the adhesive or from the surface of the article to escape. In one embodiment, vent holes or slits are provided in the shrink film.
The present invention can be used for applying, processing, and otherwise in association with, a wide array of labels, film, and other members. For example, the invention can be used in conjunction with shrink labels, pressure sensitive labels, pressure sensitive shrink labels, heat seal labels, and nearly any type of label or film known in the packaging and labeling arts.
A description of useful pressure sensitive adhesives may be found in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 13, Wiley-Interscience Publishers (New York, 1988). Additional description of useful PSAs may be found in Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Interscience Publishers (New York, 1964). Conventional PSAs, including acrylic-based PSAs, rubber-based PSAs and silicone-based PSAs are useful. The PSA may be a solvent based or may be a water based adhesive. Hot melt adhesives may also be used. In one embodiment, the PSA comprises an acrylic emulsion adhesive.
The adhesive and the side of the film to which the adhesive is applied have sufficient compatibility to enable good adhesive anchorage. In one embodiment, the adhesive is chosen so that the labels may be cleanly removed from PET containers up to 24 hours after application. The adhesive is also chosen so that the adhesive components do not migrate into the film.
In one embodiment, the adhesive may be formed from an acrylic based polymer. It is contemplated that any acrylic based polymer capable of forming an adhesive layer with sufficient tack to adhere to a substrate may function in the present invention. In certain embodiments, the acrylic polymers for the pressure sensitive adhesive layers include those formed from polymerization of at least one alkyl acrylate monomer containing from about 4 to about 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, and present in an amount from about 35 to 95% by weight of the polymer or copolymer, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,532. Optionally, the acrylic based pressure sensitive adhesive might be formed from a single polymeric species.
The glass transition temperature of a PSA layer comprising acrylic polymers can be varied by adjusting the amount of polar, or “hard monomers”, in the copolymer, as taught by U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,532. The greater the percentage by weight of hard monomers included in an acrylic copolymer, the higher the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Hard monomers contemplated useful for the present invention include vinyl esters, carboxylic acids, and methacrylates, in concentrations by weight ranging from about 0 to about 35% by weight of the polymer.
The PSA can be acrylic based such as those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,444 (acrylic emulsion), U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,011 (tackified acrylic emulsion) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,982. The adhesive can also be rubber-based such as those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,551 (rubber hot melt). The adhesive can also include a radiation curable mixture of monomers with initiators and other ingredients such as those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,958 (UV cured acrylic) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,958 (EB cured). The disclosures of these patents as they relate to acrylic adhesives are hereby incorporated by reference.
Commercially available PSAs are useful in the invention. Examples of these adhesives include the hot melt PSAs available from H.B. Fuller Company, St. Paul, Minn. as HM-1597, HL-2207-X, HL-2115-X, HL-2193-X. Other useful commercially available PSAs include those available from Century Adhesives Corporation, Columbus, Ohio. Another useful acrylic PSA comprises a blend of emulsion polymer particles with dispersion tackifier particles as generally described in Example 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,982. The polymer is made by emulsion polymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, dioctyl maleate, and acrylic and methacrylic comonomers as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,444 resulting in the latex particle size of about 0.2 microns in weight average diameters and a gel content of about 60%.
A commercial example of a hot melt adhesive is H2187-01, sold by Ato Findley, Inc., of Wauwatusa, Wis. In addition, rubber based block copolymer PSAs described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,478 also can be utilized in the adhesive constructions of the present invention, and this patent is hereby incorporated by a reference for its disclosure of such hot melt adhesives that are described more fully below.
In another embodiment, the pressure sensitive adhesive comprises rubber based elastomer materials containing useful rubber based elastomer materials include linear, branched, grafted, or radial block copolymers represented by the diblock structure A-B, the triblock A-B-A, the radial or coupled structures (A-B)n, and combinations of these where A represents a hard thermoplastic phase or block which is non-rubbery or glassy or crystalline at room temperature but fluid at higher temperatures, and B represents a soft block which is rubbery or elastomeric at service or room temperature. These thermoplastic elastomers may comprise from about 75% to about 95% by weight of rubbery segments and from about 5% to about 25% by weight of non-rubbery segments.
The non-rubbery segments or hard blocks comprise polymers of mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and more particularly vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons that may be monocyclic or bicyclic in nature. Rubbery materials such as polyisoprene, polybutadiene, and styrene butadiene rubbers may be used to form the rubbery block or segment. Particularly useful rubbery segments include polydienes and saturated olefin rubbers of ethylene/butylene or ethylene/propylene copolymers. The latter rubbers may be obtained from the corresponding unsaturated polyalkylene moieties such as polybutadiene and polyisoprene by hydrogenation thereof.
The block copolymers of vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons and conjugated dienes that may be utilized include any of those that exhibit elastomeric properties. The block copolymers may be diblock, triblock, multiblock, starblock, polyblock or graftblock copolymers. Throughout this specification, the terms diblock, triblock, multiblock, polyblock, and graft or grafted-block with respect to the structural features of block copolymers are to be given their normal meaning as defined in the literature such as in the Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, (1985) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 325-326, and by J. E. McGrath in Block Copolymers, Science Technology, Dale J. Meier, Ed., Harwood Academic Publishers, 1979, at pages 1-5.
Such block copolymers may contain various ratios of conjugated dienes to vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons including those containing up to about 40% by weight of vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon. Accordingly, multi-block copolymers may be utilized which are linear or radial symmetric or asymmetric and which have structures represented by the formulae A-B, A-B-A, A-B-A-B, B-A-B, (AB)0,1,2 . . . BA, etc., wherein A is a polymer block of a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon or a conjugated diene/vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon tapered copolymer block, and B is a rubbery polymer block of a conjugated diene.
The block copolymers may be prepared by any of the well-known block polymerization or copolymerization procedures including sequential addition of monomer, incremental addition of monomer, or coupling techniques as illustrated in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,251,905; 3,390,207; 3,598,887; and 4,219,627. As well known, tapered copolymer blocks can be incorporated in the multi-block copolymers by copolymerizing a mixture of conjugated diene and vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers utilizing the difference in their copolymerization reactivity rates. Various patents describe the preparation of multi-block copolymers containing tapered copolymer blocks including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,251,905; 3,639,521; and 4,208,356.
Conjugated dienes that may be utilized to prepare the polymers and copolymers are those containing from 4 to about 10 carbon atoms and more generally, from 4 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples include from 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene(isoprene), 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, chloroprene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, etc. Mixtures of these conjugated dienes also may be used.
Examples of vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons which may be utilized to prepare the copolymers include styrene and the various substituted styrenes such as o-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, p-tert-butylstyrene, 1,3-dimethylstyrene, alpha-methylstyrene, beta-methylstyrene, p-isopropylstyrene, 2,3-dimethylstyrene, o-chlorostyrene, p-chlorostyrene, o-bromostyrene, 2-chloro-4-methylstyrene, etc.
Many of the above-described copolymers of conjugated dienes and vinyl aromatic compounds are commercially available. The number average molecular weight of the block copolymers, prior to hydrogenation, is from about 20,000 to about 500,000, or from about 40,000 to about 300,000.
The average molecular weights of the individual blocks within the copolymers may vary within certain limits. In most instances, the vinyl aromatic block will have a number average molecular weight in the order of about 2000 to about 125,000, or between about 4000 and 60,000. The conjugated diene blocks either before or after hydrogenation will have number average molecular weights in the order of about 10,000 to about 450,000, or from about 35,000 to 150,000.
Also, prior to hydrogenation, the vinyl content of the conjugated diene portion generally is from about 10% to about 80%, or from about 25% to about 65%, particularly 35% to 55% when it is desired that the modified block copolymer exhibit rubbery elasticity. The vinyl content of the block copolymer can be measured by means of nuclear magnetic resonance.
Specific examples of diblock copolymers include styrene-butadiene (SB), styrene-isoprene (SI), and the hydrogenated derivatives thereof. Examples of triblock polymers include styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS), alpha-methylstyrene-butadiene-alpha-methylstyrene, and alpha-methylstyrene-isoprene alpha-methylstyrene. Examples of commercially available block copolymers useful as the adhesives in the present invention include those available from Kraton Polymers LLC under the KRATON trade name.
Upon hydrogenation of the SBS copolymers comprising a rubbery segment of a mixture of 1,4 and 1,2 isomers, a styrene-ethylene-butylene styrene (SEBS) block copolymer is obtained. Similarly, hydrogenation of an SIS polymer yields a styrene-ethylene propylene-styrene (SEPS) block copolymer.
The selective hydrogenation of the block copolymers may be carried out by a variety of well known processes including hydrogenation in the presence of such catalysts as Raney nickel, noble metals such as platinum, palladium, etc., and soluble transition metal catalysts. Suitable hydrogenation processes which can be used are those wherein the diene-containing polymer or copolymer is dissolved in an inert hydrocarbon diluent such as cyclohexane and hydrogenated by reaction with hydrogen in the presence of a soluble hydrogenation catalyst. Such procedures are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,113,986 and 4,226,952. Such hydrogenation of the block copolymers which are carried out in a manner and to extent as to produce selectively hydrogenated copolymers having a residual unsaturation content in the polydiene block of from about 0.5% to about 20% of their original unsaturation content prior to hydrogenation.
In one embodiment, the conjugated diene portion of the block copolymer is at least 90% saturated and more often at least 95% saturated while the vinyl aromatic portion is not significantly hydrogenated. Particularly useful hydrogenated block copolymers are hydrogenated products of the block copolymers of styrene-isoprene-styrene such as a styrene-(ethylene/propylene)-styrene block polymer. When a polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene block copolymer is hydrogenated, it is desirable that the 1,2-polybutadiene to 1,4-polybutadiene ratio in the polymer is from about 30:70 to about 70:30. When such a block copolymer is hydrogenated, the resulting product resembles a regular copolymer block of ethylene and 1-butene (EB). As noted above, when the conjugated diene employed as isoprene, the resulting hydrogenated product resembles a regular copolymer block of ethylene and propylene (EP).
A number of selectively hydrogenated block copolymers are available commercially from Kraton Polymers under the general trade designation “Kraton G.” One example is Kraton G1652 which is a hydrogenated SBS triblock comprising about 30% by weight of styrene end blocks and a midblock which is a copolymer of ethylene and 1-butene (EB). A lower molecular weight version of G1652 is available under the designation Kraton G1650. Kraton G1651 is another SEBS block copolymer which contains about 33% by weight of styrene. Kraton G1657 is an SEBS diblock copolymer which contains about 13% w styrene. This styrene content is lower than the styrene content in Kraton G1650 and Kraton G1652.
In another embodiment, the selectively hydrogenated block copolymer is of the formula: Bn(AB)oAp wherein n=0 or 1; o is 1 to 100; p is 0 or 1; each B prior to hydrogenation is predominately a polymerized conjugated diene hydrocarbon block having a number average molecular weight of about 20,000 to about 450,000; each A is predominantly a polymerized vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon block having a number average molecular weight of from about 2000 to about 115,000; the blocks of A constituting about 5% to about 95% by weight of the copolymer; and the unsaturation of the block B is less than about 10% of the original unsaturation. In other embodiments, the unsaturation of block B is reduced upon hydrogenation to less than 5% of its original value, and the average unsaturation of the hydrogenated block copolymer is reduced to less than 20% of its original value.
The block copolymers may also include functionalized polymers such as may be obtained by reacting an alpha, beta-olefinically unsaturated monocarboxylic or dicarboxylic acid reagent onto selectively hydrogenated block copolymers of vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons and conjugated dienes as described above. The reaction of the carboxylic acid reagent in the graft block copolymer can be effected in solutions or by a melt process in the presence of a free radical initiator.
The preparation of various selectively hydrogenated block copolymers of conjugated dienes and vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons which have been grafted with a carboxylic acid reagent is described in a number of patents including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,578,429; 4,657,970; and 4,795,782, and the disclosures of these patents relating to grafted selectively hydrogenated block copolymers of conjugated dienes and vinyl aromatic compounds, and the preparation of such compounds. U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,782 describes and gives examples of the preparation of the grafted block copolymers by the solution process and the melt process. U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,429 contains an example of grafting of Kraton G1652 (SEBS) polymer with maleic anhydride with 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane by a melt reaction in a twin screw extruder.
Examples of commercially available maleated selectively hydrogenated copolymers of styrene and butadiene include Kraton FG1901X, FG1921X, and FG1924X, often referred to as maleated selectively hydrogenated SEBS copolymers. FG1901X contains about 1.7% by weight bound functionality as succinic anhydride and about 28% by weight of styrene. FG1921X contains about 1% by weight of bound functionality as succinic anhydride and 29% by weight of styrene. FG1924X contains about 13% styrene and about 1% bound functionality as succinic anhydride.
Useful block copolymers also are available from Nippon Zeon Co., 2-1, Marunochi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. For example, Quintac 3530 is available from Nippon Zeon and is believed to be a linear styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer.
Unsaturated elastomeric polymers and other polymers and copolymers which are not inherently tacky can be rendered tacky when compounded with an external tackifier. Tackifiers, are generally hydrocarbon resins, wood resins, rosins, rosin derivatives, and the like, which when present in concentrations ranging from about 40% to about 90% by weight of the total adhesive composition, or from about 45% to about 85% by weight, impart pressure sensitive adhesive characteristics to the elastomeric polymer adhesive formulation. Compositions containing less than about 40% by weight of tackifier additive do not generally show sufficient “quickstick,” or initial adhesion, to function as a pressure sensitive adhesive, and therefore are not inherently tacky. Compositions with too high a concentration of tackifying additive, on the other hand, generally show too little cohesive strength to work properly in most intended use applications of constructions made in accordance with the instant invention.
It is contemplated that any tackifier known by those of skill in the art to be compatible with elastomeric polymer compositions may be used with the present embodiment of the invention. One such tackifier, found useful is Wingtak 10, a synthetic polyterpene resin that is liquid at room temperature, and sold by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio. Wingtak 95 is a synthetic tackifier resin also available from Goodyear that comprises predominantly a polymer derived from piperylene and isoprene. Other suitable tackifying additives may include Escorez 1310, an aliphatic hydrocarbon resin, and Escorez 2596, a C5 to C9 (aromatic modified aliphatic) resin, both manufactured by Exxon of Irving, Tex. Of course, as can be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a variety of different tackifying additives may be used to practice the present invention.
In addition to the tackifiers, other additives may be included in the PSAs to impart desired properties. For example, plasticizers may be included, and they are known to decrease the glass transition temperature of an adhesive composition containing elastomeric polymers. An example of a useful plasticizer is Shellflex 371, a naphthenic processing oil available from Shell Lubricants of Texas. Antioxidants also may be included in the adhesive compositions. Suitable antioxidants include Irgafos 168 and Irganox 565 available from Ciba-Geigy, Hawthorne, N.Y. Cutting agents such as waxes and surfactants also may be included in the adhesives.
The pressure sensitive adhesive may be applied from a solvent, emulsion or suspension, or as a hot melt. The adhesive may be applied to the inner surface of the shrink film by any known method. For example, the adhesive may be applied by die coating curtain coating, spraying, dipping, rolling, gravure or flexographic techniques. The adhesive may be applied to the shrink film in a continuous layer, a discontinuous layer or in a pattern. The pattern coated adhesive layer substantially covers the entire inner surface of the film. As used herein, “substantially covers” is intended to mean the pattern in continuous over the film surface, and is not intended to include adhesive applied only in a strip along the leading or trailing edges of the film or as a “spot weld” on the film.
In one embodiment, an adhesive deadener is applied to portions of the adhesive layer to allow the label to more readily adhere to complex shaped articles. In one embodiment, non-adhesive material such as ink dots or microbeads are applied to at least a portion of the adhesive surface to allow the adhesive layer to slide on the surface of the article as the label is being applied and/or to allow air trapped at the interface between the label and the article to escape.
A single layer of adhesive may be used or multiple adhesive layers may be used. Depending on the shrink film used and the article or container to which the label is to be applied, it may be desirable to use a first adhesive layer adjacent to the shrink film and a second adhesive layer having a different composition on the surface to be applied to the article or container for sufficient tack, peel strength and shear strength.
In one embodiment, the pressure sensitive adhesive has sufficient shear or cohesive strength to prevent excessive shrink-back of the label where adhered to the article upon the action of heat after placement of the label on the article, sufficient peel strength to prevent the film from label from lifting from the article and sufficient tack or grab to enable adequate attachment of the label to the article during the labeling operation. In one embodiment, the adhesive moves with the label as the shrink film shrinks upon the application of heat. In another embodiment, the adhesive holds the label in position so that as the shrink film shrinks, the label does not move.
The heat shrinkable film may include other layers in addition to the monolayer or multilayer heat shrinkable polymeric film. In one embodiment, a metallized coating of a thin metal film is deposited on the surface of the polymeric film. The heat shrinkable film may also include a print layer on the polymer film. The print layer may be positioned between the heat shrink layer and the adhesive layer, or the print layer may be on the outer surface of the shrink layer. In one embodiment, the film is reverse printed with a design, image or text so that the print side of the skin is in direct contact with the container to which the film is applied. In this embodiment, the film is transparent.
The labels of the present invention may also contain a layer of an ink-receptive composition that enhances the printability of the polymeric shrink layer or metal layer if present, and the quality of the print layer thus obtained. A variety of such compositions are known in the art, and these compositions generally include a binder and a pigment, such as silica or talc, dispersed in the binder. The presence of the pigment decreases the drying time of some inks. Such ink-receptive compositions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,288.
The print layer may be an ink or graphics layer, and the print layer may be a mono-colored or multi-colored print layer depending on the printed message and/or the intended pictorial design. These include variable imprinted data such as serial numbers, bar codes, trademarks, etc. The thickness of the print layer is typically in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 microns, and in one embodiment about 1 to about 5 microns, and in another embodiment about 3 microns. The inks used in the print layer include commercially available water-based, solvent-based or radiation-curable inks. Examples of these inks include Sun Sheen (a product of Sun Chemical identified as an alcohol dilutable polyamide ink), Suntex MP (a product of Sun Chemical identified as a solvent-based ink formulated for surface printing acrylic coated substrates, PVDC coated substrates and polyolefin films), X-Cel (a product of Water Ink Technologies identified as a water-based film ink for printing film substrates), Uvilith AR-109 Rubine Red (a product of Daw Ink identified as a UV ink) and CLA91598F (a product of Sun Chemical identified as a multibond black solvent-based ink).
In one embodiment, the print layer comprises a polyester/vinyl ink, a polyamide ink, an acrylic ink and/or a polyester ink. The print layer may be formed in the conventional manner by, for example, gravure, flexographic or UV flexographic printing or the like, an ink composition comprising a resin of the type described above, a suitable pigment or dye and one or more suitable volatile solvents onto one or more desired areas of the film. After application of the ink composition, the volatile solvent component(s) of the ink composition evaporate(s), leaving only the non-volatile ink components to form the print layer.
The adhesion of the ink to the surface of the polymeric shrink film or metal layer if present can be improved, if necessary, by techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, as mentioned above, an ink primer or other ink adhesion promoter can be applied to the metal layer or the polymeric film layer before application of the ink. Alternatively the surface of the polymeric film can be corona treated or flame treated to improve the adhesion of the ink to the polymeric film layer.
Useful ink primers may be transparent or opaque and the primers may be solvent based or water-based. In one embodiment, the primers are radiation curable (e.g., UV). The ink primer may comprise a lacquer and a diluent. The lacquer may be comprised of one or more polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, polyester copolymers, polyurethanes, polysulfones, polyvinylidine chloride, styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, ionomers based on sodium or zinc salts or ethylene methacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylates, acrylic polymers and copolymers, polycarbonates, polyacrylonitriles, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, and mixtures of two or more thereof. Examples of the diluents that can be used include alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol and butanol; esters such as ethyl acetate, propyl acetate and butyl acetate; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as heptane; and mixtures thereof. The ratio of lacquer to diluent is dependent on the viscosity required for application of the ink primer, the selection of such viscosity being within the skill of the art. The ink primer layer may have a thickness of from about 1 to about 4 microns or from about 1.5 to about 3 microns.
A transparent polymer protective topcoat or overcoat layer may be present in the labels applied in accordance with the invention. The protective topcoat or overcoat layer provide desirable properties to the label before and after the label is affixed to a substrate such as a container. The presence of a transparent topcoat layer over the print layer may, in some embodiments provide additional properties such as antistatic properties stiffness and/or weatherability, and the topcoat may protect the print layer from, e.g., weather, sun, abrasion, moisture, water, etc. The transparent topcoat layer can enhance the properties of the underlying print layer to provide a glossier and richer image. The protective transparent protective layer may also be designed to be abrasion resistant, radiation resistant (e.g, UV), chemically resistant, thermally resistant thereby protecting the label and, particularly the print layer from degradation from such causes. The protective overcoat may also contain antistatic agents, or anti-block agents to provide for easier handling when the labels are being applied to containers at high speeds. The protective layer may be applied to the print layer by techniques known to those skilled in the art. The polymer film may be deposited from a solution, applied as a preformed film (laminated to the print layer), etc.
When a transparent topcoat or overcoat layer is present, it may have a single layer or a multilayered structure. The thickness of the protective layer is generally in the range of about 12.5 to about 125 microns, and in one embodiment about 25 to about 75 microns. Examples of the topcoat layers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,982.
The protective layer may comprise polyolefins, thermoplastic polymers of ethylene and propylene, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyacryls, polymethacryls, epoxy, vinyl acetate homopolymers, co- or terpolymers, ionomers, and mixtures thereof.
The transparent protective layer may contain UV light absorbers and/or other light stabilizers. Among the UV light absorbers that are useful are the hindered amine absorbers available from Ciba Specialty Chemical under the trade designations “Tinuvin”. The light stabilizers that can be used include the hindered amine light stabilizers available from Ciba Specialty Chemical under the trade designations Tinuvin 111, Tinuvin 123, (bis-(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate; Tinuvin 622, (a dimethyl succinate polymer with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidniethanol); Tinuvin 770 (bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-sebacate); and Tinuvin 783. Additional light stabilizers include the hindered amine light stabilizers available from Ciba Specialty Chemical under the trade designation “Chemassorb”, especially Chemassorb 119 and Chemassorb 944. The concentration of the UV light absorber and/or light stabilizer is in the range of up to about 2.5% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.05% to about 1% by weight.
The transparent protective layer may contain an antioxidant. Any antioxidant useful in making thermoplastic films can be used. These include the hindered phenols and the organo phosphites. Examples include those available from Ciba Specialty Chemical under the trade designations Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076 or Irgafos 168. The concentration of the antioxidant in the thermoplastic film composition may be in the range of up to about 2.5% by weight, and in one embodiment about 0.05% to about 1% by weight.
A release liner may be adhered to the adhesive layer to protect the adhesive layer during transport, storage and handling prior to application of the label to a substrate. The liner allows for efficient handling of an array of individual labels after the labels are die cut and the matrix is stripped from the layer of facestock material and up to the point where the individual labels are dispensed in sequence on a labeling line. The release liner may have an embossed surface and/or have non-adhesive material, such as microbeads or printed ink dots, applied to the surface of the liner.
The present invention provides a unique process in which a label is selectively and concurrently heated, shrunk, and applied onto a surface of interest, and preferably onto a compound curved surface of a container. The preferred embodiment flexible member is contacted with a label positioned between the flexible member and a surface targeted to receive the label. The domed surface of the flexible member promotes that contact between the label and the flexible member initially occur in a central region of the label, so long as the label and the flexible member are appropriately aligned. The flexible member is urged against the label, which is in contact with the surface of interest. As explained in greater detail herein, in a preferred method, prior to contact between the label and the flexible member, the label is partially in contact with and adhered to the surface of interest, at least along a central portion or region of the label. As the flexible member is urged against the label, further contact occurs between the flexible member and the label which in turn causes increasing contact area between the label and the surface of interest. The areas of contact between (i) the flexible member and the label, and (ii) the label and the surface of interest, increase over the course of label application and typically increase in an outward direction from the central portion of the label and/or the location on the label at which the domed surface of the flexible member first contacts. Greater amounts of area of the flexible member contact the label as the flexible member is further urged against the label. As will be appreciated and described in greater detail herein, the flexible member deforms and adopts the shape of the container surface to which the label is being applied. As a result, the label is fittingly applied onto the container. This feature in conjunction with the manner by which increasing contact occurs, i.e. progressively outward from a central location, is believed to be a significant factor in the resulting defect-free label application.
In addition, in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, this strategy is performed using a heated flexible member. This enables concurrent application of heat during progressive outward application of label. For applications in which the label includes a heat shrink material, such as a pressure sensitive heat shrink label, the method is preferably performed such that the label is heated and shrunk to an extent just prior to contact and adhesion with a curved surface so that the label area corresponds to the area of the surface about to receive and contact that region of the label. Any air trapped along the interface of the label and surface of interest is urged outward toward the label edge due to the progressive outward contact by the flexible member. This process is continued until the outer edges of the label are contacted and adhered to the surface of interest.
During application of a label to a container, the flexible member is contacted against the label and container. The amount of force applied to the label by the flexible member is referred to herein as a label-contacting force. Generally, that amount of force depends upon the characteristics of the label, container, and adhesive. However, typically it is preferred that the label contacting pressure be at least from about 690 N/m2 to about 6900 N/m2. It is to be appreciated however that the present invention includes the use of label application forces greater than or lesser than these amounts.
In accordance with the present invention, labels are applied utilizing a “center-out” strategy. Thus, contact between the flexible member and the label occurs in a center-out process also. The term “center-out” refers to the order or sequence by which regions or portions of a label are applied or contacted. First, one or more center regions of the label are contacted. Then, as that contact is maintained, one or more additional regions of the label located outward from the center or central region of the label are then contacted. This process is continued such that after contact and adherence of the label regions located outward from the center regions, that contact is maintained and one or more additional regions of the label located further outward from the previously noted regions are then contacted. This process is continued until the edge regions of the label are contacted and adhered to the container. Use of this technique ensures, or at least significantly reduces the occurrence of, air bubbles becoming trapped under the label or between the label and container.
The present invention includes the use of a wide range of cycling times. For example, in a high volume manufacturing environment, total time periods for one cycle of a flexible member and label/container being displaced toward one another, contacting, the label being adhered to the container, and the flexible member and label/container then being displaced away from another, is from about 0.5 to about 2.0 seconds, with about 0.9 seconds being preferred. The present invention includes cycle times greater than or lesser than these values.
A particularly preferred process aspect which may be utilized is referred to herein as a “double hit” operation. For certain labeling operations, it is desirable to apply labels that extend laterally around a container or at least partially so. For example, for a pair of labels that each extend or approach a 180° wrap around a container periphery, it is often difficult to achieve contact between the flexible member and the outer peripheral regions of each label. By use of a double hit strategy, greater contact can occur between a first flexible member and its label on one container face, and a second flexible member and its corresponding label on the other container face. The double hit operation uses a combination of particular stroke delay and/or stroke length of one flexible member relative to that of its opposing flexible member.
Generally, in this particular strategy for applying labels along oppositely directed faces of a container, a first label processor having a flexible member as described herein is progressively contacted with a label on a first face of the container by displacing or moving the member through a first stroke distance toward the container. A second label processor having a flexible member and generally located along an opposite side of the container is also and preferably concurrently contacted with a label on a second face of the container. The second face is generally opposite the first face. The flexible member of the second label processor is progressively contacted with the second label by displacing or moving that member through a second stroke distance toward the container. It is preferred that the first and second stroke lengths are different from one another. For the present description, the first stroke length is greater than the second stroke length. After progressive contact from the first and second flexible members, the members are withdrawn from contact with the container. Then, the process is repeated except that the stroke length of the second label processor is greater than that of the first label processor. Preferably, the stroke length of the second label processor in this second portion of the “double hit” operation is equal to the stroke length of the first label processor in the first portion of the operation.
More specifically, in a preferred double hit operation, a first flexible member on one side of a container is moved toward the container, typically in a direction transverse to the direction of a conveyor on which the container is positioned. Concurrently with movement of the first flexible member, a second flexible member on an opposite side of the container is also moved toward the container, and also in a transverse direction. However, the stroke or distance of movement of the first flexible member is greater than the stroke or distance of the opposing second flexible member. This enables the first flexible member in motion during the longer stroke to more fully wrap around the container and a first label because the second member is not blocking or otherwise hindering wrapping of the first flexible member alongside the outer regions of the container. Upon completion or full stroke of the first flexible member, both flexible members are then retracted. Upon retraction, the first and second flexible members are then again positioned toward the container. However, the second flexible member is fully extended and urged against the container and a second label, while the first flexible member undergoes the shorter stroke. Upon completion of contact between the second label and the second flexible member, the first and the second flexible members are retracted.
Referring to
As previously noted,
A preheater 110 can be provided such as inline or otherwise in flow communication with the conduit 96. The heater 110 serves to heat air or other fluid entering the conduit 96 to lessen the heating burden otherwise imposed upon the heater 100 disposed within the flexible member 30. It will be understood that the preheater 110 may include an integral section or portion of conduit. Although a wide array of heating devices and strategies can be used for the preheater 110, a preferred heater is an electrically powered resistive heater such as a 170 volt 1,600 watt heater available from Sylvania of Exeter, N.H.
With further reference to
Preferably, the label 120 is initially contacted and retained along a region of the container 10. Preferably, the inner face 130 of the label within a central region 122 of the label, is contacted with a flat region 14 of the container 10. Other regions of the label 120 such as the outer peripheral regions 124 which overlie compound curved regions 16 of the container 10, are not contacted therewith. The inner face 130 of the label 120 preferably contains a pressure sensitive adhesive, thus upon the noted contact, the label 120 is maintained in contact with the container 10. It will be understood that the present invention includes a wide array of label application techniques, labels, containers, and label materials. As previously noted, the present invention can be used to apply films and labels onto other surface configurations besides those that include compound curves. For example, the present invention could be used to apply a label onto a container surface that was planar, included only a simple curve, or combinations of these geometries.
The flexible member 30 is urged against the container 10 and label 120 as shown in
Throughout the entire process depicted by the sequence of
Movement of the sets 220, 230 can be performed by a variety of different techniques and assemblies. In one approach, each of the sets is positioned on a movable slide assembly that can be selectively positioned on a linear track by one or more electrically powered servo motors. It is also contemplated that one or more cam assemblies could be used to impart the desired motion to each of the sets 220, 230.
Although the foregoing description is provided in the application of labels to six (6) containers at a time, it will be appreciated that the present invention can be tailored to concurrently apply labels to nearly any number of containers, designated herein as “n.” Preferably, n typically ranges from about 1 to about 20, and more preferably from about 4 to about 10. It will be appreciated that in no way is the present invention limited to these configurations. Instead, the invention can be utilized to simultaneously apply, or nearly so, labels to sets of containers numbering more than 20. Moreover, although the assembly depicted in
Referring to
More specifically, as depicted in
The invention also provides various label processing systems for contacting a label to a container. These systems comprise a label processor for concurrently heating and contacting a label to a container. The label processors are preferably as described herein. The label processing systems also comprise one or more labels for heating and contacting to a container by the processor.
In general, the present invention provides various techniques and assemblies for selectively applying one or more regions of a label or label assembly to a container. Specifically, the techniques and assemblies are utilized to control the regions of a label that are contacted with a container. By selectively controlling the geometry and size or proportions of label “flags” during a labeling operation, greater overall control of a labeling process can be achieved. The techniques and assemblies as described herein have particular significance in labeling operations using heat shrink labels and pressure sensitive adhesives.
In certain labeling operations such as for applying labels onto complex curved surfaces, a multi-step strategy is utilized. In particular, this multi-step strategy is useful for applying heat shrink labels using pressure sensitive adhesives. The label or label assembly is initially applied to a container or other receiving surface by contacting only a portion of label to a desired region of the container. Exposed adhesive such as pressure sensitive adhesive along a rear face of the label contacts the container and retains the label relative to the container, which is typically moving on a conveyor. The resulting regions of the label that are not in contact with the container are sometimes referred to in the industry as “flags” or “wings.”
The label is then fully contacted with and adhered to the container in a variety of different techniques, largely depending upon the geometry of the container and characteristics of the label and adhesive. For heat shrink labels using pressure sensitive adhesives, the remaining uncontacted label portions or “flags” are preferably contacted with the container using a deformable heated member. The motion and temperature of the heated member are carefully controlled to heat the label or portion(s) thereof, to desired temperatures in order to achieve a desired degree of shrinkage in the label portion(s). The heating is carefully controlled relative to occurrence of contact between the label and container with a goal of reducing or ideally avoiding, the occurrence of wrinkles, darts, edge lifting, or other defects in the applied label.
The present invention provides systems and methods for partially or fully applying a label to a moving container in a defect-free manner. The label is initially contacted with and carried by the moving container. In one version of the invention, the label is further applied to the container however not fully applied, so that one or more label flags remain. The label can be fully applied to the container and label flags applied to corresponding regions of the container by one or more subsequent operations such as use of a heated flexible wiping member. In another version of the invention, the label is completely applied to the container. In this version, the flags resulting after initial contact between the label and the container are fully contacted with the container.
The region of initial contact between the label 820 and the container 810 is depicted in
Specifically, the present invention is directed to a multi-step labeling operation in which a pressure sensitive label is initially partially contacted to a desired location along an outer face of a container. The label is concurrently and incrementally subjected to a wiping operation whereby additional regions of the label are contacted with and applied to the container. Preferably, the wiping operation is terminated prior to the entire label being contacted with the container. Most preferably, wiping is performed only until at least one or more flags exist. At this juncture, the wiping operation is completed and the container now carrying the partially applied label is directed to another process operation such as contact from a flexible heated member. However, as previously noted, the present invention includes a labeling operation in which a label and preferably a pressure sensitive label, is fully contacted with and applied to a container so that the applied label is free of flags.
Although not wishing to be bound to any particular theory, this multi-step labeling operation has been discovered to be particularly well suited for applying heat shrink pressure sensitive labels onto curved container surfaces and especially container surfaces exhibiting compound curved surfaces. Typically, such containers exhibit a somewhat planar or slightly arcuate and convex front or rear region that along its lateral regions, dramatically curves inward to form complex curved shoulders or sides that meet a corresponding surface from the other side of the container. Attempting to apply a label and in particular, a heat shrink pressure sensitive label, in a defect-free manner over the sharply curved and typically complex curved regions is very difficult. Surprisingly, by use of the present invention, a label can be readily applied by initially contacting a select region of the label to a portion of the container and then contacting and applying additional amounts of the label to the container by selectively wiping the label. Preferably, wiping is performed to an extent such that at least one or more label regions remain which are not contacting the container. The label portions not in contact with the container are label flags. Preferably, the flags that are formed correspond to and thus overlie regions of the container that exhibit compound curvature. The flags are subsequently applied to the compoundly curved container surfaces by one or more subsequent operations such as the noted flexible heated member for example. In certain applications, it may be possible to fully apply the label so that no label flags remain. For these applications, it would likely not be necessary to subject the labeled container to a flexible heated member.
The frame 850 generally includes one or more members for supporting and positioning the wiper member 860. Preferably, the frame 850 includes an upper frame member 852, a lower frame member 854, and one or more support members extending therebetween such as a vertical support member 856. The materials used for the frame can be nearly any material exhibiting suitable strength and rigidity. Non-limiting examples for frame materials include metals such as steel and aluminum, and relatively rigid plastics. One or more mounts 858 or other affixment components can be used to affix or otherwise attach the wiper member 860 to the frame 850. The frame 850 is pivotally mounted to a support or other fixture (not shown) such that the frame 850 can be pivoted about a pivot axis 842 as shown in
The wiper member 860 is illustrated in isolation in
The preferred embodiment wiping assembly 840 also includes a cam follower member 870. The cam follower member 870 is engaged to, and preferably affixed to, the frame 850 such that movement of the member 870 is imparted to the frame 850. As depicted in
The wiping assembly 840 in certain embodiments may also include a cam member 880. The cam member 880 is positioned to be in operable engagement with the cam follower member 870 such that movement of the member 880 induces a predefined cyclical and preferably reciprocal movement of the follower member 870. In the representative configuration depicted in
In another preferred embodiment according to the present invention, the wiping assembly 840 does not include, and is free of, the cam member 880. Instead, the cam follower member 870 is positioned to periodically contact the containers moving past the wiping assembly. Most preferably, the cam follower 870 is positioned to periodically contact an upper region of each container such as an outer portion of a container neck or upwardly extending threaded region which receives a cap or other container closure member. Configuring and positioning the cam follower member 870 so that the member is actuated by the containers themselves promotes simplicity, consistency, and accuracy in operation of the associated process. This preferred embodiment is possible because in most if not all high speed, commercial container labeling operations, containers are held in place along a moving conveyor by an upper conveyor member. The contacting surface of the upper conveyor member is typically frictionally enhanced to promote engagement between that member and the container. The plurality of containers disposed between an upper and a lower conveyor are sufficiently held in position such that they can support, i.e. do not move, the cam follower member 870 contacting each container as the collection of containers move alongside and past the wiping assembly.
It will be appreciated that the present invention provides assemblies enabling the selective tailoring of the shape, size, and orientation of nearly any flag or other uncontacted label region. Thus, the invention can accommodate nearly any configuration of partially applied label upon a container, and be used to form or modify one or more flags associated with the label, prior to final label application and/or label heat shrinking. Or, the invention can be used to completely apply a partially applied label to a container so that no flags remain.
For example,
In a particularly preferred process according to the invention, the wiping assembly is used in conjunction with a label dispenser.
Referring to
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In
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Referring to
In
It will be understood that in no way is the present invention limited to any of the labeling practices described and shown herein. Although not wishing to be limited to any particular practice, generally a preferred practice is as follows. A label is initially contacted with a container along an upstream or leading edge or region of the label. The edge or region need not include the leading-most portion of the label but is generally defined proximate the leading-most label portion. The leading-most label portion is not in contact with the container and thus constitutes a flag. The region of the container corresponding to and underlying the leading-most flag is typically compoundly curved. The flag can be fully contacted and applied to the compoundly curved region of the container in a later operation by a heated flexible member for example.
The container carrying the partially applied label moves past the wiping assembly as described herein. The wiping assembly then further contacts the label to the container by the selective wiping operation described herein. Preferably, wiping is terminated such that a trailing-edge flag is left which is not in contact with an underlying container region, which as noted is typically compoundly curved. The trailing-edge flag can be fully contacted and applied to the compoundly curved region of the container in a later operation by a heated flexible member for example.
It is also contemplated that other components such as pneumatic or hydraulic actuators or electrical servo motors could be used to selectively position one or more components to achieve additional label and container configurations. For example, instead of using a pivoting arrangement for the frame 850, a track system and one or more servo motors could be used to selectively position the wiper member 860 into position for wiping a label and out of position to allow the container and/or label flags to pass without interference from the wiper member 860.
The present invention also provides various methods for selectively contacting a label, for example to selectively wipe the label or portions thereof, that is carried on a moving container. The methods generally comprise providing a movable cam member and a movable frame assembly. The cam is configured such that its movement corresponds to movement of the container and the label carried on the container. The frame is preferably pivotally movable about a vertical pivot axis. A wiper member is affixed or otherwise engaged to the movable frame. The frame is located relative to the path of the moving container such that as the frame is pivoted, the wiper member is moved between two positions. In one of the positions, the wiper member is in contacting proximity of the path of the container. And in another position, the wiper is located a distance away from the path of the container. The term “contacting proximity” as used herein with regards to the wiper member, refers to that member being in a position such that a distal edge or end region of the wiper member contacts a label carried on a container as the container moves past the wiper member.
In a preferred method, a cam follower is provided in association with the movable frame. The frame is positioned and oriented such that the cam follower is in operable engagement with the cam member. Most preferably, the cam, the cam follower, and movement of the container are tied to one another such that the frame is pivoted about the pivot axis such that when the moving container is alongside the frame, the wiper is in contacting proximity with the container so that the wiper contacts the label carried on the container. As the container moves past the frame, the frame is pivoted about the pivot axis such that the wiper member is displaced or moved away from the path of the moving container.
And, methods are provided for selectively contacting a label as noted herein in which the containers themselves serve as the cam member. The methods involve providing a cam follower that is operated by a collection of containers moving alongside the cam follower. Periodic contact between the cam follower and the containers, such as container necks, can be used to govern the movement of the wiper member.
It will be appreciated that the present invention includes variations of this method and provides an array of techniques for selectively contacting a label or portions of a label that is carried on a moving container.
A wide array of labels, films, and/or assemblies of such can be selectively applied to a container using the various equipment, systems, and methods described herein. For example, examples of typical materials use for labels or label substrates include but are not limited to paper, polyester (Mylar), polyethylene and the like. As noted, the label or film may be in the form of a heat shrink film. The shrink film useful in the label may be a single layer construction or a multilayer construction. The layer or layers of the shrink film may be formed from a polymer chosen from polyester, polyolefin, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polylactic acid, copolymers and blends thereof. Generally, any of the labels or film, adhesives, and additional aspects thereof previously noted herein in conjunction with the use of flexible members can be used in conjunction with the label application systems and strategies using wiping members. The present invention can be used for applying a wide array of labels, film, and other members. For example, the invention can be used in conjunction with shrink labels, pressure sensitive labels, pressure sensitive shrink labels, heat seal labels, and nearly any type of label or film known in the packaging and labeling arts. Labels applied using the equipment, systems, and/or methods described herein preferably exhibit several characteristics or aspects as follows. The label is generally sized such that upon fully contacting or adhering the label to the container, the label does not extend about the entire periphery of the container. Most preferably, upon full contact with a container, the edges or other regions of a label do not overlap with other edges or regions of the same label.
The invention also provides various labeling systems for producing a labeled container. These systems comprise a label dispenser for selectively positioning a label alongside a moving container, a label or plurality of labels, and an assembly for selectively contacting one or more regions of a label positioned alongside a container by the label dispenser. The assembly comprises a movable frame, the frame including at least one frame member pivotally movable about a pivot axis. The assembly further comprises a wiper member engaged to the frame member and movable therewith. The wiper member includes a wiping element for contacting the label. The assembly also comprises a cam follower affixed to the frame and movable therewith. Movement of the cam follower corresponds to movement of a container, whereby the wiping element selectively contacts the label onto the moving container.
As explained in greater detail herein, various methods and systems are provided for post treating a label or film previously adhesively applied to a container or other substrate. The methods generally include heating the applied label or label assembly to a particular temperature relatively quickly, and generally directly after label application. Preferably, during this heating operation, the adhesive disposed between the label and the surface of the container or substrate is also heated in like fashion as the label. The term “adhesively applied” as used herein with regard to labels, refers to labels that are applied and retained along exposed surfaces of containers or substrates by one or more layers of adhesive(s). Applied labels treated in accordance with the particular methods described herein exhibit reduced defect rates, improved label retention and adherence, and better aesthetics as compared to corresponding applied labels not subjected to the methods.
In particular, the present invention provides further advances in strategies and methods for applying labels and films onto curved surfaces such as outer curved surfaces of various containers. Although the present invention is described in terms of treatment strategies for labels or films that have previously been applied to containers, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to containers. Instead, the invention can be used to post-treat a variety of labels or films previously applied onto surfaces of nearly any type of article. The invention is particularly directed to treating shrink labels that have previously been applied onto curved container surfaces. And, the invention is also particularly directed to treating labels such as shrink labels that have been applied onto compound curved surfaces of various containers.
It is to be understood that the present invention can be used for treating labels and films that have been applied onto a wide variety of surfaces, including planar surfaces and simple curved surfaces. However, as explained in greater detail herein, the invention is particularly well suited for post treatment of labels and films and their associated adhesive(s) that have been applied onto compound curved surfaces.
Generally, in accordance with the preferred methods, heat is applied to one or more previously applied labels on containers at a particular time in a labeling operation and within a certain time period in order to thermally anneal the label film material after the label has been applied to the container. Preferably, the adhesive disposed between the label and the receiving surface is also heated to the same extent or substantially so as the label. The particular temperatures to which the applied labels are heated have been discovered to minimize label defects that otherwise typically occur upon aging such as darts, wrinkles, bubbles, lifts, etc. Such defects occurring after label application are generally and collectively referred to herein as “post-defects”.
And, depending upon the particular labeling process, the post heating treatment methods may also enable one or more preheating operations to be eliminated. For labels including heat shrink materials, the preferred post application heating is performed after heat shrinking of the label. Heat can be applied to labeled containers in a variety of methods such as by use of infrared lamps, radiant heaters, hot forced air ovens, shrink tunnels . . . etc. The amount of heat is generally determined by the characteristics of the label material, the speed of the labeling process and the amount of heat already imparted into the label prior to the post heat section. For labels including heat shrink materials, the amount of heat also is determined by the shrink temperature of the material. Nearly any type of container having a label applied thereto can receive the treatment techniques described herein. All of these aspects are described in greater detail herein.
The preferred treatment methods involve heating a previously applied label and adhesive to a particular temperature, and at a specific time within or after a labeling operation. Preferably, the applied label and adhesive are at ambient temperature or approximately so, and are heated to a temperature of from about 30° C. to about 150° C. and more preferably, heated to a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 100° C. Generally, heating of the applied label occurs quickly, such as typically in less than 5 seconds, preferably less than 3 seconds, and most preferably less than 1 second. The use of such rapid heating times enables the treatment methods described herein to be utilized in high speed labeling operations.
In practice, achieving these particular temperatures in an applied label can be accomplished by exposing the applied label assembly to an environment having a temperature of at least 100° C. or higher. Heating may be performed by any suitable method. Generally, heating can be performed by one or more heat transfer mechanisms such as conductive heating, convective heating, radiant heating, or combinations thereof. A wide array of heating equipment or devices can be used to heat the applied labels and associated adhesives. Non-limiting examples include, but are not limited to, infrared lamps, radiant heaters, hot forced air ovens, heated chambers, heated tunnels, heated contact surfaces, and the like. Preferably, heating is performed using radiant heaters in a chamber or hot air guns in a chamber, either with infrared (IR) sensors to measure the temperature of the label upon exit. Heating devices are well known in the art and readily available.
Preferably, the treatment process involves heating the label and adhesive layer immediately after application to a container or substrate. The term “immediately” as used herein generally refers to initiating heating of a label after application without delay such that heating occurs following label application. In practical terms, heating occurs preferably in less than 5 seconds after label application and most preferably less than 1 second after label application. However, it will be appreciated that the invention includes heating performed subsequent to label application, such as after a time period of a minute or more, and in certain applications even after a period of several hours after label application. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the heating techniques described herein could be performed well after label application such as up to 24 hours after label application. The particular temperatures and times largely depend upon the materials used in the label or film, characteristics of the label, and the adhesive.
Applied labels and adhesives treated in accordance with the particular methods described herein exhibit reduced defect rates, improved label retention and adherence, and better aesthetics as compared to corresponding applied labels not subjected to the methods. Specifically, labels subjected to the treatment techniques described herein, tend to remain in their as-applied state and do not become wrinkled, form darts, or exhibit lifting or separation along their edges or the interface between label and receiving surface. Accordingly, labels and adhesives subjected to the treatment techniques of the invention exhibit improved retention such as characterized by longer retention periods and overall stronger adherence to an underlying surface as compared to corresponding labels not subjected to the treatment techniques noted herein. The absence of defects such as wrinkles, darts, bubbles, and/or lifts, results in an improved appearance and a more aesthetically appealing label. These characteristics are desirable from a commercial perspective and particularly when the label is on a container on display in a retail environment.
Although not wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that various internal stresses within the polymeric label or film material are generated or increased during label manufacture and particularly during label application. Internal stresses in film materials are particularly pronounced during heat shrinking and/or application of heat shrink labels. Although the relatively permanent bonds provided by the label adhesive serve to retain the label in its initial as-applied state, internal stresses in the label material can result in subsequent distortion of the label and movement from its as-applied position. These effects are typically exhibited as label defects in the form of wrinkles, darts, and the like. Thus, in accordance with the invention, methods and systems for preventing label post-defects are provided. Generally, the methods involve comprising providing a substrate such as a container, having a polymeric label adhesively applied thereon. The methods also comprise, after application of the label and preferably immediately after adhesive application of the label, heating the applied label to a temperature that is sufficient to relieve at least a portion of the internal stresses in the label material, and thereby prevent or at least reduce label post-defects that would otherwise occur.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment methods described herein, it has been discovered that heating an applied label to a particular temperature and at a particular point in a labeling operation can sufficiently relieve stresses in the label material(s) such that the noted label defects do not otherwise occur. As noted, labels applied onto curved container surfaces and especially compound curved container surfaces, are prone to exhibit such defects. It is surprising and unexpected that these defects can be eliminated by the heating techniques described herein. Furthermore, the particular heating operations are performed such that no dimensional changes occur in the label. This is significant when using heat shrink materials. Moreover, the post-heating operations described herein can, if implemented in certain labeling operations, eliminate the need for one or more preheating stages typically used in known labeling processes.
The present invention also provides various systems and related equipment assemblies for performing the noted methods and techniques described herein. Preferably, the systems serve to reduce and ideally, eliminate label post-defects. The systems generally comprise an assembly for adhesively applying a label to a container. Examples of label application assemblies are provided in one or more of the following US patents or published US patent applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,192,703; 4,561,928; 4,724,029; 5,785,798; 7,318,877; 2005/0153427; and 2007/0113965. It will be understood that in no way is the present invention system limited to the use of one or more of these representative labeling assemblies. Instead, the present invention system for reducing label post-defects can use nearly any type of labeling equipment. The systems in accordance with the invention also comprise one or more heaters for heating the applied label immediately after adhesive application of the label to the container. The one or more heaters are preferably capable of heating the applied labels from ambient temperature to a temperature of from about 30° C. to about 150° C. within a time period of less than about 5 seconds. It will be appreciated that the present invention systems can use heaters that perform the noted heating of applied labels in time periods longer than 5 seconds. Examples of suitable heaters are those previously noted herein. Preferably, the systems and more particularly, the heaters are capable of heating the noted labels to a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 100° C. Preferably, the systems and more particularly, the heaters are capable of heating the noted labels to the indicated temperatures within a time period of less than 3 seconds and most preferably, within a time period of less than 1 second. Preferably, the heaters are radiant heaters. However, as noted herein, a wide array of heating devices can be used. The systems may also comprise one or more temperature sensors such as infrared (IR) sensors to conveniently and accurately measure the temperature of the label during and after the heating operation.
Containers were labeled with polypropylene labels at a temperature below which the labeled containers would typically remain defect-free. All labels were applied without defects at the time of application. Labeled containers were then immediately placed in a 100° C. oven for various dwell times. The final temperature of the labels was measured at the end of the oven aging. Containers were then inspected after 1 week aging at room temperature.
A control sample that was not exposed to a post-heat treatment failed within 1 week due to defect formation. All samples that were exposed to at least 30 seconds of 100° C. post heat (squares) passed inspection after 1 week aging. Based upon these results, it is believed that an exit temperature of at least 50° C. is sufficient in the post heat step to prevent defects of this particular label material.
Although the various treatment processes described herein have been described in conjunction with eliminating one or more heating steps prior to or during label application, it will be appreciated that the present invention also includes the use of the treatment processes utilized in conjunction with labeling operations that employ heating. Thus, the treatment processes described herein are contemplated for a host of labeling operations.
Although the present invention and its various preferred embodiments have been described in terms of applying labels, and particularly pressure sensitive shrink labels, onto curved surfaces of containers, it will be understood that the present invention is applicable to applying labels, films, or other thin flexible members upon other surfaces besides those associated with containers. Moreover, it is also contemplated that the invention can be used to apply such components onto relatively flat planar surfaces.
Additional details associated with applying pressure sensitive labels, and particularly pressure sensitive shrink labels, are provided in International Publication WO 2008/124581; US Patent Application Publication 2009/0038736; and US Patent Application Publication 2009/0038737.
Additional details associated with heat transfer labeling technology are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,744; U.S. Pat. No. 6,698,958; US Patent Application Publication 2008/0185093; US Patent Application Publication 2007/0275319; US Patent Application Publication 2007/0009732; US Patent Application Publication 2005/0100689; International Publication WO 2004/050262; International Publication WO 2005/069256; U.S. Pat. No. 7,758,938; U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,095; International Publication WO 2002/055295; U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,486; U.S. Pat. No. 6,461,722; International Publication WO 2000/20199; International Publication WO 2000/23330; U.S. Pat. No. 6,796,352; International Publication WO 2002/12071; US Patent Publication 2007/0281137; and International Publication WO 2007/142970.
Many other benefits will no doubt become apparent from future application and development of this technology.
All patents, published applications, and articles noted herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
As described hereinabove, the present invention solves many problems associated with previous type devices and methods. However, it will be appreciated that various changes in the details, materials and arrangements of parts or operations, which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle and scope of the invention, as expressed in the appended claims.
The present application claims priority to, and is a Continuation-In-Part of, International Application No. PCT/US2010/43343 filed Jul. 27, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/228,719 filed Jul. 27, 2009, 61/299,165 filed Jan. 29, 2010, and 61/296,715 filed Jan. 20, 2010. The present application also claims priority to, and is a Continuation-In-Part of, U.S. application Ser. No. 12/853,429 filed Aug. 10, 2010. The present application also claims priority to, and is a Continuation-In-Part of, U.S. application Ser. No. 12/532,845 filed Sep. 24, 2009 which is a 371 of PCT/US2008/59397 filed Apr. 4, 2008, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/910,282 filed Apr. 5, 2007, and 60/938,019 filed May 15, 2007. The present application also claims priority to, and is a Continuation-In-Part of, U.S. application Ser. No. 12/237,737 filed Sep. 25, 2008, which is a Continuation-In-Part of PCT/US2008/59397 filed Apr. 4, 2008, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/910,282 filed Apr. 5, 2007 and 60/938,019 filed May 15, 2007. The present application also claims priority to, and is a Continuation-In-Part of, U.S. application Ser. No. 12/237,761 filed Sep. 25, 2008, which is a Continuation-In-Part of PCT/US2008/59397 filed Apr. 4, 2008, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/910,282 filed Apr. 5, 2007 and 60/938,019 filed May 15, 2007. The present application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/299,151 filed Jan. 27, 2010. All of the previously noted applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60910282 | Apr 2007 | US | |
| 60938019 | May 2007 | US | |
| 61228719 | Jul 2009 | US | |
| 61299165 | Jan 2010 | US | |
| 61296715 | Jan 2010 | US | |
| 61299151 | Jan 2010 | US | |
| 60910282 | Apr 2007 | US | |
| 60938019 | May 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12237737 | Sep 2008 | US |
| Child | 12845037 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12532845 | Sep 2009 | US |
| Child | 12973211 | US | |
| Parent | 12237737 | Sep 2008 | US |
| Child | 12532845 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US08/59397 | Apr 2008 | US |
| Child | 12237737 | US | |
| Parent | 12237761 | Sep 2008 | US |
| Child | PCT/US08/59397 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US08/59397 | Apr 2008 | US |
| Child | 12237761 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2010/043343 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Child | PCT/US08/59397 | US | |
| Parent | 12853429 | Aug 2010 | US |
| Child | PCT/US2010/043343 | US | |
| Parent | 12845037 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Child | 12853429 | US | |
| Parent | PCT/US2008/059397 | Apr 2008 | US |
| Child | 12237737 | US |
