Patent Application
20200320206
This disclosure relates generally to functions as a service, and, more particularly, to systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to prevent unauthorized release of information associated with a function as a service.
Users/institutions are increasingly collecting and using very large data sets in support of their business offerings. The ability to process very large data sets is both resource and time consuming and typically outside of the realm of the business using the data. Recent developments to aid such users/institutions in the processing of large data sets include offering a “function as a service” (FaaS) in a cloud based environment. In FaaS, generally, an application is designed to work only when a “function” is requested by a cloud user/customer, thereby allowing the cloud customers to pay for the infrastructure executions on demand. FaaS provides a complete abstraction of servers away from the developer; billing based on consumption and executions; services that are event-driven and instantaneously scalable. FaaS infrastructures allow the assembly of relatively arbitrary workloads, machine learning models, deep neural networks, etc
The figures are not to scale. In general, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts. As used herein, connection references (e.g., attached, coupled, connected, and joined) may include intermediate members between the elements referenced by the connection reference and/or relative movement between those elements unless otherwise indicated. As such, connection references do not necessarily infer that two elements are directly connected and/or in fixed relation to each other.
Unless specifically stated otherwise, descriptors such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc. are used herein without imputing or otherwise indicating any meaning of priority, physical order, arrangement in a list, and/or ordering in any way, but are merely used as labels and/or arbitrary names to distinguish elements for ease of understanding the disclosed examples. In some examples, the descriptor “first” may be used to refer to an element in the detailed description, while the same element may be referred to in a claim with a different descriptor such as “second” or “third.” In such instances, it should be understood that such descriptors are used merely for identifying those elements distinctly that might, for example, otherwise share a same name.
Cloud-based platforms/environments can be used to provide function-as-a-service (FaaS) services. Such FaaS services are typically operated by service providers and instantiated using the resources/infrastructure available via cloud providers. Users of the FaaS services provide input data to the FaaS services for processing and the FaaS services provide output data generated based on the input data. In many cases, users turn to the FaaS services because the users are not in the business of software development or technology development but rather are data-dependent organizations (e.g., business, banking institution, medical practices, etc.) that require the usage of one or more data processing systems. Thus, the usage of a FaaS services by users is both practical and economically advantageous.
In an FaaS, an application is designed to work when a “function” is requested by a cloud user/customer, thereby allowing the cloud customers to pay for the infrastructure executions on demand. FaaS provides a complete abstraction of servers away from the developer, customer billing based on consumption and executions, and services that are event-driven and instantaneously scalable. Examples of FaaS include AWS Lambda, IBM OpenWhisk, Azure Functions, Iron.io., etc. FaaS infrastructures can allow the assembly of relatively arbitrary workloads, machine learning models, deep neural networks, etc. The usage of such functions can require privacy protection to avoid misuse of user input data.
Generally, the provision and usage of FaaS services involves three entities, which include the user, the FaaS service provider, and the cloud operator. In some examples, the FaaS service provider and the cloud provider can be a same entity such that the provision and usage of some such systems include two entities, the user and the single entity operating as both FaaS service provider and cloud operator. However, in other examples, the FaaS service provider and the cloud provider can be separate entities. As the usage of such FaaS services involves the sharing of information between the entities, the relationship between the three (or two) entities requires a high level of trust as well as the ability to collaborate closely to enable safe access to the FaaS service without risk of exposing in-use user data to any third parties and without risk of exposing intellectual property (also referred to as proprietary information) inherent to the FaaS service offering. Generally, safeguards to prevent unauthorized access to FaaS services are put into place to lessen the risk of breach of the in-use user data supplied to the service and the data results generated by the service and supplied back to the user. A goal of such safeguards is to prevent unauthorized access to the in-use user data and the proprietary information of the three (or two) entities. As used herein, “information” includes at least one or both of the in-use user data and the proprietary information.
User data as used herein refers to “in-use” user data (also generally known as “user data in use”). Such user data is referred to as “in-use” because the user data transmitted between the user system and the FaaS service is in the process of being used to generate output data. “In-use user data” and “user data in use” are equivalent as used in this application.
Likewise, the proprietary information of the FaaS service as used herein refers to “in-use” proprietary information because the proprietary information is in the process of being used by the FaaS service for the purpose of generating output data. “In-use information” is generally also known as “information in use.” “In-use information” and “information in use” are equivalent as used in this application.
Unfortunately, due to the rise in malware, including, for example, ransomware, data breaches of institutions (large and small) are occurring more frequently. As a result, users (institutions), FaaS service providers and cloud providers are searching for improved methods/systems to protect against data breach and/or information breach. Further, as a data/information breach can occur at any point in the FaaS system (e.g., at the user level, at the FaaS service provider and/or at the cloud provider), each of the three (or two) entities has an interest in ensuring that not only their own protective measures are sufficient but that the protective measures of the other parties are sufficient to prevent access via a data/information breach.
The need to take protective measures to prevent unauthorized access to any of the three entities can be heightened in an FaaS system. For example, in some instances, the function provided by the FaaS service is a machine learning model. A rising star in the FaaS services arena, a machine learning model provided as an FaaS service involves not only the transfer of in-use user data to the FaaS service provider but can also include the generation of in-use proprietary information (some of which may qualify for intellectual property protections) by the FaaS service provider. Generally, large data sets are used to train the model of the machine learning model. Training the model with very large data sets results in the generation of a framework, model parameters, coefficients, constants, etc. The in-use user data provided to the machine learning model for processing can also serve to further fine tune the parameters, coefficients, constants, etc. of the model. As the model training can be quite time consuming and as the model itself is the in-use proprietary information of the FaaS service provider, the FaaS service provider has an interest in protecting against unauthorized access to the in-use user data and also against unauthorized access to its in-use proprietary information. As described above and referred to herein, the combination of the in-use user data and the in use proprietary information is referred to as the “in use information” that is to be protected in the interests of the user data institution(s), the FaaS service provider and the cloud provider. Further, information as used herein also refers to “in-use” information for the reasons set forth above.
Example systems, methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture to prevent the unauthorized release of in-use information from an FaaS service are disclosed herein. In some examples, an FaaS service disclosed herein is implemented using a machine learning model service. However, any function/service can be used to implement the FaaS disclosed herein such that the FaaS is in no way limited to a machine learning model as a service. Disclosed FaaS systems include a combination of homographic encryption (HE) techniques and trusted execution environments (TEE(s)). HE techniques are data encryption techniques in which the encrypted data may be operated on in an HE encrypted state. Thus, HE encrypted data need not be decrypted before being processed. In this way, in-use user data that has been encrypted using an HE technique can be securely supplied by the user to the service provider without concern that a data breach (or other unauthorized usage) at/by the service provider will result in the release of the confidential user data. In addition, the service provider system, and, in some instance, the user system operate within a TEE. As the TEE provides a secure execution environment, concerns that the cloud provider may access the in-use proprietary information of the service provider inherent in the model (or other function) are eliminated and/or greatly reduced.
In some examples, in-use user data of the user system 230 is stored in the example user database 292 and then encrypted by the example user data preparer 290 of the user system 230. The user data preparer 290 encrypts the in-use user data with any appropriate homomorphic encryption technique to thereby generate homomorphically encrypted (HE) user input data. In accordance with standard homomorphic encryption techniques, homomorphically encrypted data (e.g., the HE user input data) can be processed (e.g., operated on) without first requiring that the homomorphically encrypted data be decrypted. In some examples, to enable the encryption process, the user data preparer 290 also generates one or more HE evaluation keys, defines a homomorphic encryption /decryption schema, and defines operations that can be performed on the HE user input data. The HE user input data is supplied/transmitted by the user system 230, via the wired and/or wireless communication system 296, to the MLMS 210 for processing by the machine learning model system 220. The communication system 296 can include any number of components/devices (e.g., transmitters, receivers, networks, network hubs, network edge devices, etc.) arranged in any order that enables communication between the user system 230 and the MLMS 210. As the HE user input data is homomorphically encrypted, the risk of access to the data by third parties during transmission is eliminated and/or greatly reduced.
In some examples, the second example two-party evaluator 270 of the example user system 230 encrypts, using a two-party encryption technique, domain parameters associated with the homomorphic encryption technique. In some such examples, the domain parameters (e.g., security guarantees, a homomorphic encryption schema to be used in conjunction with the HE user input data, an evaluation key, etc.) are securely communicated (in the two-party encryption scheme) by the user system 230 to the MLMS TEE 240. In some such examples, the two-party encrypted domain parameters received at the MLMS TEE 240 are decrypted by the first example two party evaluator 270SP (wherein the letters “SP” following the reference number is to indicate that the first two-party evaluator 270SP is associated with the service provider SP of the MLMS 210). In some examples, the first two party evaluator 270SP of the MLMS 210 exchanges any additional information with the two-party evaluator 270 of the user system 230 that is needed to ensure secure communication using the two-party encryption scheme.
In some examples, the machine learning model 220 of
In some examples, the example HE evaluator 280 implements one or more circuits (e.g., adding circuits, multiplication circuits, etc.) that correspond to the pre-built components/algorithms selected using the example ML framework tool 260. The ML PI developer 250 of the illustrated example generates the ML PI for storage in the ML PI storage 252 by applying, as input, a very large set of training data to the ML framework using the ML framework tool 260 and/or by the HE evaluator 280 to develop a set of weights and/or coefficients. The weights and/or coefficients, when used in conjunction with the ML framework 262 and operations performed by the one or more circuits of the HE evaluator 280, represent the machine learning model 220. In some examples, the machine learning proprietary information can include both the ML framework 262 generated by the framework tool 260, and the weights and/or coefficients (e.g., ML PI) generated by the ML PI developer 250 during the machine learning model training process. In some examples, as the ML PI 252 and the MP LI developer are secured in the MLMS TEE 240, the coefficients/biases need not be encrypted. In some examples, the ML PI to be stored in the ML PI storage 252, and/or the ML framework to be stored in the ML framework storage 262 is/are previously generated using a very large data set. In some such examples, obtaining and applying the very large training data set to the ML framework stored in the ML framework storage 262 is a time and resource intensive process such that the resulting weights and coefficients of the ML PI and the ML framework represent valuable and proprietary information (potentially protected by intellectual property laws) owned by the service provider of the MLMS 210. In some examples, when new data is input by the ML framework tool 260, the weights and/or coefficients generated by the ML PI developer 250 and stored in the ML PI storage 252 can be further adjusted to reflect information that can be inferred from the processing of the input data. In some such examples, the adjusted weights and/or coefficients are stored at the MLMS TEE 240. In some such examples, the storage and contents thereof can be represented by the storage ML PI storage 252, and the ML framework storage and contents thereof can be represented by the ML framework storage 262. In both instances, due to the protection afforded by the MLMS TEE 240, the ML PI of the ML PI storage 252 and the ML framework of the ML framework storage 262 need not be encrypted.
In some examples, HE user input data supplied by the user system 230 to the MLMS 210 is evaluated with the HE evaluator 280 (e.g., the HE user input data is operated on by the HE evaluator 280) to thereby generate HE user output data to be supplied back to the user system 230. In some such examples, the HE evaluator 280 uses domain parameters obtained from an encrypted message transmitted by the example second two party evaluator 270 (of the user system 230). The encrypted message is decrypted by the two-party evaluator 270SP and the domain parameters obtained therefrom are used to process (e.g., operate on) the HE user input data without first decrypting the user data. As the HE user input data remains encrypted when being processed by the HE evaluator 280 of the machine learning model 220, the HE user output data is also homomorphically encrypted. Thus, the HE user input data and the HE user output data are not at risk of being exposed to the service provider of the MLMS 210. The HE user output data is supplied by the MLMS 210 service back to the user system 230 via the communication system 296.
Further, as the example machine learning model 220 is implemented within the example MLMS TEE 240, a cloud provider of the cloud 120 is unable to access the machine learning model 220 (and the intellectual property inherent therein). Additionally, the HE user input and/or HE user output data is protected from the cloud 120 not only by the usage of homomorphic encryption but also by the processing of the HE user input/output data within the MLMS TEE 240. Thus, the cloud provider of the cloud 120 is unable to gain access to either the MLMS TEE 240 or the HE user data.
It is to be understood that the example transceivers 202, 204 can facilitate communication between any components of the user system and any of the components included in the MLMS 210.
The first and second example two-party evaluators 270SP, 270, the example user data preparer 290, the example ML framework tool 260, and the example HE evaluator 280 of
In some examples, the system 400 further includes a cloud based user system 430CBU (wherein the letters “CBU” after a reference number are to differentiate the Cloud Based User system (and/or components thereof) from the non-cloud based user system 430 (and/or components thereof) instantiated in the cloud 120. The cloud based user system 430CBU includes an example user TEE 440CBU, within which operate an example parameter refresher 498, a third example two party evaluator 470CBU, and a second example user data preparer 490CBU. The cloud-based user system 430CBU communicates with the MLMS (FaaS) 410 via a wired and/or wireless communication system 496B.
In some examples, the user system 430 (and/or components therein) operates in the manner described with respect to the user system 230 of
In some examples, the example non-cloud based user system 430 includes a first storage 492, the example MLMS (FaaS) 410 includes a second storage 492SP, and the example cloud based user system 430CBU includes a third storage 492CBU. In some examples, any and/or all of the components of the non-cloud based user system 430 can access information and/or store information in the first storage 492. In some examples, the first storage 492 represents multiple storages to store varying kinds of information (e.g., user data, HE user input data, HE user output data, program/computer software/instructions, etc.). Likewise, the second storage 492SP and/or the third storage 492CBU can represent multiple storages or a single storage. In the illustrated example, the second storage 492SP can store varying types of information and is accessible to the components of the MLMS TEE 440, and the third storage 492CBU can store varying types of information and is accessible to the components of the user TEE 440CBU.
In some examples, the HE user input data received at the MLMS (FaaS) 410 from the non-cloud based user system 430 is processed by the machine learning model 420 in a manner similar to the way in which the MLMS 210 operates to process HE user input data. As described with respect to the machine learning model 220 of
In some examples, the example HE evaluator 480 of
To ensure that the data content of the HE in-use user data is not lost among noise, one or more of the ML PI coefficients and/or weights generated by the ML PI developer 450 used by the HE evaluator 480 are refreshed at the cloud based user system 430CBU by the example parameter refresher 498. To avoid exposing the HE intermediate in-use user data to the MLMS TEE 440 in an unencrypted form, the output of the most recently performed operations/computations are supplied to the user cloud-based system 430CBU while still in an HE encrypted format.
In some examples, to communicate information needed to process the HE intermediate in-use user data generated at the MLMS (FaaS) 410, the user cloud-based system 430 CBU includes the third example two-party evaluator 470CBU. In some such examples, the third two party evaluator 470CBU is equipped with a private and public key of the user and is further equipped with the authority to use the private and public key for two-way communications with the MLMS (FaaS) 410 In some examples, the private and/or public key(s) needed to initiate two-party encrypted communication between the MLMS (FaaS) 410 and the cloud based user system 430CBU are exchanged between the third two-party evaluator 470CBU of the cloud based user system 430CBU and the first two party evaluator 470SP of the MLMS (FaaS) 410. In some examples, the first two party evaluator 470SP transmits information about the parameters to be refreshed and any other information needed by the user data preparer 494CBU of the cloud based user system 430CBU. In some examples, the third two-party evaluator 470CBU of the user cloud-based system 430 CBU decrypts the parameters to be refreshed.
As described above, the output of the most recently performed set of operations (e.g., the HE intermediate user data) is transmitted from the MLMS (FaaS) 410 (via the example second communication system 496B) to the user cloud based system 430CBU in an HE encrypted format. In some such examples, the example second user data preparer 490CBU of the example cloud based user system 430CBU decrypts the HE intermediate user data. In some such examples, information such as the HE domain/schema, HE key(s), and other HE information can be transmitted between the MLMS (FaaS) 410 and the cloud based user system 430CBU via communications between the first and the third two-party evaluators 470SP and 470CBU or such information may instead already be stored at the cloud based user system 430CBU. When the HE intermediate in-use user data is decrypted, the example parameter refresher 498CBU uses the supplied parameters and the decrypted intermediate in-use user data to generate new parameters (also referred to as refreshed parameters) and to scale the intermediate user data. Scaling of the intermediate in-use user data (referred to hereinafter as intermediate output data) is performed to eliminate the influence of noise on the in-use user data (e.g., the amount of noise in the in-use user data caused by the processing that occurred at the MLMS is reduced to zero or to an amount at or below some other threshold level). In some examples, the parameters are refreshed based on unencrypted, intermediate in-use user data because such operations cannot be performed on homomorphically encrypted data. Thus, the instantiation of the user TEE 440CBU allows the parameters to be refreshed based on unencrypted intermediate in-use user data so that the data need not be exposed to the MLMS (FaaS) 410 in an unencrypted state.
The refreshed parameters (and any other information needed by the machine learning model 420 to continue operating on the HE intermediate user data) are encrypted by the third example two-party evaluator 470CBU and communicated to the first example two-party evaluator 470SP.
In addition, the intermediate scaled user output data is re-encrypted by the user data preparer 490CBU operating in a manner similar to that described with respect to the user data preparer 290 of
When the noise budget threshold is not satisfied, the example machine learning model 420 determines whether there is additional HE user input data to be operated on, and, if so, continues to perform nested operations on the data. In either event, when all of the HE user input data has been operated on using the machine learning model 420 of the MLMS 440, the resulting HE encrypted user output data (i.e., the HE user output data) is transmitted by the MLMS (FaaS) 410 to the non-cloud based user system 430. Thus, in the system 400, the MLMS TEE 440 shields the machine learning model 420 (including the ML IP developer 250, the ML PI stored in the ML PI storage 452, the ML framework tool 460, the ML framework stored in the ML framework storage 462, and the HE evaluator 480) from access by the cloud 120 and from access by the user cloud based system 430CBU and the non-cloud based user system 430. Additionally, the cloud based user system 430 CBU and the non-cloud based user system 430 use homomorphic encryption to shield the in-use user data from the cloud 120 and the MLMS (FaaS) 410. Accordingly, the system 400 uses the TEES 440 and 430CBU, two-party encrypted communication, and HE encrypted in-use user data to prevent unauthorized release of information (either in-use user data or in-use proprietary information) from the respective owners of the information.
It is to be understood that the example transceivers 402, 404, 406 can facilitate communication between any components of the non-cloud based user system 430, the cloud based user system 430CBU, the MLMS 410 in the manner represented in
In the example system 500, the user input data is supplied from the example non-cloud based user system 430 to the user TEE 430CBU implemented within the cloud based user system 430CBU. In some such examples, the user input data is communicated between the second example two party evaluator 470 and the third example two party evaluator 470CBU in a two-party encrypted format. At the cloud based user TEE 440CBU, the in-use user data is decrypted from the two party encryption format by the third two-party evaluator 470CBU and then re-encrypted by the example user data preparer 490CBU. Note that, in
The HE user input data is supplied by the cloud based user system 430CBU to the example MLMS (FaaS) 410 where it is operated on by the machine learning model 420 within the MLMS TEE 440. In some examples, the machine learning model 420 generates HE intermediate in-use user data to be supplied by the MLMS (FaaS) 410 to the example intermediate computation tool 502 of the user TEE 440CBU. In some such examples, the intermediate computation tool 502 performs one or more intermediate operations (which may include any type of operations/computations, e.g., parameter refresh, data re-scaling, etc.) as described with respect to the cloud based user system 400 of
Thus, in the example system 500 of
As described above with respect to the system 400 of
When the example machine learning model 420 of the system 500 includes both linear and non-linear computations, the linear operations are performed by the machine learning model 420 at the MLMS TEE 440 on the HE user input data. In some such examples, the first two-party evaluator 470SP of the MLMS (FaaS) 410 encrypts the functional form (e.g., the ML framework) of the machine learning model 420 and provides the encrypted ML framework to the example third two party evaluator 470CBU of the cloud based user TEE 440CBU. In some such examples, the first two-party evaluator 470SP of the MLMS TEE 440 transmits the ML framework to the cloud based user system by encrypting (and then transmitting) a netlist of the ML framework to be used by the intermediate computation tool 502 of the user TEE 440CBU as described further below.
In some examples, the two-party encryption technique is implemented using Yao's Garbled Circuit. When Yao's Garbled Circuit encryption technique is used, the cloud-based user system 430CBU is able to access the portions of the ML framework needed to perform non-linear operations on the unencrypted in-use user data but is not able to access the garbled model coefficients and/or weights/biases that constitute the ML PI developed by the ML PI developer 450. In some such examples, the ML framework stored in the ML framework storage 462 does not constitute propriety information (or does not constitute confidential proprietary information) to the service provider such that sharing the ML framework with the user cloud based system 430CBU does not cause security concerns for the MLMS (FaaS) 410, whereas the ML PI coefficients/weights, etc., stored in the ML PI storage 452 do constitute propriety information (or confidential proprietary information) and remain secure. In some such examples, the intermediate computation tool 502 is able to use the garbled model coefficients and/or weights/biases of the machine learning model 420 to perform computations on the HE intermediate in-use user data without needing to be able to access the garbled information in a non-garbled form.
In some such examples, the example third two party evaluator 470CBU decrypts the ML framework and extracts the garbled model coefficients/weights/biases, the user data preparer 490CBU of the cloud based user system 730CBU decrypts the HE intermediate in-use user data supplied by the MLMS TEE 440, and the example intermediate computation tool 502 performs one or more non-linear computations/operations on the unencrypted intermediate user data. The unencrypted in-use user data is then re-encrypted by the in-use user data preparer 490CBU and transmitted back to the MLMS (FaaS) 410 for further processing, as needed based on the machine learning model 420.
When the linear and non-linear operations have been performed such that the HE user output data has been generated, the resulting HE user output data is transmitted by the MLMS (FaaS) 410 to the non-cloud based user system 430 via the cloud-based user system 430CBU in the manner described above.
It is to be understood that the example transceivers 402, 404, 406 of
When the workload analyzer 620 determines that data parallelism is available, the workload analyzer 620 provides information about the parallelism of the workload and the workload itself to the workload divider/decomposer 630. The workload divider/decomposer 630 divides the workload into a number of chunks that can be implemented within the execution footprint of a TEE. The workload divider/decomposer supplies the number of chunks to the example worker TEE instantiator/initiator 640. The worker TEE instantiator/initiator 640 causes a number of TEEs equal to the number of chunks to be instantiated. In some examples, the number of chunks is four and, thus, the number of TEEs to be instantiated is four. In some examples, the example workload distributor 650 distributes respective portions/chunks of the machine learning model to respective ones of the four worker TEEs 604, 606, 608, 610 for execution thereat. The four worker TEEs 604, 606, 608, 610 return HE output data to the supervisor TEE 602 and the example workload joiner 660 joins the HE output results and causes the HE output results to be transmitted via the XCVR1680 to the user system. Although four TEEs are illustrated in this example, any number of TEEs could be used. Further, any number of supervisor TEEs can be used. The HE output data/results are transmitted to the user system in an HE encrypted format. In addition, the example decomposition map generator 670 generates a map identifying how the machine learning model was decomposed and causes the map to be supplied to the user system, via the XCVR1680, for use in determining how to arrange the output data received from the example supervisor TEE 602.
While example manners of implementing machine learning models as a service system 100 of
A flowchart representative of example hardware logic, machine readable instructions, hardware implemented state machines, and/or any combination thereof for implementing the MLMS 210 of
While example manners of implementing machine learning models as a service system 100 of
While an example manner of implementing a scaled machine learning model as a service 600 is illustrated in
A flowchart representative of example hardware logic, machine readable instructions, hardware implemented state machines, and/or any combination thereof for implementing the MLMS (FaaS) 410 of
A flowchart representative of example hardware logic, machine readable instructions, hardware implemented state machines, and/or any combination thereof for implementing the MLMS (FaaS) 410 of
The flowchart representative of example hardware logic, machine readable instructions, hardware implemented state machines, and/or any combination thereof for implementing the user TEE 440CBU of
A flowchart representative of example hardware logic, machine readable instructions, hardware implemented state machines, and/or any combination thereof for implementing the MLMS 603 of
The machine readable instructions described herein may be stored in one or more of a compressed format, an encrypted format, a fragmented format, a compiled format, an executable format, a packaged format, etc. Machine readable instructions as described herein may be stored as data or a data structure (e.g., portions of instructions, code, representations of code, etc.) that may be utilized to create, manufacture, and/or produce machine executable instructions. For example, the machine readable instructions may be fragmented and stored on one or more storage devices and/or computing devices (e.g., servers) located at the same or different locations of a network or collection of networks (e.g., in the cloud, in edge devices, etc.). The machine readable instructions may require one or more of installation, modification, adaptation, updating, combining, supplementing, configuring, decryption, decompression, unpacking, distribution, reassignment, compilation, etc. in order to make them directly readable, interpretable, and/or executable by a computing device and/or other machine. For example, the machine readable instructions may be stored in multiple parts, which are individually compressed, encrypted, and stored on separate computing devices, wherein the parts when decrypted, decompressed, and combined form a set of executable instructions that implement one or more functions that may together form a program such as that described herein.
In another example, the machine readable instructions may be stored in a state in which they may be read by processor circuitry, but require addition of a library (e.g., a dynamic link library (DLL)), a software development kit (SDK), an application programming interface (API), etc. in order to execute the instructions on a particular computing device or other device. In another example, the machine readable instructions may need to be configured (e.g., settings stored, data input, network addresses recorded, etc.) before the machine readable instructions and/or the corresponding program(s) can be executed in whole or in part. Thus, machine readable media, as used herein, may include machine readable instructions and/or program(s) regardless of the particular format or state of the machine readable instructions and/or program(s) when stored or otherwise at rest or in transit.
The machine readable instructions described herein can be represented by any past, present, or future instruction language, scripting language, programming language, etc. For example, the machine readable instructions may be represented using any of the following languages: C, C++, Java, C#, Perl, Python, JavaScript, HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Structured Query Language (SQL), Swift, etc.
As mentioned above, the example processes of
“Including” and “comprising” (and all forms and tenses thereof) are used herein to be open ended terms. Thus, whenever a claim employs any form of “include” or “comprise” (e.g., comprises, includes, comprising, including, having, etc.) as a preamble or within a claim recitation of any kind, it is to be understood that additional elements, terms, etc. may be present without falling outside the scope of the corresponding claim or recitation. As used herein, when the phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in, for example, a preamble of a claim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” and “including” are open ended. The term “and/or” when used, for example, in a form such as A, B, and/or C refers to any combination or subset of A, B, C such as (1) A alone, (2) B alone, (3) C alone, (4) A with B, (5) A with C, (6) B with C, and (7) A with B and with C. As used herein in the context of describing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, the phrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B. Similarly, as used herein in the context of describing structures, components, items, objects and/or things, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B. As used herein in the context of describing the performance or execution of processes, instructions, actions, activities and/or steps, the phrase “at least one of A and B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B. Similarly, as used herein in the context of describing the performance or execution of processes, instructions, actions, activities and/or steps, the phrase “at least one of A or B” is intended to refer to implementations including any of (1) at least one A, (2) at least one B, and (3) at least one A and at least one B.
As used herein, singular references (e.g., “a”, “an”, “first”, “second”, etc.) do not exclude a plurality. The term “a” or “an” entity, as used herein, refers to one or more of that entity. The terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more”, and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means, elements or method actions may be implemented by, e.g., a single unit or processor. Additionally, although individual features may be included in different examples or claims, these may possibly be combined, and the inclusion in different examples or claims does not imply that a combination of features is not feasible and/or advantageous.
The program 700 of
At block 720, the example user system 230 of
At block 730, a two party evaluator (e.g., the first two party evaluator 270SP of
At block 740, the user data preparer 290 of
At block 745, the example MLMS TEE (e.g., any of the MLMS TEE 240 of
At block 765, the appropriate one of the example user system 210/410/410CBU of
The program 800 of
At block 874, the example parameter refresher 498 operates on the decrypted in-use user data with any additional information supplied via the third two party evaluator 470CBU to refresh parameters of the machine learning model and to re-scale the (in-use) user input data as described above with respect to
At block 840, when the noise budget threshold is not satisfied, the machine learning model 420 of
The program 900 of
At the first TEE, (e.g., the example MLMS TEE 440 of the MLMS (FaaS) 410) the machine learning model 420 performs linear operations on HE user input data provided by the example second (user) TEE (e.g., the cloud based user TEE 440CBU) in the manner described with respect to
In some examples, the example machine learning model 420 determines whether there are non-linear operations are to be performed on the output of the linear operations (block 940). When non-linear operations are to be performed (based on the machine learning model 420), the example HE evaluator of the MLMS TEE 440 causes the HE data generated as an output of the linear operations (also referred to as HE intermediate user data) to be supplied to the example user TEE 440CBU in the manner described above with respect to
In some examples, the output of the non-linear operations are re-encrypted by the user data preparer 490CBU and then supplied by the user TEE 440CBU to the MLMS TEE 440 (block 980) in the manner described above with respect to the
The program 1000 of
The processor platform 1100 of the illustrated example includes a processor 1112. The processor 1112 of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, the processor 1112 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. The hardware processor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. In this example, the processor implements any of the example MLMS 210 of
The processor 1112 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 1113 (e.g., a cache). The processor 1112 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1114 and a non-volatile memory 1116 via a bus 1118. The volatile memory 1114 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 1116 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1114, 1116 is controlled by a memory controller.
The processor platform 1100 of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit 1120. The interface circuit 1120 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near field communication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface.
In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 1122 are connected to the interface circuit 1120. The input device(s) 1122 permit(s) a user to enter data and/or commands into the processor 1112. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system. In some examples, the one or more input devices 1122 are used to enter any input data at the MLMS 210 (
One or more output devices 1124 are also connected to the interface circuit 1120 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1124 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube display (CRT), an in-place switching (IPS) display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactile output device, a printer and/or speaker. The interface circuit 1120 of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip and/or a graphics driver processor.
The interface circuit 1120 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a network interface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network 1126. The communication can be via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, a satellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephone system, etc.
The processor platform 1100 of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices 1128 for storing software and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices 1128 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, redundant array of independent disks (RAID) systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.
The machine executable instructions 1132 (e.g., the program 700) of
The processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example includes a processor 1212. The processor 1212 of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, the processor 1212 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. The hardware processor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. In this example, the processor implements the example MLMS (FaaS) 410 and the MLMS TEE 440 SP of
The processor 1212 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 1213 (e.g., a cache). The processor 1212 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1214 and a non-volatile memory 1216 via a bus 1218. The volatile memory 1214 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 1216 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1214, 1216 is controlled by a memory controller.
The processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit 1220. The interface circuit 1220 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near field communication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface.
In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 1222 are connected to the interface circuit 1220. The input device(s) 1222 permit(s) a user to enter data and/or commands into the processor 1212. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system. In some examples, the one or more input devices 1222 are used to enter any input data at the cloud based user system 430 (
One or more output devices 1224 are also connected to the interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1224 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube display (CRT), an in-place switching (IPS) display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactile output device, a printer and/or speaker. The interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip and/or a graphics driver processor.
The interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a network interface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network 1226 (e.g., the communication system 496A and/or 496B. The communication can be via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, a satellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephone system, etc.
The processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices 1228 for storing software and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices 1228 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, redundant array of independent disks (RAID) systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. In some examples, any of the storage devices of
The machine executable instructions 1232 (e.g., portions of the program 900) of
The processor platform 1300 of the illustrated example includes a processor 1312. The processor 1312 of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, the processor 1312 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. The hardware processor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. In this example, the processor implements the example cloud based user system 430CBU of
The processor 1312 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 1313 (e.g., a cache). The processor 1312 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1314 and a non-volatile memory 1316 via a bus 1318. The volatile memory 1314 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 1316 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1314, 1316 is controlled by a memory controller. Any of the memory depicted in
The processor platform 1300 of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit 1320. The interface circuit 1320 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near field communication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface.
In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 1322 are connected to the interface circuit 1320. The input device(s) 1322 permit(s) a user to enter data and/or commands into the processor 1312. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system. In some examples, the one or more input devices 1322 are used to enter any input data at the cloud based user system 430CBU (
One or more output devices 1324 are also connected to the interface circuit 1320 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1324 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube display (CRT), an in-place switching (IPS) display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactile output device, a printer and/or speaker. The interface circuit 1320 of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip and/or a graphics driver processor.
The interface circuit 1320 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a network interface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network 1326 (e.g., the communication system 496A and/or 496B. The communication can be via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, a satellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephone system, etc.
The processor platform 1300 of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices 1328 for storing software and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices 1328 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, redundant array of independent disks (RAID) systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.
The machine executable instructions 1332 (e.g., the portions of the program 900 to the left of the dashed line) may be stored in the mass storage device 1328, in the volatile memory 1314, in the non-volatile memory 1316, and/or on a removable non-transitory computer readable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.
The processor platform 1400 of the illustrated example includes a processor 1412. The processor 1412 of the illustrated example is hardware. For example, the processor 1412 can be implemented by one or more integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors, GPUs, DSPs, or controllers from any desired family or manufacturer. The hardware processor may be a semiconductor based (e.g., silicon based) device. In this example, the processor implements the example supervisor TEE 602, the example workload analyzer 620, the example workload divider/decomposer 630, the example worker TEE instantiator/initiator 640, the example workload distributor 650, the example workload joiner 660 and/or the example decomposition map generator 670 of
The processor 1412 of the illustrated example includes a local memory 1413 (e.g., a cache). The processor 1412 of the illustrated example is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1414 and a non-volatile memory 1416 via a bus 1418. The volatile memory 1414 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS® Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM®) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 1416 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1414, 1416 is controlled by a memory controller.
The processor platform 1400 of the illustrated example also includes an interface circuit 1420. The interface circuit 1420 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), a Bluetooth® interface, a near field communication (NFC) interface, and/or a PCI express interface.
In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 1422 are connected to the interface circuit 1420. The input device(s) 1422 permit(s) a user to enter data and/or commands into the processor 1412. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, a camera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system. In some examples, the one or more input devices 1422 are used to enter any input data at the MLMS 603 required to implement the example components of the example supervisor TEE 602.
One or more output devices 1424 are also connected to the interface circuit 1420 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1424 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube display (CRT), an in-place switching (IPS) display, a touchscreen, etc.), a tactile output device, a printer and/or speaker. The interface circuit 1420 of the illustrated example, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip and/or a graphics driver processor.
The interface circuit 1420 of the illustrated example also includes a communication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, a modem, a residential gateway, a wireless access point, and/or a network interface to facilitate exchange of data with external machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network 1426. The communication can be via, for example, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL) connection, a telephone line connection, a coaxial cable system, a satellite system, a line-of-site wireless system, a cellular telephone system, etc.
The processor platform 1400 of the illustrated example also includes one or more mass storage devices 1428 for storing software and/or data. Examples of such mass storage devices 1428 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, redundant array of independent disks (RAID) systems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.
The machine executable instructions 1432 (e.g., the program 1000) of
A block diagram illustrating an example software distribution platform 1505 to distribute software such as the example computer readable instructions 1132 of
The one or more servers of the example software distribution platform 1505 are in communication with a network 1510, which may correspond to any one or more of the Internet and/or any of the example networks 296, 496A and/or 496B described above. In some examples, the one or more servers are responsive to requests to transmit the software to a requesting party as part of a commercial transaction. Payment for the delivery, sale and/or license of the software may be handled by the one or more servers of the software distribution platform and/or via a third party payment entity. The servers enable purchasers and/or licensors to download the computer readable instructions 1132, 1232, 1332, 1432 from the software distribution platform 1505. For example, the software, which may correspond to the example computer readable instructions 700 of
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been disclosed that prevent the unauthorized release of in-use user data to be input to a FaaS (e.g., a machine learning model service) as well as in-use proprietary information constituting the FaaS service (e.g., the machine learning model, or portions therof). The disclosed methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture improve the efficiency of using a computing device by removing the unauthorized release of information (caused from a FaaS implemented in a cloud environment thereby reducing the labor and cost of dealing with such a release and reducing any downtime that might be associated with such a release. The disclosed methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture are accordingly directed to one or more improvement(s) in the functioning of a computer.
Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.
The following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description by this reference, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of the present disclosure.
Example 1 is a system to prevent unauthorized release of in-use information. The system of Example 1 includes a function as a service associated with a service provider. The function as a service operates on encrypted data that includes encrypted in-use data and the encrypted in-use data forms a first portion of the in-use information. The system of Example 1 also includes a trusted execution environment (TEE) to operate within a cloud-based environment of a cloud provider. The function as a service operates on the encrypted data within the TEE which protects service provider information from access by the cloud provider and the service provider information forms a second portion of the in-use information.
Example 2 includes the system of Example 1. In Example 2, the function as a service is implemented with a machine learning model.
Example 3 includes the system of Example 2. In the system of Example 3, the encrypted data is homomorphically encrypted data that can be operated on by the machine learning model without undergoing decryption.
Example 4 includes the system of Example 2. In the system of Example 4, the encrypted data is homomorphically encrypted data. Additionally, the system of Example 4 a first encryptor, the first encryptor to use a two-party encryption technique to at least one of decrypt or encrypt information. The information includes at least one of a security guarantee, a homomorphic encryption (HE) schema of the homomorphically encrypted data, or an evaluation key.
Example 5 includes the system of Example 4. In Example 5, the system further includes a machine learning framework developer implemented in the TEE that develops the machine learning framework. The system of Example 5 further includes a machine learning intellectual property developer to develop at least one of unencrypted coefficients or unencrypted biases of the machine learning model. Additionally, the system includes a model evaluator that is implemented in the TEE. The model evaluator performs one or more operations on the encrypted data within the TEE and the model evaluator generates homomorphically encrypted output data using the framework and using the unencrypted coefficients and/or unencrypted biases.
Example 6 includes the system of Example 2. In Example 6, the encrypted data is homomorphically encrypted data, and the system also includes an encryptor implemented in the TEE. The encryptor uses a two-party encryption technique to decrypt and encrypt communications with a processor associated with a source of the homomorphically encrypted data. The communications include information to identify a scaling factor of the machine learning model. The system also includes a model evaluator implemented in the TEE. The model evaluator performs operations of the machine learning model on the homomorphically encrypted data. Additionally, the system includes a noise budget counter to count a number of the operations performed, a comparator to compare the count to a threshold and a trigger cause an output of a most recently performed set of the operations to be supplied to the processor associated with the source of the homomorphically encrypted data, when the count satisfies the threshold. The output of the most recently performed set of operations is homomorphically encrypted.
Example 7 includes the system of Example 6. In the system of Example 7, the trigger resets the counter to zero after the count satisfies the threshold.
Example 8 includes the system of Example 2. In Example 8, the encrypted data is first homomorphically encrypted data, and the system further includes an encryptor, implemented in the TEE. The encryptor uses a two-party encryption technique to decrypt and encrypt communications with a processor associated with a source of the homomorphically encrypted data. The communications include information to identify one or more non-linear operations of the machine learning model. Additionally, the first homomorphically encrypted data is operated on by the processor associated with a source of the homomorphically encrypted data in an unencrypted state using the non-linear operations.
Example 9 includes the system of Example 2. In Example 9, the encrypted data is received from a user processing system implemented in the cloud based environment.
Example 10 includes the system of Example 2. In Example 10 the encrypted in-use data includes data provided by a processor associated with a source of the encrypted in-use data. The encrypted in-use data is operated on by the machine learning model, and the service provider information includes one or more coefficients and a machine learning model framework. The coefficients and the machine learning model framework form the machine learning model.
Example 11 includes at least one non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions that, when executed, cause at least one processor to at least instantiate a trusted execution environment (TEE) to operate in a cloud based environment of a cloud provider. The Tee prevents the cloud provider from accessing in-use information contained in the TEE. The instructions of Example 11 also cause the processor to operate, in the TEE, on encrypted data using a function as a service. The encrypted data is received from a user system and includes encrypted in-use data.
Example 12 includes the at least one computer readable storage medium of Example 11. In Example 12, the function as a service is implemented with a machine learning model, and the encrypted data is homomorphically encrypted data that is operated on by the machine learning model without undergoing decryption.
Example 13 includes the at least one computer readable storage medium of Example 12. In Example 12, the instructions are further to cause the at least one processor to at least one of encrypt or decrypt information with a two-party encryption technique. In Example 12, the information includes at least one of a security guarantee, a homomorphic encryption (HE) schema of the homomorphically encrypted data, or an evaluation key.
Example 14 includes the at least one computer readable storage medium of Example 12. In Example 14, the homomorphically encrypted data is homomorphically encrypted input data, and the instructions further cause the at least one processor to generate, in the TEE, a machine learning framework, to develop, in the TEE, at least one of unencrypted coefficients or unencrypted biases to form a part of the machine learning model, and to perform, in the TEE, one or more operations on the homomorphically encrypted input data to generate homomorphically encrypted output data. In Example 14, the operations use the framework and the at least one of the unencrypted coefficients or unencrypted biases.
Example 15 includes the at least one computer readable storage medium of Example 12. In Example 15, the homomorphically encrypted data is homomorphically encrypted input data, and the instructions further cause the at least one processor to count a number of operations performed on the homomorphically encrypted input data by the machine learning model, compare the number to a threshold, and, when the number satisfies the threshold, cause the homomorphically encrypted output data of a most recently performed set of the operations to be supplied to the user system.
Example 16 includes the at least one computer readable storage medium of Example 15. In Example 16, the instructions further cause the number to be reset to zero after the threshold is satisfied.
Example 17 includes the at least one computer readable storage medium of Example 12. In Example 17, the instructions further cause the at least one processor to encrypt, in the TEE, an output communication. The output communication is encrypted using a two party encryption technique, and the output communication identifies one or more non-linear operations of the machine learning model.
Example 18 includes the at least one computer readable storage medium of Example 12. In Example 18, the instructions are further to cause the at least one processor to generate one or more coefficients and a machine learning model framework, and the coefficients and the machine learning model framework form the machine learning model.
Example 19 is a method to provide a function as a service in a cloud-based environment of a cloud provider. The method of Example 19 includes instantiating a trusted execution environment (TEE) to operate in the cloud based environment of the cloud provider. The TEE prevents the cloud provider from accessing in-use information contained in the TEE. The method also includes operating, in the TEE, on homomorphically encrypted data using the function as a service. The homomorphically encrypted data is received from a user system and the homomorphically encrypted data includes homomorphically encrypted in-use data.
Example 20 includes the method of Example 19. In Example 20, the function as a service is a machine learning model. In addition, in Example 20, the method includes decrypting, with a two way decryption technique, information received from the user system. The information includes at least one of a security guarantee, a homomorphic encryption (HE) schema of the homomorphically encrypted data, or an evaluation key. In Example 20, wherein the homomorphically encrypted data operated on based on at least one of the security guarantee, the HE schema of the homomorphically encrypted data, or the evaluation key.
Example 21 includes the method of Example 20. In method of Example 21 also includes generating a machine learning framework, and developing at least one of unencrypted coefficients or unencrypted biases for the machine learning model. The machine learning framework and at least one of the unencrypted coefficients or the unencrypted biases are to be used by the machine learning model. In the method of Example 21, the framework and at least one of the unencrypted coefficients or unencrypted biases form at least a portion of the in-use information.
Example 22 includes the method of Example 20. In Example 22, the operations are nested operations and the method also includes counting a number of the operations performed on the homomorphically encrypted data, comparing the number to a threshold, and when the number satisfies the threshold, causing an output of a most recently performed set of the operations to be supplied to the user system.
