Patent Grant
8690776
The embodiments disclosed relate to computer-assisted surgery and more specifically related to systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer-readable media for image-guided surgery.
The past few decades have seen incredible development of technology and systems for computer assisted, image based, or image guided surgery. The advances in image guided surgery are tied in part to technological and scientific improvements in imaging and 3D computer graphics. For example, the early work of Mark Levoy, Turner Whiffed, Richard Holloway, and Stephen Pizer in the late 1980s provided new 3D computer graphics rendering techniques, medical image shape detection, and head-mounted displays. These are some of the building blocks of later image-guided surgery systems built at the University of North Carolina in the mid 1990s and after.
Image guided surgery makes use of imaging to aid the surgeon to perform more effective or more accurate surgery. As merely one example of such image guided surgery, the use of ultrasound to guide needles being inserted into the liver for ablation are used by the surgeon to help guide the needle.
Current systems, however, have inadequate visualizations of image guidance data. This inadequate data may include the lack of useful information regarding an ablation needle and its potential effect on the procedure. Also, the equipment used for image guided surgery is typically difficult to calibrate. For example, each time a practitioner uses a new surgical instrument that must be optically tracked by an image guidance system, she must perform the following two steps. First, she must rigidly affix the tracking fiducials to the needle. This may involve tightening screws, or to threading a needle through a hole or tube. Second, she must measure the position of the tip of the needle, relative to the fiducials. This may involve manually measuring the surgical instrument length with a ruler, and then entering this information into a workstation; or using a dedicated calibration rig, and perform a lengthy (e.g., several minute) calibration process.
These problems and others are addressed by the systems, methods, devices and computer-readable media described herein.
Presented herein are methods, systems, devices, and computer-readable media for image guided surgery. In some embodiments, a system may determine device type information for a first medical device; real-time emplacement information for the first medical device; and real-time emplacement information for a second medical device. The system may also determine the real-time relative emplacements of the first and second medical devices with the computer system and real-time prediction information for the first medical device. The image guidance system may then generate image guidance information based on the real-time relative emplacements of the first and second medical devices, the real-time prediction information for the first medical device, and data related to the second medical device. A graphical rendering of the image guidance information may be displayed on one or more displays.
Numerous other embodiments are described throughout herein. Although various embodiments are described herein, it is to be understood that not necessarily all objects, advantages, features or concepts need to be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught or suggested herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.
All of these embodiments are intended to be within the scope of the invention herein disclosed. These and other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description having reference to the attached figures, the invention not being limited to any particular disclosed embodiment(s).
Overview
In some embodiments, a system, such as depicted in
As an example embodiment, the system may determine or predict the intersection point of an ultrasound slice and the projection of an ablation needle. The system may also compute and display relative orientation information, and, in the case of collected 3D data, such as 3D ultrasound data, the system may segment and display the data in different manners, such as in 2D slices, 3D volumes, etc. This “extra” data displayed to the physician may be useful as it provides the physician with more information about the operation, the instruments, and/or data from the instruments.
Embodiments herein may be used for many kinds of needle-based medical procedures, including, but not limited to, radiofrequency-, cryo-, microwave-, laser-ablation of tumors, fibroids, lesions, etc, as well as biopsies, injections, central line placements, cyst aspirations, fluid drainings, lumpectomies, and guidance of wires and stents through blood vessels and ducts. Herein, the term needle to refer to any rigid needle-like object, such as an ablation antenna or probe, cannula, catheter, electro-cautery device, Bovie, laser waveguide, stent application device, etc. Needle may also refer to a non-rigid or nearly rigid version of the above. The system may also be used with non-needle devices such as scalpels, forceps, cutting loops on hysteroscopes, harmonic sheers, lasers (including CO2 lasers), etc.
Some embodiments include tracking fixtures that may mount to surgical or medical devices, such as ablation needles, ultrasound wands, ultrasound probes, scalpels, etc. that allow for quicker attachment and easier tracking calibration for the devices. These embodiments may allow a physician to more quickly and easily start using the system.
Exemplary Systems
In some embodiments, position sensing units 310 and 340 may be tracking systems 310 and 340 and may track surgical instruments 345 and 355 and provide data to the image guidance unit 330. The image guidance unit 330 may process or combine the data and show image guidance data on display 320. This image guidance data may be used by a physician to guide a procedure and improve care. There are numerous other possible embodiments of system 300. For example, numerous of the depicted modules may be joined together to form a single module and may even be implemented in a single computer or machine. Further, position sensing units 310 and 340 may be combined and track all relevant surgical instruments 345 and 355, as discussed in more detail below and exemplified in
In some embodiments, system 300 comprises a first position sensing unit 310, a display unit 320, and second position sensing unit 340 (if it is included) all coupled to image guidance unit 330. In some embodiments, first position sensing unit 310, display unit 320, and image guidance unit 330 are all physically connected to stand 370. Image guidance unit 330 may be used to produce images 325 that are displayed on display unit 320. The images 325 produced on display unit 320 by the image guidance unit 330 may be determined based on ultrasound or other visual images from first surgical instrument 345 and second surgical instrument 355. For example, if first surgical instrument 345 is an ablation needle 345 and second surgical instrument 355 is an ultrasound wand 355, then images 325 produced on display 320 may include the video from the ultrasound wand 355 combined with graphics, such as projected needle drive or projected ablation volume, determined based on the emplacement of ablation needle 345. If first surgical instrument 345 is an ultrasound wand 345 and second surgical instrument 355 is a laparoscopic camera 355, then images 325 produced on display 320 may include the video from the laparoscopic camera 355 combined with ultrasound data superimposed on the laparoscopic image. More surgical instrument may be added to the system. For example, the system may include an ultrasound wand, ablation needle, laparoscopic camera, cauterizer, scalpel and/or any other surgical instrument. The system may also include in the processing previously collected data, such as preoperative CT scans, X-Rays, MRIs, etc.
Emplacement as used herein may refer to pose, position, orientation, the combination or position and orientation, or any other appropriate location information. In some embodiments, the imaging data obtained from one or both of surgical instruments 345 and 355 may include other modalities such as a CT scan, MRI, open-magnet MRI, optical coherence tomography, positron emission tomography (“PET”) scans, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, or other preoperative or intraoperative 2D or 3D anatomical imaging data. In some embodiments, surgical instruments 345 and 355 may also be scalpels, implantable hardware, or any other device used in surgery. Any appropriate surgical system 349 or imaging unit 350 may be attached to the corresponding medical instruments 345 and 355.
As noted above, images 325 produced may also be based on live, intraoperative, or real-time data obtained using second surgical instrument 355, which is coupled to second imaging unit 350. As used herein, real-time data may be that data that is obtained at a frequency that would allow a surgeon to meaningfully interact with the data during surgery. For example, in some embodiments, real-time data may be a medical image of a patient that is updated one time per second. In some embodiments, real-time data may be ultrasound data that is updated multiple times per second. Second surgical instrument 355 may be coupled to second position sensing unit 340. Second position sensing unit 340 may be part of imaging unit 350 or it may be separate. Second position sensing unit 340 may be used to determine the emplacement of second surgical instrument 355. In some embodiments, first and/or second position sensing units 310 and/or 340 may be magnetic trackers and magnetic may be coils coupled to surgical instruments 345 and/or 355. In some embodiments, first and/or second position sensing units 310 and/or 340 may be optical trackers and visually-detectable fiducials may be coupled to surgical instruments 345 and/or 355.
Images 325 may be produced based on intraoperative or real-time data obtained using first surgical instrument 345, which is coupled to first surgical system 349. In
In some embodiments, first position sensing unit 310 tracks the emplacement of first surgical device 345. First position sensing unit 310 may be an optical tracker 310 and first surgical device 345 may have optical fiducials attached thereto. The emplacement of optical fiducials may be detected by first position sensing unit 310, and, therefrom, the emplacement of first surgical device 345 may be determined.
In various embodiments, as depicted in
In some embodiments, either or both of the first position sensing unit 310 and the second position sensing unit 340 may be an Ascension Flock of Birds, Nest of Birds, driveBAY, medSAFE, trakSTAR, miniBIRD, MotionS TAR, pciBIRD, or Calypso 4D Localization System and tracking units attached to the first and or second surgical or medical devices 345 and 355 may be magnetic tracking coils. In some embodiments, either or both of the first position sensing unit 310 and the second position sensing unit 340 may be an Aurora® Electromagnetic Measurement System using sensor coils for tracking units attached to the first and or second surgical devices 345 and 355. In some embodiments, either or both of the first position sensing unit 310 and the second position sensing unit 340 may also be an optical 3D tracking system using fiducials. Such optical 3D tracking systems may include the NDI Polaris Spectra, Vicra, Certus, PhaseSpace IMPULSE, Vicon MX, InterSense IS-900, NaturalPoint OptiTrack, Polhemus FastTrak, IsoTrak, or Claron MicronTracker2. In some embodiments, either or both of position sensing units 310 and 340 may be attached to or affixed on the corresponding surgical device 345 and 355. In some embodiments, the position sensing units, 310 and 340, may include sensing devices such as the HiBall tracking system, a GPS device or signal emitting device that would allow for tracking of the position and, optionally, orientation of the tracking unit. In some embodiments, a position sensing unit 310 or 340 may be affixed to either or both of the surgical devices 345 and 355. The surgical devices 345 or 355 may be tracked by the position sensing units 310 or 340. A world reference, such as the display 320 may also be tracked by the position sensing unit 310 or 340 in order to determine the emplacements of the surgical devices 345 and 355 with respect to the world. Devices 345 and 355 may also include or have coupled thereto one or more accelerometers, which may be used to estimate movement, position, and location of the devices.
In some embodiments, the display unit 320 displays 3D images to a physician. Stereoscopic 3D displays separate the imagery shown to each of the user's eyes. This can be accomplished by a stereoscopic display, a lenticular auto-stereoscopic display, or any other appropriate type of display. The display 320 may be an alternating row or alternating column display. Example alternating row displays include the Miracube G240S, as well as Zalman Trimon Monitors. Alternating column displays include devices manufactured by Sharp, as well as many “auto-stereoscopic” displays (e.g., Philips). Display 320 may also be a cathode ray tube. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) based devices, may use temporal sequencing, showing imagery for the left and right eye in temporal sequential alternation; this method may also be used by newer, projection-based devices, as well as by 120-Hz-switchable liquid crystal display (LCD) devices.
In some embodiments, a user may wear a head mounted display in order to receive 3D images from the image guidance unit 330. In such embodiments, a separate display, such as the pictured display unit 320, may be omitted. The 3D graphics may be produced using underlying data models, stored in the image guidance unit 330 and projected onto one or more 2D planes in order to create left and right eye images for a head mount, lenticular or other 3D display. The underlying 3D model may be updated based on the relative emplacements of the various devices 345 and 355, as determined by the position sensing unit(s), and/or based on new data associated with the devices 345 and 355. For example, if the second device is an ultrasound wand 355, then the underlying data model may be updated to reflect the most recent ultrasound image. If the first device 345 is an ablation needle, then the underlying model may be updated to reflect any changes related to the needle, such as power or duration information. Any appropriate 3D graphics processing may be used for rendering including processing based on OpenGL, Direct3D, Java 3D, etc. Whole, partial, or modified 3D graphics packages may also be used, such packages including 3DS Max, SolidWorks, Maya, Form Z, Cybermotion 3D, or any others. In some embodiments, various parts of the needed rendering may occur on traditional or specialized graphics hardware. The rendering may also occur on the general CPU, on programmable hardware, on a separate processor, be distributed over multiple processors, over multiple dedicated graphics cards, or using any other appropriate combination of hardware or technique.
There are numerous other examples of image guidance systems which may use, incorporate, support, or provide for the techniques, methods, processes, and systems described herein, such as the 3D computer-graphics-based assigned to InnerOptic Technologies, Inc. that provides for displaying guidance data from multiple sources, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/833,134, filed Aug. 2, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety for all purposes.
Image Guidance Processes and Data
Depicting Surgical Instruments
Previous systems do not provide satisfactory image guidance data. It can often be difficult to discern the content of a 3D scene from a 2D depiction of it, or even from a 3D depiction of it. Therefore, various embodiments herein provide image guidance that can help the doctor better understand the scene, relative emplacements or poses of object in the scene and thereby provide improved image guidance.
The type of needle being used may be input into the image guidance system, may be a system default, may be detected by a camera or other device, may be received as data from an attached medical device, such as surgical system 349 in
Consider an embodiment in which the image in the display 420 has a needle depicting the portion of the needle that will perform the ablation, for example, the portion that emits the radio or microwave energy. If the display 420 also includes ultrasound data, then the doctor may be able to find the tumor she wishes to ablate by moving the ultrasound wand around until she spots the tumor. In various embodiments, she will be able to see the displayed ultrasound data and its location relative to the displayed needle with the markings. She can then drive the needle until she sees, on display 420, that the emitter-portion of the needle encompasses the tumor in the ultrasound, also seen on display 420. When she activates the ablation, she can then be much more certain that she has ablated the correct portion of the tissue. Various embodiments of this are discussed more below.
As another example, consider the physical markings that may be on the instruments themselves. These markings can help orient a physician during use of the instrument. In some embodiments, the image guidance unit may represent these markings in the images displayed in the display. For example, certain ultrasound transducers are built with an orientation mark (e.g., a small bump) on one side of the transducing array. That mark may also be shown in the ultrasound image on the scanner's display, to help the physician understand where the scanned anatomical structures shown on screen are located under the transducer, inside the patient. In some embodiments, the image guidance system may display a symbolic 3D representation of the orientation mark both next to the motion-tracked ultrasound slice (e.g., moving with the displayed ultrasound slice) and next to the 2D ultrasound slice also displayed by the IVS. An example of this is displayed in
Other embodiments will track and display other types of instruments and their features. For example, a surgeon may want to track one or more of a scalpel, a cauterizer (including an electrocauterizer and Bovies), forceps, cutting loops on hysteroscopes, harmonic sheers, lasers (including CO2 lasers), etc. For example, in various embodiments, the following devices may be tracked and various aspects of their design displayed on display 420:
Once tracked, a physician may be able to see image guidance data on display 420 that will allow her to know the relative pose, location, or emplacement of the tracked instrument(s) with respect to one another or with respect to imaging data and will be able to see, on display 420, the features of the instrument rendered in the scene.
Depicting Ablation Volume and Other Instrument Information
Various embodiments of the systems herein will depict as part of the image guidance data information related to the surgical instruments. For example, in some embodiments, an image guidance system such as the systems of
For some ablation needles, the expected volume of ablated tissue is neither spherical nor centered at the tip of the needle. For example: a Covidien surgical microwave needle has an ellipsoidal ablation volume; a Covidien Evident transcutaneous microwave needle has a teardrop-like ablation volume; RFA Medical's bipolar ablation system uses two needles simultaneously, where each needle has paddles that deploy after the needle is inserted inside the tissue (which one may equate to a canoe's oar). In some embodiments, the ablation volume for such a needle is, to a first approximation, a volume that lies directly between the paddles of the two needles.
The position and orientation of the volume may be specified by the placement of a tracked needle, such as needle 545 in
Other instrument information may also be depicted. For example, if a cauterizer is tracked as part of an image guidance system, then the cauterization volume may be determined or estimated and that volume may be displayed. If a laser is tracked as part of the image guidance system, then the projected laser path may be determined or estimated and displayed.
Depicting Needle Drive Projection and Other Prediction Information
In certain procedures, there may be prediction information related to the surgical instruments. In the context of scalpel movement, this may be the location that the scalpel will hit if a physician continues to move the scalpel in a particular direction. In the context of ablation, this may be the projected needle placement if it is driven along its central axis.
In some embodiments, in order to aid the physician in placing or orienting a needle 645, an image guidance system, such as that depicted in
The rings may be spaced at regular (e.g., 0.5, 1, or 2 cm) intervals to provide the physician with visual cues regarding the distance from the needle tip to the targeted anatomy. In some embodiments, the spacing of the rings may indicate other aspects of the data, such as the drive speed of the needle, the density of the tissue, the distance to a landmark, such as the ultrasound data, or any other appropriate guidance data or property. In some embodiments, the rings or other trajectory indicator may extend beyond the needle tip, by a distance equal to the length of the needle-shaft. This way, the user knows if the needle is long enough to reach the target—even before the tip enters the patient. That is, in some embodiments, if the rings do not reach the target with the tip still outside the body, then the tip won't reach the target even when the entire length shaft is inserted into the body.
Other display markers may be used to show trajectory, such as a dashed, dotted, or solid line, transparent needle shaft, point cloud, wire frame, etc. In some embodiments, three-dimensional rings may be used and provide depth cues and obscure little of the ultrasound image. Virtual rings or other virtual markers may be displayed semi-transparently, so that they obscure less of the ultrasound image than an opaque marker would.
Other prediction information may also be displayed. For example, if a scalpel is being tracked by the image guidance system, then a cutting plane corresponding to the scalpel may be displayed (not pictured). Such a cutting plan may be coplanar with the blade of the scalpel and may project from the blade of the scalpel. For example, the projected cutting plane may show where the scalpel would cut if it were the doctor were to advance the scalpel. Similar prediction information may be estimable or determinable for cauterizers, lasers, and numerous other surgical instruments.
Depicting Combinations of Graphics
As discussed herein, when there are multiple instruments or devices being used in a procedure, images, graphics, and data associated with the multiple instruments may be displayed to the physician. In some embodiments, as depicted in
The data from two or more devices may be combined and displayed based on their relative emplacements or poses. For example, an ultrasound image 704 may be displayed with respect to an ablation needle on a display 720 in a manner that estimates the relative emplacements or poses of an ultrasound wand 755 and ablation needle 745. This is depicted in
Various embodiments include other combinations of graphics. For example, in some embodiments, data related to a single surgical instrument (such as an ablation needle, ultrasound wand, etc.) may be presented in more than one manner on a single display. Consider an embodiment in which device 745 is an ablation needle and device 755 is an ultrasound transducer. If a physician orients ultrasound transducer 755 such that it is perpendicular to the monitor, the 3D view of the ultrasound image would show only the edge and the ultrasound image would not be visible. In some embodiments, the image guidance system could track the physician's head using a position sensor, such as first and/or second position sensing units 310 and/or 340 of
In some embodiments, the image guidance system can constantly display an additional 2D view of the ultrasound image 705 (in screen space), simultaneous to the 3D depiction of the procedure, so that the ultrasound image is always visible, regardless of the orientation in which the physician holds the transducer. This is illustrated in
In some embodiments, the 2D view 705 of an ultrasound image is depicted in the upper right corner of the monitor (though it can be placed in any corner). The guidance system can automatically (and continually) choose a corner in which to render the 2D view of the ultrasound image, based on the 3D position of the surgical instruments in the rendered scene. For example, in
In some embodiments, the system attempts to avoid having the 2D ultrasound image quickly moving among corners of the display in order to avoid overlapping with graphics and data in the display. For example, a function ƒ may be used to determine which corner is most suitable for the 2D ultrasound image to be drawn in. The inputs to ƒ may include the locations, in the screen coordinate system, of the displayed needle tip, the corners of the 3D ultrasound image, etc. In some embodiments, ƒ's output for any given point in time is independent of ƒ's output in the previous frames, which may cause the ultrasound image to move among corners of the display rapidly. In some embodiments, the image guidance system will filter ƒ's output over time. For example, the output of a filter g, for any given frame, could be the corner which has been output by ƒ the most number of times over the last n frames, possibly weighting the most recent values for ƒ most heavily. The output of the filter g may be used to determine in which corner of display 720 to display the 2D ultrasound image and the temporal filtering provided by g may allow the 2D ultrasound image display to move more smoothly among the corners of the display 720.
In some embodiments, other appropriate virtual information can be overlaid on the 2D ultrasound image as well. Examples include: an indication of the distance between the needle's tip and the point in the plane of the ultrasound image that is closest to the needle tip; the cross section or outline of the ablation volume that intersects with the ultrasound slice; and/or the intersection point, box, outline, etc. between the needle's axis and the ultrasound image plane.
Representing Spatial Relationships
At times, when three dimensional relationships are depicted in 2D, or even in 3D, it may be difficult to gauge the relative positions, orientations, and distances among various objects. Consider
In some embodiments, the image guidance system may indicate spatial relationships with graphical indicators. For example, in
In some unpictured embodiments, the image guidance system may draw “guidance graphics” in the form of projective lines between the needle and the ultrasound slice. These lines may be perpendicular to the plane of the slice and serve to indicate the most likely location in the slice where the needle will become visible if it is moved to become coplanar with the slice. Together with stereoscopic head-tracked visualization, the projective lines help a physician determine a more accurate assessment of the location of the needle with respect to the ultrasound slice.
Returning to
In some embodiments, when the needle is nearly perpendicular to the ultrasound image, the projection bars may appear similar to the needle itself. Therefore, in some embodiments, the rectangular projection bars may not be displayed when the needle is nearly perpendicular to the ultrasound image plane. Instead no projection information may be displayed or project lines may be displayed as dotted or dashed lines. The display of projection lines is illustrated in
Reducing Stereo Display Artifacts with Object Choice
Stereoscopic displays separate the imagery shown to the user's eyes in various ways. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) based devices, may use temporal sequencing, showing imagery for the left and right eye in temporal sequential alternation. This method may also be used by newer, projection-based devices, as well as by 120-Hz-switchable liquid crystal display (LCD) devices. Another type of stereoscopic display uses spatial separation such as alternating rows (AR) or alternating columns (AC). Example AR displays include the Miracube G240S, as well as Zalman Trimon Monitors. AC displays include devices manufactured by Sharp, as well as many “auto-stereoscopic” displays (e.g., Philips).
Both AR and AC monitors have reduced (often by at least 50%) resolution in one dimension: vertical for AR and horizontal for AC. As a result, some elements—most of all thin lines—when displayed as nearly horizontal AR units and nearly vertical on AC units often feature noticeable artifacts such as aliasing and discontinuities (e.g., a continuous near-horizontal line may appear dashed on an AR display). These artifacts may have a negative impact on stereoscopic fusion (e.g., the human brain's ability to merge the separate left and right eye images into a single 3D mental representation).
Stereoscopic fusion may be useful for improved perception and needle guidance by a physician. In some embodiments, an image guidance system, such as system 300 in
In some embodiments, the projection markings such as rectangular bars shown in
Reducing Stereo Display Ghosting Effects
In some embodiments, stereoscopic displays may suffer a “ghosting” phenomenon, which may be crosstalk between the left and right eye images. Ghosting can affect frame-sequential, AR, or AC displays. Ghosting may be exacerbated when there is a great difference between the colors or brightnesses between the left and right eye imagery shown in a region of the displayed image. Due to the nature of stereoscopic image display, these differences may occur where the (virtual) stereoscopic depth of the 3D scene to be rendered varies from the plane of the display surface.
In some embodiments, the image guidance system modifies the color and brightness of display elements that are in front of or behind the plane of the display (e.g., where the needle and ultrasound image intersect or the plane of the monitor). The image guidance system may shift the rendered color towards a uniform or background color with increasing distance from the display plane. In some embodiments, this may be accomplished by means of the OpenGL “fog” feature, which can “bathe” all displayed geometry in a color whose opacity increases with distance from the display plane. This may vary on a per-pixel basis. The farther the object is behind the display plane, the more it may be blended with the background color. This may also be applied to objects in front of the display plane by reversing the depth or Z coordinates. In some embodiments, ghosting reduction may also be implemented as a fragment shader or other routine or program, running on programmable graphics hardware or a CPU, etc. The input to a fragment program may be the color of the pixel, the color of surrounding pixels and the depth (e.g., Z depth, or the absolute distance to the plane of the monitor). The program may use the first two inputs to compute the contrast in the region local to the current pixel. The program may then reduce the contrast for those high-contrast regions, based on how far they are from the monitor's display plane. This program may also be implemented as the converse or opposite of an edge enhancement filter while also taking into account the screen depth of the edges.
Representing Non-Intersecting Objects or Images
When data related to two devices or surgical instruments are displayed with relative emplacement, it can be difficult to orient their relative locations if they do not intersect. In some embodiments, an image guidance system will render relative location information. The relative location information may be shown with color (e.g., objects may be rendered in brighter colors if they are closer), with rendering techniques (e.g., objects may be rendered with transparency so that one object behind another may be visible, but visually appear behind the closer object), with geometry (e.g., a geometric connector may be shown that will allow the viewer to discern the relative relationships), or with any other appropriate technique.
For example, in some embodiments, if the intersection point of an ablation needle is outside of the area of the ultrasound slice, the image guidance system can draw geometry, such as a line (or rectangle) in the plane of the slice to indicate the needle's and ultrasound image's relative positions. This is depicted in
Rendering Techniques for 3D Fusion
In some embodiments, various data displayed by the image guidance unit may be displayed as lines, frames, or 2D objects. For example, the ablation volume of
In some embodiments, some or all of the displayed data may be represented in 3D space and rendered as such. For example, the ablation volume of
Additionally, in some embodiments, a “surface detail” texture may be added to various objects. Adding surface detail may aid with stereo fusion because of the addition of surface texture that may provide stereoscopically “fusible” details (e.g., anchor points) on an object. A simple line or uncolored 2D object may not provide as many anchor points. Examples of possible textures include the use of color stripes or mosaics, metallic textures, and random noise textures. In some embodiments, textures may be selected so that the spatial pattern and frequency does not cause aliasing in the stereoscopic display's alternating scanlines or columns, nor with the checkerboard-interleaved pixels which are used by certain projection-based stereoscopic displays.
In some embodiments, surface shading from one or more light sources is used. Examples of surface shading that may be used includes surface shading from one or more light sources, which may be supported in graphics processor hardware, as well as other enhancements like cast shadows, and cues such as global illumination. Surface shading may contribute to increased depth perception in the guidance image.
Marking Points of Interest
In certain procedures, physicians need to keep track of multiple spots within the volume of the patient or keep track of a single point or feature while looking at other parts of the volume. For example, when a physician is going to perform an ablation, before inserting any needles, the physician will often scan the tissues at the procedures site to find all targets (e.g., tumors) and note other features of the tissues. Then, later in the procedure, the physician may return to the previously identified points-of-interest. For example, a physician might first scan the liver and find seven lesions that she will attempt to ablate. After ablating the first lesion, she must then find the second lesion again, and so forth. Before finishing the procedure, she must verify that she has ablated all seven of the lesions that she identified at the beginning of the procedure. This constant scanning and rescanning can be time consuming and error prone. Further, when if a procedure where the surgeon is attempting to locate, for example, fluid-filled cysts, once a needle pierces the cyst, the fluid may drain out, making the target difficult or impossible to locate again with ultrasound.
In some embodiments, the image guidance system may allow the physician to mark or keep track of points or features of interest. In various embodiments, the physician can mark the points or features of interest in various ways. For example, consider a procedure where the doctor is using the image guidance system with an ablation needle and an ultrasound wand. The doctor may be able to mark the point by pressing a button on a keyboard or medical device, by gesturing or issuing a verbal command, or with any other appropriate method. The point of interest may be marked at the point where the needle intersects with the ultrasound image plane, where the needle's projection intersects with the ultrasound image plane, or any other appropriate relationship (such as at the location of the tip of the needle). For example, when the physician identifies a point-of-interest 1301 within the ultrasound image, she can point to it using the needle even if the needle is outside the body of the patient. This is depicted in
Physicians, during some liver ablation procedures, may manage fifteen points-of-interest, or even more. As depicted in
In some embodiments, the image guidance system stores the points-of-interests' positions in the position sensing system's coordinate system. If the position sensing system is fixed to the image guidance system, then, if the patient or image guidance system are moved, stored points-of-interest may become incorrectly located. In some embodiments, this can be remedied via a fiducial or other detectable feature or item, the pose of which relative to the tracking system may be continually, continuously, periodically, or occasionally measured. The fiducial may be attached to the operating table, the patient's skin, or even embedded into the tissue itself (e.g., as a magnetic tracking coil), and the points-of-interest' positions, relative to it, can be stored and displayed. For example, in a system where magnetic tracking is used, a magnetic tracking coil may be affixed to the operating table or patient.
Data Visualization Processes and Data
Displaying Volumetric Data
There are numerous types of volumetric or 3D data that various embodiments of the image guidance system herein may display. Such data may include CT scans, MRI, PET, 3D ultrasound, and any of numerous other types of 3D data. In some embodiments, in order to display 3D data on a 2D interface, such as a computer screen, or even a 3D interface, such as a head-mounted display or other 3D display, a subset of the data is chosen to display. This subset of data can include axis-aligned slices, the entire volume, or a sub-volume of the data. An inherent difficulty with image guidance is the display of three dimensions of data on a two dimensional screen or “dual eye” three dimensional display. When displaying 3D data, such as CT scans, a system might only display a single plane, or show three orthogonal planes separately on the screen, as shown in
Therefore, as depicted in
In some embodiments, the image guidance system controls the display of the 3D data with a medical device. For example, as depicted in
In some embodiments, the displayed plane 1603 of the 3D data may be axis-aligned in one direction and controlled by the surgical instrument in the other two directions. This may result in an image such as that displayed in
In some embodiments, the display plane may also be controlled by the rotation of the medical device. This is depicted in
The system can work with static or real-time (or near real-time) volumetric data. In some embodiments, the system may display a cross section of the volumetric image along a plane that intersects the axis of a surgical needle or other surgical or medical device. The system may continually update the position and orientation of the cross-sectional plane as the physician moves the needle. If the volumetric or 3D image data is from a real-time imager, such as a 3D ultrasound transducer, then instead of having to continually manipulate both the needle and transducer, the physician may place the transducer such that the ultrasound volume includes the target, and then to leave the transducer stationary. She then can manipulate the needle's position, before it pierces the tissues, until the target tissue appears visible in the slice controlled by the needle.
Physicians often attempt to maintain 2D ultrasound planes in order to keep the shaft of the needle within the ultrasound image. Doing so may allow then to watch as the needle advances through the tissues. In some embodiments herein, the image guidance system may maintain the displayed ultrasound image within the needle's path automatically. If the doctor can see what is in the needle's path (as shown in the displayed plane of the 3D volumetric data) she may be able to see what will be in the needle's path when she drives the needle. By being able to see this, she may be able to avoid piercing any tissue that should not be pierced by the needle's path. In some embodiments, as the physician advances the needle towards a target, the cross-sectional plane may be chosen automatically by the image guidance system such that it shows the needle, the tissue surrounding the needle, and any structures that are about to be pierced by the needle.
In some embodiments, similar techniques can be used to control the images that are displayed in 2D, as in
As noted above, various embodiments use live or real-time volumetric images (e.g., intraoperative 3D ultrasound), static volumetric images (e.g., pre-operative CT or MRI) or hybrid volumetric images (e.g., pre-operative CT images that are continuously warped to be in registration with live 2D ultrasound or fluoroscopic images, or laser-scanned 3D point sets representing the surface of tissue).
Visualizing Portions of Volumetric Data
When displaying 3D volumetric data, voxels in front (closer to the virtual camera) typically obscure the voxels behind them. This hides information that may be important from preoperative 3D data and real-time or live 3D data because the surgeon can only clearly view the closest voxels. As noted above, one way to deal with displaying volumetric data is to allow the doctor to view the data as 2D slices, in cross section, etc. In some instances, however, there are determinable differences among the voxels in the 3D data. Therefore, in some embodiments, the image guidance system can display only those voxels that meet certain criteria. For example, in the case of a preoperative CT scan, the voxels containing bone matter should be determinable based on tissue density. Therefore, the image guidance system may display only those voxels within a certain range of tissue densities. As another example, when the volumetric image of a fetus in the womb is visualized from 3D ultrasound data, embodiments of the image guidance system may make all voxels that represent fluid surrounding the fetus transparent or invisible, thus allowing the surface of the fetus to be visible.
Some types of 3D imaging data can provide flow information. In some embodiments, the image guidance system can be set to only display only those voxels that contain flow information. For example, some ultrasound scanners, including 3D ultrasound scanners, can measure motion and flow within the imaged area using Doppler techniques. The portions of the image that have flow above some threshold velocity may be displayed using a particular color or a gradient of colors determined based on the flow information. The remainder, non-flowing part of the ultrasound image may be drawn as traditional grayscale, or may be made invisible.
For example, in some embodiments, the image guidance system may have a Doppler 3D mode, in which volumetric images (such as a 3D ultrasound) are sampled, and then those volumetric images are displayed such that only those voxels which contain flow (above some threshold velocity) are opaque, while all other voxels (without sufficient flow) are made transparent. By displaying only the portions of the image that have Doppler-detected motion, the image guidance system may provide an easy-to-decipher 3D image of the progress of the ablation. For example,
In some embodiments, Doppler information can be collected over time as the doctor sweeps a 2D ultrasound wand over a volume. Since the ultrasound wand is tracked, the image guidance system can determine the relative locations of the collected ultrasound slices and locate them in 3D space. From this data, in some embodiments, the image guidance data can approximate 3D flow information in various ways. For example, in some embodiments, in order to observe the progression of the ablation with a 2D transducer, the physician may continually sweep the ultrasound transducer back and forth over the general area of tissue that contains the lesion and ablation needle. Some of the tissue being ablated contains may expand into micro bubbles that can be detected in ultrasound. The image guidance system may extract those pixels and represent the area of Doppler flow (e.g., “a Doppler slice”), relative to the latest 2D ultrasound image (“the ultrasound slice”). For example, as depicted in
In some embodiments, older Doppler slices may be drawn more transparently, with more blur, in order to reflect that, the older a slice is, the more out-of-date its image contents have become. Eventually, every sampled slice may become completely invisible, no longer being presented to the user. This prevents out-of-date images from obscuring the view of more recent images.
In some embodiments, the ultrasound slices are rendered using various techniques. For example, they might be rendered using a technique from Garrett et al., Real-Time Incremental Visualization of Dynamic Ultrasound Volumes Using Parallel BSP Trees. Proc. IEEE Visualization '96 (San Francisco, Calif., Oct. 27-Nov. 1, 1996), pp. 235-240, 490, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. For example, each rendering frame, a binary spatial partition (BSP) tree data structure may be used to compute a back-to-front ordering of each slice. Then the slices may then be rendered in back-to-front order, such that the transparency and occlusion are handled correctly. Reconstruct, in 3D, only the portions of the image that have Doppler-detected motion may make the 3D images easier for the physician to decipher, thereby improving her understanding of the progression of the ablation.
In some embodiments, a rendering technique is used to sort Doppler slices using the depth of the center-point of each Doppler slice. This technique may result in an approximate back-to-front ordering as the slices may intersect. In some embodiments, a BSP tree algorithm may split one slice into two in the case where they intersect each other. Since sorting by the slices' center point depths results in an approximate ordering, the resulting rendering may have some visual artifacts (e.g., pieces of one slice that should appear to be behind another slice, but instead appear in front of it). To minimize the presence of these artifacts, in some embodiments, the image guidance system may render the Doppler slices in two separate passes. In the first pass, a clipping plane, co-incident with the most recent ultrasound slice, is employed to discard the portions of any Doppler slices that are in front of the ultrasound slice. Then the ultrasound slice is drawn, followed by the second pass of the Doppler slices. This second time, the clipping plane discards the portions of any Doppler slices that lie behind the ultrasound slice.
Thin Visualization of 3D Data
As noted above, in traditional rendering of 3D volumetric data, data or voxels in the front of the rendered image may occlude data or voxels towards the back of the volume. This may be a problem when the data that is further back from the surface is the information that a physician needs to see. Various techniques for overcoming this are given above. More techniques are given in this section.
In some embodiments, the 3D volume data herein may be rendered with a “thin” field of view or depth of focus. For example, in some embodiments, the image guidance system renders a single plane-of-interest in sharp focus, while rendering the rest of the volume dataset, in perspective projection, as transparent and blurry, with stereo cues and/or motion parallax, and spatially registered to the plane-of-interest. This provides the user some context and representation for features located outside of the plane-of-interest, while minimizing their visual interference with image features in the plane-of-interest. In some embodiments, a thin volume of interest (as opposed to a plane of interest) may also be rendered. The volume of interest may include a small and/or user-controllable slice of data that is rendered in sharp focus with, as above, the rest of the volumetric data (in front of and behind) the thin volume of interest rendered in a blurry, transparent, or other technique.
This thin depth-of-field volume visualization may have several medical applications. It may be useful to help the physician/user guide a needle towards a target located in the plane-of-interest, while simultaneously avoiding features in front of or behind the plane-of-interest. It may also be used to identify and mark features (e.g., points, organ boundaries, tumors) in the volumetric images (described above). These tasks can be performed with real-time volumetric images (e.g., intraoperative 3D ultrasound), static volumetric images (pre-operative CT, MRI, etc.) or hybrid volumetric images (e.g., pre-operative CT images that are continuously warped to be in registration with live 2D ultrasound or fluoroscopic images, or laser-scanned 3D point sets representing the surface of tissue).
Further, this technique can be combined with other techniques herein. For example, in order to control the plane or volume of interest (location, orientation), a surgeon may manipulate the needle as described above. In some embodiments, the plane or volume of interest may be parallel and coincident with the screen-plane 1, or it may have some other spatial relationship to the surface of the display screen. For example, the plane or volume of interest may contain the needle that the physician is placing into the tissue. In some embodiments, the doctor or other user may interactively manipulate the spatial relationship of the plane or volume of interest relative to the volume dataset, using the needle, or by controlling a knob, mouse, joystick. etc.
In some embodiments, the thin depth-of-field volume can be displayed such that it is superimposed and spatially registered with organ/blood vessel/tumor surfaces or contours, radiation dose iso-contours, needle guidance information, or any other combination of relevant known polygonal or volumetric 3D data.
In some embodiments, when used with stereoscopic monitors, thin depth-of-field rendering can also be used to reduce ghosting (an undesired cross-talk between the two separate images for each eye. For example, a high-contrast line in the left-eye image may be slightly visible in the right-eye image). When used to reduce ghosting, the volume or plane of interest may be co-incident or nearly co-incident with the screen plane in 3D space (e.g., the surface of the display monitor).
In some embodiments, the volumetric data is sliced (e.g., resampled) into a set of image planes or image volumes that are parallel to the plane of interest. The distance between the image planes or volumes may be dependent on the resolution of the volume dataset, the display monitor's resolution, and the computational resources available (e.g., larger spacing may result in faster rendering and a higher frame rate, but a lower fidelity image in each frame). For example, an image plane (or volume) may be created for each depth resolution in the volumetric data, or a predefined or determined number of slices may be used. Each image plane or volume is then blurred; the “radius” of the blur may increase with the distance from the image slice to the plane or volume of interest (e.g., images slices further from the plane of interest may be made blurrier than image slices close to the plane-of-interest). The image plane coincident with the plane-of-interest itself may have no blur (e.g., it may be rendered using the standard reconstruction for the display monitor's resolution). In some embodiments, the image planes' brightness, contrast and/or transparency may then be modulated by their distance from the plane or volume of interest. In some embodiments, the planes may then be rendered in back-to-front order. Various embodiments may also be implemented directly on programmable graphics hardware, dedicated hardware, etc. to reduce processing time and or memory usage.
In some embodiments, in order to reduce computational and memory demands, the image planes may be spaced such that the further they are from the plane-of-interest, the larger the distance between them. Those portions of the volume dataset that are farther away from the plane-of-interest, and thus displayed as blurrier and more transparent, will have a lower density of image-planes that sample them.
Tracking and Calibration
Image guidance systems provide real-time guidance to a medical practitioner during medical procedures. Numerous examples and embodiments of this are given herein. Image guidance systems require tracking. In order to track, there is typically a tracking “source” and a tracking “receiver,” although there are many other arrangements known to those skilled in the art and discussed herein. Examples of tracking are discussed throughout herein and with respect to instruments 345 and 355 and tracking systems 310 and 340 in
In order to track a device, some portion of the tracking system must be attached to the device. In some instances this may actually be a source, receiver, fiducial, etc. In optical tracking, for example, a tracking device is employed by the system to continually report the position and/or orientation of tracking fiducials that are attached to the devices to be tracked. In some embodiments, these fiducials are rigidly affixed to the needle or to its handle. With knowledge of the geometry of the needle, relative to the fiducials, an image guidance system can compute the position of the needle and its tip.
As noted above, each time a medical practitioner uses a new needle with a guidance system, she must rigidly affix the tracking fiducials to the needle and she must measure the position of the tip of the needle, relative to the fiducials. This is an extremely time consuming process. She must first tighten screws, or to thread the needle through a hole or tube. Then she must manually measure the needle length with a ruler (because needle lengths may vary even for standard needles), and then enter this information into a workstation. She may also be able to use a dedicated calibration rig, and perform a lengthy, often minutes-long calibration process. The same process occurs for other types of tracking systems as well.
Simplifying Calibration
In order to simplify the calibration process, in some embodiments, the image guidance systems can utilize something that will indicate the needle's tip relative to a known or determinable location. If the needle is being tracked (even if not calibrated) when this is done, then the needle's tip relative to its own tracking fiducials can be calculated. For example, consider a needle's fiducial mount 2000 comprising a spring-loaded plastic clip 2010, with a groove embedded in the inner surfaces of both of the inner sides of the clip. In some embodiments, the tracking fiducials 2040 may be attached to a fixed piece of the clamp. The user may attach the needle by first pressing onto the side opposite the fulcrum to open the “jaws” (as depicted in
In some embodiments, the spring action may be from a metal or other ancillary spring between the plastic. In some embodiments, the spring may be a coil or bent wedge design. In some embodiments, an integrated plastic or native material spring may also be incorporated into the molded parts. In some embodiments, the clamp components may be both molded, machined, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the materials may be medical grade plastic, which may provide light weight. The material may also be stainless steel, which may provide for easier or more economically sterilization. The apparatus can be made of any combination of plastic, metal, and ceramic, and can be fabricated by machining, casting, molding, or rapid prototyping (SLA, SLS, FDM, EBM, etc.). Further, in various embodiments, the needle may vibrate or heat up and the design of the needle mount's jaw accommodates this.
A second tracked device, rig, or mount 2100 of
Example embodiments of performing this calculation are as follows: The rigid body transformations listed below (which can be represented by 4×4 matrices, quaternions, etc.) may be known by the image guidance system:
In some embodiments, the user may perform some or all of the following actions before the calculations above are performed:
Additionally, the image guidance system may be able to detect when the needle is in the divot by a gesture, voice command, duration in a single position, or any other appropriate method.
Various embodiments of these techniques may be used by any kind of medical professional—veterinarian, physician, surgeon, emergency medical technician, physician's assistant, nurse, etc. Various embodiments use different kinds of rigid needles, needle-like devices (e.g. radiofrequency or microwave ablation probe, cryo-ablation probe, cannula, optical waveguide, harmonic dissector, etc.). Various embodiments provide for the relative locations of a scalpel (where the divot may be replaced by a notched grove in order to locate the position of the scalpel, its tip, etc).
Various embodiments of tracking the various devices, such as devices 2100 and 2000, are discussed throughout herein and with respect to position sensing units 310 and 340 of
Rendering Techniques
Asynchronous Rendering
As noted above, real-time, live, or intraoperative data may be used and rendered in various embodiments herein. The update rate of the various data used may differ, and some may be slow enough, that if the entire image were only updated at that rate, a physician may be able to notice the update, which may be undesirable. For example, if an ultrasound were only updated once per second and the entire scene were only rendered once per second, the physician is likely to notice this and find the system unusable. Perceivable lag can increase the risk of simulator sickness, and the system might appear unresponsive. In various embodiments, the 3D display herein is designed to reduce response time and may appear to match the physician's movements with less or no perceivable lag. To accomplish this, various embodiments use asynchronous rendering. In some embodiments, no process or operation in a thread that renders the video or screen images waits for new data from the data from the other devices or systems, such as the tracking system or ultrasound scanner. Instead those threads use the latest available data. In some embodiments, two accessory threads query the tracker (such as position sensing units 310 and 340 in
Similarly, the image guidance unit's main thread may instruct associated graphics hardware to swap the front and back display buffers immediately after drawing a new image in the back buffer, without waiting for the vertical sync signal. This allows the newly drawn graphics to appear on the display monitor sooner, and may allow for a higher graphics frame rate. Using this asynchronous technique a user might notice tearing in both the ultrasound image and in the graphics display. However, in some embodiments, the image guidance system grabs video frames much faster than an imager, such as an ultrasound scanner generates frames. The image guidance system may also draw frames much faster than the refresh rate of the LCD display monitor. As such, any tearing between successive frames will be evenly distributed, and may be less noticeable to the human eye. At a 60 Hz video refresh rate, we would expect that 17 ms ( 1/60 Hz) of latency may be avoided by not waiting for vertical sync. In some embodiments, latency may be reduced by up to 70 ms (or more).
These techniques may allow for low latency without requiring the various sub-systems to necessarily be tuned to each other or wait for each other.
Removal of Fibroids
In some embodiments, the image guidance system may be used to remove fibroids, while leaving the uterine muscle wall strong enough to carry a fetus. For example, when a physician finds a fibroid with a tracked laparoscopic ultrasound, the image guidance system, such as system 300 of
In some embodiments, the system may be configured to allow for ablation of fibroids. For example, system 300 of
Today, surgeons often target fibroids 3-4 cm wide. In some embodiments, a surgeon may be able to find smaller fibroids (such as those 1 cm wide and smaller) because of the accuracy of the tracking and imaging, thereby increasing the probably of the patient carrying a baby to term, and decreasing other symptoms resulting from fibroids.
Ablation of Pancreatic Cysts
Pancreatic cysts may be a precursor to pancreatic cancer. Therefore, it may be useful to ablate the pancreatic cysts when they occur, whether or not it is certain that pancreatic cancer would necessarily follow.
In some embodiments, the image guidance system may be used aid a physician in ablating the pancreatic cysts. For example, in some embodiments, an image guidance system, such as the system 300 of
Hysteroscopy
Some physicians remove fibroids using a hysteroscope, or other flexible endoscope that passes through the vagina and cervix and functions inside the uterus. Hysteroscopy may be less invasive that other forms of laparoscopic surgery because of the lack of incision and insufflation. Further, hysteroscopy can sometimes be performed in a clinic instead of a hospital, thereby potentially reducing costs.
In some embodiments, a hysteroscope is tracked and imaged by an image guidance system, such as system 300 of
Harvesting Eggs
In some embodiments, the image guidance system is used to track and visualize the ultrasound data as well as the needle that is used to collect the eggs from the ovary. For example, in order to harvest eggs a transvaginal ultrasound probe to visualize the follicles in the ovary, which may contain eggs, may be used. The image guidance may help the physician get a flexible needle (16 gauge, 30 cm long) into each follicle, through the vaginal wall. A physician may push on the outside of the patient to push the ovary into a position where it can be imaged and accessed through the vaginal wall. Each follicle containing an egg is typically 1-2 cm wide. The physician may drain (aspirate) the contents of the follicle, and then examine the fluid to look for an egg. The physician may then proceed to the next follicle. She may collect 9-10 eggs, or even more. Eggs are often attached to the side of the follicle, and the needle should enter the center of the follicle in order to safely remove it from the wall. Embodiments herein make that targeting easier by tracking the needle and the ultrasound (or other imaging) that is used to find the eggs. Such embodiments used for this procedure may be a more effective procedure than is currently available.
Embryo Attachment
In some embodiments, the image guidance system is used for embryo attachment or embryo transfer. Embryos are inserted via a flexible catheter through the cervix. The catheter consists of a flexible inner tube within a more rigid external tube, each about 10-20 cm long. While the inner tube may be very flexible, the outer tube may be stiffer and allows a physician to guide the inner tube. The physician may fill the bladder with water, and uses external ultrasound to image the uterus through the bladder. The ideal place to implant the embryos is the “maximal implantation potential (MIP) point”, which is roughly the “top” of the uterus, between the fallopian tubes. A surgeon may use ultrasound to find this point (possibly marking the point as discussed herein), and guide the catheter there. The goal is to implant between the two layers of the uterine lining, but “it's hard to see where the tip goes” once it is inside the uterine lining.
The catheter and/or the tip of the inner tube may be tracked and its emplacement relative to the ultrasound image may be displayed to the physician via the image guidance system. For example, the tip of the catheter may be tracked and its real-time emplacement shown relative to the ultrasound image or marked MIP. In some embodiments, in addition to tracking the very tip of the inner catheter, the image guidance system also tracks one or more points along the catheter. As such, the image guidance system can display the catheter's shape near its tip.
If a physician can get the embryo into the right place, it may increase the overall success rate. This, in turn, could eventually allow physicians to implant fewer embryos, perhaps reducing the “twin rate.”
The processes, computer readable medium, and systems described herein may be performed on various types of hardware, such as computer systems. In computer systems may include a bus or other communication mechanism for communicating information, and a processor coupled with the bus for processing information. A computer system may have a main memory, such as a random access memory or other dynamic storage device, coupled to the bus. The main memory may be used to store instructions and temporary variables. The computer system may also include a read-only memory or other static storage device coupled to the bus for storing static information and instructions. The computer system may also be coupled to a display, such as a CRT or LCD monitor. Input devices may also be coupled to the computer system. These input devices may include a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys. Computer systems described herein may include the image guidance unit 330, first and second position sensing units 310 and 340, and imaging unit 350. Each computer system may be implemented using one or more physical computers or computer systems or portions thereof. The instructions executed by the computer system may also be read in from a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium may be a CD, DVD, optical or magnetic disk, laserdisc, carrier wave, or any other medium that is readable by the computer system. In some embodiments, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions executed by the processor.
As will be apparent, the features and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or states. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements and/or states are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or states are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.
Any process descriptions, elements, or blocks in the flow diagrams described herein and/or depicted in the attached figures should be understood as potentially representing modules, segments, or portions of code which include one or more executable instructions for implementing specific logical functions or steps in the process. Alternate implementations are included within the scope of the embodiments described herein in which elements or functions may be deleted, executed out of order from that shown or discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order, depending on the functionality involved, as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
All of the methods and processes described above may be embodied in, and fully automated via, software code modules executed by one or more general purpose computers or processors, such as those computer systems described above. The code modules may be stored in any type of computer-readable medium or other computer storage device. Some or all of the methods may alternatively be embodied in specialized computer hardware.
It should be emphasized that many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments, the elements of which are to be understood as being among other acceptable examples. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/207,593, filed Feb. 17, 2009, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/207,589, filed Feb. 17, 2009, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/207,592, filed Feb. 17, 2009. Each of these provisional applications, Nos. 61/207,593, 61/207,589, and 61/207,592, is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3556079 | Omizo | Jan 1971 | A |
| 4058114 | Soldner | Nov 1977 | A |
| RE30397 | King | Sep 1980 | E |
| 4249539 | Vilkomerson et al. | Feb 1981 | A |
| 4294544 | Altschuler et al. | Oct 1981 | A |
| 4390025 | Takemura et al. | Jun 1983 | A |
| 4407294 | Vilkomerso | Oct 1983 | A |
| 4431006 | Trimmer et al. | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4567896 | Barnea et al. | Feb 1986 | A |
| 4583538 | Onik et al. | Apr 1986 | A |
| 4620546 | Aida et al. | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4671292 | Matzuk | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4839836 | Fonsalas | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4862873 | Yajima et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4884219 | Waldren | Nov 1989 | A |
| 4899756 | Sonek | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4911173 | Terwillige | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4945305 | Blood | Jul 1990 | A |
| 5076279 | Arenson et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
| 5078140 | Kwoh | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5078142 | Siczek et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
| 5095910 | Powers | Mar 1992 | A |
| 5109276 | Nudelman et al. | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5158088 | Nelson et al. | Oct 1992 | A |
| 5161536 | Vilkomerson et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5193120 | Gamache et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5209235 | Brisken et al. | May 1993 | A |
| 5249581 | Horbal et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5251127 | Raab | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5261404 | Mick et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5265610 | Darrow et al. | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5271400 | Dumoulin et al. | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5307153 | Maruyama et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5309913 | Kormos et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5323002 | Sampsell et al. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5371543 | Anderson | Dec 1994 | A |
| 5383454 | Bucholz | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5394875 | Lewis et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
| 5411026 | Carol | May 1995 | A |
| 5433198 | Desai | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5433739 | Sluijter | Jul 1995 | A |
| 5443489 | Ben-Haim | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5446798 | Morita et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5447154 | Cinquin et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5452024 | Sampsell | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5457493 | Leddy et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5474073 | Schwartz et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5476096 | Olstad et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
| 5483961 | Kelly et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5488431 | Gove et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5489952 | Gove et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5491510 | Gove | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5494039 | Onik et al. | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5503152 | Oakley et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5505204 | Picot et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
| 5515856 | Olstad et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5517990 | Kalfas et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5526051 | Gove et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5526812 | Dumoulin et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5529070 | Augustine et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5531227 | Schneider | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5532997 | Pauli | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5541723 | Tanaka | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5558091 | Acker et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5568811 | Olstad | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5570135 | Gove et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
| 5579026 | Tabata | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5588948 | Takahashi et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
| 5608468 | Gove et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5608849 | King, Jr. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5611345 | Hibbeln | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5611353 | Dance et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5612753 | Poradish et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5625408 | Matsugu et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5628327 | Unger et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5629794 | Magel et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5630027 | Venkateswar et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5647361 | Damadian | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5647373 | Paltieli et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
| 5660185 | Shmulewitz et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5662111 | Cosman | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5699444 | Palm | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5701898 | Adam et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5701900 | Shehada et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
| 5726670 | Tabata et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5728044 | Shan | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5758650 | Miller et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5766135 | Terwilliger | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5784098 | Shoji et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5792147 | Evans et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5793701 | Wright et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5797849 | Vesely et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5807395 | Mulier et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5810008 | Dekel et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5817022 | Vesely | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5820554 | Davis et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5820561 | Olstad et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5829439 | Yokosawa et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5829444 | Ferre et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5851183 | Bucholz | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5870136 | Fuchs et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5891034 | Bucholz | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5920395 | Schulz | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5961527 | Whitmore, III et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 5967980 | Ferre et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
| 6016439 | Acker | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6019724 | Gronningsaeter et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6048312 | Ishrak et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6064749 | Hirota et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6095982 | Richards-Kortum et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6099471 | Torp et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6108130 | Raj | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6122538 | Sliwa, Jr. et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6122541 | Cosman et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
| 6167296 | Shahidi | Dec 2000 | A |
| RE37088 | Olstad et al. | Mar 2001 | E |
| 6216029 | Paltieli | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6241725 | Cosman | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6245017 | Hashimoto et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6246898 | Vesely et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6248101 | Whitmore, III et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6261234 | Lin | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6341016 | Malione | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6348058 | Melken et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6350238 | Olstad et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6352507 | Torp et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6379302 | Kessman et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6385475 | Cinquin et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6442417 | Shahidi et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6447450 | Olstad | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6456868 | Saito et al. | Sep 2002 | B2 |
| 6470207 | Simon et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6471366 | Hughson et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6477400 | Barrick | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6478793 | Cosman et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6503195 | Keller et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
| 6511418 | Shahidi et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
| 6517485 | Torp et al. | Feb 2003 | B2 |
| 6518939 | Kikuchi | Feb 2003 | B1 |
| 6527443 | Vilsmeier | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6529758 | Shahidi | Mar 2003 | B2 |
| 6537217 | Bjærum et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6545706 | Edwards et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6546279 | Bova et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
| 6551325 | Neubauer et al. | Apr 2003 | B2 |
| 6570566 | Yoshigahara | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6579240 | Bjaerum et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
| 6587711 | Alfano et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6591130 | Shahidi | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6592522 | Bjaerum et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6594517 | Nevo | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6597818 | Kumar et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
| 6604404 | Paltieli et al. | Aug 2003 | B2 |
| 6616610 | Steininger et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
| 6626832 | Paltieli et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6652462 | Bjaerum et al. | Nov 2003 | B2 |
| 6669635 | Kessman et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6676599 | Torp et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6689067 | Sauer et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6695786 | Wang et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
| 6711429 | Gilboa et al. | Mar 2004 | B1 |
| 6725082 | Sati et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6733458 | Steins et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
| 6764449 | Lee et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6766184 | Utzinger et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6768496 | Bieger et al. | Jul 2004 | B2 |
| 6775404 | Pagoulatos et al. | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6782287 | Grzeszczuk et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6783524 | Anderson et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6827723 | Carson | Dec 2004 | B2 |
| 6863655 | Bjaerum et al. | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6873867 | Vilsmeier | Mar 2005 | B2 |
| 6875179 | Ferguson et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6881214 | Cosman et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
| 6895268 | Rahn et al. | May 2005 | B1 |
| 6915150 | Cinquin et al. | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6917827 | Kienzle, III | Jul 2005 | B2 |
| 6923817 | Carson et al. | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6936048 | Hurst | Aug 2005 | B2 |
| 6947783 | Immerz | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 6968224 | Kessman et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
| 6978167 | Dekel et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 7008373 | Stoianovici et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
| 7033360 | Cinquin et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7072707 | Galloway, Jr. et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7077807 | Torp et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7093012 | Olstad et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
| 7110013 | Ebersole et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7209776 | Leitner | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7245746 | Bjaerum et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7248232 | Yamazaki et al. | Jul 2007 | B1 |
| 7261694 | Torp et al. | Aug 2007 | B2 |
| 7313430 | Urquhart et al. | Dec 2007 | B2 |
| 7331932 | Leitner | Feb 2008 | B2 |
| 7351205 | Szczech et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7379769 | Piron et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7385708 | Ackerman et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7392076 | Moctezuma de la Barrera | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7398116 | Edwards | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7466303 | Yi et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
| 7480533 | Cosman et al. | Jan 2009 | B2 |
| 7505809 | Strommer et al. | Mar 2009 | B2 |
| 7588541 | Floyd et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
| 7662128 | Salcudean et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
| 7678052 | Torp et al. | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7728868 | Razzaque et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
| 7798965 | Torp et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
| 7833168 | Taylor et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7833221 | Voegele et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7846103 | Cannon, Jr. et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
| 7876942 | Gilboa | Jan 2011 | B2 |
| 7889905 | Higgins et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
| 7912849 | Ohrn et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
| 7920909 | Lyon et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 7962193 | Edwards et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7976469 | Bonde et al. | Jul 2011 | B2 |
| 8023712 | Ikuma et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
| 8038631 | Sanghvi et al. | Oct 2011 | B1 |
| 8041413 | Barbagli et al. | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8050736 | Piron et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8052636 | Moll et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8066644 | Sarkar et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
| 8073528 | Zhao et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8086298 | Whitmore, III et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8135669 | Olstad et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8137281 | Huang et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
| 8147408 | Bunce et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8152724 | Ridley et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8216149 | Oonuki et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8221322 | Wang et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8228028 | Schneider | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8257264 | Park et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8296797 | Olstad et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
| 8340379 | Razzaque et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
| 8350902 | Razzaque et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
| 8482606 | Razzaque et al. | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 20010007919 | Shahidi | Jul 2001 | A1 |
| 20010016804 | Cunningham et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
| 20010045979 | Matsumoto et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20020010384 | Shahidi et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020032772 | Olstad et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020049375 | Strommer et al. | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020077540 | Kienzle, III | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020077543 | Grzeszczuk et al. | Jun 2002 | A1 |
| 20020135673 | Favalora et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020138008 | Tsujita et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20020140814 | Cohen-Solal et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020156375 | Kessman et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20020198451 | Carson | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030040743 | Cosman et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030073901 | Simon et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030135119 | Lee et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030163142 | Paltieli et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
| 20030164172 | Chumas et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030231789 | Willis et al. | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040034313 | Leitner | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040078036 | Keidar | Apr 2004 | A1 |
| 20040095507 | Bishop et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040116810 | Olstad | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040147920 | Keidar | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040152970 | Hunter et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040181144 | Cinquin et al. | Sep 2004 | A1 |
| 20040215071 | Frank et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040238732 | State et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040243146 | Chesbrough et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040243148 | Wasielewski | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040249281 | Olstad | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040249282 | Olstad | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040254454 | Kockro | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050010098 | Frigstad et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050085717 | Shahidi | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050085718 | Shahidi | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050090742 | Mine et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050111733 | Fors et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050159641 | Kanai | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050182316 | Burdette et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050192564 | Cosman et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050219552 | Ackerman et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050222574 | Giordano et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050251148 | Friedrich et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060004275 | Vija et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060020204 | Serra et al. | Jan 2006 | A1 |
| 20060036162 | Shahidi et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060052792 | Boettiger et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060058609 | Olstad | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060058610 | Olstad | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060058674 | Olstad | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060058675 | Olstad | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060100505 | Viswanathan | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060122495 | Kienzle, III | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060184040 | Keller et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060193504 | Salgo et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060229594 | Francischelli et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060235290 | Gabriel et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060235538 | Rochetin et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060241450 | Da Silva et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060253030 | Altmann et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060253032 | Altmann et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060271056 | Terrill-Grisoni et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060282023 | Leitner | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20060293643 | Wallace et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070016035 | Hashimoto | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070032906 | Sutherland et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070073155 | Park et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070073455 | Oyobe et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070078346 | Park et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070167699 | Lathuiliere et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070167701 | Sherman | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070167705 | Chiang et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070167771 | Olstad | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070167801 | Webler et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070225553 | Shahidi | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070239281 | Gotte et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070244488 | Metzger et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070255136 | Kristofferson et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070270718 | Rochetin et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070276234 | Shahidi | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20080004481 | Bax et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080004516 | DiSilvestro et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080030578 | Razzaque et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080039723 | Suri et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080051910 | Kammerzell et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080091106 | Kim et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080114235 | Unal et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080161824 | McMillen | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080200794 | Teichman et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080208031 | Kurpad et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080208081 | Murphy et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080214932 | Mollard et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080232679 | Hahn et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080287805 | Li | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20090024030 | Lachaine et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090118724 | Zvuloni et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090137907 | Takimoto et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090226069 | Razzaque et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090234369 | Bax et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090312629 | Razzaque et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100045783 | State et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100198045 | Razzaque et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100208963 | Kruecker et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100268072 | Hall et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100268085 | Kruecker et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100305448 | Dagonneau et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100312121 | Guan | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110043612 | Keller et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110046483 | Fuchs et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110057930 | Keller | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110082351 | Razzaque et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110130641 | Razzaque et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110137156 | Razzaque et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20110201915 | Gogin et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110201976 | Sanghvi et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
| 20110237947 | Boctor et al. | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110238043 | Kleven | Sep 2011 | A1 |
| 20110251483 | Razzaque et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110282188 | Burnside et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110288412 | Deckman et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110295108 | Cox et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20110301451 | Rohling | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120035473 | Sanghvi et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
| 20120059260 | Robinson | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120071759 | Hagy et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120078094 | Nishina et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120101370 | Razzaque et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120108955 | Razzaque et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120143029 | Silverstein et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120143055 | Ng et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120165679 | Orome et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120259210 | Harhen et al. | Oct 2012 | A1 |
| 20130132374 | Olstad et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130151533 | Udupa et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130197357 | Green | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 7656896 | May 1997 | AU |
| 9453898 | Apr 1999 | AU |
| 1719601 | Jun 2001 | AU |
| 9036301 | Mar 2002 | AU |
| 2003297225 | Jul 2004 | AU |
| 2001290363 | Feb 2006 | AU |
| 0113882 | Jul 2003 | BR |
| 2420382 | Apr 2011 | CA |
| 1636520 | Jul 2005 | CN |
| 100381108 | Apr 2008 | CN |
| 69618482 | Aug 2002 | DE |
| 60126798 | Oct 2007 | DE |
| 0 427 358 | May 1991 | EP |
| 1955284 | Aug 2008 | EP |
| S63-290550 | Nov 1988 | JP |
| H07-116164 | May 1995 | JP |
| 2005-058584 | Mar 2005 | JP |
| 2005-323669 | Nov 2005 | JP |
| 2009-517177 | Apr 2009 | JP |
| WO 9605768 | Feb 1996 | WO |
| WO 9715249 | May 1997 | WO |
| WO 9717014 | May 1997 | WO |
| WO 9926534 | Jun 1999 | WO |
| WO 0139683 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| WO 2003032837 | Apr 2003 | WO |
| PCTUS0317987 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| WO 2005010711 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| WO 2007019216 | Feb 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007-067323 | Jun 2007 | WO |
| WO 2007067323 | Sep 2007 | WO |
| WO 2008017051 | Feb 2008 | WO |
| PCTUS2009032028 | Jan 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009063423 | May 2009 | WO |
| WO 2009-094646 | Jul 2009 | WO |
| WO 2010057315 | May 2010 | WO |
| WO 2010-096419 | Aug 2010 | WO |
| WO 2011014687 | Feb 2011 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| U.S. Appl. No. 11/828,826, filed Jul. 26, 2007, Kurtis P. Keller et al. |
| “3D Laparoscope Technology,” http://www.inneroptic.com/tech—3DL.htm, copyright 2007 InnerOptic Technology, Inc. printed Sep. 19, 2007, 2 pages. |
| “Cancer Facts & Figures 2004,” www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF—finalPWSecured.pdf, copyright 2004 American Cancer Society, Inc., printed Sep. 19, 2007, 60 pages. |
| “David Laserscanner (-Latest News (-Institute for Robotics and Process Control (-Te . . . ,” http://www/rob.cs.tu-bs.de/en/news/david, printed Sep. 19, 2007, 1 page. |
| “laser scanned 3d model Final” video, still image of video attached, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v+DaLglgmoUf8, copyright 2007 YouTube, LLC, printed Sep. 19, 2007, 2 pages. |
| “Olympus Endoscopic Ultrasound System,” www.olympusamerica.com/msg—section/download—brochures/135—b—gfum130.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 20 pages. |
| “Point Grey Research Inc.—Imaging Products—Triclops SDK Samples,” http://www.ptgrey.com/products/triclopsSDK/samples.asp, copyright 2007 Point Grey Research Inc., printed Sep. 19, 2007, 1 page. |
| “Robbins, Mike—Computer Vision Research—Stereo Depth Perception,” http://www.compumike.com/vision/stereodepth. php, copyright 2007 Michael F. Robbins, printed Sep. 19, 2007, 3 pages. |
| “RUE: Registered Ultrasound-Endoscope,” copyright 2007 InnerOptic Technology, Inc., 2 pages. |
| Advertisement, “Inspeck 3DC 3D Capturor,” Inspeck 3DC 3D Capturor (www.inspeck.com), 1998. |
| Advertisement, “Virtual 3D High Speed Non-Contact Surface Perception,” Virtual 3-D Technologies Corporation (www.virtual3dtech.com)., Dec. 21, 1998. |
| Advertisements, “Virtuoso,” Visual Interface, Inc. (www.visint.com), Dec. 21, 1998. |
| Akka, “Automatic Software Control of Display Parameters for Stereoscopic Graphics Images,” SPIE vol. 1669: Stereoscopic Displays and Applications III, pp. 31-38 (1992). |
| Ali et al., “Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging to Probe Differences in Water Content in Normal and Cancer Human Prostate Tissues,” Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment; Oct. 2004; 3(5):491-497; Adenine Press. |
| Andrei State et al., “Case Study: Observing a Volume Rendered Fetus within a Pregnant Patient,” Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 1994, pp. 364-368, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜fuchs/publications/cs-ObservVolRendFetus94.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 5 pages. |
| Andrei State et al., “Simulation-Based Design and Rapid Prototyping of a Parallax-Free, Orthoscopic Video See-Through Head-Mounted Display,” Proceedings of International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) 2005, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜andrei/pubs/2005—ISMAR—VSTHMD—design.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 4 pages. |
| Andrei State et al., “Technologies for Augmented Reality Systems: Realizing Ultrasound-Guided Needle Biopsies,” Computer Graphics, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1996, pp. 429-438, available from www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall01/cs597d/papers/state96.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007. |
| Aylward et al., Analysis of the Parameter Space of a Metric for Registering 3D Vascular Images, in W. Niessen and M. Viergever (Eds.): MICCAI 2001, LNCS 2208, pp. 932-939, 2001. |
| Aylward et al., Registration and Analysis of Vascular Images, International Journal of Computer Vision 55(2/3), 123-138, 2003. |
| Azuma, “A Survey of Augmented Reality,” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, 4:1-48 (Aug. 1997). |
| Bajura, Michael et al., “Merging Virtual Objects with the Real World: Seeing Ultrasound Imagery within the Patient,” Computer Graphics, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1992, vol. 26(2), pp. 203-210, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜fuchs/publications/MergVirtObjs92. |
| Benavides et al., “Multispectral digital colposcopy for in vivo detection of cervical cancer,” Optics Express; May 19, 2003; 11(1 0) Optical Society of America; USA. |
| Beraldin, J.A. et al., “Optimized Position Sensors for Flying-Spot Active Triangulation Systems,” Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on a 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling (3DIM), Banff, Alberta, Canada, Oct. 6-10, 2003, pp. 334-341, NRC 47083, copyright 2003 National Research Council of Canada, http:/iit-iti.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/iit-publications-iti/docs/NRC-47083.pdf, printed Sep. 19, 2007, 9 pages. |
| Billinghurst, M. et al., Research Directions in Handheld AR; Int. J. of Virtual Reality 5(2),51-58 (2006). |
| Bishop, Azum R., G.; Improving Static and Dynamic Registration in an Optical See-Through HMO; Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '94, Computer Graphics, Annual Conference Series, 1994, 197-204 (1994). |
| Blais, F., “Review of 20 Years of Range Sensor Development,” Journal of Electronic Imaging, 13(1): 231-240, Jan. 2004, NRC 46531, copyright 2004 National Research Council of Canada, http://iit-iti.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/iit-publications-iti/docs/NRC-46531.pdf, printed Sep. 19, 2007, 14 pages. |
| Bouguet, Jean-Yves, “Camera Calibration Toolbox for Matlab,” www.vision.caltech.edu/bouguetj/calib—doc, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 5 pages. |
| Buxton et al.; “Colposcopically directed punch biopsy: a potentially misleading investigation,” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Dec. 1991; 98:1273-1276. |
| Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures 2004; National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids; 2004; American Cancer Society; USA. |
| Cantor et al., “Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Diagnosis and Management of Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions,” Diagnostic Strategies for SILs; Feb. 1998; 91(2):270-277. |
| Catalano et al., “Multiphase helical CT findings after percutaneous ablation procedures for hepatocellular carcinoma.” Abdom. Imaging, 25(6),2000, pp. 607-614. |
| Chiriboga et al., “Infrared Spectroscopy of Human Tissue. IV. Detection of Dysplastic and Neoplastic Changes of Human Cervical Tissue Via Infrared Microscopy,” Cellular and Molecular Biology; 1998; 44(1): 219-229. |
| Crawford, David E. et al., “Computer Modeling of Prostate Biopsy: Tumor Size and Location—Not Clinical Significance—Determine Cancer Detection,” Journal of Urology, Apr. 1998, vol. 159(4), pp. 1260-1264, 5 pages. |
| Deering, Michael “High Resolution Virtual Reality.” Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '92, Computer Graphics, 26(2), 1992, pp. 195-202. |
| Depiero et al., “3-D Computer Vision Using Structured Light: Design, Calibration and Implementation Issues,” The University of Tennessee, pp. 1-46, (1996). |
| Dodd, G.D. et al. “Minimally invasive treatment of malignant hepatic tumors: at the threshold of a major breakthrough.” Radiographies 20(1),2000, pp. 9-27. |
| Drascic et al., “Perceptual Issues in Augmented Reality,” SPIE vol. 2653: Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III, pp. 123-134 (Feb. 1996). |
| Fahey et al., “Meta-analysis of Pap Test Accuracy; American Journal of Epidemiology,” 1995 141(7):680-689; The John Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health; USA. |
| Foxlin et al., An Inertial Head-Orientation Tracker with Automatic Drift Compensation for Use with HMD's, in Virtual Reality Software & Technology, Proceedings of the VRST Conference, pp. 159-173, Singapore, Aug. 23-26, 1994. |
| Fronheiser et al., Real-Time 3D Color Doppler for Guidance of Vibrating Interventional Devices, IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 149-152 (2004). |
| Fuchs, Henry et al., “Augmented Reality Visualization for Laparoscopic Surgery,” Proceedings of Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) 1998, pp. 934-943, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜fuchs/publications /AugRealVis—LaparoSurg9. |
| Garrett, William F. et al., “Real-Time Incremental Visualization of Dynamic Ultrasound Volumes Using Parallel BSP Trees,” Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 1996, pp. 235-240, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜andrei/pubs/1996—VIS—dualBSP—Mac.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 7 pages. |
| Georgakoudi et al., “Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Mar. 2002; 186(3):374-382; USA. |
| Herline et al., Surface Registration for Use in Interactive, Image-Guided Liver Surgery, Computer Aided Surgery 5:11-17 (2000). |
| Holloway, R.; Registration Error Analysis for Augmented Reality; Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6(4), 413-432 (1997). |
| Hornung et al., “Quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy of cervical dysplasia in vivo,” Human Reproduction; 1999; 14(11):2908-2916; European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. |
| Howard et al., An Electronic Device for Needle Placement during Sonographically Guided Percutaneous Intervention, Radiology 2001; 218:905-911. |
| InnerAim Brochure; 3D Visualization Software for Simpler, Safer, more Precise Aiming, Published no earlier than Apr. 1, 2010. |
| International Search Report and Written Opinion received in corresponding PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/024378, mailed Oct. 13, 2010, 9 pages. |
| InVision System Brochure; A “GPS” for Real-Time 3D Needle Visualization & Guidance, Published no earlier than Mar. 1, 2008. |
| InVision User Manual; Professional Instructions for Use, Published no earlier than Dec. 1, 2008. |
| Jacobs, Marco C. et al., “Managing Latency in Complex Augmented Reality Systems,” ACM SIGGRAPH Proceedings of the Symposium of Interactive 3D Graphics 1997, pp. 49-54, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜us/Latency//ManagingRelativeLatency.html, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 12 pages. |
| Kanbara et al., “A Stereoscopic Video See-through Augmented Reality System Based on Real-time Vision-Based Registration,” Nara Institute of Science and Technology, pp. 1-8 (2000). |
| Lass, Amir, “Assessment of Ovarian Reserve,” Human Reproduction, 2004, vol. 19(3), pp. 467-469, available from http://humrep.oxfordjournals.orgcgi/reprint/19/3/467, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 3 pages. |
| Lee et al., “Modeling Real Objects Using Video See-Through Augmented Reality,” Presence, 11(2):144-157 (Apr. 2002). |
| Leven et al., DaVinci Canvas: A Telerobotic Surgical System with Integrated, Robot-Assisted, Laparoscopic Ultrasound Capability, in J. Duncan and G. Gerig (Eds.): MICCAI 2005, LNCS 3749, pp. 811-818, 2005. |
| Levy et al., An Internet-Connected, Patient Specific, Deformable Brain Atlas Integrated into a Surgical Navigation System, Journal of Digital Imaging, vol. 10, No. 3. Suppl. 1 (Aug. 1997): pp. 231-237. |
| Livingston, Mark A. et al., “Magnetic Tracker Calibration for Improved Augmented Reality Registration,” Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1997, vol. 6(5), pp. 532-546, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜andrei/pubs/1997—Presence—calibr.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 14 pages. |
| Matsunaga et al., “The Effect of the Ratio Difference of Overlapped Areas of Stereoscopic Images on each Eye in a Teleoperalion,” Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems VII, Proceedings of SPIE, 3957:236-243 (2000). |
| Meehan, Michael et al., “Effect of Latency on Presence in Stressful Virtual Environment,” Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality 2003, pp. 141-148, available from http://www.cs.unc.edu/˜eve/pubs.html, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 9 pages. |
| Milgram et al., “Adaptation Effects in Stereo due to Online Changes in Camera Configuration,” SPIE vol. 1669-13, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications III, pp. 1-12 (1992). |
| Mitchell et al., “Colposcopy for the Diagnosis of Squamous Intraepithelial lesions: a metaanalysis,” Obstetrics and Gynecology; Apr. 1998; 91(4):626-631. |
| Nakamoto et al., 3D Ultrasound System Using a Magneto-optic Hybrid Tracker for Augmented Reality Visualization in Laparoscopic Liver Surgery, in T. Dohi and R. Kikinis (Eds.): MICCAI 2002, LNCS 2489, pp. 148-155, 2002. |
| Nordstrom et al., “Identification of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Using UV-Excited Fluorescence and Diffuse-Reflectance Tissue Spectroscopy,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine; 2001; 29; pp. 118-127; Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
| Ohbuchi et al., “An Incremental Volume Rendering Algorithm for Interactive 3D Ultrasound Imaging”, UNC-CH Computer Science Technical Report TR91-003, (1991). |
| Ohbuchi et al., “Incremental Volume Reconstruction and Rendering for 3D Ultrasound Imaging,” Visualization in Biomedical Computing, SPIE Proceedings, pp. 312-323, (Oct. 13, 1992). |
| Ohbuchi, “Incremental Acquisition and Visualization of 3D Ultrasound Images,” Ph.D. Dissertation, UNC-CH Computer Science Technical Report TR95-023, (1993). |
| PCT, The International Search Report of the International Searching Authority, mailed Mar. 3, 2011, for case PCT/US2010/043760. |
| PCT, The International Search Report of the International Searching Authority, mailed Sep. 9, 2009, for case PCT/US2009/032028. |
| PCT, The Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, mailed Mar. 3, 2011, for case PCT/US2010/043760. |
| PCT. The Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority, mailed Sep. 9, 2009, for case PCT/US2009/032028. |
| Progue, Brian W. et al., “Analysis of acetic acid-induced whitening of high-grade squamous intraepitheliallesions,” Journal of Biomedical Optics; Oct. 2001; 6(4):397-403. |
| Raij, A.B., et al., Comparing Interpersonal Interactions with a Virtual Human to Those with a Real Human; IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 13(3), 443-457 (2007). |
| Raz et al, Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Guided Focal Laser Therapy in Patients with Low-Risk Prostate Cancer, European Urology 58, pp. 173-177. Mar. 12, 2010. |
| Robinett et al., “A Computational Model for the Stereoscopic Optics of a Head-Mounted Display,” SPIE vol. 1457, Stereoscopic Displays and Applications II, pp. 140-160 (1991). |
| Rolland et al., Towards Quantifying Depth and Size Perception in Virtual Environments, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, Winter 1995, vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 24-49. |
| Rosenthal, Michael et al., “Augmented Reality Guidance for Needle Biopsies: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Phantoms,” Proceedings of MICCAI 2001, eds. W. Niessen and M. Viergever, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2001, vol. 2208, pp. 240-248. |
| Rosenthal, Michael et al., “Augmented Reality Guidance for Needle Biopsies: an Initial Randomized, Controlled Trial in Phantoms,” Proceedings of Medical Image Analysis, Sep. 2002, vol. 6(3), pp. 313-320, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜fuchs/publications/. |
| Splechtna, Fuhrmann A. et al., Comprehensive calibration and registration procedures for augmented reality; Proc. Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Environments 2001,219-228 (2001). |
| State, Andrei et al., “Stereo Imagery from the UNC Augmented Reality System for Breast Biopsy Guidance” Proc. Medicine Meets Virtual Reality (MMVR) 2003, Newport Beach, CA, Jan. 22-25, 2003. |
| State, Andrei “Exact Eye Contact with Virtual Humans.” Proc. IEEE International Workshop on Human Computer Interaction 2007 (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oct. 20, 2007), pp. 138-145. |
| State, Andrei et al., “Interactive Volume Visualization on a Heterogenous Message-Passing Multicomputer,” Proceedings of 1995 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, 1995, pp. 69-74, 208, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜andrei/pubs/1995—I3D—vol2—Mac.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 7 pages. |
| Takagi et al., “Development of a Stereo Video See-through HMD for AR Systems,” IEEE, pp. 68-77 (2000). |
| Ultraguide 1000 System, Ultraguide, www.ultraguideinc.com, 1998. |
| van Staveren et al., “Light Scattering in Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of 400-1100 nm,” Applied Optics; Nov. 1991; 30(31):4507-4514. |
| Viola et al., “Alignment by Maximization of Mutual Information,” International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 1-29 (1997). |
| Viola, Paul A., Alignment by Maximization of Mutual Information, Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT-Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Technical Report No. 1548 (Jun. 1995). |
| Ware et al., “Dynamic Adjustment of Stereo Display Parameters,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Many and Cybernetics, 28(1):1-19 (1998). |
| Watson et al., “Using Texture Maps to Correct for Optical Distortion in Head-Mounted Displays,” Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual Symposium '95, IEEE, pp. 1-7 (1995). |
| Welch, Hybrid Self-Tracker: An Inertial/Optical Hybrid Three-Dimensional Tracking System, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Department of Computer Science, TR 95-048.(1995). |
| Yinghui Che, et al.,Real-Time Deformation Using Modal Analysis on Graphics Hardware, Graphite 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 2006. |
| Zitnick et al., “Multi-Base Stereo Using Surface Extraction,” Visual Interface Inc., (Nov. 24, 1996). |
| Aylward, et al., Intra-Operative 3D Ultrasound Augmentation, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, Washington, Jul. 2002. |
| Bajura, Michael et al.,, “Merging Virtual Objects with the Real World: Seeing Ultrasound Imagery within the Patient,” Computer Graphics, Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 1992, vol. 26(2), pp. 203-210, available from www.cs.unc.edu/˜fuchs/publications/MergVirtObjs92.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 8 pages. |
| Fuchs, et al.: “Virtual Environments Technology to Aid Needle Biopsies of the Breast,” Health Care in the Information Age, Ch. 6, pp. 60-61, Presented in San Diego, Jan. 17-20, 1996, published by IOS Press and Ohmsha Feb. 1996. |
| Caines, Judy S. et al. Stereotaxic Needle Core Biopsy of Breast Lesions Using a Regular Mammographic Table with an Adaptable Stereotaxic Device, American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 163, No. 2, Aug. 1994, pp. 317-321. Downloaded from www.ajrorline.org on Jul. 10, 2013. |
| Dumoulin, C.L. et al, Real-Time Position Monitoring of Invasive Devices Using Magnetic Resonance, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 29, Issue 3, Mar. 1993, pp. 411-415. |
| Jolesz, Ferenc A., M.D., et al. MRI-Guided Laser-Induced Interstitial Thermotherapy: Basic Principles, SPIE Institute on Laser-Induced Interstitial Thermotherapy (LITT), Jun. 22-23, 1995, Berlin, Germany. |
| Kadi, A. Majeed, et al., Design and Simulation of an Articulated Surgical Arm for Guidling Sterotactic Neurosurgery, SPIE vol. 1708 Applications of Artificial Intelligence X: Machine Vision and Robotics (1992). Downloaded from: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on Jul. 11, 2013. |
| Kato, Amami, et al., A frameless, armless navigational system for computer-assisted neurosurgery, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 74, No. 5, May 1991, pp. 845-849. |
| Screenshots from video produced by the University of North Carolina, produced circa 1992, Publication Date Unknown. |
| State et al., Contextually Enhanced 3D Visualization for Multi-burn Tumor Ablation Guidance, Departments of Computer Science and Radiology,and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; InnerOptic Technology, Inc., 2008, Chapel Hill, NC, pp. 70-77. |
| Fuchs, et al., Optimizing a Head-Tracked Stereo Display System to Guide Hepatic Tumor Ablation, Departments of Computer Science and Radiology,and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; InnerOptic Technology, Inc., 2008, Chapel Hill, NC. |
| Andrei State et al., “Superior Augmented Reality Registration by Integrating Landmark Tracking and Magnetic Tracking,” ACM Siggraph Computer Graphics, Proceedings of Siggraph 1996, pp. 429-438, available from www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fal101/cs597d/papers/state96.pdf, printed Sep. 20, 2007, 10 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100268067 A1 | Oct 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61207593 | Feb 2009 | US | |
| 61207589 | Feb 2009 | US | |
| 61207592 | Feb 2009 | US |
