Tagging explosives with sulfur hexafluoride

Abstract

Method and apparatus for tagging explosives with a source of SF.sub.6 permitting the detection of their presence utilizing sensitive sniffing apparatus.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There has been increasing interest in the development of techniques for the detection of explosive materials. Recent terrorist activities including that of attempts to cause the destruction of civil aircraft in flight, as well as efforts to detonate explosives in places where large groups of people congregate, have heightened this interest. In addition, there is interest in preventing theft of such explosive materials from manufacturing plants.

Present approaches to the detection of explosives involve the use of comprehensive physical searches, X-ray and similar equipment, and dogs trained to sniff out the presence of certain types of explosive materials.

These approaches are either unwieldy or are of limited usefulness.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages of the techniques now in use by providing a simplified yet reliable approach to the problem of the detection of explosive materials.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention there is provided a method of tagging an explosive comprising the step of enclosing within the blasting cap a source of SF.sub.6 to release over a period of time the SF.sub.6 in sufficient amounts of the latter to permit detection. In one embodiment, the source is a solid member fully saturated initially with the SF.sub.6, and in another embodiment a capsule is inserted containing liquid SF.sub.6 under pressure, the capsule being provided with a permeable window to permit a controlled release of the SF.sub.6 gas over a longer period of time.

Because of the penetrating nature of SF.sub.6, this invention makes it possible to detect the presence of tagged explosives inside of closed packages merely by employing a so-called sniffer to monitor these packages.

Other advantages and objects of this invention will hereinafter become evident from the following description of preferred embodiments of this invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is an elevation view in partial section of a preferred embodiment of this invention.

FIG. 2 is an elevation view in partial section of an alternative preferred embodiment of this invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a detonator or blasting cap 10 of conventional construction consisting of a shell 12 containing an explosive or detonating material 14. A rubber stopper 16 is crimped into place to seal the interior of shell 14. Within shell 12, but located on the other side of stopper 16 from the sealed material 14 is located a source 18 of the SF.sub.6. A pair of electrical leads 19a and 19b enter cap 10 to permit electric initiation.

Source 18 is a disc of suitable material in which SF.sub.6 is adsorbed. The material selected for source 18 is one which has the characteristics of adsorbing large amounts of SF.sub.6 at elevated pressures and releasing the SF.sub.6 at a slow rate at ambient conditions over a long period of time. Such materials are available commercially and include the various fluoropolymers sold commercially under various trademarks including Teflon, a trademark of the DuPont Company for tetrafluoroethylene propylene. Other such fluoropolymers known in the art include chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (CTFE), ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (E-CTFE), perfluoroalkoxy copolymer (PFA), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), and fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP). Extensive studies and tests were conducted to establish the effectiveness of the methods and apparatus described herein.

EXAMPLES

Table I shows the results of loading several different materials with SF.sub.6 by exposing a disc of each of the materials to SF.sub.6 at 300 psig at the temperature and for the time period indicated in the table. All of the materials listed in Table I are fluoropolymers available commercially. The ability of these materials to retain the adsorbed SF.sub.6 330 days from loading is shown from measurements taken of three other samples of TFE appearing in Table II. Results are similar for all the other materials.

Studies were made to determine whether certain materials could be employed as effective barriers to the detection of the SF.sub.6. It was found that if a moderately strong SF.sub.6 source is employed it is reasonably certain that barrier materials which allowed the SF.sub.6 concentration to reach 10% of steady state within 10 hours or less should not present any significant problem to detection. By a moderately strong SF.sub.6 source is meant herein a source with an elution rate of at least 1 nanoliter per minute or greater. Table III shows the results of tests taken employing selected barrier materials. The nature of diffusion phenomena is such that it appears that there are few effective ways of preventing the permeation of SF.sub.6 in amounts which are detectable.

To test the effectiveness of this method over a period of time, several TFE pieces impregnated with SF.sub.6 were carefully measured for SF.sub.6 weight loss using the electrobalance and by measuring the SF.sub.6 concentration in dry air when passed over the pieces. Table VI lists the measured weight of remaining SF.sub.6 as a function of the number of days since initial loading for three of these pieces. The measured SF.sub.6 concentrations are also included.

The present invention depends for its effectiveness in part on the availability of apparatus to detect or "sniff" the presence of SF.sub.6. There are available commercially apparatus which have this capability in sensitivity required herein. For example, there is the Analog Technology Corporation's Model 140 wide range electron-capture detector system. In addition the Brookhaven National Laboratory has developed a SF.sub.6 Sniffer which is described completely in a paper "Tracing Atmospheric Pollutants by Gas Chromatographic Determination of Sulfur Hexafluoride" appearing in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, pp. 338-342, Apr. 1973. Other companies also have available apparatus which would be useful.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the rate at which the SF.sub.6 is released declines with time.

In order to provide for a more uniform rate of release of the SF.sub.6, the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 may be utilized. There is shown a detonator or blasting cap 20 consisting of a shell 22 containing explosive or detonating material 24. A rubber stopper 26 is crimped into place to seal the interior of shell 24. A pair of electrical leads 27a and 27b are provided for initiation.

Embedded within stopper 26 is SF.sub.6 source 28 which consists of a sealed capsule of metal construction containing liquid SF.sub.6 under pressure. A window 32 of permeable material such as rubber permits SF.sub.6 to be released at a uniform, controlled rate over a longer period of time as compared to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ SF.sub.6 Loading, mg per gram materialMaterial 100.degree. C 25.degree. CMaterial wt., g. Hours/21 64 18 117 166__________________________________________________________________________CTFE 0.045 2.2 4.6 0.3 0.2 0.1E-CTFE 0.040 1.7 5.5 0.2 0.2 0.1PFA 0.018 16.8 12.9 65.0 62.8 65.9TFE-1 0.019 18.6 14.7 50.1 64.3 66.5ETFE 0.010 10.1 9.6 1.2 4.7 5.3TFE-2 0.016 10.9 9.3 33.8 38.2 37.3FEP 0.014 18.4 14.9 60.0 71.6 74.3__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE II______________________________________Weight of absorbed SF.sub.6, mg/gTFE PredictedPiece No. Measured Second Order Third Order______________________________________1 12.003 11.788 12.0482 12.275 11.631 11.9033 12.063 11.632 11.891 average deviation: -0.430 -0.166______________________________________ TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________ Volume, k Time to BarrierBarrier Material in..sup.3 %/hr 10%, hours Capability__________________________________________________________________________Cardboard carton 1 -- <0.01 ineffective 112 -- 0.07 "Polyethylene bottle (6 dram) 1.4 0.9 11.1 moderate (1 qt.) 58 0.85 11.8 "Paint can (1/2 pint) 14.4 4 2.5 slight (1 gal.) 231 0.70 14.3 moderateGlass jar (1 ounce) 1.8 <0.0004 (>3 years) very severe (1 qt.) 58 0.70 14.3 moderatePolyethylene zip-lock bag 1 31 0.32 negligible 50 0.52 19 mod. to severeBrass pipe (3/4 inch) 1.5 0.0017 5900 very severe (2 inch) 23 0.37 27 severe__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE IV__________________________________________________________________________ Weight (W) of Absorbed SF.sub.6, mg/g SF.sub.6Teflon Time, Calculated Concentration .times. 10.sup.9Piece No. days Meas. 2nd order 3rd order Meas. Calc.__________________________________________________________________________1 157 17.085 16.964 17.009 171 16.321 16.382 16.364 1.065 0.721 211 14.846 14.919 14.861 0.774 0.540 238 13.995 14.071 14.053 0.512 0.456 261 13.508 13.422 13.460 269 0.538 0.384 S.D. .+-.0.096 .+-.0.0582 157 17.108 16.967 17.036 171 16.308 16.359 16.356 1.150 0.781 196 15.306 15.376 15.322 0.838 0.642 211 14.773 14.841 14.788 0.727 0.577 238 13.974 13.967 13.953 0.539 0.485 261 13.345 13.299 13.343 269 0.537 0.406 S.D. .+-.0.083 .+-.0.0413 157 16.859 16.826 16.900 171 16.239 16.239 16.243 1.058 0.727 185 15.711 15.692 15.657 0.860 0.651 211 14.697 14.768 14.719 0.695 0.541 238 13.905 13.916 13.903 0.443 0.456 261 13.300 13.265 13.306 269 0.534 0.383 S.D. .+-.0.040 .+-.0.031__________________________________________________________________________

Claims

1. An electrical detonator having a shell containing a detonating material and means for sealing said shell, the improvement comprising a source of SF.sub.6 within said shell, said source releasing said SF.sub.6 over a period of time.

2. The detonator of claim 1 in which said source is located adjacent to and on the outer side of said sealing means.

3. The detonator of claim 2 in which said source is a solid member impregnated with said SF.sub.6.

4. The detonator of claim 3 in which said source is a fluoropolymer containing adsorbed SF.sub.6.

5. The detonator of claim 2 in which said source is a sealed capsule containing liquid SF.sub.6, said capsule having a permeable window to permit controlled release of SF.sub.6 gas.