Patent Application
20220360862
The field of the present invention relates to online access and targeted delivery of advertisements. In particular, television advertisements are targeted based on observed online (i.e., Internet) behavior of a television viewer without employing personally identifiable information.
Some of the terms used in the present disclosure or appended claims are defined as follows.
Television provider (TVP)—an entity that provides television service to a subscriber or user via any suitable transmission medium, including but not limited to coaxial cable, fiber-optical cable, network cable, phone line, satellite transmission, or VHF or UHF transmission.
Internet service provider (ISP; equivalently, an online access provider)—an entity that provides online access to a subscriber or user via any suitable transmission medium, including but not limited to coaxial cable, fiber-optical cable, network cable, phone line, satellite transmission, wireless transmission (e.g., WiMax, WiFi, other IEEE 802 wireless protocols, etc.), or VHF or UHF transmission. The online access enables the subscriber to access the Internet and its myriad online sites, or to access any future network successor to the Internet.
Set-top box (STB)—a device that connects a television and a signal source. The STB receives an incoming signal, extracts content from the received signal, and transmits the extracted content to the television to be presented to a viewer. The signal source can be a computer network cable (e.g., an Ethernet or other transmission-speed cable), a satellite dish, a coaxial cable connected to a cable television system, a telephone line or digital subscriber line (DSL), a wireless network connection, an antenna (VHF, UHF, digital, or other), or another suitable signal source. The content can include, but is not limited to, video (which often can include an audio portion), audio, Internet web pages, interactive games, or other content. An STB may or may not include a dedicated television tuner. Despite its name, an STB need not be physically located on top of a television set literally. Under current technology, STBs often are located physically adjacent to the television set, such as in a media cabinet or the like, but it is not even necessary that the STB be located in proximity to the television. Nor is it necessary that the STB be a box, literally. Rather, a STB might be implemented, for example, as a circuit board, integrated circuit, set of integrated circuits, or software that is physically integrated with another “box,” such as the television, a cable or other connection, a computer, or a building equipment or junction box, which also has other functions, or without being housed in any “box” at all.
Digital video recorder (DVR, alternatively personal video recorder or PVR)—a device that stores video content in a digitally encoded format on a digital storage medium, such as a hard drive, and enables playback of the stored content. A DVR can comprise a stand-alone unit connected to a television, an STB, or a signal source, or the DVR can comprise software that programs a computer to perform DVR storage and playback functions.
Video-on-Demand (VOD)—a system that allows users to select and view video content delivered from a signal source in response to a request from the user. Typically, the requested video content can be viewed at a time of the user's own choosing and can be paused, rewound, or fast-forwarded as desired by the user. A VOD system can “stream” the content (enabling viewing of portions of a requested item of video content while other portions are still being delivered from the signal source), or the VOD system can “download” the content and allow viewing only after a complete item is delivered from the signal source. Some VOD systems allow users to select and watch video content over a network as part of an interactive television system.
Interactive Television (interactive TV, iTV, idTV, or ITV)—any television system that enables a viewer to interact with video content delivered to a television. Interactive television can include, but is not limited to, access to Web sites through TV “crossover links,” electronic mail and online chat, online commerce, or enhanced graphics (relative to standard television offerings).
Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)—a system wherein television content is delivered via a computer network using Internet Protocol (IP). For residential users, IPTV is often provided in conjunction with Video on Demand and can also be bundled with Internet services such as Internet access and Voice-over-IP (VoIP). Commercial bundling of IPTV, VoIP, and Internet access is sometimes referred to in the industry as a “triple play.” Additional telecommunications services (e.g., mobile voice or data service) can be added, yielding a “quadruple play” and so forth. IPTV typically is supplied by a broadband service provider using a closed network infrastructure. IPTV also can be provided over the Internet or other publicly accessible computer network, in which case it might be referred to as Internet TV or TV-over-Internet. IPTV also can be used to deliver video or other content over a corporate LAN or other business network.
Online user interface device—any user interface device used to access a remote network such as the Internet, including but not limited to a cell phone or mobile handset, a personal digital assistant (PDA), or a networked computer (desktop, workstation, notebook, laptop, or other).
Online access device—any device used to connect an online user interface device to a remote network such as the Internet, including but not limited to a modem, a wired or wireless router, a wireless access point, a wired network adapter (e.g., Ethernet adapter), a wireless network adapter (e.g., IEEE 802.11, ED-VO, EDGE, HSPA, CDMA, GSM, or other), or an optical fiber based network adapter (e.g., a network interface unit or optical network terminal). Different types of online access devices can and sometimes are combined into a single unit (e.g., a modem that also functions as a router for a LAN). An online user interface device and an online access device can be, and sometimes are, combined into a single unit (e.g., a computer with a built-in Ethernet adapter, wireless adapter, or modem).
Router—any device that acts as a junction between networks, to buffer and transfer data between or among them. For example, a router can be employed to connect a local area network (LAN) to the Internet, thereby enabling online user interface devices connected to the LAN to share a connection to the Internet through the router. The router receives data from devices on the LAN and transmits them to the Internet directed to their corresponding destinations, and receives data from the Internet Internet and directs them to the corresponding devices on the LAN.
Modem—a device that enables online access by a user by acting as an interface between the online access provider's network transmission system and the user's computer or other online user interface device. Modems vary according to the type of provider network transmission system. Unless a specific type of modem is specified, the term “modem” shall encompass telephone modems, cable modems, DSL modems, wireless modems, satellite modems, or modems for providing online access to any other suitable network transmission system.
Cable modem—a type of modem that enables digital data transmission over cable television infrastructure. Cable modems are primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access using modulation frequencies that are not used for traditional television transmission.
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL, or often DSL)—a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over a copper telephone line than a conventional modem can provide. ADSL data transmission employs frequencies that typically are not used for voice transmission, usually frequencies beyond the range of normal human hearing (higher than about 20 kHz). Propagation of such high-frequency signals over standard copper telephone lines typically is poor, typically limiting the use of DSL to distances less than about 5 km. Once the signal reaches the telephone company's nearest central office (CO), the ADSL signal is stripped off and routed into a conventional data network, while any voice-frequency signal is routed into the conventional telephone network. That arrangement enables a single telephone line to be used for both data transmission and telephone calls simultaneously.
DSL modem—an ADSL transceiver, also known as an ADSL modem, used to connect one or more computers to a phone line to use an ADSL service. A DSL modem also can be referred to as a remote ADSL termination unit (ATU-R). An ADSL modem can also be configured to act as a router, managing the connection and sharing of the ADSL service with multiple computer or other networked devices. Such a combined device can be referred to as a DSL modem/router or similar terminology.
Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)—a device enabling high-speed connections between telephone lines and a computer network such as the Internet. Typically it is located at a telephone company central office (CO) and connects multiple Digital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) to a computer network, typically the Internet, using a suitable multiplexing technique.
Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS)—equipment typically found in a cable company's headend that is used to provide data communication over the cable television infrastructure, thereby enabling the cable company to offer services such as broadband Internet access or VoIP to its subscribers. To provide high-speed data services (i.e., broadband access), a cable company typically connects its headend to the Internet using high capacity data links, directly or through a network service provider. On the subscriber side of the headend, the CMTS enables data communication with each subscriber's cable modem. Various CMTSs are capable of serving different cable modem population sizes, which can range from 4,000 cable modems to 150,000 or more. A given cable company headend may have only a few CMTSs, or a dozen or more, depending on the size of the cable modem population serviced by that headend.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)—a system that automatically assigns Internet Protocol addresses (IP addresses), subnet masks, default routers, and other IP parameters, which are required for proper routing of data transmissions to or from a particular device connected to the network. The assignment usually occurs when a DHCP-configured computer, modem, router, or other device boots up or regains connectivity to the network. The DHCP client (i.e., DHCP software resident in the computer) sends out a query requesting a response from a DHCP server on the network. The query is typically initiated immediately after booting up and before the client initiates any IP-based communication with other hosts. The DHCP server then replies to the client with its assigned IP address, subnet mask, domain name server (DNS), and default gateway information (referred to as “stateful” assignment). The assignment of the IP address usually expires after a predetermined period of time, at which point the DHCP client and server renegotiate a new IP address from the DHCP server's predefined pool of IP addresses. Because, under DHCP, the IP address of a given computer varies over time, various network-related functions are more difficult. For example, configuring firewall rules to allow access to or from a machine that receives its IP address via DHCP is more complicated because the IP address varies from time to time. Network administrators typically must enable access to an entire remote DHCP subnet for a particular TCP/UDP port. Such complications arise in other instances as well. Many residential routers and firewalls are configured in the factory to act as DHCP servers for home networks. A computer can also be used as a DHCP server. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) generally use DHCP to assign individual IP addresses to subscribers. DHCPv6, which is the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), enables local generation of IP addresses (i.e., “stateless” assignment). Although such stateless address auto-configuration of IPv6 substantially eliminates a prime motivation for DHCP in IPv4, DHCPv6 can still be used to statefully assign addresses if needed or desired by a network administrator. DHCPv6 can also be used to distribute information that is not otherwise discoverable, e.g., the domain name server.
Behavioral targeting—the delivery of specific advertisements to a subscriber, the advertisements being selected on the basis of activity of the subscriber, typically recent activity, including but not limited to: online searches conducted by the subscriber; content accessed by the subscriber online or on television; online advertisements viewed, clicked on, or otherwise accessed by the subscriber; online shopping or purchases made by the subscriber; and any other form of previous subscriber activity.
Central Ad Server (CAS)—a computer server that manages delivery of online advertisements to visitors of online sites. A local ad server can be typically run by a single online publisher to serve ads to visitors of websites of that publisher's Internet domains, or by a single advertiser to serve ads into ad space acquired by the advertiser on various other websites. A third-party or remote ad server typically is remotely located and delivers advertisements of various advertisers to visitors of websites of multiple domains owned by multiple publishers. The remote ad server acts as a central conduit for delivering advertisements, enabling advertisers and publishers to track the distribution of their online advertisements and to control the rotation and distribution of their advertisements across the Internet from one location. The advertisements can be stored on the CAS for later delivery, can be transmitted to the CAS and then delivered from the CAS upon receiving an ad request, or can be delivered from another source in response to an ad request received and routed by the CAS. Examples of third-party ad servers include DoubleClick's DART for Publishers central ad server (also known as DFP) and DoubleClick's DART for Advertisers central ad server (also known as DFA).
Profile provider—An entity that collects profile information that is used to target advertisements. In the context here, the profile provider cooperates with a CAS, which receives all or part of the collected profile information from the profile provider for use in targeting TV advertisements. User profile information derived from online activity can include observed online behavior of a user accessing the Internet or demographic information collected from a user accessing the Internet. Examples of profile providers can include, but are not limited to, any entity that owns or uses: (1) a visited Internet site server; (2) a server delivering content, images, audio, video, text, or any combination directed to an online user interface device (such as a computer or other online interface device) via an online access device (such as a modem or router), either directly or indirectly (e.g., via a redirect); (3) a server delivering an ad to an online user interface device via an online access device on behalf of an advertiser or an ad network; (4) a server recording an activity conducted from an online user interface device such as a click on an ad or a link to an ad, a viewing of an ad, a click on a link to particular content, a search, a request for product information, receipt of particular content, a product purchase, a telephone call made, or any other selected and definable user activity; or (5) a server facilitating instant messages or any other kind of communication on behalf of the user. Another example of a profile provider is: (6) a company sponsoring and having access to a computer program located on the user's computer or other online user interface device that can observe the user's online activity (with the user's permission), such as a browser toolbar or desktop search software. A profile provider, broadly, can be: (7) any entity able to collect behavioral profiles (observed online activity) or demographic profiles (provided by the user), preferably for purposes here including the IP address used when the profile was observed or collected and the date and time the profile was observed or collected, regardless of whether or not the entity collected a given profile directly through contact with the user's computer or indirectly from another entity such as those listed in this paragraph. In some cases, a user's online activity will result in direct contact between the online user interface device via an online access device and the profile provider, e.g., if the profile provider is an online commerce site, the user makes a purchase at the site, and the online commerce site generates a profile for that user. In other instances there may be no direct contact between the profile provider and the user, e.g., if the user makes a purchase at an online commerce site that in turn reports information pertaining to the user to the profile provider. In some situations, also, a profile provider might also own or otherwise control a CAS, in which case user profiles can be immediately available to the CAS without need for transmission between separate entities.
Profiles or partial profiles provided by a profile provider to a CAS can contain any quantity of profile information, such as, in one example, just an online access IP address used by a person at the time his profile was collected and the identity of the profile provider. The IP address can be provided by the profile provider itself or might be obtained by the CAS when a user engages in any online activity or provides an item of demographic information and is redirected by a profile provider to the CAS. In another example, a profile can be more extensive and can include demographic or behavioral information, such as an extensive browsing history, shipping or purchase histories, content viewed, and other information concerning the user's characteristics or the user's activities. Although the profile provider is an entity, many or most of the actions attributed to the profile provider are actually performed by equipment under the administrative control of the profile provider, such as computers, servers, software running on those computers or servers, network connection hardware or software, or other equipment. Such actions may still be characterized as being performed “by the profile provider,” whether performed automatically, semi-automatically, or manually.
Personally Identifiable Information (PII)—information that can be used to identify a specific person, including but not limited to: name, Social Security number (SSN), date of birth, street address, email address, static IP address (if any), phone number (home, work, wireless), financial account numbers (bank accounts, credit accounts, or any other financial data), driver's license number, vehicle registration number, vehicle license number, facial photographs, fingerprints, handwriting or signature, or any other information that can assist in identifying a specific person.
Non-Personally-Identifiable Information (non-PII)—information about a person that typically cannot be used to specifically identify that person, including but not limited to: city, state, or country of residence, age, gender, race, ethnicity, school or workplace (if sufficiently large), salary or income, hobbies, dynamically assigned IP addresses, online sites visited, online searches conducted, or other information that is useful to know about a person but done not by itself allow one knowing the information to identify the particular person.
Cookie—a text file placed on a user's computer by a server that also serves content to the user's computer using browser software. The cookie typically can be read or altered only by a server operating under the same Internet domain as the server that originally placed the cookie. The cookie file can be used to identify a computer that has already been in contact with the same domain and can also be used to store PII or non-PII pertaining to a user of that computer. In a first example, a cookie can store non-PII such as previous searches conducted at the site, or pages viewed or visited at the site, by the computer user. In a second example, a cookie can be used to store a username used by the user to access a site, customized preferences of the user, or various pieces of PII. It should be noted that a cookie file can also be created, altered, or deleted by software located on the user's computer.
Television advertisement (TV ad)—a full screen video ad, a partial screen video ad, a banner ad, a text ad, an audio ad, or any other form of advertisement suitable for delivery to and visual or audible presentation by a television set.
Various systems are used currently for targeting advertisements based on user/viewer/customer behavior. Many of these rely on the collection of personally identifiable information (PII) to enable correlation of the person exhibiting the behavior and advertisements targeted at that person. There are some examples wherein advertisements can be targeted without collecting PII, but in such examples it is typically the case that the medium of the behavior and that of the advertisement are the same. For example, many grocery stores hand out so-called “club cards” that need not be linked to PII. A shopper presents the card at checkout to receive various discounts, thereby allowing the store to link the list of purchased items to the card. As the system “learns” the shopper's purchasing habits, the system begins issuing coupons targeted at at purchases that the shopper has made previously or that the system predicts the shopper may wish to make based on past purchases. In another example, online advertisements are readily targeted based on an Internet user's online activities without using PII. The use of cookies enables an ad server to recognize an Internet site visitor who has been previously presented with ads by the ad server or who has conducted searches or accessed content at sites linked to the ad server. The ad server can target future advertising to the site visitor based on that previous activity. A user who has searched for airline tickets to southern California on an online travel site, for instance, can later receive targeted online advertisements for Disneyland, delivered perhaps while visiting some other online site, to the user's computer from an ad server that collected the user's search information from the online travel site.
It becomes more difficult to avoid the use of PII when it is desired to target advertising in one medium based on activity in another. Various schemes currently are implemented, under development, or being considered wherein PII is used, e.g., to target television advertisements based on a viewer's online behavior. Some of those schemes involve agreements or alliances among television providers, online access providers, online search portals, or online sites. The PII has typically been required to make the connection between the different media, because different devices are typically employed to access each one.
A significant shortcoming of many such cross-media ad-targeting systems is the need to use PII to target advertisements delivered in one medium based on user behavior in another medium. Battelle (John Battelle, The Search, Portfolio, New York, 2005) describes the delivery of personalized ads to a DVR based on observed online behavior of the DVR user (conducted searches, sites visited, etc., including PII) when he or she was using a personal computer for online access and further describes financially rewarding the user for watching the ad (e.g., by reducing the fee for the TV service or by offering “free” TV service). However, many consumers object to the merging or correlation of personally identifiable information and online behavior. Financial incentives such as free or reduced-fee games, screen-savers, content, or Internet access in return for information useful for targeting ads requiring collection and use of PII and data pertaining to online behavior generally have not proven to be attractive to the public in the past. Such combining of PII with online behavior data has proven particularly unattractive to consumers having larger incomes, who advertisers are especially interested in reaching.
An example of a cross-media ad-targeting system, planned to be implemented as a result of an announced alliance between Google and BSkyB, is a system wherein BSkyB can use searches conducted by their subscribers on the BSkyB Internet search portal to deliver targeted ads to the DVR's of those same subscribers. BSkyB already has PII pertaining to its television subscribers, so linking search results from its own search portal site may not seem too alarming to its subscribers. Nevertheless, PII is still required to target the television advertisements. However, many and perhaps most search sites and content sites accessed online are not owned or controlled by television service providers. In addition, many and perhaps most search sites and content sites do not typically collect PII to identify those users who access them online.
It is therefore desirable to provide systems and methods for delivering targeted television advertisements to users or viewers based on their online behavior (searches performed, sites visited, online ads viewed, an so on), but without using PII to link the television viewer to his or her online activity.
In a method for delivering targeted television advertisements based on online behavior, IP addresses indicating online access devices and IP addresses indicating television set-top boxes are electronically associated, for a multitude of users. Using user profile information derived from online activity from one of the online access IP addresses, a television advertisement is selected, such as by using behavioral targeting or demographic information, and automatically directed to the set-top box indicated by the set-top IP address associated with that online access IP address. Preferably neither the user profile information nor the electronic association of online access and set-top box IP addresses includes personally identifiable information.
Objects and advantages pertaining to delivery of targeted television advertisements based on online behavior may become apparent upon referring to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings and disclosed in the following written description and/or claims.
The embodiments shown in the figures are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure and/or appended claims.
In the following disclosure and appended claims, the term “user” shall be construed as one or more persons receiving online access or television service at a delivery end-point within a household, office, business, or other site or establishment served by an online access provider or television service provider. Thus, delivery of a television ad to “the user” based on access of an online site by “the user” might involve a single person, or one person might access the online site while the corresponding television ad might be delivered to another person in the household, office, business, or other site or establishment. The delivery end-point may be one television set or multiple sets of a given user; likewise, online access may involve one or more computers or other online interface devices of a given user. In some instances, a business having multiple physical locations may be served by separate online or television services, but in other instances, a business may have an internal LAN or WAN that extends service provided to multiple physical locations. Also, some computers and televisions are portable, and can access the service provided from remote locations. Accordingly, the term “user” is intended to refer to that person or those persons who receive the provided services and does not require a fixed or single location in such instances.
In the disclosed exemplary systems and methods for delivering targeted television advertisements based on online behavior, IP addresses indicating online access devices and IP addresses indicating television set-top boxes are electronically associated, for a multitude of users. Using user profile information derived from online activity from one of the online access IP addresses, a television advertisement is selected, such as by using behavioral targeting or demographic information, and automatically directed to the set-top box indicated by the set-top IP address associated with that online access IP address. Preferably neither the user profile information nor the electronic association of online access and set-top box IP addresses includes personally identifiable information. The online access and set-top box IP addresses can be electronically associated for many or all of the users of the multitude before directing television ads to any of the multitude of users. Alternatively, online access and set-top box IP addresses can be electronically associated for one or a few of a multitude of users at any given time as needed for directing television ads to users, with additional IP addresses electronically associated at later times for directing other television ads to additional users.
In an exemplary system for serving targeted television advertisements based on a user's online behavior, the user receives both television service and Internet access from a common service provider that acts as both an internet service provider and a television provider. Accordingly, such a provider entity can be referred to as ISP/TVP. The basic layout of this scenario is illustrated schematically in
Many users of online access service (i.e., subscribers) are not provided with a static IP address; instead a dynamic IP address (designated as IPmodem in the figures) is allocated to the user's modem 32 for online access, typically through DHCP. The online access IP address is allocated by the Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) if ISP/TVP 20 is a cable company, whereas the online access IP address is allocated by the Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) if ISP/TVP 20 is a phone company. Other types of online access providers allocate dynamic IP addresses in a similar manner using analogous equipment. It is to the modem IP address (i.e., the online access IP address) that traffic from a remote network is routed to the modem 32 and hence to other devices sharing the modem connection to the remote network; the modem IP address is the only address “seen” by the remote network. The dynamically assigned online access IP address is replaced after some time interval by another IP address allocated to modem 32. ISP/TVP 20 transmits (as in
Because the user pseudonym and online access IP address are associated with the modem 32, multiple computers or other devices sharing the modem connection for online access will share the online access IP address and the user pseudonym. When the user's STB 36 is used to access a web-based server (for accessing an online programming guide, for example, through the cable television transmission system or through a connection to the Internet), ISP/TVP 20 additionally transmits (as in
ISP/TVP 20 reports to CAS 40 that user XY123 is accessing the Internet using online access IP address aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd and has STB 36 using STB IP address eee.fff.ggg.hhh. These associations can be stored on CAS 40, or only by ISP/TVP 20, as desired. If user XY123 engages in online activity from IP address aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd (for example, accessing an online site 50, as in
The particular television advertisement thus directed typically is selected for delivery to the user's STB 36 based on the user's online behavior (e.g., merely accessing the online site 50, viewing a particular web page, performing a particular search, clicking on a particular link or ad, online shopping or purchases, or other activity). Information about observed online behavior (i.e., indications of online activity) or collected demographic information can be used by the CAS or by the profile provider to direct a targeted TV ad. In the latter case, the CAS has just the IP address of the profiled user and the identity of the profile provider but not the observed online behavior or demographic information collected by the profile provider, so the CAS can direct a TV ad to the user merely by enabling the profile provider to arrange for the delivery of a targeted TV ad based on the observed online behavior or demographic information available to the profile provider. Examples of profile providers are given above.
The profile provider (such as the proprietor of online site 50) can send an electronic communication to the CAS, preferably automatically such as by having the profile provider's server pre-programmed to send such electronic communication, which electronic communication contains information that the CAS will use in causing a selected TV ad to be transferred to the STB at the proper time. The electronic communication received by the CAS contains information derived from the interaction of the user with an online site (i.e., online activity), which can be online site 50 or another online site for which the profile provider has access to data about user interactions. The electronic communication can take a variety of forms, including: (1) an indicator of an indicator of the TV ad that should be shown, such as an URL or ad title given by the profile provider to retrieve the correct TV ad from the profile provider's ad server, or even the actual TV ad; (2) an indicator of information about the user (likely not PII), such as (a) an IP address pointing to the user, preferably with time and date of visits; (b) a description of profile information about the user, or (c) a code or keyword used by the profile provider to fetch a visitor's profile from a database; or (3) an indicator describing user activity, such as a code or keyword indicating (a) certain categories of users, such as users likely interested in mortgages or users likely interested in travel, etc., or (b) more simply, what the visitor searched for on the online site, such as “car insurance.” The electronic communication can be sent for each instance of a user interacting with the online site, or a list can be created and transmitted containing information about a number of user contacts. The electronic communication can include any combination of items 1-3 above; for example, a list of visitor IP addresses (preferably with date/time of visits) can be usefully paired with an indicator, in the form of a URL or code, identifying specific TV ads that the profile provider would like to deliver to each of the listed visitors.
Once requested, the television advertisement can be transmitted to the user's STB in a variety of ways. The advertisement can be previously stored on the CAS and transmitted directly from the CAS to the user's STB (
As IP address are dynamically assigned and reassigned, ISP/TVP 20 reports updated online access and STB IP addresses to CAS 40 (as in
In another exemplary system for serving targeted television advertisements based on a user's online behavior, the user need not receive both television service and Internet access from a common service provider. The basic layout for such a system is illustrated schematically in
In an exemplary implementation, a user's STB 36 can periodically contact a CAS 40 (or multiple CASs) via the IP address of the user's modem 32 that is common to STB 36 (as in
When a user engages in online activity (for example, accessing online site 50, as in
The television ad can be directed to the STB that most recently reported to CAS 40 as the common IP address the online access IP address from which online site 50 was accessed. In that case, the IP addresses can already be associated when the user profile information is used or the association can be created when the user profile is received or afterwards. Or the television ad can be directed to the STB that next reports that IP address to CAS 40 as the common IP address. In that case, the IP addresses might not be associated until the STB and CAS 40 are next in communication with each other and the STB IP address is received by CAS 40. Associations between STBs and online access IP addresses could be stored for future usage or could be created in real-time when a STB communicates with a CAS to receive TV ads and not stored for future usage (i.e., the association is dropped as soon as the TV ads are delivered to the STB). If the periodic contact interval is sufficiently small relative to the typical or average time interval between reallocation of IP addresses, then it is likely that those two IP addresses will be the same and that the television ad will be directed to the correct STB. There will be a small fraction of television ads that are misdirected, if the online access IP address is reassigned between the accessing of the online site (i.e., deriving the user profile information) and the relied-upon contact between the user's STB and the CAS (i.e., associating the IP addresses). That fraction can be reduced by reducing the periodic time interval between STB reports of its common IP address to the CAS or configuring the STB to report changes to the common IP address (i.e., to enable updating of the association between the IP addresses). Associations between online access and STB IP addresses can be stored for future use, or the IP addresses can be associated in real-time only when an STB communicates with a CAS to receive TV ads and not stored for future use (e.g, the association can be purged upon directing the TV ads to the STB).
Instead of relying on or waiting for contact from the STB reporting its common IP address to one or more CASs, the online site accessed by the user could instead query one or more CASs to find an STB with a common IP address matching the online access IP address from which the online site was accessed. If a matching STB IP address is found, a request is transmitted to the corresponding CAS to transmit a television advertisement to the STB. If the query, match, and request are completed sufficiently quickly, then the probability can be kept low that a television ad will be directed to the wrong STB.
In another exemplary implementation, the user's STB 36 can be assigned an identifier, which need not include PII. Such an identifier can be permanently or temporarily assigned to STB 36. Examples of such identifiers could include an equipment serial number or a portion thereof, a device MAC address or a portion thereof, a username, a pseudonym, a confirmation number, a tag, or any other identifying code or data element. The CAS can place an identifier on the STB the first time it is in contact with the STB and read or amend the identifier every time afterwards the STB and the CAS are in contact. Such an identifier is an analogy of a “cookie” used by online servers to recognize visitors' computers. The identifier can include the IP address the STB is using when in contact with the CAS, so the next time the CAS and the STB are in contact, the CAS could compare the IP address then used by the STB with the previous IP address used by the STB without looking in a database. From a privacy perspective, there is an advantage to using an identifier placed by the CAS on the STB, because it enables the user to control the identifier from user's TV screen and set privacy settings to match user preference. A user may, for example, erase the identifier, alter the identifier to inform the CAS the next time it is in communication with the STB that the user is not interested in targeted ads, interested only in ads targeting online behavior from the last seven days, interested in ads in certain categories only, or interested in all types of ads except for certain excluded categories (e.g., adult content). In addition to reporting the common IP address to CAS 40, STB 36 can also report the identifier. When an online site 50 is accessed from the common IP address, online site 50 requests that a television advertisement be transmitted to the STB having the common IP address. The identifier of the STB most recently reporting the common IP address before the request is compared to the identifier of the STB that next reports that IP address to CAS 40 after the request. If the compared identifiers match, then it is nearly certain that the STB corresponds to the same user online access IP address from which online site 50 was accessed and the television advertisement is correctly directed. If a unique identifier is used (such as a complete MAC address or a complete device serial number) then misdirecting the television ad is virtually impossible. Even if the identifier is not unique (e.g., a partial MAC address or serial number, or a simple four-digit number), it is still highly unlikely that a given IP address would be reallocated between STB's that happen to have the same identifier. Use of an identifier can enable accurate directing of television ads to the correct STB while requiring the STB to report its IP address to the CAS less frequently, reducing network traffic and other resource requirements.
In another exemplary implementation, instead of reporting the common IP address of STB 36 to CAS 40 relatively frequently, STB 36 can be configured to store its common IP addresses and corresponding times and dates that each of the addresses is assigned to modem 32 (and hence also to the LAN to which the STB 36 is connected). The common IP address can be periodically sampled and the sampling stored (e.g., every 1, 5, or 10 minutes, or some other suitable interval), or the specific times and dates of IP address reassignments can be stored with the corresponding IP addresses. STB 36 can be configured to periodically (e.g., every 4, 6, 12, or 24 hours, or some other suitable time interval) report to CAS 40 all of the common IP addresses assigned to modem 32 and the corresponding dates and times they were used for some preceding span of time (e.g., 1, 7, 14, 30, or 90 days, or some other suitable interval). Alternatively, the common IP address can be stored on the STB as part of a cookie or tag set and subsequently read or reset by CAS 40. CAS 40 also can be configured to receive IP addresses and corresponding access times and dates for all visitors to an online site 50 that wishes to deliver television advertisements based on online user behavior. Online site 50 periodically reports to CAS 40 (as in
The common IP addresses (and corresponding times and dates) can be stored on the CAS. Alternatively, privacy can be enhanced in this implementation by storing the common IP addresses (and corresponding times and dates) locally on the STB, instead of on the CAS, so the only device that monitors the different IP addresses assigned to the same access device is the STB. If stored, whether on the STB, on the CAS, or elsewhere, the list of common IP addresses can be purged. Purging of the IP addresses can be done periodically, at any suitable time interval, and can be manual or automated. Similarly, the list of online access IP address (and corresponding times and dates) from which an online site has been access can be purged. The STB can be employed to set privacy options, thereby enabling the user to control at least partly if and how TV advertisements are targeted. For example, the user might choose whether or not, or for how long, the CAS or STB will record and retain the IP addresses assigned to the user's modem, or can choose to erase all presently stored IP address data.
Typically a router does not provide the IP address of the cable, DSL, or other modem to the computer(s) or device(s) connected to it or to a LAN managed by it. STB 36 requires this information to store it for later reporting to CAS 40. One method for enabling this functionality includes providing an Internet server (perhaps as part of CAS 40, or perhaps an independent server) that receives periodic requests from STB 36 and replies to STB 36 with the common IP address (i.e., the IP address of modem 32, through which STB 36 is provided with online access). Any other method for monitoring the common IP address can be employed, including configuring the modem 32 to directly report its IP address to STB 36. STB 36 periodically monitors the IP address of the modem 32 at a selected time interval (described above), and stores the modem IP address (i.e., the common IP address) and the corresponding times and dates each common IP address was allocated to the user's modem.
In any embodiment or implementation in which STB 36 reports IP address data to CAS 40 (either stored on STB 36 or for storage at CAS 40), that communication can be achieved in several ways. STB 36 can report the common IP address through the online access modem 32. Alternatively, STB 36 can report to CAS 40 through a dedicated upstream data channel 37 that is part of the television system (as in
It should be noted that some STBs have a dedicated modem and typically would not need to obtain online access through the user's online access modem to deliver television service to the user. However, other functionality of an STB includes, or is expected to include, delivery of audio, video, images, and other content from a user's computer 34 or other networked devices to the user's television 38. To provide that functionality, STB 36 must be connected to the same LAN or router as the user's computer(s), even if the STB has its own modem. Although using its own modem for most of its functions, such an STB would still have additional online access through the user's online access modem 32, enabling the user's online access and STB to have a dynamically assigned common IP address (as described above). The STB can report the common online access IP address through the online access modem 32 at the common IP address or through the STB's dedicated modem at its own IP address. The television advertisement transmitted to the STB can be received through the online access modem 32 at the common IP address or can be received through the STB's dedicated modem at its own IP address (if, for example, the CAS is provided with the STB modem IP address along with the common IP address).
However the user's online access and STB IP addresses are electronically associated, the association can be maintained even if the online user interface device 34 is a mobile device (e.g., an Internet-enabled cell phone, handset, PDA, or laptop computer) that is intermittently disconnected from modem 32 and is connected to the Internet through another connection (e.g., another LAN, a wireless hotspot, or a cell phone network, as in
Furthermore, the selected television advertisements can be directed to STB 36 even after a mobile device 34 is disconnected from modem 32 and begins accessing the Internet through roaming online access IP addresses. A tag or cookie placed on mobile device 34 (or stored in a database elsewhere, such as on CAS 40, by CAS 40, or somewhere accessible on STB 36 or its associated LAN), which tag or cookie can include online access IP addresses (and corresponding dates and times) of modem 32 or STB 36. Those IP addresses (and dates and times) can be reported to CAS 40 by mobile device 34 while roaming (following a redirect from visited online site 50 for example), and a television advertisement can be directed to STB 36 (using the IP address reported by the roaming mobile device 34) at the request of online site 50. Because a new IP address might be assigned to modem 32 and STB 36 after roaming device 34 is disconnected from modem 32, an identifier for STB 36 (as described earlier) can be employed to verify that the television advertisement is directed to the correct STB. The identifier can be stored on mobile device 34 as part of the cookie or tag.
However the user's online access and STB IP addresses are electronically associated, the STB can be configured to filter the targeted television advertisements based on user preferences. For example, a user might program the STB to reject certain ad categories (e.g., women's clothing, or health ads) and accept certain other ad categories (e.g., automobile ads, electronic equipment ads, or travel ads). The filtering can be configured as “opt in” (i.e., receive ads only in selected categories) or “opt out” (i.e., receive ads in all but selected categories). In another example, a user might filter ads based on how long ago an online site was visited; e.g., the user might choose to accept ads only from Internet sites visited in the last seven days. Such filtering or preference data can be applied before or after an ad is selected to be transmitted. The STB can be configured to notify the CAS or the online site to prevent selection, or transmission, of the television advertisement, or the STB can accept the advertisement but then not display it to the user. In an exemplary implementation, such user preference or filtering information can be stored in the STB as part of a cookie or tag set and subsequently read or amended by the CAS. User preference or filtering information can be stored in any suitable location or format.
In another implementation, no software is required to be installed on the mobile device, only cookies are placed on the device, which makes implementation in the market much simpler. Once a STB is confirmed to have been using a certain IP address at a certain date and time (for example by having a uniquely tagged STB consecutively communicate with the CAS using the same IP address or by the STB reporting the common IP address recorded by it as used by the online access device), the CAS database can be searched to find all the computers, mobile devices, and other STBs that used the same IP address at the same date and time, and those will be assumed to be devices that are part of the same household and using the same LAN. Then, an association or link is created among the devices, by linking the device identifiers or tags with the STB's identifier in the CAS database or by placing linking codes or information identifying the linked devices within the identifiers (cookies) of each of the devices along with the date and time the association was created. The association is kept for no more then a pre-determined period of time (such as seven days), to ensure that the delivered TV ads will be based only on online activity of those people that live in the house and not on online activity of people that happened to use the house's LAN only once, such as houseguests.
Once the association is created, profile information (both behavioral and demographic) collected about the computers and mobile devices before and after the association was created could be used to target ads to the STB, regardless of the IP addresses used by the computers and mobile devices (such as cell phones) to access the web at the time the profiles were collected.
For example, consider a common scenario where a laptop, used both at home and in the office, is linked to a home STB as a result of it being used at home. The day after the association was created, the laptop is taken to work, where it is used to visit a home mortgage site (using a different LAN or online access device than the one used at home). The home mortgage site redirects the laptop to the CAS along with a request to transmit a mortgage-related TV ad from one of the site's advertisers to the laptop user. The CAS, reading its own cookie that was placed on the laptop, checks its database and finds that the laptop is linked to a certain STB. In the evening, when the laptop user returns home and turns on the TV, the user will see the mortgage-related TV ad, even if TV ad, even if the user left the laptop at work that day.
In another example, suppose a laptop user using a laptop at work one morning views a home mortgage advertiser's ad, before any association between the laptop and a home STB is created. When the mortgage advertiser ad server redirects the laptop to the CAS with a request to transmit a TV advertisement to the user, the CAS places a cookie on the laptop, or reads its own cookie if it encountered the laptop before. The CAS, finding no association between the laptop and a STB, stores the IP address used to view the advertiser's online ad, the CAS cookie used to mark the laptop, the date and time the ad was viewed, and a link (e.g., a URL) to the advertiser's TV ad. In the afternoon, suppose the laptop user returns home with the laptop. When the user accesses the Internet via the home's LAN with the laptop, suppose the user visits a travel site interested in delivering travel-related TV ads to the user from the site's advertisers. When the travel site redirects the laptop to the CAS, the CAS reads its own cookie and records the IP address used by the laptop to access the travel site, the CAS cookie used to mark the laptop, the date and time the site was visited, and links to TV ads (sold by the site to its travel advertisers). Next, the home STB is in contact with the CAS in the evening to check whether there are any TV ads available for its user. The CAS then uniquely identifies the STB using a tag it previously placed on the STB and recognizes that the STB is using the same IP address as the STB did several days ago. The CAS checks which profile providers were visited by computers and mobile devices using the same IP address since the STB's last contact. The CAS finds the laptop visit to the travel site using the common IP address. The CAS further finds the laptop's view of the online mortgage advertiser's ad, using the cookie used by the CAS to mark the laptop. The CAS can then redirect the STB to fetch the mortgage TV ad, using the link provided by the mortgage advertiser (despite the fact that the online mortgage ad was viewed by the laptop before making the association with the home STB) and redirect the STB to fetch the travel TV ads from the links provided by the travel site.
An Internet site can determine in one of several ways which CAS to contact to arrange for targeted delivery of television advertisements to a visitor of the online site:
(i) Each ISP (or ISP/TVP) has a block of IP addresses from which it dynamically allocates IP addresses to users using DHCP. Based on the online access IP address of a visitor to the site, an Internet site can determine which ISP the visitor is using to access the site. The site can then transmit a request to the correct CAS for that ISP. The request could be transmitted by redirecting the user to the correct CAS, for example.
(ii) The CAS or the CAS owner can transmit to participating Internet sites a file that includes a list of online access IP addresses that the CAS currently recognizes. Updated files can be transmitted at suitable intervals. An Internet site can receive such files from multiple CASs, and according to the information in the files can determine the proper CAS from which to request that an ad be served to the Internet site visitor.
(iii) The Internet site can request ads from all or most major CASs, relying on the probability that at least one of them may have registered the IP address allocated to the site visitor by the ISP that provides the site visitor's online access. If that is the case, that CAS can transmit to the Internet site a confirmation that the CAS recognizes the site visitor's online access IP address. The Internet site can deliver its request by redirecting a visitor to all or most major ISPs that operate a CAS, for example, or by sending all or most of the major CAS servers a file with the IP addresses and corresponding times and dates of visitors to the site.
The CAS that receives a request to deliver a television ad to an Internet site visitor might already have electronically associated an STB IP address with the visitor's online access IP address. If not, the CAS can store the site visitor's online IP address, the identity of the requesting Internet site, and the time and date of the visit to the Internet site. If the site visitor's STB later accesses the Internet server and the ISP/TVP transmits the site visitor's STB IP address to the CAS, the CAS can then arrange delivery of requested television ads. Or if the site visitor's STB reports a common IP address that matches the site visitor's IP address, the CAS can then arrange delivery of requested television ads.
Although the CAS is described as an entity separate from the profile provider, it could well be owned by or otherwise controlled by the profile provider. For example, if a profile provider is an online site (a large site such as Google could be a good example), in that implementation no redirect (or other inter-party communication) to the CAS will be required because the CAS is the server collecting the profile on behalf of the online site. For example, Google's CAS could collect the IP addresses of users who search on Google, what those users search for, at what times and dates the searches took place, and possibly the Google cookies used to mark those users' computers. Due to the very large amount of profile information about so many people accumulated by Google, the Google CAS could be used to serve TV ads to STBs. An STB communicates with the Google CAS to check whether a STB user has used another computer or mobile device to search on Google (the Google CAS uses the STB's common IP address to find those other computers or mobile devices, as explained above), and if Google finds such searches were made, it arranges for delivery of targeted TV ads, sold by Google to its advertisers, to the STB of users who made such searches.
As a security precaution, many residential or home office network routers are set by default to block access from the Internet to devices connected to router. In this default mode, television advertisements can be transmitted to the STB through the modem/router only upon if an initiated request is transmitted by the STB. The STB can be configured to query the CAS periodically for television ads awaiting transmission to the STB, and in response the CAS can either transmit the ad or direct the STB to retrieve the ad from the accessed online site or from another online site or ad server. Alternatively, enabling “Port Forwarding” on the router would allow direct access from the Internet to a STB connected to the Internet through the modem/router, thereby enabling the CAS or online site to transmit, at its own initiative, an advertisement to the STB.
However the transmission of the advertisement is initiated, and whatever the source of the transmitted advertisement, the STB can save the advertisement (in its own memory or storage or in a DVR) for viewing at a later time by the user (perhaps repeatedly), or the advertisement can be presented in “real-time” or “streaming” format. The advertisement (stored or real-time) can be presented independently, or can be integrated into other television content. Any suitable procedures for transmitting the targeted television advertisement to the online user's STB can be employed.
An online site or other profile provider can provide to the CAS a profile of a visitor, in return for a fixed payment or a commission based on revenue generated by a television advertisement transmitted to the profiled visitor. In such a case the transmission request received by the CAS from the profile provider includes the visitor's profile (searches performed, pages viewed, provided demographic attributes, etc.; typically not PII). The CAS can match the profile with one or more other television advertisements to be delivered to the visitor's STB (in addition to those requested by the online site). Such additional ads can be sold by the CAS or by another party, and can be transmitted directly from the CAS or pulled by the STB from another site or ad server to which the CAS redirects the STB.
As described previously herein, it is often the case that more than one computer or other online user interface device is connected to the Internet through a single modem or router, and all devices sharing that connection will appear to an online site to be connected through the same IP address at any given time. For example, in a home scenario, a parent and a child in the same household might each use their own computer to access the Internet, with the parent visiting sites pertaining to news or finance and the child visiting sites pertaining to pop music or television. (The same is true in a business setting, where many computers may access websites through a common modem or router.) Each such site visited by any person on the LAN reports to the CAS the IP addresses and corresponding times and dates of each of those visits (which are the same at any given time for both computers). The STB in the same household reports to the CAS the common IP address used for online access. The CAS can now match the STB to the various sites visited. Television advertisements can be selected based not only on requests made by the visited sites (as already described) but also on content being viewed on the television when the TV advertisement is delivered. For example, if programming is being viewed on the television that is typically targeted at adults (e.g., news, financial reports, or adult drama) then television advertisements requested by the news or finance online sites are presented. Alternatively, if programming is being viewed on the television that is more typically targeted at children or teenagers, then television advertisements requested by the pop music or fashion online sites are presented. Both types of ads can be directed to the STB and stored for later viewing (during viewing of suitable television content) or can be directed to the STB and viewed as the suitable television content is viewed. The same discrimination between types of sites visited using multiple online access multiple online access devices can be employed regardless of whether the computers in the household are fixed or mobile devices, through the techniques discussed previously herein.
In another implementation, the CAS arranges for delivery of TV ads to the STB along with associated television program targeting criteria, such as targeted age (kid, teen, adult, or senior), targeted gender, or type of content (travel, finance, news, or other subjects). The STB chooses the TV program within which to serve each of the delivered ads based on comparing the television program targeting criteria to actual program characteristics. Program characteristics can be ascertained by virtue of their being included in the electronic TV guide available to the STB or sent with the program as accompanying embedded data, for example, using known or later-discovered techniques. In a variation, when the STB delivers a television program to the user, or when the television program is about ready to show an advertisement, the STB can connect with the CAS and report to the CAS the identity of the viewed program, and the CAS can respond with an instruction identifying which of the ads stored in the STB (previously delivered from the CAS to the STB) should be delivered during the viewed program, based on comparing the characteristics of the program being viewed with the targeting criteria.
The television advertisements directed to users' set-top boxes at the request of a profile provider can come from a variety of sources. In one example, a given profile provider can request that the CAS direct an advertisement to the user's STB from (or on behalf of) the profile provider itself (if, for example, the profile provider is an online advertiser site interested in delivering TV ads to people that visited its online site) or from (or on behalf of) a related site (perhaps a site in the same Internet domain as the given profile provider). In that example, the proprietor of the CAS, as the facilitator of the targeted TV ad delivery based on the online site visit, can receive a payment from the profile provider. The CAS proprietor can keep a share of revenue as a commission and pay the TVP for the ad space (except in the case where the CAS proprietor owns the ad space). The TVP can either retain the entire amount paid by the CAS proprietor, if the TVP owns the TV ad space within which the TV ad was delivered, or the TVP can pay some or all of the amount paid by the CAS proprietor to another entity such as a TV broadcasting network, if the TVP does not own the ad space. In the case where the STB is provided by a third party other than the TVP (such as a service provider like Tivo), the STB provider can arrange with content owners (such as a TV broadcasting network) to have the service provider's STBs replace broadcasted TV ads with targeted TV ads, where a targeted TV ad is available, and the service provider and the TV broadcasting network can share the revenue with the CAS proprietor as discussed above. In some cases, the CAS can be owned by a TVP, an ISP, an STB provider, an online site, a TV ad space owner, or a TV content provider, in which case the payments will be divided in accordance to the respective roles. In general, a payment from a TV advertiser is used to pay the TV ad space owner and the entities facilitating the delivery of the targeted TV ad.
In another example, the online site or other profile provider can request that an ad from another advertiser of its own choosing be directed to the user's STB to whom the online site has sold an amount of television advertising space. The online site generates a new revenue stream by selling TV ads to its advertisers, where the TV ads are delivered to members of the online site's audience while they watch TV. In that example the online site can collect a revenue amount from the site-chosen advertiser while paying the CAS, ISP, TVP, ISP/TVP, or TV ad space owner in return for assisting to facilitate delivery to the STB of the ad provided by the site-chosen advertiser.
In another example, the profile provider provides a profile to the CAS in return for a payment triggered (1) every time the provided profile (whether including behavioral or demographic data) is used to deliver a TV ad, (2) when a TV ad that has been delivered using the provided profile generates revenues, or (3) simply on account of delivery of the profile without regard to whether, how often, or how effectively it is used.
The TV advertisement itself can be sold by the CAS, ISP, TVP, ISP/TVP, STB provider, TV ad space owner, or any third party such as a re-seller or a firm that represents ad space owners or profile providers and sells to advertisers. In that example the profile provider can collect a revenue amount from any of the entities benefiting from the delivery of the TV ad based on the profile provided by the profile provider, including the TV ad space owner, STB provider, CAS, ISP, TVP, ISP/TVP, or a third party selling the targeted ad space. The profile provider, re-seller, or the other advertisers can also pay a revenue amount to the CAS, ISP, TVP, or ISP/TVP in return for directing the ad to the STB.
The systems and methods disclosed herein can be used to generate revenue in a variety of ways for various of the involved entities, not limited to the examples given here, that fall within the scope of the present disclosure or appended claims. It should be noted that the terms “pay,” “collect,” “receive,” and so forth, when referring to revenue amounts, can denote actual exchanges of funds or can denote credits or debits to electronic accounts, especially automatic payment implemented with computer tracking. The terms can apply whether the payments are characterized as commissions, royalties, referral fees, holdbacks, overrides, purchase-resales, or any other compensation arrangements giving net results of split advertising revenues as stated above. Payment can occur either immediately, such as through micro-payment transfers, periodically, such as daily, weekly, or monthly, or upon accumulation of payments from multiple events totaling above a threshold amount. The systems and methods disclosed herein can be implemented with any suitable accounting modules or subsystems for tracking such payments or receipts of funds.
The systems and methods disclosed herein can be implemented as general or special purpose computers or other programmable hardware devices programmed through software or as hardware or equipment “programmed” through hard wiring, or a combination of the two. Computer programs or other software, if used, can be implemented in temporary or permanent storage or in replaceable media, such as by including programming in microcode, object-oriented code, web-based or distributed software modules that operate together, RAM, ROM, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, hard drives, thumb drives, flash memory, optical media, magnetic media, semiconductor media, or any future storage alternatives.
It is intended that equivalents of the disclosed exemplary embodiments and methods shall fall within the scope of the present disclosure and/or appended claims. It is intended that the disclosed exemplary embodiments and methods, and equivalents thereof, may be modified while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure or appended claims. For example, where the term “product” is used in connection with a shopping or purchase request, the product can be a physical product, intangible product, or a service.
For purposes of the present disclosure and appended claims, the conjunction “or” is to be construed inclusively (e.g., “a dog or a cat” would be interpreted as “a dog, or a cat, or both”; e.g., “a dog, a cat, or a mouse” would be interpreted as “a dog, or a cat, or a mouse, or any two, or all three”), unless: (i) it is explicitly stated otherwise, e.g., by use of “either . . . or,” “only one of . . . ,” or similar language; or (ii) two or more of the listed alternatives are mutually exclusive within the particular context, in which case “or” would encompass only those combinations involving non-mutually-exclusive alternatives. For purposes of the present disclosure or appended claims, the words “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” and variants thereof, shall be construed as open ended terminology, with the same meaning as if the phrase “at least” were appended after each instance thereof.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13097885 | Apr 2011 | US |
| Child | 14246525 | US | |
| Parent | 12860666 | Aug 2010 | US |
| Child | 13097885 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16925655 | Jul 2020 | US |
| Child | 17714965 | US | |
| Parent | 16228479 | Dec 2018 | US |
| Child | 16925655 | US | |
| Parent | 15803631 | Nov 2017 | US |
| Child | 16228479 | US | |
| Parent | 15179356 | Jun 2016 | US |
| Child | 15803631 | US | |
| Parent | 14246525 | Apr 2014 | US |
| Child | 15179356 | US | |
| Parent | 11736544 | Apr 2007 | US |
| Child | 12860666 | US |
