Patent Application
20140338517
The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for increasing the security at sensitive locations such as plant sites, buildings, utility sites and military installations, and relates more specifically to an improved method and apparatus for increasing security utilizing fluidized granular solids. Even more specifically, the present invention involves a defensive enhancement to a security system and method utilizing tear gas.
The enhancement of security at sensitive locations has always been a concern throughout modern history. At the present time, methods of limiting, controlling, and/or monitoring access of vehicles and personnel to buildings and sites typically include fences, access gates, guardhouses, barricades and related obstacles. Commercially available solutions also include sliding gates, drop bars, bollards, anti-ram walls, hydraulic wedges, hydraulic rising beams, retractable bollards, tire shredders, and ditches.
When a situation involves the potential of forced entry or secret unauthorized entry by personnel on foot or inside vehicles, particularly when aggressive unauthorized entry is involved, the typical approach involved armed personnel, impenetrable fences or gates and/or barricades. This approach has proven to be inadequate in many situations such as those involving people and vehicles both of which may be equipped with explosives.
Other drawbacks of the aforementioned means employed to address these situations involve the inability to assess, or the faulty assessments of, the intention underlying an intrusion. By the same token, miscommunications also tend to promote uncertainty. As a result of these problems, personal injury and/or significant damage to vehicles can easily result in unwanted fatalities and costly material loss.
Solutions to many of the security concerns and problems raised above have been disclosed in PCT/US2006/026495, U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,654 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,760,087, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Despite their inherent advantages, the systems and methods disclosed in these references are predominantly effective in specific situations and against specified forms of aggressors and attacks, such as for the protection of an embassy or building from an approaching vehicle or individual carrying explosives, where the explosion and damage are generally intended to be inflicted more swiftly and with greater force and immediate impact. By comparison, in large demonstrations or hostile attacks involving many people and which may commence peacefully but develop and escalate gradually, a fluidized bed alone may be an insufficient defensive measure to protect a given area or building and the individuals within. Once the bed is fluidized, individuals outside the effective fluidized area may avoid or circumvent the proscribed and affected area and seek alternate means to breach the perimeter defenses.
Accordingly, there remains a need to maintain or control perceived hostile situations involving less lethal or non-lethal, yet aggressive congregations of individuals. By the same token, once the affirmative lethal intent of a mob is determined, there remains a significant need to delay the actions of its constituents until help arrives or to enable escape of those who are threatened. In view of the foregoing, there is a need to effectively guard against and disperse hostile groupings of individuals and aggressive demonstrators in a non-lethal manner which promotes the dispersion of these individuals prior to the escalation of an event taking place, for example, outside a government building or on the perimeter of a secured or guarded location.
Generally, various types of tear gas have been utilized by governments and policing agencies and organizations to disperse or quell riots and hostile assemblies of individuals. One of the most notable tear gas compounds is 2-chlorobenzalmalononitride (C10H5ClN2) termed “CS.” This compound is most frequently used due to its strong effect and exhibiting the least toxicity in comparison with other similar chemical agents. However, despite its advantages, establishing a uniform, appropriately concentrated delivery of CS gas to a crowd demonstrating in a given area is difficult because CS is a solid at room temperature, not a gas.
In the prior art, a variety of approaches have been used to make the CS solid serviceable as a gas, including, but not limited to, dissolving the CS solid in an organic solvent and delivering the combination as an aerosol; heating the CS solid in a thermal grenade by generating hot gases to evaporate the CS; melting and spraying CS in its liquid form; and other ways known in the art. However, none of these methods have achieved a reliable or consistently controllable concentration when utilized in amidst a crowd.
In view of the deficiencies and drawbacks in the prior art, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a tear gas enhanced fluidized bed security system and method which supplies tear gas to an area in order to effectively disperse hostile or otherwise aggressive individuals assembling at or around a building or on the perimeter of guarded location.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a tear gas enhanced fluidized bed security system and method which delivers tear gas in a reliable, uniform and desirable concentration to effectively disperse hostile or otherwise aggressive individuals without causing long-term physical damage as a result.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a tear gas enhanced fluidized bed security system and method which distributes tear gas utilizing the same gas (e.g., air) that results in fluidization of the fluidized bed.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a tear gas enhanced fluidized bed security system and method which provides additional time to inhabitants of a building or secured area to receive assistance, mobilize and/or escape the threat from a hostile assembly in the vicinity.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a reliable, concentration-controlled tear gas delivery system.
Additional objectives will be apparent from the description of the invention that follows.
The present invention provides a tear gas-based enhancement to a security system implemented for the purpose of inhibiting unauthorized entry or access by a third party to a location. At the core of the invention, the system provides for the reliable and controlled application of a specified concentration of tear gas emitted in conjunction with gas (e.g., air) blown through a bed of fluidized granules (e.g., silicon sand, beach sand) of approximately 60 mesh.
In a preferred embodiment, a tear gas enhanced security system is implemented by creating the fluid bed security apparatus according to the principles and disclosure set forth in PCT/US2006/026495, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,405,654 and 7,760,087. In that regard, a substantially planar defined surface area is selected, beneath which, one or more first enclosures are disposed. Preferably, each first enclosure comprises a retaining structure along the open perimeter of each first enclosure to inhibit collapse. At least a majority of each first enclosure is disposed below the defined surface area. In a preferred embodiment, the open perimeter of the first enclosure is substantially flush to the surface of the defined surface area.
Within each first enclosure, a fluid bed configuration is placed, said configuration preferably including a gas distribution piping array and a plurality of fluidizable granular solids in a surrounding relationship to the gas distribution piping array having gas injection nozzles that are fluidly connected to the gas distribution piping array. Other means for delivering fluidizing gas to the fluidizable granular solids may also be utilized. An air blower, gas fluidizer or other fluidizing gas means is fluidly connected to the gas distribution piping array to provide a fluidizing gas (e.g., air).
In a preferred embodiment, operatively and fluidly attached to the gas distribution line(s) is a solution of CS tear gas comprised of CS and a methylene chloride solvent. The CS tear gas solution is fed at a reliably controlled concentration and rate to mix with the fluidizing gas. The construction of the fluid bed configuration allows the CS tear gas to distribute among the fluidized particles and pass through the top surface thereof. As the gas exits, it spreads out over the large area above and around the fluidized bed to neutralize individuals in the vicinity.
Moreover, a tear-gas enhanced fluidized bed security apparatus may also be utilized in connection with a method for inhibiting movement by one or more unauthorized third parties at a location. Thus, in addition to providing a fluid bed configuration disposed in a first enclosure disposed in the defined surface area set up with a tear gas delivery module as set forth above, a sensor or detector may be provided to detect the presence of one or more unauthorized third party. Once the sensor is triggered, the fluidized bed is set off and tear gas enhanced fluidization of the fluid bed commences. This not only inhibits coordinated and unauthorized movement, but also clouds the immediate vicinity and impairs vision of individuals not trapped in the fluid bed but sufficiently close to be affected by tear gas. Fluidization and distribution of the tear gas may be continued until the threat is neutralized.
Advantageously, the present invention provides a tear gas enhanced security system as well as tear gas enhanced methods for impairing vision and inhibiting coordinated movement of unwanted third parties while also still avoiding the use of potentially lethal force common with security measures currently in use at sensitive locations.
The invention also provides a means to delay unauthorized entry into a secure area, thus providing additional precious time for inhabitants of a secured building or area to escape. As a result, personal injury, loss of life and material loss are minimized. These and other advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the description set forth below.
The above-described and other advantages and features of the present disclosure will be appreciated and understood by those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and drawings of which
The present invention provides a tear gas enhanced fluid bed security system and accompanying methods for inhibiting unauthorized movement and/or providing additional time to evacuate a secured location from where ingress or egress is restricted.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a tear gas enhancement may be applied to an existing or new fluidized security bed apparatus constructed in accordance with the disclosures and teachings set forth in PCT/US2006/026495, U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,654 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,760,087 which are incorporated herein by reference.
The security system provides a first enclosure disposed in a defined surface area extending from a location for movement of personnel to and from the location. A fluidized bed configuration is disposed in the first enclosure. Under normal conditions, the fluidized bed within the defined surface area is maintained in a defluidized state allowing personnel to traverse an open perimeter of the first enclosure that is disposed in the defined surface area. If suspicious behavior is detected, a fluidizing gas means or air blower is activated causing gas (e.g., air) to be fed to a gas distribution piping array within the fluid bed configuration to fluidize the granular solids. Fluidization of the granular solids typically occurs in a matter of seconds. As a result of fluidization, a third party individual or vehicle traversing the open perimeter of the first enclosure sinks into the fluidized bed and becomes at least partially submerged. The granular solids are thereafter defluidized resulting in the third party being immobilized in the bed of granular solids.
In accordance with the invention, personnel are defined as anyone or anything that can move to or from a location along a defined surface area. Representative examples of personnel include, but are not limited to, an individual, a group of individuals, a vehicle or a group of vehicles, animals, or any mobile device. Vehicles in this context can be either remotely-operated or manually-operated.
A third party is any personnel whose movement to or from a location should be potentially restricted. Representative examples of third parties to be restricted from a location include, but are not limited to, terrorists, car bombs, truck bombs, suicide bombers, rioters, prisoners, protestors, foreign soldiers and any combination thereof.
A location is any site into which or from which personnel seek ingress or egress. Representative examples of a location include, but are not limited to, buildings, government facilities, military facilities, correctional facilities, commercial processing facilities, energy generating facilities, water reservoirs, medical facilities, airports, or dams.
A defined surface area is any two-dimensional surface defined by a boundary used by personnel to move to or from a location. In a preferred embodiment, a defined surface area is a roadway, a pathway, a walkway or any other means used for movement or travel by personnel to or from a location. Representative examples of a defined surface area include, but are not limited to, areas inside or outside buildings, areas surrounding facilities such as prisons, at the end of airport runways or runaway truck ramps on major highways. The defined surface area can be substantially planar, substantially inclined, substantially elevated or any combination thereof. Preferably, the defined surface area is substantially planar.
Referring now to the drawings,
As shown in
In accordance with the present invention, granular solids 14 preferably measure from about 40 to 100 US Mesh particle size, and more preferably from about 60 to 80 US Mesh particle size. As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, a variety of granular solids having different granular particle types, shapes, compositions or densities can also be used. In accordance with the invention, granular solids 14 are disposed in first enclosure 18 until the top surface of the bed is substantially parallel to the defined surface area.
In a preferred embodiment, as shown in
Support structure 52 is preferably defined by a perimeter smaller than open perimeter 26 of first enclosure 18 so that the fluidization of the medium causes support structure 52 to fall into fluidized bed of granular solids 14 as personnel become submerged in fluidized bed of granular solids 14. Preferably, support structure 52 is adapted to fall at a rate equal to or greater than personnel traversing the granular solids 14 when fluidized. A cross-sectional view of support structure 52 is provided in
For example, when a signal is given by installed sensors or by the observation of a guard, gas means 24 is activated to fluidize granular solids 14 via piping array 12. Upon entering open perimeter 26, vehicle 54 will veer downward and enter the liquid-like medium created by fluidized granular solids 14. Entry of vehicle 54 into the fluidized medium will cause vehicle 54 to decelerate and eventually stop. Generally, vehicle 54 will become submerged to a level that prevents the doors of the vehicle from being easily opened. Preferably, vehicle 54 is submerged in the bed to a level just above the door panels and about several inches on to the door windows. Fluidizing gas means 24 is thereafter deactivated so that the bed of granular solids 14 is defluidized and returned to the original state. Preferably, the bed defluidizes in less than 8 seconds, with less than 6 seconds being preferred. The defluidization of the granular solids 14 traps vehicle 54 and its occupants in place because the doors cannot be fully opened when vehicle 54 becomes at partially buried in the bed to a sufficient depth. In a preferred embodiment, vehicle 54 is removed from the bed manually. In yet another preferred embodiment, vehicle 54 is removed from bed of granular solids 14 with proper lifting equipment by reactivating gas means 24 and refluidizing the bed. As used herein, proper lifting equipment can include, but is not limited to, two or more lifting straps submerged within bed of granular solids 14. The lifting straps can be connected to a hoist positioned above vehicle 54. Bed of granular solids 14 is fluidized and vehicle 54 can be removed by hoisting it up and out of the bed using the lifting straps. Fluidizing the bed after the lifting straps are in place reduces the lifting capacity needed to remove the vehicle from the bed.
The choice of fluidizing medium and its properties for granular solids 14 will determine the extent of the viscosity and density of the medium. As a result, the selection of granular solids 14 will affect the rate of deceleration and thus deceleration can be adjusted within a range to avoid extensive damage to the vehicle and its occupants. Another parameter to be considered is the size of fluidized bed configuration 10 to be provided within the defined surface area, which should be calculated when determining the size of the excavation. These parameters can easily be ascertained by one of ordinary skilled in the art following the teachings of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, as shown in
In another preferred embodiment as shown in the side view depicted in
Personnel 58 are able to traverse walkway 62 without difficulty as shown in
In still another preferred embodiment, to protect bed of granular solids 14 in both roadway 32 and walkway 62, shield 64 is located above open perimeter 26 as shown in
The properties of the bed of granular particles such as the pseudo viscosity, fluidized bulk density, minimum fluidization velocity and pseudo hydraulic behavior are determined by the physical properties of the granular solids including particle density, particle shape, particle size, and particle size distribution, and the physical properties of the fluidizing gas including density, viscosity and fluidization velocity. In accordance with the present invention, the properties of the granular solids and the fluidizing velocity of the gas phase can be easily selected to achieve the needs of the particular security application. The determination of these properties is well within the ability of those of ordinary skill in the art following the teachings of the invention.
Referring to
An array of plastic piping 12, such as depicted in
The purpose of the tank with 250 psig air is to assure that if an intrusion signal is activated, there is sufficient high pressure air to fluidize the unfluidized bed in less than 3 seconds. After approximately 15 seconds of fluidization from the high pressure tank, the low pressure higher volume compressor takes over the fluidization and can continue for extended periods of time as needed. This high flow 6 psig compressor has the capacity to maintain fluidization as long as required with the high pressure compressor turned off. This combination of high and low pressure blowers provides for an immediate fluidization in under 3 seconds and the subsequent requirements for steady state fluidization as the tank pressure drops to approximately 6 psig and the tank valve is closed. This fluidization stage can then be maintained for as long as needed. The intruding vehicle is typically submerged and stopped within one to two seconds. If the intruding vehicle is a car, or small truck or motorcycle, the fluidization air would be stopped in less than one or two seconds to trap the occupants.
Notably, air supply tanks 210 are not shown for each fluidized bed moat module 200. Furthermore, it is typically not necessary for each fluidized bed moat module 200 to be equipped with its own air supply tank 210. Thus, when a building or secured area is being protected by many fluidized bed moat modules 200, the system requirements initiate air flow can be met with a fewer number of air supply tanks 210 than modules 200 because one tank 210 can service more than one module 200.
In many preferred embodiments, the fluidization period lasts for two or more minutes depending on the total available supply. At the conclusion of fluidization period, a valve in the air supply tank 210 closes and the air compressor may take up to sixty (60) minutes (and sometimes more) to re-pressurize the tank 210 to re-establish the security system.
Table 1 lists parameters for a preferred embodiment of a fluidized bed moat module. These parameters are typical of a security moat to protect a specific building against intrusion. Notably, the parameters may be altered as needed in accordance with the present invention to suit other building configurations or forms of intrusion. By the same token, the parameters below may be utilized in connection with a tear gas enhanced fluid bed module or other fluid bed based security system.
With reference to
When delivered as a gas at a defined concentration, such as 3% volume % CS in air, CS reacts with moisture on the skin and in the eyes causing a burning sensation and the immediate forceful and uncontrollable shutting of the eyes. A delivery method that causes higher concentrations or larger droplets causes burning and tearing of the eyes, profuse coughing, nasal mucus discharge, nose and throat irritation, disorientation, dizziness, shortness of breath and other uncomfortable reactions. In highly concentrated doses it can also induce vomiting. These effects are generally non-lethal in nature. Thus, the application of CS tear gas to a fluidized bed security system, which in many respects aims to reduce the rate of lethal events, is a suitable match. It should be appreciated that higher or lower concentrations of CS may be utilized while still keeping within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Referring again to
Outside the building is a fluid bed moat section comprising the tear gas enhanced fluidized bed protection system 300. System 300 can be positioned so that it encircles the entire building or is limited to a section of the building considered vulnerable to unauthorized entry by personnel or a vehicle equipped for a violent penetration of the building wall. When the fluid bed is not fluidized and in a defluidized state, the outside fluid bed is at grade level and personnel or vehicles can walk or drive on the defluidized moat.
In this embodiment, the fluid bed moat section comprises a walled container 307 and a distributor plate 318. The walled container 307 is filled to grade level with sand 309. Underneath the distributor plate 318, is a volume or plenum chamber 319 which is a receiver for the fluidizing gas. The source of fluidizing gas is a compressor 301, which keeps the pressure in tank 311 at a controlled elevated pressure by pumping the air through controller and indicator 317 and through check valve 304. Check valve 304 prevents reverse flow in line 302 which conveys the air to the three valves 308, 308, 308, which then feeds the air to the multiple sections of the plenum chamber 319.
This flow of air through feed pipes 328, 328, 328 fluidizes the sand volume surrounding the building being protected. Air fed through feed pipes 328, 328, 328 pressurizes the plenum volume 319 and the air is driven uniformly through the distributor plate 318 into the bed of sand. The fluidized sand behaves like a dry quicksand and any person or vehicle on the surface of the sand bed 309 is immediately partially submerged in the sand bed to a level of three or four feet. If the bed is defluidized after submergence the person or vehicle is trapped in the bed and could only escape with the aid of the proper authorities re-fluidizing the bed to enable removal with a winch for the vehicle or a short ladder for the person.
In the event the intrusion involves penetration of the building wall and/or an unruly crowd forms outside of the building, the threatening crowd could be controlled by another signal and within about 15 seconds the mechanism for emitting tear gas is activated and CS gas starts flowing. In a preferred embodiment, the CS tear gas is provided in a solution of CS and methylene chloride solvent 316 held in tank 303 which is maintained by pressurized nitrogen gas in the free board provided from nitrogen cylinder 305 at a pressure of 8 psig through pressure regulator 315 and line 312 to tank 303. The flow rate of the solution of CS in methylene chloride is fed at a prescribed flow rate through flow control valve 306. The CS solvent enters the fluidized gas line 302 and mixes through with air flowing in fluidizing feed line 302. The check valve 304 ensures that no air from line 302 can back flow into tank 303. The flow rate of CS in solution is adjusted by flow control valve 306 such that the resulting concentration of CS flowing in line 302 to the inlet valves 308 is approximately 3% CS in this feed line. This rate of flow of CS is precalculated from the known air flow rate of air in line 302 coming from tank P-1 311. The check valve 312 ensures that there cannot be any chance that the CS solution gas can reach tank 311.
Significantly, the concentration of CS gas fed to the fluid bed is controlled by regulating the concentration of CS gas in the methylene chloride solvent, the flow rate of solvent mix and the flow rate of air from tank 311. These controlling and setting values for the concentration of CS gas-methylene chloride solvent mix, the flow rate of the solvent mix and the known air flow rate from tank 311 results in the ability to control the ultimate concentration CS gas being disseminated through the fluid bed at an optimum required level. With the concentration of CS gas controlled carefully there is virtually no possibility of over concentration in the surrounding affected area and this action is less than lethal, as desired. Among the benefits of helping disperse an unruly assembly, applying a CS tear gas in this manner may also provide important time needed to delay entrance by those who are more determined (and/or better equipped) to enter a secured location. The tear gas enhancement, can be operatively connected by those of ordinary skill in the art to (and selectively disconnected from) many fluid bed configurations, in addition to the fluid bed moat units shown in
With reference to
Accordingly as depicted in
Aside from the difference in air supply, the primary difference between system 300 and system 400 is that the gas feed does not feed into a plenum chamber 319 for fluidizing sand particles. Instead, gas is fed into piping array loops 440, an example of which is depicted in
Utilizing the configuration and system specified above, the flow of CS tear gas commences within approximately 3 minutes of initiation of an actuation signal, whether based on the observed potential aggressive mob intrusion or otherwise. In a most preferred embodiment, sufficient CS tear gas supply should be available for at least an hour to allow sufficient time for authorities or help to arrive.
The accompanying drawings only illustrate a preferred embodiments of a tear gas enhanced fluidized bed security system and method, its constituent parts, and method of use. However, other types and configurations are possible, and the drawings are not intended to be limiting in that regard. Thus, although the description above and accompanying drawings contains much specificity, the details provided should not be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiment(s) but merely as providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiment(s). The drawings and the description are not to be taken as restrictive on the scope of the embodiment(s) and are understood as broad and general teachings in accordance with the present invention. While the present embodiment(s) of the invention have been described using specific terms, such description is for present illustrative purposes only, and it is to be understood that modifications and variations to such embodiments, including but not limited to the substitutions of equivalent features, materials, or parts, and the reversal of various features thereof, may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It should also be noted that the terms “first,” “second” and similar terms may be used herein to modify various elements. These modifiers do not imply a spatial, sequential, or hierarchical order to the modified elements unless specifically stated.
This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/823,095, filed on May 14, 2013 and hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61823095 | May 2013 | US |
