Technique for efficiently avoiding transient routing disturbances in link state routing protocols with link state packet fragmentation

Abstract

A technique efficiently avoids transient routing disturbances in link state routing protocols with fragmented link state packets (LSPs) in a computer network. According to the novel technique, a link state router (LSR) specifies which of two or more links are to be advertised in each of two or more corresponding LSP fragments. The LSR advertises the states of the specified links in the corresponding LSP fragments to one or more other LSRs. In other words, each link of the LSR is assigned to a particular LSP fragment, and the state of the link is always to be advertised in that particular LSP fragment (i.e., no fragment wrapping). Upon receiving the LSP fragments, the other LSRs may update the correct link states based on the individual LSP fragments, i.e., without transient routing disturbances caused by fragment wrapping.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and further advantages of the invention may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals indicate identically or functionally similar elements, of which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary computer network that may be used in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is schematic block diagram of an exemplary router that may be advantageously used with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary LSP that may be transmitted by the routers;

FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic block diagrams of an illustrative fragmented LSP that may be advantageously used in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a procedure for efficiently avoiding transient routing disturbances in link state routing protocols with fragmented LSPs in accordance with the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary computer network 100 that may be advantageously used with the present invention. The network 100 comprises a plurality of interconnected network nodes, such as Routers A-F. Illustratively, the routers may be interconnected by one or more links, such as, e.g., over local area network (LAN) links, wireless LANs, etc., to form the network 100. As used herein, the links connecting the routers are referred to as the router to which the link connects. For example, from Router A, Router C may be reached via Link C. Conversely, from Router C, Router A may be reached via Link A. Each router may be used to reach one or more destination address prefixes and may be interconnected to one or more other routers, not shown. Those skilled in the art will understand that any number of nodes, routers, links, etc., may be used in the computer network 100 and connected in a variety of ways, and that the view shown herein is for simplicity. For instance, while each router is shown connected to Router A, those skilled in the art will understand that the routers may each be interconnected to the others (e.g., in a full-mesh fashion) or to some of the others (e.g., in a partial-mesh fashion), and that the connections as shown are for illustrative purposes as used below.

Data packets may be exchanged among the routers of the computer network 100 using predefined network communication protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol, Frame Relay protocol, Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol, etc. Routing information may be distributed among the routers within an AS using predetermined “interior” gateway protocols (IGPs), such as conventional distance-vector protocols or, illustratively, link state protocols, through the use of link state advertisements or link state packets (LSPs) as described further below. Notably, a router that communicates using link state routing protocols may be referred to herein as a link state router (LSR).

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary node 200, which is illustratively a router (e.g., an LSR) that may be advantageously used with the present invention. The router comprises a plurality of network interfaces 210, a processor 220, and a memory 240 interconnected by a system bus 250. The network interfaces 210 contain the mechanical, electrical and signaling circuitry for communicating data over physical links coupled to the network 100. The network interfaces may be configured to transmit and/or receive data with interconnected network nodes using a variety of different communication protocols, including, inter alia, TCP/IP, UDP, ATM, RSVP, synchronous optical networks (SONET), wireless protocols, Frame Relay, Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), etc.

The memory 240 comprises a plurality of storage locations that are addressable by the processor 220 and the network interfaces 210 for storing software programs and data structures associated with the present invention. The processor 220 may comprise necessary elements or logic adapted to execute the software programs and manipulate the data structures, such as link state database (LSDB) 249. A router operating system 242 (e.g., the Internetworking Operating System, or IOSTM, of Cisco Systems, Inc.), portions of which are typically resident in memory 240 and executed by the processor, functionally organizes the router by, inter alia, invoking network operations in support of software processes and/or services executing on the router. These software processes and/or services may comprise routing services 247 and link state (IGP) services or process 248. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other processor and memory means, including various computer-readable media, may be used to store and execute program instructions pertaining to the inventive technique described herein.

Routing services 247 contain computer executable instructions executed by processor 220 to perform functions provided by one or more routing protocols, such as various link state (IGP) routing protocols, e.g., IS-IS, (as link state services 248), etc. These functions may be configured to manage a forwarding information database (not shown) containing, e.g., data used to make forwarding decisions. Routing services 247 may also perform functions related to virtual routing protocols, such as maintaining VRF instances (not shown) as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

Changes in the network topology may be communicated among routers 200 using a link state protocol, such as the conventional IS-IS protocol. Suppose, for example, that a communication link fails within a network or a cost value associated with a network node changes. Once the change in the network's state is detected by one of the routers, that router may flood an IGP Advertisement communicating the change to the other routers in the network (e.g., the broadcast network). In this manner, each of the routers eventually “converges” to an identical view of the network topology.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary IGP Advertisement (LSP) 300 that may be flooded by the routers 200, (e.g., an IS-IS LSP). The packet includes an intra-domain routing protocol discriminator field 302 that stores a value identifying the specific protocol of the message (e.g., IS-IS), and a length indicator field 304 that stores a value indicating the length of the standard header for the advertisement. Also, a version/protocol ID extension (ext) field 306 may be used to further store a value defining the particular version of the protocol. Reserved field 308 and “R” fields are reserved for future use with the protocol, as are the ECO and User ECO fields 314 and 316, all of which are illustratively ignored by the receiving router until directed for decoding in future versions of the protocol.

A type field 310 (and corresponding version field 312) stores a value indicating the type (and version) of LSP 300 being transmitted, which may define the existence of other type-specific fields 322 within the LSP. For example, the type of advertisement may be a “Hello” packet, an LSP, etc., as will be understood by those skilled in the art. The PDU length field 318 stores a value indicating the length of the entire PDU (Protocol Data Unit, or LSP 300), including the header, type-specific fields, and data fields. A source ID field 320 stores a value that identifies the router that generated and originally broadcast the LSP 300.

The other type-specific fields 322 may include any number of fields as defined by the protocol, such as checksum fields, maximum area address fields, etc., as understood by those skilled in the art. For example, a sequence-number field (not shown) may store a sequence number indicating the relative version of the LSP. Typically, the sequence number stored in the field is-incremented, e.g., by one, for every new version of the LSP. The LSP 300 is therefore considered “stale” (invalid) if its sequence number is less than the sequence number stored in a previously-received version of the LSP, i.e., generated by the same advertising node. Accordingly, the routers 200 may be configured to store and forward only the most recent version of an LSP, e.g., the version having the largest sequence number. A remaining lifetime field (not shown) may also be used to store a value that may be used for determining whether the LSP 300 is valid. The remaining lifetime value is typically initialized to a non-zero integer value, often in units of seconds. The remaining lifetime value may be decremented, e.g., by one every second, until the remaining lifetime value reaches zero, thereby indicating that the LSP has become invalid. That is, every router 200 that stores or floods the LSP 300 continuously ages the packet until the remaining lifetime value equals zero. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other aging mechanisms alternatively may be used, such as incrementing the LSP remaining lifetime value from an initial value, e.g., equal to zero, until the remaining lifetime value reaches a known upper limit.

The data section 330 includes one or more variable length fields 325, which each have a specific type (or code), length, and value (TLV) as will be understood by those skilled in the art. For example, to advertise network topology, one or more pairs of neighboring-node fields (not shown) and cost fields (not shown) may be used (e.g., a “link state”). The neighboring-node fields may store a value, such as an address, indicating a network node that is directly accessible from the intermediate node identified in the source ID field 320. The cost field may store a value that has been associated, e.g., by the advertising node, with the network node identified in the neighboring-node field. It is noted that in other embodiments, a single neighboring node may be associated with a plurality of cost values. Other routing information may also be included in the variable length fields 325 of the LSP 300, such as checksum values, padding fields, proprietary fields, etc. Generally, the received LSPs are stored in LSDB 249 of the router 200. As mentioned above, LSP 300 may be separated (fragmented) into two or more LSP fragments, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Accordingly, a receiving LSR updates LSP fragments as new corresponding LSP fragments are received (“fragment replacement”).

The present invention is directed to a technique for efficiently avoiding transient routing disturbances in link state routing protocols with fragmented LSPs in a computer network. According to the novel technique, an LSR specifies which of two or more links are to be advertised in each of two or more corresponding LSP fragments. The LSR advertises the states of the specified links in the corresponding LSP fragments to one or more other LSRs. In other words, each link of the LSR is assigned to a particular LSP fragment, and the state of the link is illustratively advertised in that particular LSP fragment (i.e., no fragment wrapping). Upon receiving the LSP fragments, the other LSRs may accurately update the correct link states based on the individual LSP fragments, i.e., without transient routing disturbances caused by fragment wrapping.

In accordance with the present invention, positions (e.g., space, locations, etc.) within an LSP 300 (i.e., each LSP fragment) are pre-allocated to any and all particular links of an LSR for which that LSR may advertise link state information. For instance, a system administrator may configure static locations (i.e., unchanging) within particular LSP fragments for each link of the LSR. Assume that the advertising LSR is LSR A of FIG. 1 above, and that Links A-F (as shown) are to be placed in particular fragments. FIG. 4A is a schematic block diagram of an illustrative fragmented LSP that may be advantageously used in accordance with the present invention. Each fragment of the LSP may comprise, e.g., a fragment number field and a link state (information/data) field. Illustratively, Links A-C have been assigned to “Fragment 1” (410), and Links D-F have been assigned to “Fragment 2” (420). Notably, other links (e.g., Links N, not shown) may also implement the link state routing protocol, and such links are also assigned to locations within particular LSP fragments (e.g., “Fragment N,” 430). Moreover, those skilled in the art will understand that each link generally only has one state that is assigned a location, since conventionally only one neighbor is reached over a single link. (In the event more than one neighbor may be reached over a single link, a single “pseudo neighbor” may be used that represents the link itself, as will also be understood.) Further, as used herein, the state of a link may refer to any state, such as, e.g., a neighbor state, a state of routable addresses via the link, prefixes reachable via the link, etc.; thus “link state” may generally be used to represent states other than that of the link (e.g., up or down).

Once the links of an LSR are each assigned to a particular LSP fragment, states of those links are placed in the same corresponding fragment. That is, when the state of the link is present (e.g., the link is up), the link is placed in the corresponding fragment. For instance, if Links A-C are up, they are placed within Fragment 1, and if Links D-F are up, they are placed within Fragment 2. Assuming each of the links A-F is functioning (up), the LSP Fragments 1 and 2 (e.g., and up to N) may thus be advertised by LSR A as shown in FIG. 4A. Notably, the links within a particular fragment may or may not necessarily be in the same order in accordance with the present invention. For example, Fragment 1 may be configured to contain Links A, B, and C, but the order may be something other than A-B-C (e.g., A-C-B, etc.). Because of the LSR characteristic for fragment replacement, the order of the information within the fragments may vary (i.e., so long as the same link states remain in the same fragments, in accordance with the present invention).

In the event a link state is assigned to a particular LSP fragment, but the link is not functioning (e.g., is down), the present invention specifically does not “wrap” links from other fragments to fill the place of the non-functioning link. FIG. 4B is a schematic block diagram of the illustrative fragmented LSP of FIG. 4A where a link (e.g., Link C) is down. A non-functioning link (e.g., Link C) may be illustratively represented in the LSP fragments by simply not including the link state in the LSP fragment (i.e., the fragment is “shorter,” as indicated by the solid lines) of Fragment 1 (410) is FIG. 4B. Alternatively, the present invention may also include a reserved space (e.g., a blank/padded TLV) within the LSP fragment or an indication that the link is down (both indicated by the dashed lines for the position allocated for Link C). The indication that the link is down may take the form of one or more flags/bits/codes/etc. that indicate that the state of the associated link (i.e., still included within the fragment) is down (or is generally not to be used), or as a maximum metric value (e.g., max cost, etc.) so that the link is not used, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.

As an illustrative example, assume that all specified links of an advertising LSR, e.g., Links A-F of LSR A, are initially up. As such, a state may be initially contained within the LSP 300 for each link, e.g., A-C in Fragment 1 and D-F in Fragment 2 as in FIG. 4A. A receiving LSR, e.g., LSR B, receives the LSP (i.e., the fragments), and updates its LSDB 249 to contain states for each link from LSR A, namely Links A-F. Assume further that after some time, Link C becomes inoperative, e.g., due to failure, removal, etc. The advertising LSR (LSR A) may remove the state of Link C from Fragment 1 in accordance with the present invention as described above. Regardless of whether any of Links A-F are up or down, the Links A-C are only advertised in Fragment 1, and Links D-F are only advertised in Fragment 2. Accordingly, Fragment 2 remains the same as before, having Links D-F. In this manner, should the receiving LSR (LSR B) receive Fragment 2 prior to the updated Fragment 1, Links D-F would remain, and the states of the links are unchanged at the receiving LSR. Again, because the receiving LSR only updates link state information based on the fragment number (e.g., fragment replacement of Fragment 2), and because the present invention obviates fragment wrapping, the receiving LSR accurately updates the correct link states. When the receiving LSR later receives the updated Fragment 1 without Link C (or other indication as being down), the receiving LSR may then deterministically conclude that Link C is down, and remove it from its LSDB 249. Thus, by preventing fragment wrapping (e.g., of Link D into Fragment 1), the present invention avoids incorrect link state updates and possible transient routing disturbances, as mentioned above.

The present invention may also reserve locations for links that are not functioning at the time of configuration. In this manner, the present invention allows for “forward references” to links/interfaces that may be added/initialized in the future, such as for network expansion, repairs, etc. For instance, assume that a Link “G” is not yet functioning at LSR A. A system administrator may still assign a particular LSP fragment to Link G (e.g., Fragment N), such that when Link G becomes operational (e.g., is added, repaired, etc.), the link will have an allocated position within the LSP.

While the positions of the links within the LSP fragments are to remain generally static in accordance with the present invention, it is also possible to occasionally reoptimize the placement of the links within the LSP fragments. For example, it may be beneficial to change the placement of the links when more links are added, more links are removed (e.g., permanently), or to optimize fragment usage utilization, etc. In other words, the present invention does not prohibit the re-configuration of the static link locations within the LSP fragments, but prohibits dynamically changing the static locations (fragment wrapping) as link states change during normal network operations. Those skilled in the art will understand that re-configuration may result in possible transient routing disturbances as the LSP fragments with newly configured static placements propagate through the network to replace the previous static placements. However, this “one-shot” possible disturbance may be considered acceptable in the minimal instances where it may occur (e.g., during manual network reconfiguration, etc.).

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a procedure for efficiently avoiding transient routing disturbances in link state routing protocols with fragmented LSPs in accordance with the present invention. The procedure 500 starts at step 505, and continues to step 510, where an LSR (e.g., LSR A) configures which specified links are to be advertised in particular LSP fragments (e.g., Fragments 1-N). For instance, according to the example above, Links A-C are pre-allocated to Fragment 1, while Links D-F are pre-allocated to Fragment 2. In step 515, the LSR advertises the states of the specified links in the particular corresponding LSP fragments. Specifically, the LSR determines the state of each link (e.g. whether each link is up or down) in sub-step 520. If the link is up, the LSR adds the link state to the particular LSP fragment in sub-step 525. If, on the other hand, the link is down, the LSP removes the link state from the particular LSP fragment in substep 530. As mentioned above, “removing” the link state may also imply inserting padding, setting flags, changing metrics, etc., in order to indicate that the link is down. Notably, the manner in which sub-step 530 is completed supports the present invention to ensure that no fragment wrapping occurs with link states of other LSP fragments accordingly.

Once the LSR advertises the link states (e.g., in fragments of LSP 300) in step 515, one or more other LSRs (e.g., LSR B) may receive the LSP fragments in step 535. In step 540, the other receiving LSR then deterministically updates the correct link states (e.g., into LSDB 249) based on each individual LSP fragment received. As described above, this certainty is due to the appearance or non-appearance of particular link states within the same fragment in accordance with the present invention. The procedure 500 may continuously cycle to step 515, where the advertising LSR (LSR A) updates and advertises LSPs in fragments. For instance, as link states change (e.g., go up or down), the advertising router updates the LSP (i.e., the fragments) accordingly, and each link remains advertised (or not) in a particular fragment (i.e., no fragment wrapping). This way, when the receiving LSR receives a fragment in step 535, the proper updates will be completed based on fragment replacement in step 540, as described above.

Advantageously, the novel technique efficiently avoids transient routing disturbances in link state routing protocols with fragmented LSPs in a computer network. By specifying the particular LSP fragment to which each link of an LSR is to be advertised, the novel technique allows other LSRs receiving fragmented LSPs to deterministically conclude the state of the links from the advertising LSR. In particular, the present invention avoids transient routing disturbances (e.g., black holes) by efficiently preventing fragment wrapping, thus allowing other LSRs to receive LSP fragments out of order without incorrectly updating (e.g., removing) a link state.

Those skilled in the art will understand that the present invention also advantageously applies to graceful restarts, since link placement (LSP fragment configuration) remains the same as before the restart, thus avoiding transient routing disturbances upon graceful restart. Also, algorithms that perform difference calculations on the entire LSP (i.e., all fragments), as will also be understood by those skilled in the art, may also benefit from the present invention to optimize convergence. For instance, the LSR performing the difference calculation may become confused if links states move among fragments until all the fragments have been received.

While there has been shown and described an illustrative embodiment that efficiently avoids transient routing disturbances in link state routing protocols with fragmented LSPs in a computer network, it is to be understood that various other adaptations and modifications may be made within the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, the invention has been shown and described herein using IS-IS as the link state routing protocol. However, the invention in its broader sense is not so limited, and may, in fact, be used with other routing protocols that fragment advertisements (e.g., LSPs), as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Also, while the above description describes configuring the link locations with LSP fragments manually by a system administrator, those skilled in the art will understand that various processes operating on the advertising LSR may dynamically configure the link locations. For instance, upon automatic discovery of links, the LSR may assign certain positions to particular links, which are not altered due to subsequent state changes of the links (i.e., no fragment wrapping).

The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments of this invention. It will be apparent, however, that other variations and modifications may be made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or all of their advantages. For instance, it is expressly contemplated that the teachings of this invention can be implemented as software, including a computer-readable medium having program instructions executing on a computer, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. Also, electromagnetic signals may be generated to carry computer executable instructions that implement aspects of the present invention over, e.g., a wireless data link or a data network, such as the Internet. Accordingly this description is to be taken only by way of example and not to otherwise limit the scope of the invention. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for efficiently avoiding transient routing disturbances in one or more link state routing protocols with fragmented link state packets (LSPs) in a computer network, the method comprising: specifying, at a first link state router (LSR), which of two or more links are to be advertised in each of two or more corresponding LSP fragments; andadvertising states of the specified links in the corresponding LSP fragments from the first LSR to one or more other LSRs.

2. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: receiving the LSP fragments at a receiving LSR of the one or more other LSRs; andupdating correct link states at the receiving LSR based on the individual LSP fragments.

3. The method as in claim 1, wherein the step of advertising the states further comprises: adding a state of one of the specified links to a corresponding LSP fragment when the specified link is up; andremoving a state of one of the specified links from a corresponding LSP fragment when the specified link is down;wherein states of other specified links remain in their corresponding LSP fragments regardless of the addition or removal of states of specified links.

4. The method as in claim 3, wherein the step of removing a state is selected from a group comprising: removing the state from the corresponding LSP fragment; replacing the state with a reserved space in the corresponding LSP fragment; replacing the state with a specified padding in the corresponding LSP fragment; changing the state to specifically indicate that the link is down; changing one or more metrics within the state to indicate that the link is not to be used; setting one or more flags to specifically indicate that the link is down; and setting the one or more flags to indicate that the link is not to be used.

5. The method as in claim 1, further comprising: re-configuring, at the first LSR, which specified links are to be advertised in each of the corresponding LSP fragments.

6. The method as in claim 1, wherein the step of configuring is performed either manually by a system administrator of the LSR or dynamically by the LSR.

7. The method as in claim 1, wherein one or more of the two or more links are forward referenced links.

8. The method as in claim 1, wherein the states of the specified links represent states selected from a group comprising: link states; neighbor states; routable addresses; and reachable prefixes.

9. The method as in claim 1, wherein the link state routing protocol is the Intermediate-System-to-Intermediate-System (IS-IS) protocol.

10. An apparatus for efficiently avoiding transient routing disturbances in one or more link state routing protocols with fragmented link state packets (LSPs) in a computer network, the apparatus comprising: means for specifying, at the apparatus, which of two or more links are to be advertised in each of two or more corresponding LSP fragments; andmeans for advertising states of the specified links in the corresponding LSP fragments.

11. A link state router (LSR) adapted to efficiently avoid transient routing disturbances in one or more link state routing protocols with fragmented link state packets (LSPs) in a computer network, the LSR comprising: two or more network interfaces (links) configured to send and receive LSP fragments;a processor coupled to the one or more network interfaces and adapted to execute a link state process; anda memory adapted to store the link state process executable by the processor, the link state process configured to: i) configure which specified links of the two or more links are to be advertised in each of two or more corresponding LSP fragments, and ii) 1l advertise states of the specified links in the corresponding LSP fragments to one or more other LSRs.

12. The LSR as in claim 11, wherein the link state process is further configured to: iii) add a state of one of the specified links to a corresponding LSP fragment when the specified link is up, and iv) remove a state of one of the specified links from a corresponding LSP fragment when the specified link is down;wherein states of other specified links remain in their corresponding LSP fragments regardless of the addition or removal of states of specified links.

13. A computer readable medium containing executable program instructions for efficiently avoiding transient routing disturbances in one or more link state routing protocols with fragmented link state packets (LSPs) in a computer network, the computer readable medium adapted for use at a first link state router (LSR), the executable program instructions comprising program instructions for: specifying which of two or more links are to be advertised in each of two or more corresponding LSP fragments; andadvertising states of the specified links in the corresponding LSP fragments to one or more other LSRs.

14. A system for efficiently avoiding transient routing disturbances in one or more link state routing protocols with fragmented link state packets (LSPs) in a computer network, the system comprising: a first link state router (LSR) adapted to specify which of two or more links are to be advertised in each of two or more corresponding LSP fragments, and to advertise states of the specified links in the corresponding LSP fragments; andone or more other LSRs adapted to receive the LSP fragments.

15. The system as in claim 14, wherein the one or more other LSRs are further adapted to update correct link states based on the individual LSP fragments.

16. The system as in claim 14, wherein the first LSR is further adapted to: add a state of one of the specified links to a corresponding LSP fragment when the specified link is up, and remove a state of one of the specified links from a corresponding LSP fragment when the specified link is down;wherein states of other specified links remain in their corresponding LSP fragments regardless of the addition or removal of states of specified links.

17. A method for preventing fragment wrapping in one or more link state routing protocols with fragmented link state packets (LSPs) in a computer network, the method comprising: assigning each link of a link state router (LSR) to a particular LSP fragment; andadvertising a state of each link only in the particular LSP fragment to which the link is assigned.