Embodiments of the invention relate to digital signal processing. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to a technique for improving the performance of a Viterbi decoder by reducing redundant branch metric calculations and memory accesses associated with add-compare-select (ACS) operations. Furthermore, embodiments of the invention relate to improving the match between_ACS operations and corresponding digital signal processing (DSP) instructions.
Various algorithms may be used to decode data streams transmitted in a telecommunications system. For example, Viterbi decoding is a data decoding algorithm that is typically used in telecommunications systems in which various communication protocols, such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio system (GPRS), wideband-code division multiple access (W-CDMA), and IEEE (institute of electrical and electronics engineers) 802.11a, are used. Decoding algorithms, such as Viterbi decoding, typically involve comparing the sequence of encoded symbols with various expected symbols by using metrics, such as Euclidean distance, and determining the most likely decoded state sequence corresponding to the received symbols.
The most likely decoded state is typically determined, at least in part, via traversing stages of a state sequence table known as a “trellis”, in which next input symbol states, or “stages”, are indicated as a function of current input symbol states sequences received from an encoder output. The sequence of stages that best match the input symbol sequences is typically referred to as a survivor path within the trellis.
The ACS butterfly diagram in
The ACS diagram of
Signal decoders, such as Viterbi decoders, typically decode symbols of data according to a code rate, defined by k/n, in which n represents a number of bits in an encoded symbol to represent data consisting of k bits. Furthermore, a number of decoder state variables corresponding to the encoded symbols is typically referred to as a constraint length (K).
In prior art Viterbi decoding techniques, branch metric calculations are typically performed by using an n-bit correlator with a 2K element look-up table of expected outputs. However, the above branch metric calculation technique can be inefficient in that it typically involves 2K-2-2n-1 redundant n-bit correlations. Furthermore, the above computations increase with the code rate (1/n), which is the ratio of the number of input bits and number of output bits of the encoder.
In other prior art Viterbi decoding techniques, branch metric calculation operations can be performed by computing the 2n-1 unique branch metrics for each received symbol, and storing them as an ordered 2K long branch metric vector for direct addressing by the ACS butterflies. This branch metric calculation technique, however, can require 2K-2 extra cycles for storing the branch metric vector.
a and 3b illustrate the inputs, outputs and state transitions, respectively, for a 16-state, ⅓ rate encoder, the states of which are generated according to polynomials, 1+D+D3+D4, 1+D2+D4 and 1+D+D2+D3+D4, where “D” denotes a delay state of a unit of time.
b illustrates one stage of a state table, or “trellis”, illustrating current and next data states that must be calculated in prior art Viterbi decoders for each decoded symbol value. Notice that for each bit that is encoded to a 3-bit encoder output symbol, 16 different possible states must be calculated by prior art Viterbi decoders.
Furthermore,
In calculating the path metrics of all N states for each symbol of encoded data, the prior art Viterbi decoding schemes can be computationally intensive. Furthermore, high encoded data transmission rates, such as those found in typical telecommunication protocols, can place further performance demands on a decoding algorithm. As data rates increase in transmission protocols due, for example, to increased transmission rates or to more elaborate encoding schemes involving larger or more complex data word transmissions, so does the complexity and performance demands on the decoder.
Decoding high-speed, highly encoded data streams may involve the increased use of digital signal processor (DSP) cycles and resources, because of the rate of mathematical computations that must be performed to decode each encoded data symbol. In typical telecommunications systems, this may necessitate either the use of high performance DSPs or a significant amount of processing resources in slower DSPs in order to decode a data stream while maintaining the rate of other operations within the telecommunications system. Either way, prior art Viterbi decoding techniques may cause increased system cost, power, and complexity in telecommunication systems in which they are implemented.
Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
a is an ACS butterfly diagram.
b is an implementation of the ACS butterfly diagram of
a illustrates a Viterbi encoding scheme used in conjunction with one embodiment of the invention.
b illustrates a stage of a state trellis indicating possible data state transitions of an encoded signal corresponding to one embodiment of the invention.
a is a table illustrating present and next state transitions for a 16-state ⅓ rate decoder according to one embodiment of the invention.
b is a set of equations used to model branch metrics calculations for 16-state, ⅓ rate Viterbi decoding according to one embodiment of the invention.
Embodiments of the invention relate to digital signal processing. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to a technique for decoding encoded data by reducing redundant calculations and memory accesses and better matching add-compare-select (ACS) operations with corresponding digital signal processing (DSP) instructions.
Embodiments of the invention described herein may be applied to prior art DSP decoding schemes, such as the Viterbi decoding algorithm, or may be applied to other decoding schemes involving the detection and calculation of probable states of an encoded data stream. Although embodiments of the invention are frequently described herein with reference to the Viterbi decoding algorithm, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the applicability of principals taught with regard to embodiments of the invention may apply to other decoding schemes as well.
Embodiments of the invention involve decoding data symbols found in typical telecommunications protocols, such as GSM/GPRS, W-CDMA, and IEEE 802.11a, by finding the optimal path through a table, or “trellis”, of received and expected data in order to reduce the amount of calculations and memory access that must take place in order to decode a particular symbol or group of symbols. Symbols used in many telecommunications protocols typically represent delay states that indicate to a receiving device or computer program the location or length of various instructions or commands within a data stream. Decoding these delay states can involve multiple iterations of calculations and data accesses from memory that can limit the data throughput between telecommunications devices, such as cell phones, base stations, or computer equipment.
The ACS calculations, in at least in one embodiment, include branch metric (BM) and path metric (PM) calculations to determine the most probable next state transitions for each current state. However, in other embodiments, the ACS calculations may not include the BM calculations. In
After the ACS calculations are made, the minimum distance through the state trellis generated by making the ACS calculations is determined, in one embodiment of the invention, by tracing back, through the state transitions, the minimum path metrics for each decoded bit at operation 420. In at least one embodiment of the invention, a reduction in BM and PM calculations can be achieved by taking advantage of certain relationships among the possible state transitions in the received encoded signal.
a is a state table that illustrates some of the relationships among possible state transitions according to one embodiment of the invention. First, the table of
Finally, the table of
In
As ACS iterations are a computationally intensive part of the Viterbi decoding, minimizing the time for each of the 2K-2 ACS butterfly calculations is helpful in improving Viterbi decoding performance. In one embodiment of the invention, the performance of ACS butterfly calculations can be improved by taking advantage of architectural features of a particular processor or DSP. For example, in one embodiment of the invention, a DSP calculates the branch metric values and ACS butterfly efficiently by using its registers and accumulators in a dual 16-bit computation mode. Furthermore, the ACS butterfly calculations can be improved by taking advantage of instructions available in a particular DSP instruction set.
For example, in one embodiment of the invention, two new path metrics corresponding to states 2j and 2j+1 of
In one embodiment of the invention, a compare-select instruction, such as the VITMAX instruction used in at least one prior art DSP, compares the upper and lower 16-bit values for two given 32-bit registers, and stores the two larger values in a third register. Along with the updated path metrics, VITMAX also may store two decision bits into an accumulator, so that the selected path metric can be tracked. These bits may be used in the trace back operation, to determine the original uuencoded data.
The next branch metric value may be loaded into a processor in parallel with the VITMAX instruction in at least one embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, path metric renormalization stage in
In one embodiment of the invention, the entire ACS calculation for a butterfly can be performed in 2 DSP cycles. Furthermore, user-defined instruction parallelism and software pipelining may make the butterfly calculations faster in other embodiments of the invention. For example, a 1-cycle ACS operation can be achieved, in one embodiment of the invention, by implementing the ACS butterfly of
The trace back operation traces the minimum length survivor path from the trace back array information, by traversing back from the last state to decipher the decoded bits to the first state. In one embodiment of the invention, the least-significant bit of the current state is the current decoded bit and the state is updated by right shifting the current state and inserting the trace back bit at the most-significant bit position.
The register or memory accesses indicated in the table of
For example, in one embodiment of the invention, a processor may require only 4 cycles per decoded bit for the 16-state ⅓ rate Viterbi decoder, to compute all the four 16-bit branch metric kernels (A, B, C, D) from the received symbols [r0 r1 r2] and store them in data registers or memory and an additional 16 cycles to perform all the eight ACS butterflies. Prior art requires about 32 cycles for the same situation. Similarly, a ½ rate Viterbi decoder, in another embodiment of the invention, may use only 2 cycles for its 2 branch metrics and 16 cycles for the ACS operation while the prior art needs a total of 24 cycles. For other encoding rates, such as ¼ and ⅙, exploiting the repeated nature of the encoder polynomials can reduce the cycles required to compute the branch metrics. Accordingly, this technique can be generalized to other constraint lengths and rates.
Embodiments of the invention described herein may be implemented with circuits using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices, or “hardware”, or using a set of instructions stored in a medium that when executed by a machine, such as a processor, perform operations associated with embodiments of the invention, or “software”. Alternatively, embodiments of the invention may be implemented using a combination of hardware and software.
While the invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments, which are apparent to persons skilled in the art to which the invention pertains are deemed to lie within the spirit and scope of the invention.