Techniques for irreversible electroporation using a single-pole tine-style internal device communicating with an external surface electrode

Description

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The disclosure generally relates to high-frequency irreversible electroporation techniques utilizing at least one single-pole tine-style probe device in communication with at least one external surface electrode.

BACKGROUND

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses the delivery of a series of brief electric pulses to alter the native transmembrane potential of cell membranes, with the cumulative strength of the pulsing protocol sufficient to result in the formation of irrecoverable nano-scale defects that ultimately result in death of the cell. Pulse delivery protocols may use irreversible electroporation pulses to treat targeted tissue, sometimes of significant volume, without inducing extracellular-matrix (ECM)-destroying extents of Joule heating—i.e., the structural proteins in a volume of tissue, such as collagen, are preserved. This permits the use of irreversible electroporation for the treatment of targeted aberrant masses without damaging adjacent or internal critical structures, permitting treatment in regions contraindicated for other forms of focal targeted therapies.

A key problem with known irreversible electroporation procedures is the occurrence of muscle contractions caused by the flow of electrical current through muscle tissue. Systemic paralytics or other muscle blockades must be administered prior to the IRE treatment. For traditional IRE pulse protocols using a single needle with surface electrode, the muscle activation has proven prohibitive in experiment in vivo trials, where clinically acceptable ablation zones cannot be achieved due to the extensive muscle contractions which often cannot be reasonably attenuated with traditional muscle blockades. Muscle contractions can be reduced by using High Frequency Irreversible Electroporation (HFIRE) protocols relative to standard IRE protocols. In the invention described herein, HFIRE pulse parameters known to reduce muscle contractions, combined with the dispersion of electrical current over the increased tissue volume of the single-pole tine-style device, and also combined with an external surface electrode, are used to achieve significantly larger, more spherical ablations with reduced muscle twitching, when compared with standard IRE protocols.

Unlike Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA), which uses continuous low voltage AC-signals, the mechanism of action for IRE relies on very intense, but brief, electric fields. Thus, typical IRE protocols involve placing an anode and cathode directly within or around a targeted volume, to focus the targeted energy in the region of interest. However, proper insertion of multiple probes may be difficult, and a resulting ablation may not be of a desirable shape or size. The use of a single bipolar or unipolar probe may make placement easier, but the size of an ablation may be too small, especially when using energy levels low enough to avoid thermal damage to a region of interest. Increasing energy levels while using a single probe may increase the likelihood of electrical arcing and/or exceeding the generator pre-set ampere limits, resulting in procedural delay or failure. Another challenge when using a bipolar probe is the resulting ablation shape which is typical oblong instead of a more desirable spherical shape. Thus, improved techniques for accurate and easy placement of one or more probes, while maintaining sufficient ablation size, desired ablation shape, and energy levels that avoid thermal damage are desired.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some novel embodiments described herein. This summary is not an extensive overview, and it is not intended to identify key/critical elements or to delineate the scope thereof. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

According to at least one embodiment, a method for ablating tissue cells in a treatment region of a patient's body is provided comprising inserting at least one electrode probe into the treatment region, the electrode probe including one or more deployable tines, placing at least one surface electrode on a surface of an organ of the patient, deploying the one or more deployable tines of the at least one electrode probe into the treatment region, applying electrical pulses between the electrode probe and the surface electrode in an amount sufficient to induce irreversible electroporation of the treatment region, but insufficient to induce significant muscle contractions in the patient. The organ is skin. The one or more deployable tines may be arranged in multiple tiers around a shaft of the at least one electrode probe. The step of applying electrical pulses may include applying the electrical pulses having a pulse width of between 100 nanoseconds and 10 microseconds. The electrical pulses may be delivered in burst widths of 500 nanoseconds to 1 millisecond. The time delay between the bursts may be between 1 millisecond and 5 seconds. The electrical pulses may be bi-phasic. The step of applying electrical pulses may be sufficient to create a substantially spherical ablation zone and may include applying the electrical pulses in a pattern which has been predetermined to maintain the temperature of the treatment region below 70 degrees C. The one or more tines may each include one or more sensors. During the step of applying electrical pulses, the one or more sensors may be capable of detecting the size, temperature, conductivity, shape or extent of ablation of the treatment region. The delivery of a paralytic may not be required prior to the step of applying electrical pulses.

According to another embodiment, a method for treating tissue cells in a treatment region of a patient's body is provided comprising inserting at least one electrode probe into the treatment region, the electrode probe including one or more deployable tines; placing at least four surface electrodes on the patient's skin, deploying the one or more deployable tines of the at least one electrode probe into the treatment region, applying electrical pulses between the electrode probe and the at least four surface electrodes to produce a first target treatment region sufficient to induce irreversible electroporation of the treatment region, but insufficient to induce tissue cell destruction by thermal damage, applying electrical pulses in a sequential manner between the electrode probe and the at least four surface electrodes to produce a second target treatment region that surrounds a marginal area surrounding the first target treatment region in an amount sufficient to induce irreversible electroporation of the treatment region, but insufficient to induce tissue cell destruction by thermal damage.

According to another embodiment, a method for ablating tissue cells in a treatment region of a patient's body is provided comprising inserting at least one electrode probe into the treatment region, the electrode probe including one or more deployable tines, placing at least one surface electrode on a surface of an organ of the patient, deploying the one or more deployable tines of the at least one electrode probe into the treatment region, applying electrical pulses between the electrode probe and the surface electrode in an amount sufficient to induce irreversible electroporation of the treatment region, but insufficient to induce tissue cell destruction by thermal damage. The one or more deployable tines may be arranged in multiple tiers around a shaft of the at least one electrode probe. The step of applying electrical pulses includes applying the electrical pulses having a pulse width of between 100 nanoseconds and 10 microseconds. The electrical pulses may be delivered in burst widths of 500 nanoseconds to 1 millisecond. The time delay between the bursts may be between 1 millisecond and 5 seconds. The electrical pulses are bi-phasic. The step of applying electrical pulses may include applying the electrical pulses in a pattern which has been predetermined to maintain the temperature of the treatment region below 70 degrees C.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certain illustrative aspects are described herein in connection with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects are indicative of the various ways in which the principles disclosed herein can be practiced and all aspects and equivalents thereof are intended to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other advantages and novel features will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a plan view of an embodiment of an HFIRE system including a tined electrode probe inserted into a target tissue of a patient.

FIG. 2A illustrates an isometric view of a single-pole tined-style electrode probe according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2B illustrates an enlarged side view of the distal section of the single-pole tine-style electrode probe of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3A illustrates a distal section of a bipolar tine-style electrode probe depicting a pulse pair sequence.

FIG. 3B illustrates a distal section of a single-pole tine-style electrode probe and surface electrode depicting a pulse pair sequence according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4A graphically illustrates an electrical field distribution after application of 100 HFIRE pulses using a single-pole non-tined electrode probe.

FIG. 4B graphically illustrates an electrical field distribution after application of 100 HFIRE pulses using a single-pole tine-style electrode probe according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 illustrates ablation volumes at different electrical thresholds for a single-pole non-tined electrode probe and a single-pole tine-style electrode probe after the application of 100 HFIRE pulses.

FIG. 6 illustrates ablation volumes at different electrical thresholds for a single-polar non-tined electrode probe and a single-pole tine-style electrode probe after the application of a single HFIRE pulse.

FIG. 7A graphically depicts electric field curves as a function of distance from the probe shaft using a single-pole non-tined electrode probe.

FIG. 7B graphically depicts electric field curves as a function of distance from the probe shaft using a single-pole tine-style electrode probe with corresponding external surface electrode.

FIG. 8 graphically illustrates ablation volumes at specific temperature thresholds using a single-pole non-tined electrode probe and a single-polar tine-style electrode probe with corresponding external surface electrode.

FIG. 9A illustrates an isometric view of an embodiment of a single-pole tine-style electrode probe with two tiers of tines.

FIG. 9B illustrates an enlarged side view of the distal section of the two-tiered, single-pole tine-style electrode probe of FIG. 9A according to an embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates a plan view of an embodiment of an HFIRE system including a single-pole tine-style electrode probe inserted into a target tissue of a patient and two external surface electrodes placed on the surface of a patient's body.

FIG. 11 graphically depicts HFIRE electrical protocol parameters associated with a treatment protocol according to one embodiment.

FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic of the HFIRE system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 13A-13D graphically depicts cumulative ablation volumes achieved using sequentially activated surface electrodes or surface electrodes positioned in different locations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description and the examples included therein and to the Figures and their previous and following description. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict selected preferred embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The detailed description illustrates by way of example, not by way of limitation, the principles of the invention. As used herein, distal refers to a direction away from or distant from the point of reference, in this case the physician or user. Proximal refers to a direction toward or near to the physician or user. The skilled artisan will readily appreciate that the devices and methods described herein are merely exemplary and that variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.

Referring now in detail to the drawings, in which like reference numerals indicate like parts or elements throughout the several views, in various embodiments, presented herein are techniques for High Frequency Irreversible Electroporation (HFIRE) using a single-pole tine-style insertable device communicating with an external surface electrode. In an embodiment, a system for ablating tissue cells in a treatment region of a patient's body by HFIRE without thermally damaging the tissue protein structures is described. The system includes at least one single-pole electrode probe for insertion into the treatment region, the single-pole electrode probe including one or more expandable tines. The system further includes at least one surface electrode for placement on the surface of the patient's body or organ and configured to complete a circuit with the single-pole tine style electrode probe. The system also includes a control device for controlling HFIRE pulses to the single-pole electrode and the skin-surface electrode for the delivery of electric energy to the treatment region. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

These procedural descriptions and representations are used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. A procedure is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. These operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It should be noted, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to those quantities.

Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms, such as adding or comparing, which are commonly associated with mental operations performed by a human operator. No such capability of a human operator is necessary, or desirable in most cases, in any of the operations described herein which form part of one or more embodiments. Rather, the operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing operations of various embodiments include general purpose digital computers, controllers, or similar devices.

Various embodiments also relate to apparatus or systems for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purpose or it may comprise a general-purpose computer as selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. The procedures presented herein are not inherently related to a particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these machines will appear from the description given.

As disclosed herein, the reference to “electrodes” may include physically discrete components that serve to deliver the electric pulses, but it can also indicate individual energized surface components within a single device. Electrode devices known in the art include single pole and bipole, non-tined designs as well as tined electrode probes. As disclosed herein, a non-tined electrode device refers to a device which delivers electrical pulses including a single shaft having an energizeable surface component for the delivery of electrical energy. The non-tined electrode may be either single pole wherein the electrical current travels between the non-tined electrode and a surface electrode, or may be of a bipolar design wherein the shaft has one or more energizeable surface components wherein the electrical current travels between the surface components on the device. A tine-style electrode device refers to a device which delivers electrical pulses having one or more tines radially deployable from the main shaft into the tissue to form an array of tines having energizeable surfaces. The tines may be individually energizeable for use in bipolar pulse pairing configurations, or all energized to the same polarity for use with a secondary device such as a surface electrode to complete the circuit. The tine style electrode device may be either single pole wherein the electrical current travels between the individual tines of the tine array and a surface electrode or may be a bipolar design wherein the electrical current travels between the uninsulated portions of selected pairs of tines. An electrode, as disclosed herein, may also refer to a dispersive pad device which is placed on the surface of the patient skin or body part to complete the electrical pathway. This type of electrode device may also be referred to a as grounding pad, dispersive pad or patient return pad.

Embodiments described herein utilize one or more combinations of HFIRE technologies into techniques for delivering HFIRE therapies for focal tissue destruction. The embodiments described herein aim to garner the benefits from each individual technology to produce an optimized method for delivering electroporation treatments. The objectives may include allowing simplicity of insertion and use, manufacturing practicality, large reliable treatment zones, spherical treatment zones, reduced thermal effects, elimination of complications associated with arcing between electrodes, and possible elimination of the need for a paralytic.

Some embodiments may use a tine-style, single-stick electrode device, where the tines may not be electrically isolated (as required using conventional bipolar tine-style electrodes). In some embodiments, the shaft of the electrode may be insulated, and tines may be advanced and retracted as needed by the user. The electrode device may electrically communicate with an electroporation generator that includes a controller to generate high frequency irreversible electroporation (HFIRE) pulse protocols to deliver electrical pulses without enacting significant muscle twitch, and the system may use at least one skin or organ surface external electrode to complete the circuit through a patient's tissue, and may create large spherical ablations.

While the combination of a single-pole, non-tined electrode and one or more skin surface electrodes may show great promise for generating large spherical ablations, the permissible voltage and other pulse parameters may become limited by the nature of delivering strong electric pulses through a larger portion of the body, which may increase muscle activation. For traditional IRE pulse protocols, muscle activation has proved prohibitive in experimental in vivo trials, where clinically useful IRE zones may cause muscle contractions that cannot be reasonably attenuated with traditional muscle-blockade. Conversely, HFIRE protocols have been shown to create ablative lesions without significant muscle contractions, thus eliminating or reducing the need for paralytics, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/332,133, which is incorporated herein by reference. However, HFIRE parameters are known to create much smaller lesions than standard IRE which may not be clinically acceptable. Accordingly, there is a need to provide a system and methodology that will create large lesion volumes using a single probe device which can be easily and accurately placed while eliminating or minimizing the need for systemic paralyzing agents to control muscle contractions during the procedure.

Referring now to FIG. 1, an embodiment of an electrical generator system 100 and method of use is illustrated. In one embodiment, the HFIRE system 100 may comprise one or more components. Although the HFIRE system 100 shown in FIG. 1 has a limited number of elements in a certain topology, it may be appreciated that the HFIRE system 100 may include elements in alternate topologies as desired for a given implementation. HFIRE system 100 includes a high-voltage generator 108 capable of generating HFIRE pulses, at least one single-pole tine-style electrode probe 101 connectable to generator 108 by cable 214. The system 100 may also include an external surface electrode 112 which may be placed on the skin of patient 132 and is connectable to the generator 108 by cable 215. In one embodiment of use, the probe 101 is inserted into the patient at the targeted area and the tines are deployed into the target tissue 216. The surface electrode 112 is placed on the patient's skin as the other electrode in the pair for creating a closed electrical circuit through the patient's body, as shown by arrow 134. HFIRE energy delivered between the single-pole tine-style probe and surface electrode ablates the target area as the current travels between the tine probe 101 and surface electrode 112. Use of a surface electrode further reduces the need for systemic paralytics since energy is dissipated over a much larger tissue area resulting in less muscle spasms. Placement of the surface electrode to create an electrical pathway that avoids significant muscle mass may further reduce muscle contractions to a level at which systemic paralytics is no longer required. If the desired placement of the surface electrode creates an electrical pathway through significant muscle masses, paralytics may be needed.

FIG. 2A illustrates an isometric view of one embodiment of the single-pole tine-style electrode probe 101 showing the tines 110 in a fully deployed position. Probe 101 may include a cable 214 for attachment to the generator 108, a handle 102 and a deployment/retraction element 104, which may be used to deploy/retract one or more tines 110 from the shaft 108 after electrode probe 101 has been inserted into a target region 216 of a patient's body. Upon activating deployment/retraction element 104, one or more tines 110 may be advanced from within a shaft 108 of electrode probe 101, and deployed into a pre-formed curvature as shown in FIG. 2B, which illustrates the distal end section of probe 101. Target region 216 may be in or near an organ, such as a liver, lung, or kidney, for example. While four deployable tines 110 are illustrated within HFIRE system 100, it can be appreciated that more or less tines, as well as various tine configurations, may be used in other embodiments. As an example, tines 110 may be arranged in a multiple tier configuration, as described with respect to FIG. 9A-9B.

FIG. 2B illustrates an enlarged, partial plan view of the distal segment of the electrode probe 101, showing the tines 110 radially deployed from the shaft 108. Shaft 108 includes an insulation sleeve 116 on its outer surface. In one embodiment, the insulation sleeve 116 is retractable. Tines 110 are deployed through shaft apertures 115 into a three-dimensional array by activating the deployment/retraction element 104. When fully deployed, tines typically extend 2-3 cm radially from the shaft 108, resulting in an ablation zone coverage diameter of 4-6 cm. In some embodiments, the tines may be designed to extend further out into the tissue, such as up to 4 cm. Additional tines and tiers may be beneficial when using longer tines to ensure a generally spherical shape and complete ablation coverage of the targeted treatment area.

The insulation sleeve ensures that the main body of the shaft remains electrically inactive. The shaft 108 terminates in a sharpened distal tip 117, which is used to facilitate percutaneous insertion into the target site. In one embodiment, the distal tip 117 and adjacent shaft may be conductive and act as a central electrically active tine. In another embodiment, the distal tip 117 may be non-conductive, partially non-conductive along a desired length or variably conductive as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,339,328 which is incorporated herein by reference. As a non-limited example, the central shaft 108 may be uninsulated from the distal edge 220 of insulation 116 to the sharpened distal tip 117. This length of the shaft 108 may thus act as an active electrode surface to enable larger ablation volumes. In one non-limiting embodiment, the exposed, uninsulated shaft is 3 cm in length with a corresponding deployed tine length of 2 cm. By designing the uninsulated portion of the central shaft 108 to be longer in length than the deployed tines, the resultant ablation zone will be more spherical in shape than when using an equally length exposure for the central shaft and tines.

During the delivery of HFIRE-specific pulses, discussed in further detail below, electrical energy flows along the insulated shaft 108, exiting through the uninsulated tines 110 of the probe and uninsulated portion of shaft 108 and then flowing toward the surface electrode. Because HFIRE pulses as described herein are bi-polar, energy alternatively flows from the surface electrode toward the deployed tines of the probe 101 and back. The concentrated distribution of electrical current surrounding the tines and exposed central shaft creates nano-pore defects in the cell located in target region 216, resulting in a generally spherically shaped ablation volume 218, which includes the target region 216 and a peripheral margin volume 218. Tines positioned in a spherical arrangement create a larger more uniform electrical field within the target tissue, when compared with a non-tined electrode probe or a bi-polar tine-style device which requires insulation of the individual tines. The single-pole tine-style device may be set to either a positive or negative polarity, or alternatively the polarity of the tine-style device and surface electrode may switch between positive and negative during energy delivery.

While four tines 110 are illustrated within electrical generator system 100, it can be appreciated that more or less tines, as well as various tine configurations, may be used in other embodiments. Typically, tines are single-tier so as to provide a spherical ablation volume, but based on the overall tumor shape and profile, other tine configurations may be used to achieve complete ablation coverage for non-spherical tumors. As an example, tines 110 may be arranged in a multi-tier pattern (described with respect to FIG. 9A-9B). In another non-limiting example, longer tines may be used in combination with a longer central shaft exposure. Further, tines may include sensor components in some embodiments, which may gather data in near real-time with respect to an ongoing HFIRE procedure, such data communicated to a processor and displayed to a user of an HFIRE system. As an example, the user may deliver a series of pulses and then review the extent of ablation using impedance, conductivity, temperature or other readings sensed by the tines before continuing the procedure. The intra-procedural treatment data may also be used to determine extent of ablation and/or the procedure endpoint.

Various configurations of electrode probe 101 may be used. For example, the electrode probe may be cooled, so as to eliminate any thermal damage to tissue in physical contact with the electrode surface or to decrease change in tissue electrical conductivity due to changes in tissue temperature. Non-limiting examples of cooling techniques that may be used include internal circulation using a closed-loop perfusion circuit to cool electrode probe 101, intra-shaft circulation to cools the delivery shaft only (possibly including active portions of delivery shaft), intra-tine circulation to cool the tines 110 of electrical energy delivery, or infusion techniques including single-path fluid delivery which exits either out of the shaft or tines directly into a patient's tissue, as is described in as described in PCT Application PCT/US2016/26998 filed Apr. 11, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In an example, an internally perfused shaft may help mitigate thermal damage and electric conductivity rise (and thus electric currents encountered by a patient). In other embodiments, an infusing device may be used in conjunction with disclosed systems to cool tissue, manipulate electric conductivity distribution, or administer chemotherapy, immunostimulants, radioisotopic solutions, or other chemicals relevant to a given procedure. In some embodiments, infusing through tines may provide desirable results over conventional infusing techniques using only single pole, non-tined electrode probe, since tines may reach a greater volume of tissue once deployed, for example.

The HFIRE generator 108 may be configured to generate electrical energy pulses according to an HFIRE protocol, controlled using an electrical generator system such as that described with respect to FIG. 12, for example. Typical HFIRE treatment parameters may be within the ranges shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1

HFIRE PULSE PARAMETERS

Parameter
Value

Output Voltage
2,000 V-10,000 V

Burst Width
500 nsec-1 msec (typically 100 μsec)

Inter-burst Delay
1 msec-5 sec (typically 1 sec)

Pulse Width
100 nsec-10 μsec (typically 5 μsec)

Interpulse Delay
100 nsec-1 msec (typically 10 μsec)

Pulses Per Burst
2-100

Bursts Per Treatment Set
50-400 (typically 200 bursts)

Total Treatment Time
50-400 seconds (typically 200 seconds)

Pulse Type
Bi-phasic

FIG. 11 graphically illustrates HFIRE pulse parameters of one non-limiting embodiment. As shown, the output voltage of the bipolar pulses is 2500 V (+/−) and consists of a pulse train sequence of 200 bursts. The duration of each burst is 100 μsec (burst width) with a 1 second delay between each burst. A single burst is comprised of between 5 and 100 alternating positive and negative pulses. The duration of each pulse is 5 μsec long (pulse width) with a 10 μsec delay between each pulse.

Using pulse parameters within the range described above provides key advantages when used with a single-pole tine-style electrode and external surface electrode. Compared with a single, non-tined probe, the system described herein may utilize higher ampere (50 A or above) and voltages levels (2 kV and above) with longer active pulse duration due to the tine-to-surface electrode design, which accommodates larger energy flows than a single pole, non-tined device. In addition, larger, more spherical ablations are created using the tine style device than with non-tined electrode HFIRE protocols, as will be explained in further detail below. In yet another advantage, the tined electrode/surface electrode setup creates larger ablation volumes with less thermal damage than a non-tined electrode using identical energy delivery parameters. Thus, using the same energy delivery parameters, the tine-style probe device provides larger, safer ablation zones compared with the non-tined probe device.

Using single-pole tine-style electrode probe positioned in a spherical arrangement creates a larger, more uniform electrical field within the target tissue than the electrical fields generated by a bipolar tined probe or by multiple single pole probes. Because the single-pole tines are interacting only with the surface electrode and not each other, consistent uniform positioning of individual tines relative to each other is not as critical as with bipolar tine embodiments. Thus, the tines may become “misaligned” during deployment and still will be able to perform their function. As an example, a 2-3 mm deflection of a single tine of a bipolar tine device may result in arcing between the active tine pair which in turn may result in a high-current system failure, localized thermal damage, and/or incomplete ablation coverage. Accordingly, this invention eliminates the time consuming procedural steps of retracting, repositioning and redeploying misaligned tines prior to the application of electrical current.

Another known problem with bipolar tined electrode devices is the unequal energy disposition in the targeted treatment site. When a bipolar tine array is deployed into its final expanded position, the distance between the tines is not parallel along the entire deployment length but instead varies, with the distance between any two tines being the greatest at the distal ends, which extend furthest into the tissue. The energy flow will be the strongest at a point which represents the shortest distance between the tines and will decrease as the distance between the exposed tines increases. This uneven energy distribution pattern can lead to incomplete treatment at the periphery of the targeted tissue volume and overheating or electrical current overload at the proximal section of the active tines. Using the device and method of the current invention eliminates this problem by using a surface electrode in conjunction with a single-pole tine-style electrode probe to create spherical, homogeneous ablation zones with uniform electrical field distribution, whereby the radial spacing of the tines relative to each other is not a critical factor in successful energy delivery.

This invention also eliminates the time-consuming steps involved with positioning multiple single pole electrode probes in a parallel arrangement. If the active electrode surfaces of two single-pole electrode probes are not parallel along the entire length of the active electrode surface, the resulting ablation may be irregular in volume and space with localized thermal damage, particularly where the electrode surfaces are closer to each other than desired. To ensure substantial parallel placement (typically within a tolerance of 3 mm or less), the user must carefully plan probe placement, confirm correct spacing along the length of the probes during insertion using imaging technologies, and reposition one or more probes if misaligned. These steps are the most time-consuming aspect of a traditional IRE procedure. By using an HFIRE protocol and a single-pole, tine-style electrode device with a corresponding surface electrode, the time spent placing the probe is reduced to a single insertion stick and subsequent tine deployment in the central region of target tissue. Misalignment of individual tines relative to each other is not critical since the electrical current flows between the surface electrode and tines. If desired, any misalignment of tines can be corrected by retraction of the tines into the shaft, repositioning of the probe, followed by redeployment of the tines.

Using the HFIRE/probe configuration described herein, the pulse delivery may not encounter the traditional problems that have plagued single needle and tined probes configured for bipolar energy delivery. Arcing and high-current failures, as well as technical device complexity associated with bipolar tined devices are eliminated. The ability to generate very large (approximately a 5 cm diameter in some exemplary embodiments) lesion zones becomes predominantly a function of pulse generator capacity for an HFIRE procedure. With a sufficiently large surface electrode, the concentration of voltage gradient at the electrode may be sufficient for generating a useful lesion, while diffusing sufficiently at the surface electrode to prevent significant onset of non-targeted electroporation and/or thermal burns at the surface electrode. Thus, a single-pole tine-style electrode and skin surface electrode combination may serve as a promising approach to delivering HFIRE procedures in a simple-to-deploy and easy to deliver protocol with clinically useful HFIRE zones.

While HFIRE system 100 includes a single skin surface electrode 112, other configurations may be used. For example, the size of skin surface electrode 112 may be larger or smaller based upon a desired result. In an exemplary embodiment, one small external electrode may have more concentrated electric energy delivery communication. In another embodiment, one large external electrode may be used to diffuse electric energy path, mitigating electroporation and thermal effects at the skin surface 118 as well as diffusing energy concentration to reduce the possibility of muscle contractions. In other embodiments, described below with respect to FIG. 10, several large or small external skin electrodes may be used to generate greater diffusion of the electric energy path. A skin surface electrode may be placed close to the insertion of the tine-style device. In other embodiments, one or more skin-surface electrodes may be placed at various locations around the body in a pre-determined pattern, based upon desired results. Likewise, placement of one or more skin surface electrodes may be performed to reduce negative effects of an HFIRE procedure, such as away from a patient's heart to reduce cardiac risks, or placement over less muscular tissue to further reduce muscle twitch. In some cases, particularly if the probe location is of sufficient distance from the heart, the need for a separate cardiac synchronization protocol may not be required, as is typically required with IRE procedures to mitigate adverse cardiac events.

In some embodiments, additional devices may be used to interface with an external surface electrode. Additional devices may be chosen based upon a variety of criteria, such as for specific procedures, or results. For example, an intraluminal device with a surface electrode may be used for any number of intraluminal applications such as procedures on the urethra, esophagus, bronchus, or intestines. The intraluminal device may take the form of an electrode balloon or an expandable cage that contacts the tubular wall for delivery of electroporation pulses. An intraoperative flat electrode net or pad nay be placed on the target tissue surface. In these embodiments, a surface electrode is used in conjunction HFIRE pulse parameters to achieve more effective ablation zones with minimal muscle contractions.

The combination of these technologies ((HFIRE, single-pole electrode probes with tines, and one or more surface electrodes) provide unique advantages delivering HFIRE focal targeted therapy with critical structure sparing. While traditional IRE with surface pad electrodes may produce large lesions, the muscle twitch is unacceptable to perform a successful procedure. While HFIRE with surface pad electrodes may dramatically reduce muscle twitch, the lesions are too small when using a single-needle style electrode.

Further, results have shown that utilizing a single-pole, tine-style probe with disclosed HFIRE pulse parameter protocols may produce up to an 80% larger ablated treatment zone, which is more spherical in shape than previously known solutions. Furthermore, when compared to traditional IRE pulses, the configuration disclosed herein dramatically reduces the thermal implications at the temperature realms that risk damage to critical structures by 60% to 100% from thresholds of 55° to 70° C., as will be discussed in further detail below. It should be noted that these thermally affected volumes are smaller than those shown for single-pole electrode pair pulse protocols. While temperatures may increase for higher voltages applied, it is also possible to further increase the HFIRE treatment zones by moving to higher voltages.

Still referring to FIG. 2B, shaft insulation 116 terminates at edge 220. Since during energy delivery each tine interacts with the surface electrode 112 rather than with other tines on the probe, the tines do not require any type of electrical insulation. It has traditionally been technically challenging to individually insulate tines, particularly deployable tines, which are susceptible insulation damage as the tine moves from an undeployed position within the shaft to an expanded position within the target tissue. The insulation sleeve required for each tine also results in a larger overall device size. However, HFIRE systems described herein may include tine designs without an insulating layer. In this manner, embodiments described herein are advantageous relating to the ease of manufacturing, overall smaller diameter and device dependability.

In addition to simplifying device construction, embodiments described herein utilizing tines that are not electrically isolated may dramatically reduce procedure set up and pulse delivery time by eliminating the tine-pair permutations typically needed when using insulated, bi-polar tine designs. For example, a bipolar electrode probe with four tines and an active central shaft may need up to five physical connections to an electrical generator, one for each active tine. In contrast, the device and method of this invention requires a single connection between the electrode probe 101 and generator 108, and a second physical connection between the surface electrode 112 and generator 108.

Pulse delivery time is also shortened with this invention due to the reduced number of electrode pairing permutations, as illustrated in FIG. 3A-3B. FIG. 3A depicts a typical pulse pair sequence for a bipolar probe with partially insulated tines. In this configuration, electrical pulses flow between a designated pair of tines (labeled A, B, C, D) and/or a tine and the uninsulated part of the central shaft (labeled E), before switching to a different pair. The number of pairings required to cover the target tissue using a four-tined, bipolar device is ten, as shown in the Pulse Pair Sequence box. However, as shown in FIG. 3B, utilizing tines that are not electrically isolated require only a single pairing between the surface electrode, labeled F and the multiple electrically active surfaces of the tines, labeled A-E. By eliminating complicated tine pair switching algorithms and the time required to cycle through each tine pair multiple times as required by the HFIRE protocol parameters for bipolar tine devices, the actual procedure time may be reduced by up to ten-fold. This advantage multiples exponentially when using a multi-tiered device as shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B.

FIGS. 4A and 4B graphically compare electric field distributions generated using a single-pole, non-tined electrode probe (FIG. 4A) and a single-pole, tine-style electrode probe 101 (FIG. 4B) after application of 100 bi-polar HFIRE pulses. Specifically, the graphs illustrate tissue exposure to selected HFIRE electrical field thresholds using 3000V pulses for a single-pole non-tined electrode probe with a 2 cm shaft exposure and a single-pole four-tine style electrode probe 108 with 1 cm tine exposure, including a 1 cm exposure on the main shaft from insulation edge 116 (see FIG. 2B) to distal end 117. The non-tined electrode probe produced lesion diameter of 2.6 cm and 4.8 cm for 500 V/cm and 250 V/cm electrical field thresholds, respectively. In contrast, the four-tine electrode probe in conjunction with a surface electrode produced diameters of 3.4 cm and 6.0 cm lesions for 500 V/cm and 250 V/cm thresholds, respectively. These larger diameters represent increases of 31% and 25% for the 500 V/cm and 250 V/cm thresholds. Thus, the single-pole 4-tine electrode probe with surface electrode was found to create significantly larger diameter ablation zones within each selected electrical distribution threshold value than the non-tined electrode probe.

In addition to the cross-sectional diameter of the ablation zone shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, data on the overall volume of tissue exposure to the selected electric field thresholds were compiled and are shown in Table 2, set forth below.

TABLE 2

100 PULSE ELECTRIC FIELD EXPOSURE VOLUMES

Single
Four-
Percent

Electric
Probe
Tine Probe
Volume Increase

Field
Volume
Volume
with Four-

Threshold
Exposure
Exposure
Tine Probe

250 V/cm
72 cm³
133 cm³
84%

500 V/cm
13 cm³
23 cm³
81%

750 V/cm
4 cm³
6 cm³
59%

Referring to Table 2 above and FIG. 5 which graphically illustrates data in Table 2, the single-pole, tine-style device attained significantly larger ablation volumes than the single-pole, non-tined probe device with a surface electrode using the same HFIRE parameters. At the 750 V/cm electrical field distribution threshold, the tine-style probe produced a 59% larger ablation volume than the non-tined electrode design, with an even larger increase of 81% for at the 500 V/cm threshold. At the 250 V/cm electrical distribution threshold, which represents the minimum level at which irreversible electroporation will occur, the tine-style device created an 84% increase ablation volume than the non-tined electrode design.

Interestingly, even a single pulse using the 4-tine electrode probe with a surface electrode was found to create significantly larger ablation zones than a non-tined design within each selected electrical distribution threshold value as shown in Table 3 below and FIG. 6:

TABLE 3

SINGLE PULSE ELECTRIC FIELD EXPOSURE VOLUMES

Single
Four-
Percent

Electric
Probe
Tine Probe
Volume Increase

Field
Volume
Volume
with Four-

Threshold
Exposure
Exposure
Tine Probe

250 V/cm
39 cm³
114 cm³
194%

500 V/cm
7 cm³
21 cm³
188%

750 V/cm
3 cm³
7 cm³
162%

It is postulated that the inherent baseline electrical field distribution for the tine-style design is markedly more pronounced for a single pulse at least partially due to the physical location of the tines which extend further into the target tissue volume, with their entire surface area being electrically active. The gains from dynamic electric conductivity to the overall electric field coverage are less pronounced for the tined device. Despite this, as FIG. 5, FIG. 6 and Table 3 above indicate, four-tined probe device always outperforms the non-tined device in terms of total volume exposed to clinically relevant electrical field thresholds.

FIG. 7A-7B depict electric field curves as a function of distance from the probe shaft. FIG. 7A depicts the curves produced by the non-tined probe device and FIG. 7B shows electrical field curves produced when using a four-tine device with a surface electrode, as previously described. The Y axis represents the electrical field in V/cm and the X axis represent the distance from the center of the electrode shaft (0) in meters. Each line on the graphs represent a threshold reading at an instant in time (seconds), with a total of 135 seconds representing the approximately time required to deliver 100 pulses. Using 500 V/cm as the Y-axis reference point, the maximum penetration distance using the HFIRE pulse algorithm previously described, is 0.013 meters (1.3 cm) for the non-tined needle electrode. This compares with 0.019 meters (1.9 cm) for the tined electrode device. Thus, the tined electrode configuration results in a 0.6 cm larger ablation radius distance. When this length is doubled to account for overall length diameter of the electrical field distribution, the resulting increase in ablation cross-sectional length is 1.2 cm (from 2.6 to 3.8 cm), or a 46% increase. Using 250 V/cm as the Y-axis reference point, the resulting increase in ablation length rise to 35% (4.8 cm for the non-tined needle electrode compared with 6.0 cm for the tined electrode device).

The increased ablation volumes and treatment limiting diameters achieved when using a single-pole tine-style probe with surface electrode and previously described HFIRE protocol provides significant clinical advantages relative to the non-tined probe, bipolar configuration. As a specific example, a typical tumor size of 3 cm with a 1 cm margin requires a minimum ablation diameter of 5 cm (1 cm margin+3 cm tumor+1 cm margin). The non-tined electrode produces a 4.8 cm diameter at 250 V/cm threshold which is insufficient to achieve the desired 5 cm ablation diameter, whereas the single-pole tine-style device with surface electrode will achieve an ablation zone diameter exceeding the 5 cm. Thus, the ability to generate clinical large lesion zones (greater than 5 cm diameter) becomes predominantly a function of pulse generator capacity. When used with a surface electrode, the concentration of voltage gradient at the single-pole probe is sufficient for clinically useful lesions, while diffusing sufficiently at the surface electrode to prevent significant onset of irreversible electroporation or thermal burns in the area of the surface electrode.

Yet another advantage of embodiments described herein is the lower thermal damage profile of the tissue. As shown in Table 3 below and FIG. 8, the 4-tine electrode probe with skin surface electrode was found to create significantly lower destructive thermal zones compared with the non-tined probe device. Although the volume of tissue reaching a temperature of 50° C. was substantially equivalent for both devices types, the volume of tissue reaching temperatures above 55° C., which is above the threshold at which thermal tissue damage is initiated, was found to be 600 less for a tined-device than a single non-tined probe (2.0 cm³compared with 0.8 cm³). As shown in Table 4 below, the thermal impact for the non-tined electrode becomes even more pronounced at higher temperature thresholds. At a 70° C. temperature threshold, which is the temperature at which thermal damage to the extra-cellular matrix begins, the tine-style device demonstrated a 96% volume reduction over the non-tined device.

TABLE 4

TEMPERATURE/VOLUME DISTRIBUTION

Volume of
Volume of
% Change in

Temperature
Exposure
Exposure
Exposure

Threshold
Single-Needle
Tine-Device
Volume

50° C.
3.0 cm³
3.0 cm³
0%

55° C.
2.0 cm³
0.8 cm³
−60%

60° C.
1.4 cm³
0.3 cm³
−81%

70° C.
0.8 cm³
0.030 cm³
−96%

FIG. 8, which illustrates the temperate threshold (V/cm) at various temperatures between 50° C. and 70° C. using a non-tined probe and a tine-style probe, shows that although the two devices have similar volumes reaching 50° C., significantly more tissue volume is exposed to elevated temperatures with the non-tined probe. The lower thermal footprint of the tine-style devices results from the greater surface area of the tines, which disperse the delivered energy over a larger tissue volume, resulting in a more evenly distributed, and lower overall heat profile. Thus, for the tine-style configuration, a larger volume is subjected to small (≤10° C.) changes in temperature, but considerably lower volumes are exposed to more significant (>10° C.) temperature changes, particularly those in the 70° C. realm, where the onset of collagen extracellular protein denaturation becomes pervasive. A comparison of volume of treated tissue reaching 70° C. or higher for the single pole, tine style device and the single pole, non-tined devices is shown in Table 5 below and clearly illustrates the significant difference in thermal profiles of the two devices, especially in relation to the percentage temperature damage related to a corresponding IRE zone.

TABLE 5

ABLATION VOLUME REACHING 70° C. THRESHOLD

Volume
Volume exposed to

Volume
exposure
thermal damage

Device
exposure at
at 70° C.
relative to

type
500 V/cm
or higher
IRE Volume

Non-tined
13 cm³
0.8 cm³
0.062³

Tine-style
23 cm³
0.03 cm³
0.001³

The percent thermal damage is over fiftyfold higher when using a non-tined device. Thus, despite considerably larger HFIRE-affected zones of electric field exposure, the tine-style (versus non-tined probe) to surface electrode setup will result in a lower thermal profile with only minimal or no damage to adjacent non-targeted structures such as blood vessels and ducts.

FIG. 9A-9B illustrate an embodiment of a multi-tiered tine probe 901, which may include a handle 902, deployment/retraction element 904, probe shaft 908 extending distally from handle 902, and cable 214 which may be attached to an electrical generator. When in an undeployed position both arrays of tines, 910 and 920 are positioned within the shaft 908 lumen. Deployment/retraction element 904 may be used to deploy one or more arrays of electrode tines sequentially or simultaneously. For sequential deployment, the distal-most tine array 910 is first deployed into the target tissue, followed by subsequent deployment of the proximal-most tine array, 920. Sequential deployment may be accomplished using a two-staged deployment/retraction element as is known in the art.

A key clinical advantage of a multi-tier array probe is that non-spherical ablations may be achieved without the user having to place multiple probes or remove and reinsert a probe to obtain complete ablation of the target tissue. In yet another advantage, the two-tiered probe design will create a more spherical ablation zone when using longer tines because longer single-array tines typical create a non-spherical, pancake shape. Having multiple tiers also provide the user with the ability to obtain larger ablations with shapes that may be customized based on the tine-deployment protocols used. As an example, after creating an ablation volume as shown in FIG. 9B, the user may retract both array tiers within the shaft lumen, reposition the device proximally, redeploy one or both tiers and ablate a not-yet treated area to create a generally oblong-shaped ablation. In yet another embodiment, the deployment/retraction element 904 may be designed to allow deployment of only selected tines within an array. Because the surface electrode is interacting with each individual tine, deployment of less than all tines does not compromise procedure success as it would when a bipolar tined device is used. Thus, non-uniform, irregularly shaped ablation volumes may be created based on the specific tumor morphology. While eight tines 910 and 920 are illustrated in FIG. 9A-9B, it can be appreciated that more or less tiers, as well as various tine configurations, may be used in other embodiments.

Further, tines may include sensor components in some embodiments, which may gather data in near real-time with respect to an ongoing HFIRE procedure, such data communicated to a processor and displayed to a user of an HFIRE system. In yet another embodiment, some tines may act as sensors only while others are used as active electrodes. According to various embodiments, an array of sensor on each radially distributed test-probe tine, or with sensors which may be deployed to the desired dimensions, and used to track when the size and shape of the electroporated zone has met or exceeded the targeted volume. As an example of utilizing the sensors, the user may deliver a series of pulses and then review the extent of ablation using impedance, conductivity, temperature or other readings sensed by the sensors on the tines before continuing the procedure. The intra-procedural treatment data may also be used to determine extent of ablation and/or the procedure endpoint.

In one embodiment, one or more tine sensor components may use intermittent delivery of low-voltage test pulses or low-voltage AC-spectroscopy signal analysis, performed by a sensor logic executed by processing module, which may be a combination of hardware and software. Sensor logic may be configured to deliver low-voltage test pulses or low-voltage AC-spectroscopy signals between a series of electric pulses generated by HFIRE generator (other HFIRE protocols may be used in various embodiments). In this manner, the processing module may determine in near real-time whether an ablation zone is sufficient. A determination may be displayed to a user of an HFIRE system via a user interface of a display, or other user interface techniques described herein. If the zone is found sufficient, pulse delivery may be manually or automatically ceased. If the zone is found insufficient, then the voltage applied to the electrode or electrode array may be manually or automatically increased, or more pulses can be delivered, until reaching the targeted size of ablation zone.

Referring now to FIG. 10, an embodiment using multiple external surface electrodes is illustrated. Skin surface electrodes 512a and 512b may be connected to HFIRE generator 508 via single pole cables 515a and 515b, respectively (other HFIRE protocols may be used, according to embodiments described herein). In an embodiment, skin surface electrodes 512a and 512b may be placed on skin surface 532 in different configurations to achieve desired HFIRE procedure results. Depending on the circumstances, surface electrodes 512a and 512b may be relatively large, relatively small, of average size, placed far apart, placed close together, or placed on skin surface 532 in a configuration that directs electrical energy away from certain internal organs or tissue and/or towards target region 516. While only two skin surface electrodes 512a and 512b are illustrated, it can be appreciated that more skin surface electrodes may be used in some embodiments. Utilizing multiple surface electrodes provides for a wider electrical field dispersion through the tissue thus reducing thermal build-up when compared with a single surface electrode. Positioning multiple surface electrodes may also be advantageous in minimizing or eliminating muscle contractions by placing them such that the electrical current does not pass through areas of the body containing large muscle mass.

A methodology for performing HFIRE treatment using a single-pole electrode probe with corresponding external surface electrode will now be described with reference to FIG. 12. FIG. 12 illustrates a logic flow 1700 according to an embodiment. The logic flow 1700 may be representative of some or all of the operations executed by one or more embodiments described herein, such as HFIRE system 100, for example.

At 1702, a single-pole electrode probe may be inserted into a treatment region of a patient's body. The single-pole electrode probe may correspond to any of the embodiments described herein, and in some cases, may include an array of two or more single-pole electrode probes. In exemplary embodiments, the single-pole electrode probe may include one or more tines, which may be retractable.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of an exemplary HFIRE system 1800 suitable for implementing various embodiments as previously described. The embodiments are not limited in this context. System 1800 includes various common computing elements, such as one or more processors, which may be multi-core processors, co-processors, memory units, chipsets, controllers, peripherals, interfaces, oscillators, timing devices, video cards, audio cards, multimedia input/output (I/O) components, power supplies, and so forth.

As shown in FIG. 12, system 1800 comprises a controller 1802 including processing unit 1803, a system memory 1805 and I/O 1811. Memory 1805 may include or be connected to data storage 1807 and program storage 1809. Data storage 1807 may be used to store information collected by one or more sensors during an HFIRE procedure, for example. Program storage 1809 may include one or more HFIRE protocols and/or instructions for displaying a user interface on display 1804. The processing unit 1803 can be any of various commercially available processors, including without limitation an AMD® Athlon®, Duron® and Opteron® processors; ARM application, embedded and secure processors; IBM® and Motorola® DragonBall® and PowerPC® processors; IBM and Sony® Cell processors; Intel® Celeron®, Core (2) Duo®, Itanium®, Pentium®, Xeon®, and XScale® processors; and similar processors. Dual microprocessors, multi-core processors, and other multi-processor architectures may also be employed as the processing unit 1803.

I/O 1811 provides an interface for system components including, but not limited to, controller 1802, display 1804, input device 1806, generator 1808, power distribution unit 1810, and imaging device 1814. I/O 1811 can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. Interface adapters may connect to I/O 1811 via a slot architecture. Example slot architectures may include without limitation Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), Card Bus, (Extended) Industry Standard Architecture ((E)ISA), Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), NuBus, Peripheral Component Interconnect (Extended) (PCI(X)), PCI Express, Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA), and the like.

System 1800 may comprise or implement various articles of manufacture. An article of manufacture may comprise a computer-readable storage medium to store logic. Examples of a computer-readable storage medium may include any tangible media capable of storing electronic data, including volatile memory or non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable or non-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and so forth. Examples of logic may include executable computer program instructions implemented using any suitable type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, object-oriented code, visual code, and the like. Embodiments may also be at least partly implemented as instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, which may be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein.

Memory 1805, data storage 1807, and program storage 1809 may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more higher speed memory units, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, polymer memory such as ferroelectric polymer memory, ovonic memory, phase change or ferroelectric memory, silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, magnetic or optical cards, an array of devices such as Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) drives, solid state memory devices (e.g., USB memory, solid state drives (SSD) and any other type of storage media suitable for storing information. Memory 1805, data storage 1807, and program storage 1809 can include non-volatile memory and/or volatile memory.

System 1800 may include various types of computer-readable storage media in the form of one or more lower speed memory units, including an internal (or external) hard disk drive (HDD), a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) to read from or write to a removable magnetic disk, and an optical disk drive to read from or write to a removable optical disk (e.g., a CD-ROM, DVD, or Blu-ray).

The drives and associated computer-readable media provide volatile and/or nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For example, a number of program modules can be stored in the drives and memory units such as data storage 1807 and program storage 1809, including one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. In one embodiment, the one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data can include, for example, the various applications and/or components to implement the disclosed embodiments.

A user can enter commands and information into the system 1800 through one or more wire/wireless input devices 1806, for example, a keyboard and a pointing device, such as a mouse. Other input devices may include microphones, infra-red (IR) remote controls, radio-frequency (RF) remote controls, game pads, stylus pens, card readers, dongles, finger print readers, gloves, graphics tablets, joysticks, keyboards, retina readers, touch screens (e.g., capacitive, resistive, etc.), trackballs, trackpads, sensors, styluses, and the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the controller 1802 through I/O 1811 and can be connected by interfaces such as a parallel port, IEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, and so forth.

A display 1804 is also connected to controller 1802 via I/O 1811, which may include a video adaptor. The display 1804 may be internal or external to a computer. In addition to the display 1804, a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices, such as speakers, printers, and so forth.

System 1800 may include an imaging device 1814, which may be an ultrasound device, MRI system, or another commonly known imaging device that is off the shelf, or otherwise already used in a hospital setting. Imaging device 1814 may be used to visualize a treatment area prior to, during, or after an HFIRE procedure according to the embodiments described herein. However, the system 1800 may be designed such that it can incorporate such an imaging device 1814 into the system 1800, or alternatively it can interface with the controller 1802, such that the information or feedback received from the imaging device 1814 may be used by the user of system 1800.

System 1800 may also include generator 1808, which may be configured to performed any of the HFIRE protocols described herein, and may be controlled by controller 1802. Generator 1808 may be connected to a power distribution unit 1810, which may be configured to deliver electrical energy pulses according to an HFIRE protocol to an electrode 1812. As described herein, electrode 1812 may be of various configurations and achieve the goals of the present disclosure.

Referring now to FIG. 13A-FIG. 13D, a method of performing an HFIRE ablation procedure is illustrated. The method utilizes a surface electrode and a single pole, tined electrode probe, wherein the surface electrode is sequentially positioned in different locations on the patient's body to achieve a larger, more spherical ablation. FIG. 13A-13D depict a substantially spherical ablation zone 981, separated into four quadrants A-D for illustrative purposes. When the surface electrode is placed on the patient's body over quadrant A, the electrical field created between the inserted tined electrode probe and the surface electrode includes an “electrical pull” zone 982, which is formed in the tissue zone physically closest to the surface electrode (quadrant A). For a 6 cm ablation zone 980, the electrical pull zone 982 may increase the final ablation zone by up to 3 mm, depending on HFIRE parameters and tissue type of both the target zone and surrounding tissue. In the next step, the user places the surface electrode on the patient's body in the area of quadrant B, and then executes a second set of HFIRE electrical pulses. As shown in FIG. 13B, the resultant ablation zone includes a supplemental electrical pull zone 984. These steps are repeated for quadrants C and D, as shown in FIGS. 13C and 13D, thus creating additional electrical pull zones 986 and 988, each extending the ablation zone approximately 3 mm larger. Using the method described herein, a spherical ablation zone may be created which is up to 6 mm larger in diameter than an ablation zone created using only a single surface electrode. This approach may be advantageous in ensuring a more spherical ablation as the electrical circuit is completed over multiple spatial zones.

In yet another embodiment, the user may apply four or more spatially separated surface electrodes to the patient prior to the initiation of treatment. The HFIRE system may be programmed to automatically deliver a first set of pulses between internally placed probe and the first surface electrode, wherein a first electrical pull zone is created. The pulse algorithm may be programmed to then automatically switch the active surface electrode from the first to second surface electrode, followed by the delivery of HFIRE pulses, wherein a second electrical pull zone is created. These steps are repeated for the third and fourth surface electrodes. Advantageously, a more spherical, larger ablation is created, as compared to a single surface electrode protocol. Four surface electrodes in this example is not intended to be limiting, as it is within the conception of the invention to use additional surface electrodes or a single surface pad in the shape of a ring that may contain several surface electrodes that are independently activatable.

In yet another example, the method of using multiple surface electrodes may be completed as a supplemental procedure to ensure an adequate ablation margin has been created by the primary ablation procedure. The purpose of treating the margins surrounding the target zone is to ensure that all possible target cells have been successfully ablated or otherwise removed thereby lowering the risk for proliferation of the target cells. As previously described, the method of using multiple surface electrodes as a secondary procedure may result in up to a 10% increase in final ablation diameters (6 cm ablation with 6 mm secondary increase), further mitigating the risk of cancerous cell proliferation. In yet another embodiment, the method of using multiple surface electrodes may be applied as an adjunct to a surgical procedure. After a tissue mass, such as a cancerous breast tumor, has been surgically removed, the surface electrodes may be placed on the patient and the tined probe inserted into the cavity created by the removed tissue volume. Electrical pulses may then be applied as described above to ablate the cavity margins, thus ensuring that the margins are free of cancerous cells.

Some embodiments may be described using the expression “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” along with their derivatives. These terms mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Further, some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. These terms are not necessarily intended as synonyms for each other. For example, some embodiments may be described using the terms “connected” and/or “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other.

With general reference to notations and nomenclature used herein, the detailed descriptions herein may be presented in terms of program procedures executed on a computer or network of computers. These procedural descriptions and representations are used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art.

A procedure is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. These operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It proves convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be noted, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to those quantities.

In the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein,” respectively. Moreover, the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and so forth, are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

What has been described above includes examples of the disclosed architecture. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components and/or methodologies, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible.

Claims

1. A method for ablating cells in a treatment site of a patient comprising: placing a probe into the treatment site, the probe comprising a probe electrode;placing a surface electrode on a first location of a surface of an organ of the patient;activating a generator, the generator to be operatively coupled to the probe and to the surface electrode, the generator generates a first set of electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the first location, the first set of electrical pulses sufficient to: (i) create an initial ablation zone; and (ii) induce a first electrical pull zone such that a size of the initial ablation zone is increased, wherein the first set of electrical pulses is sufficient to ablate cells in the treatment site by irreversible electroporation; andmoving the surface electrode to a second location on the surface of the organ of the patient; andactivating the generator to generate a second set of electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the second location sufficient to induce a second electrical pull zone.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of electrical pulses and the second set of electrical pulses are insufficient to thermally damage tissue within the treatment site.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of electrical pulses and the second set of electrical pulses are insufficient to induce muscle contractions in the patient.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial ablation zone and the first pull zone combine to form a substantially non-spherical ablation shape.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: moving the surface electrode to a third location on the surface of the organ of the patient;activating the generator to generate a third set of electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the third location sufficient to induce a third electrical pull zone;moving the surface electrode to a fourth location on the surface of the organ of the patient; andactivating the generator to generator a fourth set of electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the fourth location sufficient to induce a fourth electrical pull zone.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the second electrical pull zone is sufficient to increase the size of the initial ablation zone; third electrical pull zone is sufficient to increase the size of the initial ablation zone; and the fourth electrical pull zone is sufficient to increase the size of the initial ablation zone.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the organ is skin.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set of electrical pulses comprise a bi-phasic waveform; a pulse width of between 100 nanoseconds and 10 microseconds; the first set of electrical pulses delivered in burst widths of 500 nanoseconds to 1 millisecond; and a time delay between the bursts is between 1 millisecond and 5 seconds.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe comprises a single-pole tine style electrode probe.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: monitoring an impedance of the initial ablation zone.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe electrode comprises a monopolar electrode.
12. A method for ablating target tissue in a treatment site comprising: placing a probe into the treatment site, the probe comprising a probe electrode;placing a surface electrode on a first location of a surface of a patient;activating a generator, the generator to be operatively coupled to the probe and to the surface electrode, the generator generates a first set of bi-phasic electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the first location, the first set of bi-phasic electrical pulses sufficient to: (i) create an initial substantially spherical ablation zone; (ii) induce a first electrical pull zone such that the substantially spherical initial ablation zone is increased in size; and (iii) sufficiently ablate the target tissue in the treatment site, wherein the first set of bi-phasic electrical pulses are sufficient to non-thermally irreversibly electroporate the target tissue;moving the surface electrode to a second location on the surface of the patient; andactivating the generator to generate a second set of electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the second location sufficient to induce a second electrical pull zone.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second set of electrical pulses comprise a bi-phasic waveform.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the first set of electrical pulses and the second set of electrical pulses are insufficient to create muscle contractions in the patient.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the probe further comprises at least one deployable tine electrode.
16. A method for ablating cells in a treatment site of a patient comprising: placing a probe into the treatment site, the probe comprising a probe electrode;placing a surface electrode on a first location of a surface of an organ of the patient;activating a generator, the generator to be operatively coupled to the probe and to the surface electrode, the generator generates a first set of bi-phasic electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the first location, the first set of bi-phasic electrical pulses sufficient to: (i) create an initial ablation zone; (ii) induce a first electrical pull zone such that the initial ablation zone is increased up to 3 millimeters, wherein the first set of bi-phasic electrical pulses are sufficient to non-thermally irreversibly electroporate cells in the treatment site;moving the surface electrode to a second location on the surface of the organ of the patient;activating the generator to generate a second set of bi-phasic electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the second location sufficient to induce a second electrical pull zone.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising the steps of: moving the surface electrode to a third location on the surface of the organ of the patient; andactivating the generator to generate a third set of bi-phasic electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the third location sufficient to induce a third electrical pull zone.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising the steps of: moving the surface electrode to a fourth location on the surface of the organ of the patient; andactivating the generator to generate a fourth set of bi-phasic electrical pulses between the probe electrode and the surface electrode at the fourth location sufficient to induce a fourth electrical pull zone.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the probe further comprises a deployable tine electrode, and the method further comprises the step of: deploying the deployable tine electrode.
20. The method of claim 16, wherein the first set of bi-phasic electrical pulses are generated in a pattern which has been predetermined to maintain a temperature of the treatment site below 70 degrees C.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/685,355, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,905,492, titled “Techniques for Irreversible Electroporation Using a Single-Pole Tine-Style Internal Device Communicating with an External Surface Electrode,” filed Aug. 24, 2017, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/423,256, entitled “Single-Pole Tine-Style Internal Device Communicating with External Surface Electrode or Electrodes for Bland and High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation” filed Nov. 17, 2016, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

US Referenced Citations (1431)

Number	Name	Date	Kind
1329496	Binkley	Feb 1920	A
1351661	Kaufman	Aug 1920	A
1376652	Steedman	May 1921	A
1380272	Tomasulo	May 1921	A
1430015	Icher	Sep 1922	A
1437941	Hoover	Dec 1922	A
1442697	Orthmann	Jan 1923	A
1443360	Grace	Jan 1923	A
1445198	Bornmann	Feb 1923	A
1450391	Shaw	Apr 1923	A
1653819	Northcott	Dec 1927	A
3437941	Leary	Apr 1969	A
3634460	Nelson	Jan 1972	A
3639545	Wilcox	Feb 1972	A
3730238	Butler	May 1973	A
3746004	Jankelson	Jul 1973	A
3871359	Pacela	Mar 1975	A
4016866	Lawton	Apr 1977	A
4016886	Doss	Apr 1977	A
4037341	Odle	Jul 1977	A
4216860	Heimann	Aug 1980	A
4224949	Scott	Sep 1980	A
4226246	Fragnet	Oct 1980	A
4262672	Kief	Apr 1981	A
4267047	Henne	May 1981	A
4278092	Borsanyi et al.	Jul 1981	A
4299217	Sagae et al.	Nov 1981	A
4304239	Perlin	Dec 1981	A
4311148	Courtney	Jan 1982	A
4336881	Babb et al.	Jun 1982	A
4344436	Kubota	Aug 1982	A
4392855	Oreopoulos	Jul 1983	A
4406827	Carim	Sep 1983	A
4407943	Cole	Oct 1983	A
4416276	Newton et al.	Nov 1983	A
4447235	Clarke	May 1984	A
4469098	Davi	Sep 1984	A
4489535	Veltman	Dec 1984	A
4512765	Muto	Apr 1985	A
4580572	Granek	Apr 1986	A
4636199	Victor	Jan 1987	A
4672969	Dew	Jun 1987	A
4676258	Inokuchi	Jun 1987	A
4676782	Yamamoto	Jun 1987	A
4687471	Twardowski	Aug 1987	A
4716896	Ackerman	Jan 1988	A
4723549	Wholey	Feb 1988	A
D294519	Hardy, Jr.	Mar 1988	S
4756838	Veltman	Jul 1988	A
4772269	Twardowski	Sep 1988	A
4798585	Inoue	Jan 1989	A
4810963	Blake-Coleman	Mar 1989	A
4813929	Semrad	Mar 1989	A
4819637	Dormancy, Jr.	Apr 1989	A
4822470	Chang	Apr 1989	A
4836204	Landymore	Jun 1989	A
4840172	Augustine	Jun 1989	A
4863426	Ferragamo	Sep 1989	A
4885003	Hillstead	Dec 1989	A
4886496	Conoscenti	Dec 1989	A
4886502	Poirier et al.	Dec 1989	A
4889634	El-Rashidy	Dec 1989	A
4903707	Knute	Feb 1990	A
4907601	Frick	Mar 1990	A
4919148	Muccio	Apr 1990	A
4921484	Muccio	Apr 1990	A
4920978	Colvin	May 1990	A
4946793	Marshall, III	Aug 1990	A
4976709	Sand	Dec 1990	A
4981477	Schon	Jan 1991	A
4986810	Semrad	Jan 1991	A
4987895	Heimlich	Jan 1991	A
5019034	Weaver	May 1991	A
5031775	Corp	Jul 1991	A
5052391	Silberstone	Oct 1991	A
5053013	Ensminger	Oct 1991	A
5058605	Slovak	Oct 1991	A
5071558	Itob	Dec 1991	A
5098843	Calvin	Mar 1992	A
5122137	Lennox	Jun 1992	A
5134070	Casnig	Jul 1992	A
5137517	Loney	Aug 1992	A
5141499	Zappacosta	Aug 1992	A
D329496	Wotton	Sep 1992	S
5156597	Verreet	Oct 1992	A
5173158	Schmukler	Dec 1992	A
5186715	Phillips	Feb 1993	A
5186800	Dower	Feb 1993	A
5188592	Hakki	Feb 1993	A
5190541	Abele	Mar 1993	A
5192312	Orton	Mar 1993	A
5193537	Freeman	Mar 1993	A
5209723	Twardowski et al.	May 1993	A
5215530	Hogan	Jun 1993	A
5222997	Montgomery	Jun 1993	A
5224933	Bromander	Jul 1993	A
5227730	King	Jul 1993	A
5242415	Kantrowitz et al.	Sep 1993	A
5273525	Hofmann	Dec 1993	A
D343687	Houghton, II	Jan 1994	S
5277201	Stern	Jan 1994	A
5279564	Taylor	Jan 1994	A
5281213	Milder	Jan 1994	A
5283194	Schmukler	Feb 1994	A
5290263	Wigness et al.	Mar 1994	A
5308325	Quinn et al.	May 1994	A
5308338	Helfrich	May 1994	A
5318543	Ross	Jun 1994	A
5318563	Malis	Jun 1994	A
5328451	Davis	Jul 1994	A
5334167	Cocanower	Aug 1994	A
5348554	Imran	Sep 1994	A
D351661	Fischer	Oct 1994	S
5383917	Desai	Jan 1995	A
5389069	Weaver	Feb 1995	A
5391158	Peters	Feb 1995	A
5403311	Abele	Apr 1995	A
5405320	Twardowski et al.	Apr 1995	A
5417687	Nardella	May 1995	A
5424752	Yamazaki	Jun 1995	A
5425752	Vu Nguyen	Jun 1995	A
5439440	Hofmann	Aug 1995	A
5439444	Andersen	Aug 1995	A
5458597	Edwards	Oct 1995	A
5458625	Kendall	Oct 1995	A
5462521	Brucker	Oct 1995	A
5462644	Woodson	Oct 1995	A
5484400	Edwards	Jan 1996	A
5484401	Rodriguez	Jan 1996	A
5533999	Hood	Jul 1996	A
5536240	Edwards	Jul 1996	A
5536267	Edwards	Jul 1996	A
5540737	Fenn	Jul 1996	A
5542916	Hirsch	Aug 1996	A
5546940	Panescu et al.	Aug 1996	A
5562720	Stern et al.	Oct 1996	A
5575811	Reid	Nov 1996	A
D376652	Hunt	Dec 1996	S
5582588	Sakurai et al.	Dec 1996	A
5586982	Abela	Dec 1996	A
5588424	Insler	Dec 1996	A
5588960	Edwards et al.	Dec 1996	A
5599294	Edwards	Feb 1997	A
5599311	Raulerson	Feb 1997	A
5616126	Malekmehr	Apr 1997	A
5620479	Diederich	Apr 1997	A
5626146	Barber	May 1997	A
5630426	Eggers et al.	May 1997	A
D380272	Partika	Jun 1997	S
5634899	Shapland	Jun 1997	A
5643197	Brucker	Jul 1997	A
5645855	Lorenz	Jul 1997	A
5653684	Laptewicz	Aug 1997	A
5672173	Gough	Sep 1997	A
5672174	Gough	Sep 1997	A
5674267	Mir	Oct 1997	A
5681282	Eggers	Oct 1997	A
5683384	Zomed	Nov 1997	A
5687723	Avitall	Nov 1997	A
5690620	Knott	Nov 1997	A
5697905	D Ambrosio	Dec 1997	A
5700252	Klingenstein	Dec 1997	A
5702359	Hofmann	Dec 1997	A
5707332	Weinberger	Jan 1998	A
5718246	Vona	Feb 1998	A
5720921	Meserol	Feb 1998	A
5728143	Gough	Mar 1998	A
5735847	Gough et al.	Apr 1998	A
5752939	Makoto	May 1998	A
5778894	Dorogi	Jul 1998	A
5782827	Gough et al.	Jul 1998	A
5782882	Lerman	Jul 1998	A
5800378	Edwards	Sep 1998	A
5800484	Gough et al.	Sep 1998	A
5807272	Kun et al.	Sep 1998	A
5807306	Shapland	Sep 1998	A
5807395	Mulier	Sep 1998	A
5810742	Pearlman	Sep 1998	A
5810762	Hofmann	Sep 1998	A
5810804	Gough	Sep 1998	A
5830184	Basta	Nov 1998	A
5836897	Sakurai et al.	Nov 1998	A
5836905	Lemelson	Nov 1998	A
5843026	Edwards	Dec 1998	A
5843182	Goldstein	Dec 1998	A
5856081	Fahy	Jan 1999	A
5863290	Gough et al.	Jan 1999	A
5865787	Shapland et al.	Feb 1999	A
5866756	Giros et al.	Feb 1999	A
5868708	Hart	Feb 1999	A
5873849	Bernard	Feb 1999	A
5873877	McGaffigan	Feb 1999	A
5904648	Arndt et al.	May 1999	A
5913855	Gough et al.	Jun 1999	A
5919142	Boone	Jul 1999	A
5919191	Lennox et al.	Jul 1999	A
5921982	Lesh	Jul 1999	A
5944710	Dev et al.	Aug 1999	A
5947284	Foster	Sep 1999	A
5947889	Hehrlein	Sep 1999	A
5951546	Lorentzen	Sep 1999	A
5954745	Gertler	Sep 1999	A
5957919	Laufer	Sep 1999	A
5957963	Dobak, III	Sep 1999	A
5968006	Hofmann	Oct 1999	A
5983131	Weaver	Nov 1999	A
5983140	Smith	Nov 1999	A
5984896	Boyd	Nov 1999	A
5991697	Nelson	Nov 1999	A
5993466	Yoon	Nov 1999	A
5999847	Elstrom	Dec 1999	A
6004339	Wijay	Dec 1999	A
6009347	Hofmann	Dec 1999	A
6009877	Edwards	Jan 2000	A
6010452	Harcourt	Jan 2000	A
6010613	Walters	Jan 2000	A
6012885	Taylor	Jan 2000	A
6016452	Kasevich	Jan 2000	A
6023638	Swanson	Feb 2000	A
6029090	Herbst	Feb 2000	A
6041252	Walker et al.	Mar 2000	A
6043066	Mangano	Mar 2000	A
6050994	Sherman	Apr 2000	A
6055453	Hofmann	Apr 2000	A
6059780	Gough	May 2000	A
6066134	Eggers et al.	May 2000	A
6068121	McGlinch	May 2000	A
6068650	Hofmann	May 2000	A
6071281	Burnside	Jun 2000	A
6074374	Fulton	Jun 2000	A
6074389	Levine et al.	Jun 2000	A
6085115	Weaver	Jul 2000	A
6090016	Kuo	Jul 2000	A
6090105	Zepeda et al.	Jul 2000	A
6090106	Goble	Jul 2000	A
D430015	Himbert	Aug 2000	S
6096035	Sodhi	Aug 2000	A
6102885	Bass	Aug 2000	A
6106521	Blewett	Aug 2000	A
6106524	Eggers et al.	Aug 2000	A
6109270	Mah et al.	Aug 2000	A
6110192	Ravenscroft et al.	Aug 2000	A
6113593	Tu	Sep 2000	A
6116330	Salyer	Sep 2000	A
6120493	Hofmann	Sep 2000	A
6122599	Mehta	Sep 2000	A
6123701	Nezhat	Sep 2000	A
6132397	Davis et al.	Oct 2000	A
6132419	Hofmann	Oct 2000	A
6134460	Chance	Oct 2000	A
6139544	Mikus	Oct 2000	A
6139545	Utley et al.	Oct 2000	A
6142992	Cheng	Nov 2000	A
6150148	Nanda	Nov 2000	A
6152923	Ryan	Nov 2000	A
6159163	Strauss	Dec 2000	A
6178354	Gibson	Jan 2001	B1
D437941	Frattini	Feb 2001	S
6193715	Wrublewski et al.	Feb 2001	B1
6198970	Freed	Mar 2001	B1
6200314	Sherman	Mar 2001	B1
6208893	Hofmann	Mar 2001	B1
6210402	Olsen	Apr 2001	B1
6212433	Behl	Apr 2001	B1
6216034	Hofmann	Apr 2001	B1
6219577	Brown, III	Apr 2001	B1
D442697	Hajianpour	May 2001	S
6233490	Kasevich	May 2001	B1
6235023	Lee	May 2001	B1
D443360	Haberland	Jun 2001	S
6241702	Lundquist	Jun 2001	B1
6241725	Cosman	Jun 2001	B1
D445198	Frattini	Jul 2001	S
6258100	Alferness	Jul 2001	B1
6258249	Simpson	Jul 2001	B1
6261831	Agee	Jul 2001	B1
6277114	Bullivant et al.	Aug 2001	B1
6278895	Bernard	Aug 2001	B1
6280441	Ryan	Aug 2001	B1
6283988	Laufer	Sep 2001	B1
6283989	Laufer	Sep 2001	B1
6284140	Sommermeyer	Sep 2001	B1
6287293	Jones et al.	Sep 2001	B1
6287304	Eggers et al.	Sep 2001	B1
6296636	Cheng	Oct 2001	B1
6298726	Adachi	Oct 2001	B1
6299633	Laufer	Oct 2001	B1
6300108	Rubinsky et al.	Oct 2001	B1
D450391	Hunt	Nov 2001	S
6312428	Eggers	Nov 2001	B1
6326177	Schoenbach	Dec 2001	B1
6327505	Medhkour	Dec 2001	B1
6328689	Gonzalez et al.	Dec 2001	B1
6328735	Curley	Dec 2001	B1
6330478	Lee	Dec 2001	B1
6347247	Dev	Feb 2002	B1
6349233	Adams	Feb 2002	B1
6351674	Silverstone	Feb 2002	B2
6375634	Carroll	Apr 2002	B1
6387671	Rubinsky	May 2002	B1
6398779	Buysse	Jun 2002	B1
6403347	Bills	Jun 2002	B1
6403348	Rubinsky	Jun 2002	B1
6405732	Edwards	Jun 2002	B1
6411852	Danek	Jun 2002	B1
6419674	Bowser	Jul 2002	B1
6428802	Atala	Aug 2002	B1
6437551	Krulevitch	Aug 2002	B1
6443952	Mulier et al.	Sep 2002	B1
6463331	Edwards	Oct 2002	B1
6470211	Ideker	Oct 2002	B1
6478793	Cosman	Nov 2002	B1
6482221	Hebert et al.	Nov 2002	B1
6482619	Rubinsky et al.	Nov 2002	B1
6485487	Sherman	Nov 2002	B1
6488673	Laufer	Dec 2002	B1
6488678	Sherman	Dec 2002	B2
6488680	Francischelli et al.	Dec 2002	B1
6491706	Alferness	Dec 2002	B1
6493569	Foo	Dec 2002	B2
6493589	Medhkour	Dec 2002	B1
6493592	Leonard	Dec 2002	B1
6497704	Ein-Gal	Dec 2002	B2
6500173	Underwood	Dec 2002	B2
6503248	Levine	Jan 2003	B1
6506189	Rittman, III et al.	Jan 2003	B1
6514248	Eggers et al.	Feb 2003	B1
6520183	Amar	Feb 2003	B2
6526320	Mitchell	Feb 2003	B2
D471640	McMichael	Mar 2003	S
D471641	McMichael	Mar 2003	S
6530922	Cosman	Mar 2003	B2
6533784	Truckai	Mar 2003	B2
6537976	Gupta	Mar 2003	B1
6540695	Burbank	Apr 2003	B1
6558378	Sherman	May 2003	B2
6562604	Rubinsky	May 2003	B2
6569162	He	May 2003	B2
6575967	Leveen	Jun 2003	B1
6575969	Rittman, III	Jun 2003	B1
6589161	Corcoran	Jul 2003	B2
6589174	Chopra et al.	Jul 2003	B1
6592594	Rimbaugh	Jul 2003	B2
6607529	Jones	Aug 2003	B1
6610054	Edwards	Aug 2003	B1
6611706	Avrahami	Aug 2003	B2
6613211	McCormick et al.	Sep 2003	B1
6616657	Simpson	Sep 2003	B2
6627421	Unger et al.	Sep 2003	B1
D480816	McMichael	Oct 2003	S
6634363	Danek et al.	Oct 2003	B1
6638253	Breznock	Oct 2003	B2
6638275	McGaffigan	Oct 2003	B1
6653091	Dunn	Nov 2003	B1
6666858	Lafontaine	Dec 2003	B2
6669691	Taimisto	Dec 2003	B1
6673070	Edwards et al.	Jan 2004	B2
6678558	Dimmer et al.	Jan 2004	B1
6682501	Nelson	Jan 2004	B1
6689096	Loubens et al.	Feb 2004	B1
6689127	Gough et al.	Feb 2004	B1
6692493	McGovern	Feb 2004	B2
6694170	Mikus	Feb 2004	B1
6694964	Wu	Feb 2004	B2
6694979	Deem	Feb 2004	B2
6694984	Habib	Feb 2004	B2
6695861	Rosenberg	Feb 2004	B1
6697669	Dev	Feb 2004	B2
6697670	Chomenky	Feb 2004	B2
6702808	Kreindel	Mar 2004	B1
6712811	Underwood	Mar 2004	B2
D489973	Root	May 2004	S
6733516	Simons	May 2004	B2
6753171	Karube	Jun 2004	B2
6761716	Kadhiresan	Jul 2004	B2
6770070	Balbierz	Aug 2004	B1
D495807	Agbodoe	Sep 2004	S
6795728	Chornenky	Sep 2004	B2
6801804	Miller	Oct 2004	B2
6812204	McHale	Nov 2004	B1
6837886	Collins	Jan 2005	B2
6847848	Sterzer	Jan 2005	B2
6860847	Alferness	Mar 2005	B2
6865416	Dev	Mar 2005	B2
6869430	Balbierz	Mar 2005	B2
6881213	Ryan	Apr 2005	B2
6892099	Jaafar	May 2005	B2
6895267	Panescu	May 2005	B2
6905480	McGuckin, Jr.	Jun 2005	B2
6912417	Bernard	Jun 2005	B1
6926713	Rioux	Aug 2005	B2
6927049	Rubinsky	Aug 2005	B2
6941950	Wilson	Sep 2005	B2
6942681	Johnson	Sep 2005	B2
6958062	Gough	Oct 2005	B1
6960189	Bates	Nov 2005	B2
6962587	Johnson	Nov 2005	B2
6972013	Zhang	Dec 2005	B1
6972014	Eum	Dec 2005	B2
6989010	Francischelli	Jan 2006	B2
6994689	Zadno-Azizi	Feb 2006	B1
6994706	Chornenky	Feb 2006	B2
7008421	Daniel	Mar 2006	B2
7011094	Rapacki	Mar 2006	B2
7012061	Reiss	Mar 2006	B1
7027869	Danek	Apr 2006	B2
7036510	Zgoda	May 2006	B2
7053063	Rubinsky	May 2006	B2
7054665	Turner	May 2006	B2
7054685	Dimmer	May 2006	B2
7063698	Whayne	Jun 2006	B2
7087040	McGuckin, Jr.	Aug 2006	B2
7097612	Bertolero	Aug 2006	B2
7100616	Springmeyer	Sep 2006	B2
7113821	Sun	Sep 2006	B1
7130697	Chornenky	Oct 2006	B2
7162303	Levin	Jan 2007	B2
7169107	Jersey-Willuhn	Jan 2007	B2
7211083	Chornenky	May 2007	B2
7232437	Berman	Jun 2007	B2
7250048	Francischelli	Jul 2007	B2
D549332	Matsumoto	Aug 2007	S
7257450	Auth	Aug 2007	B2
7264002	Danek	Sep 2007	B2
7267676	Chornenky et al.	Sep 2007	B2
7273055	Danek	Sep 2007	B2
7291146	Steinke	Nov 2007	B2
7331940	Sommerich	Feb 2008	B2
7331949	Marisi	Feb 2008	B2
7341558	De La Torre	Mar 2008	B2
7344533	Pearson	Mar 2008	B2
D565743	Phillips	Apr 2008	S
D571478	Horacek	Jun 2008	S
7387626	Edwards	Jun 2008	B2
7399747	Clair	Jul 2008	B1
D575399	Matsumoto	Aug 2008	S
D575402	Sandor	Aug 2008	S
7412977	Fields	Aug 2008	B2
7419487	Johnson	Sep 2008	B2
7434578	Dillard	Oct 2008	B2
7437194	Skwarek	Oct 2008	B2
7449019	Uchida	Nov 2008	B2
7451765	Adler	Nov 2008	B2
7455675	Schur	Nov 2008	B2
7476203	DeVore	Jan 2009	B2
7488292	Adachi	Feb 2009	B2
7520877	Lee, Jr.	Apr 2009	B2
7533671	Gonzalez	May 2009	B2
D595422	Mustapha	Jun 2009	S
7544301	Shah	Jun 2009	B2
7549984	Mathis	Jun 2009	B2
7553309	Buysse	Jun 2009	B2
7565208	Harris	Jul 2009	B2
7571729	Saadat	Aug 2009	B2
7617005	Demarais	Nov 2009	B2
7620451	Demarais	Nov 2009	B2
7620507	Richardson	Nov 2009	B2
7632291	Stephens	Dec 2009	B2
7647115	Levin	Jan 2010	B2
7653438	Deem	Jan 2010	B2
7655004	Long	Feb 2010	B2
7670333	Schatzberger	Mar 2010	B2
7674249	Ivorra	Mar 2010	B2
7680543	Azure	Mar 2010	B2
D613418	Ryan	Apr 2010	S
7699842	Buysse	Apr 2010	B2
7706865	Snell	Apr 2010	B1
7717948	Demarais	May 2010	B2
7718409	Rubinsky	May 2010	B2
7722606	Azure	May 2010	B2
7742795	Stone	Jun 2010	B2
7763018	DeCarlo	Jul 2010	B2
7765010	Chornenky	Jul 2010	B2
7771401	Hekmat	Aug 2010	B2
7776035	Rick	Aug 2010	B2
7815571	Deckman	Oct 2010	B2
7815662	Spivey	Oct 2010	B2
7824870	Kovalcheck	Nov 2010	B2
RE42016	Chornenky et al.	Dec 2010	E
7846108	Turovskiy	Dec 2010	B2
7853333	Demarais	Dec 2010	B2
D630321	Hamilton, Jr.	Jan 2011	S
D631154	Hamilton, Jr.	Jan 2011	S
7874986	Deckman	Jan 2011	B2
7875025	Cockburn	Jan 2011	B2
7879031	Peterson	Feb 2011	B2
RE42277	Jaafar et al.	Apr 2011	E
7918852	Tullis	Apr 2011	B2
7937143	Demarais	May 2011	B2
7938824	Chornenky	May 2011	B2
7951582	Gazit	May 2011	B2
7955827	Rubinsky	Jun 2011	B2
RE42835	Chornenky	Oct 2011	E
D647628	Helfteren	Oct 2011	S
8029504	Long	Oct 2011	B2
8037591	Spivey	Oct 2011	B2
8048067	Davalos	Nov 2011	B2
8052604	Lau	Nov 2011	B2
8057391	Lau	Nov 2011	B2
8062290	Buysse	Nov 2011	B2
RE43009	Chornenky	Dec 2011	E
8070759	Stefanchik	Dec 2011	B2
8075572	Stefanchik	Dec 2011	B2
8088072	Munrow	Jan 2012	B2
8100922	Griffith	Jan 2012	B2
8109926	Azure	Feb 2012	B2
8114070	Rubinsky	Feb 2012	B2
8114072	Long	Feb 2012	B2
8114119	Spivey	Feb 2012	B2
8131371	Demarals	Mar 2012	B2
8131372	Levin	Mar 2012	B2
8145316	Deem	Mar 2012	B2
8145317	Demarais	Mar 2012	B2
8150518	Levin	Apr 2012	B2
8150519	Demarais	Apr 2012	B2
8150520	Demarais	Apr 2012	B2
8154288	Deimling	Apr 2012	B2
8157834	Conlon	Apr 2012	B2
8162918	Ivorra	Apr 2012	B2
8172772	Zwolinski	May 2012	B2
8174267	Brannan	May 2012	B2
8175711	Demarais	May 2012	B2
8180433	Brannan	May 2012	B2
8181995	Decarlo	May 2012	B2
8182477	Orszulak	May 2012	B2
8187269	Shadduck	May 2012	B2
8187270	Auth	May 2012	B2
8206300	Deckman	Jun 2012	B2
8211097	Leyh	Jul 2012	B2
8211099	Buysse	Jul 2012	B2
8211125	Spivey	Jul 2012	B2
8216161	Darlington	Jul 2012	B2
8221411	Francischelli	Jul 2012	B2
8231603	Hobbs	Jul 2012	B2
8240468	Wilkinson	Aug 2012	B2
8241204	Spivey	Aug 2012	B2
8242782	Brannan	Aug 2012	B2
8246615	Behnke	Aug 2012	B2
8248075	Brannan	Aug 2012	B2
8251986	Chornenky	Aug 2012	B2
8252057	Fox	Aug 2012	B2
8262563	Bakos	Sep 2012	B2
8262577	Munrow	Sep 2012	B2
8262655	Ghabrial	Sep 2012	B2
8262680	Swain	Sep 2012	B2
8267884	Hicks	Sep 2012	B1
8267927	Dalal	Sep 2012	B2
8267936	Hushka	Sep 2012	B2
8277379	Lau	Oct 2012	B2
8282631	Davalos	Oct 2012	B2
8287527	Brannan	Oct 2012	B2
8292880	Prakash	Oct 2012	B2
8298222	Rubinsky	Oct 2012	B2
8303516	Schmitz	Nov 2012	B2
8317806	Coe	Nov 2012	B2
8337394	Vakharia	Dec 2012	B2
8343144	Kleyman	Jan 2013	B2
8346370	Haley	Jan 2013	B2
8347891	Demarais	Jan 2013	B2
8348921	Ivorra	Jan 2013	B2
8348938	Blomgren	Jan 2013	B2
8353487	Trusty	Jan 2013	B2
8353902	Prakash	Jan 2013	B2
8361006	Kraemer	Jan 2013	B2
8361066	Long	Jan 2013	B2
8361112	Carroll, II	Jan 2013	B2
8366712	Bleich	Feb 2013	B2
8377057	Rick	Feb 2013	B2
8380283	Krieg	Feb 2013	B2
D677798	Hart	Mar 2013	S
8394092	Brannan	Mar 2013	B2
8394102	Garabedian	Mar 2013	B2
8398626	Buysse	Mar 2013	B2
8398641	Wallace	Mar 2013	B2
8403924	Behnke	Mar 2013	B2
8403926	Nobis	Mar 2013	B2
8409200	Holcomb	Apr 2013	B2
8409206	Wallace	Apr 2013	B2
8417328	Sarfaty	Apr 2013	B2
8425455	Nentwick	Apr 2013	B2
8425505	Long	Apr 2013	B2
8433423	Demarais	Apr 2013	B2
8437845	Sarfaty	May 2013	B2
8439907	Auth	May 2013	B2
8444640	Demarais	May 2013	B2
8449538	Long	May 2013	B2
8454594	Demarais	Jun 2013	B2
8465464	Travis	Jun 2013	B2
8465484	Davalos	Jun 2013	B2
8469716	Fedotov	Jun 2013	B2
8473067	Hastings	Jun 2013	B2
8480657	Bakos	Jul 2013	B2
8480665	Decarlo	Jul 2013	B2
8480666	Buysse	Jul 2013	B2
8480689	Spivey	Jul 2013	B2
8489192	Hlavka	Jul 2013	B1
8496574	Trusty	Jul 2013	B2
8506485	Deckman	Aug 2013	B2
8506564	Long	Aug 2013	B2
8511317	Thapliyal	Aug 2013	B2
8512329	Paulus	Aug 2013	B2
8512330	Epstein	Aug 2013	B2
8518031	Boyden	Aug 2013	B2
8529563	Long	Sep 2013	B2
8542019	Brannan	Sep 2013	B2
8546979	Heeren	Oct 2013	B2
8548600	Deem	Oct 2013	B2
8551069	Demarais	Oct 2013	B2
8551088	Falkenstein	Oct 2013	B2
8551097	Schmitz	Oct 2013	B2
8562588	Hobbs	Oct 2013	B2
8562598	Falkenstein	Oct 2013	B2
8562599	Leyh	Oct 2013	B2
8562602	Azure	Oct 2013	B2
8568401	Brannan	Oct 2013	B2
8568402	Buysse	Oct 2013	B2
8568404	Brannan	Oct 2013	B2
8568410	Vakharia	Oct 2013	B2
8568411	Falkenstein	Oct 2013	B2
8579894	Falkenstein	Nov 2013	B2
8579897	Vakharia	Nov 2013	B2
8579902	Bleich	Nov 2013	B2
8585704	Schmitz	Nov 2013	B2
8603087	Rubinsky	Dec 2013	B2
8608652	Voegele	Dec 2013	B2
8608739	Sartor	Dec 2013	B2
8613745	Bleich	Dec 2013	B2
8617163	Bleich	Dec 2013	B2
8620423	Demarais	Dec 2013	B2
8626300	Demarais	Jan 2014	B2
8632534	Pearson	Jan 2014	B2
8634929	Chornenky	Jan 2014	B2
8647338	Chornenky	Feb 2014	B2
8647346	Bleich	Feb 2014	B2
8652130	Kreindel	Feb 2014	B2
8652138	Bleich	Feb 2014	B2
8652150	Swain	Feb 2014	B2
8663210	Tomasello	Mar 2014	B2
8663228	Schmitz	Mar 2014	B2
8668688	Rusin	Mar 2014	B2
8672937	Decarlo	Mar 2014	B2
8679003	Spivey	Mar 2014	B2
8684998	Demarais	Apr 2014	B2
8702697	Curley	Apr 2014	B2
8706258	Nabors, Sr.	Apr 2014	B2
8712500	Schmidt	Apr 2014	B2
8715276	Thompson	May 2014	B2
8721637	Zarins	May 2014	B2
8725249	Bar-Yoseph	May 2014	B2
8728137	Zarins	May 2014	B2
8728138	Zarins	May 2014	B2
8728139	Azure	May 2014	B2
8731672	Hlavka	May 2014	B2
8740895	Mayse	Jun 2014	B2
8740896	Zarins	Jun 2014	B2
8753335	Moshe	Jun 2014	B2
8768470	Deem	Jul 2014	B2
8771252	Gelfand	Jul 2014	B2
8771260	Conlon	Jul 2014	B2
8774913	Demarais	Jul 2014	B2
8774922	Zarins	Jul 2014	B2
8777943	Mayse	Jul 2014	B2
8784463	Zarins	Jul 2014	B2
8797039	Brannan	Aug 2014	B2
8801626	Sun	Aug 2014	B2
8805545	Zarins	Aug 2014	B2
8808280	Mayse	Aug 2014	B2
8814860	Davalos	Aug 2014	B2
8818514	Zarins	Aug 2014	B2
8821489	Mayse	Sep 2014	B2
8828031	Fox	Sep 2014	B2
8835166	Phillips	Sep 2014	B2
8845559	Darlington	Sep 2014	B2
8845629	Demarais	Sep 2014	B2
8845635	Daniel	Sep 2014	B2
8845639	Wallace	Sep 2014	B2
8852163	Deem	Oct 2014	B2
8858550	Busch-Madsen	Oct 2014	B2
8865076	Sarfaty	Oct 2014	B2
8880185	Hastings	Nov 2014	B2
8880186	Levin	Nov 2014	B2
8880195	Azure	Nov 2014	B2
8882759	Manley	Nov 2014	B2
8888792	Harris	Nov 2014	B2
8894641	Brannan	Nov 2014	B2
8903488	Callas	Dec 2014	B2
8906006	Chornenky	Dec 2014	B2
8906011	Gelbart	Dec 2014	B2
8906035	Zwolinski	Dec 2014	B2
8911439	Mayse	Dec 2014	B2
8915910	Falkenstein	Dec 2014	B2
8915911	Azure	Dec 2014	B2
8920411	Gelbart	Dec 2014	B2
8923970	Bar-Yoseph	Dec 2014	B2
8926606	Davalos	Jan 2015	B2
8932287	Gelbart	Jan 2015	B2
8932289	Mayse	Jan 2015	B2
8934978	Deem	Jan 2015	B2
8939897	Nobis	Jan 2015	B2
8939970	Stone	Jan 2015	B2
8945121	Curley	Feb 2015	B2
8948865	Zarins	Feb 2015	B2
8956350	Buysse	Feb 2015	B2
8958871	Demarais	Feb 2015	B2
8958888	Chornenky	Feb 2015	B2
8961507	Mayse	Feb 2015	B2
8961508	Mayse	Feb 2015	B2
8968542	Davalos	Mar 2015	B2
8974451	Smith	Mar 2015	B2
8983595	Levin	Mar 2015	B2
8986294	Demarais	Mar 2015	B2
8992517	Davalos	Mar 2015	B2
9005189	Davalos	Apr 2015	B2
9005195	Mayse	Apr 2015	B2
9005198	Long	Apr 2015	B2
9011431	Long	Apr 2015	B2
9017323	Miller	Apr 2015	B2
9017324	Mayse	Apr 2015	B2
9023034	Jenson	May 2015	B2
9023037	Zarins	May 2015	B2
9028483	Long	May 2015	B2
9028485	Edmunds	May 2015	B2
9039702	Miller	May 2015	B2
9049987	Conlon	Jun 2015	B2
9050449	Darlington	Jun 2015	B2
9060761	Hastings	Jun 2015	B2
9072518	Swanson	Jul 2015	B2
9072527	Deem	Jul 2015	B2
9078665	Moss	Jul 2015	B2
9084609	Smith	Jul 2015	B2
9089350	Willard	Jul 2015	B2
9101386	Wallace	Aug 2015	B2
9108040	Zarins	Aug 2015	B2
9113888	Drszulak	Aug 2015	B2
9119633	Gelbart	Sep 2015	B2
9119634	Gelbart	Sep 2015	B2
9125643	Hlavka	Sep 2015	B2
9125661	Deem	Sep 2015	B2
9125666	Steinke	Sep 2015	B2
9125667	Stone	Sep 2015	B2
9131978	Zarins	Sep 2015	B2
9138281	Zarins	Sep 2015	B2
9138287	Curley	Sep 2015	B2
9138288	Curley	Sep 2015	B2
9149328	Dimmer	Oct 2015	B2
9149331	Deem	Oct 2015	B2
9155589	Jenson	Oct 2015	B2
9173704	Hobbs	Nov 2015	B2
9186198	Demarais	Nov 2015	B2
9186209	Weber	Nov 2015	B2
9186213	Deem	Nov 2015	B2
9192435	Jenson	Nov 2015	B2
9192715	Gelfand	Nov 2015	B2
9192790	Hastings	Nov 2015	B2
9198733	Neal, II	Dec 2015	B2
9220526	Conlon	Dec 2015	B2
9220558	Willard	Dec 2015	B2
9220561	Crow	Dec 2015	B2
9226772	Fox	Jan 2016	B2
9226790	Zemel	Jan 2016	B2
9233241	Long	Jan 2016	B2
9247952	Bleich	Feb 2016	B2
9248318	Darlington	Feb 2016	B2
9254169	Long	Feb 2016	B2
9254172	Behnke, II	Feb 2016	B2
9265557	Sherman	Feb 2016	B2
9265558	Zarins	Feb 2016	B2
9276367	Brannan	Mar 2016	B2
9277955	Herscher	Mar 2016	B2
9277969	Brannan	Mar 2016	B2
9283051	Garcia	Mar 2016	B2
9289255	Deem	Mar 2016	B2
9295516	Pearson	Mar 2016	B2
9307935	Pluta	Apr 2016	B2
9308039	Azure	Apr 2016	B2
9308043	Zarins	Apr 2016	B2
9308044	Zarins	Apr 2016	B2
9314620	Long	Apr 2016	B2
9314630	Levin et al.	Apr 2016	B2
9320561	Zarins	Apr 2016	B2
9320563	Brustad	Apr 2016	B2
9326751	Hastings	May 2016	B2
9326817	Zarins	May 2016	B2
9327100	Perry	May 2016	B2
9327122	Zarins	May 2016	B2
9339618	Deem	May 2016	B2
9351790	Zemel	May 2016	B2
9414881	Callas	Aug 2016	B2
9598691	Davalos	Mar 2017	B2
9764145	Callas	Sep 2017	B2
9867652	Sano	Jan 2018	B2
9943599	Gehl	Apr 2018	B2
10010666	Rubinsky	Jul 2018	B2
10117701	Davalos	Nov 2018	B2
10117707	Garcia	Nov 2018	B2
10143512	Rubinsky	Dec 2018	B2
10154874	Davalos	Dec 2018	B2
10238447	Neal, II	Mar 2019	B2
10245098	Davalos	Apr 2019	B2
10245105	Davalos	Apr 2019	B2
10272178	Davalos	Apr 2019	B2
10286108	Davalos	May 2019	B2
10292755	Arena	May 2019	B2
10342600	Callas	Jul 2019	B2
10448989	Arena	Oct 2019	B2
10470822	Garcia	Nov 2019	B2
10471254	Sano	Nov 2019	B2
10537379	Sano	Jan 2020	B2
10668208	Rubinsky	Jun 2020	B2
10694972	Davalos	Jun 2020	B2
10702326	Neal, II	Jul 2020	B2
10828085	Davalos	Nov 2020	B2
10828086	Davalos	Nov 2020	B2
10905492	Neal, II	Feb 2021	B2
10959772	Davalos	Mar 2021	B2
11254926	Neal, II	Feb 2022	B2
11272979	Garcia	Mar 2022	B2
11311329	Davalos	Apr 2022	B2
11382681	Arena	Jul 2022	B2
11406820	Sano	Aug 2022	B2
11453873	Davalos	Sep 2022	B2
11607271	Garcia	Mar 2023	B2
11607537	Latouche	Mar 2023	B2
20010014819	Ingle	Aug 2001	A1
20010039393	Mori	Nov 2001	A1
20010044596	Jaafar	Nov 2001	A1
20010046706	Rubinsky	Nov 2001	A1
20010047167	Heggeness	Nov 2001	A1
20010051366	Rubinsky	Dec 2001	A1
20020002393	Mitchell	Jan 2002	A1
20020010491	Schoenbach	Jan 2002	A1
20020022864	Mahvi	Feb 2002	A1
20020040204	Dev	Apr 2002	A1
20020049370	Laufer	Apr 2002	A1
20020052601	Goldberg	May 2002	A1
20020055731	Atala	May 2002	A1
20020065541	Fredricks	May 2002	A1
20020072742	Schaefer	Jun 2002	A1
20020077314	Falk	Jun 2002	A1
20020077627	Johnson	Jun 2002	A1
20020077676	Schroeppel	Jun 2002	A1
20020082543	Park	Jun 2002	A1
20020091362	Maginot	Jul 2002	A1
20020095197	Lardo	Jul 2002	A1
20020099323	Dev	Jul 2002	A1
20020104318	Jaafar	Aug 2002	A1
20020111615	Cosman	Aug 2002	A1
20020112729	Devore	Aug 2002	A1
20020115208	Mitchell	Aug 2002	A1
20020119437	Grooms	Aug 2002	A1
20020120261	Morris	Aug 2002	A1
20020133324	Weaver	Sep 2002	A1
20020137121	Rubinsky	Sep 2002	A1
20020138075	Edwards	Sep 2002	A1
20020138117	Son	Sep 2002	A1
20020143365	Herbst	Oct 2002	A1
20020147462	Mair	Oct 2002	A1
20020156472	Lee	Oct 2002	A1
20020161361	Sherman	Oct 2002	A1
20020183684	Dev	Dec 2002	A1
20020183735	Edwards	Dec 2002	A1
20020183740	Edwards	Dec 2002	A1
20020188242	Wu	Dec 2002	A1
20020193784	McHale	Dec 2002	A1
20020193831	Dewey	Dec 2002	A1
20030009110	Tu	Jan 2003	A1
20030009165	Edwards	Jan 2003	A1
20030014047	Woloszko	Jan 2003	A1
20030016168	Jandrell	Jan 2003	A1
20030055220	Legrain	Mar 2003	A1
20030055420	Kadhiresan	Mar 2003	A1
20030059945	Dzekunov	Mar 2003	A1
20030060856	Chornenky	Mar 2003	A1
20030074039	Puskas	Apr 2003	A1
20030078490	Damasco	Apr 2003	A1
20030088189	Tu	May 2003	A1
20030088199	Kawaji	May 2003	A1
20030096407	Atala	May 2003	A1
20030105454	Cucin	Jun 2003	A1
20030109871	Johnson	Jun 2003	A1
20030127090	Gifford	Jul 2003	A1
20030130711	Pearson	Jul 2003	A1
20030135242	Mongeon	Jul 2003	A1
20030149451	Chomenky	Aug 2003	A1
20030153960	Chornenky	Aug 2003	A1
20030154988	Devore	Aug 2003	A1
20030159700	Laufer	Aug 2003	A1
20030164168	Shaw	Sep 2003	A1
20030166181	Rubinsky	Sep 2003	A1
20030170898	Gundersen	Sep 2003	A1
20030194808	Rubinsky	Oct 2003	A1
20030195385	Devore	Oct 2003	A1
20030195406	Jenkins	Oct 2003	A1
20030199050	Mangano	Oct 2003	A1
20030208200	Palanker	Nov 2003	A1
20030208236	Heil	Nov 2003	A1
20030212394	Pearson	Nov 2003	A1
20030212412	Dillard	Nov 2003	A1
20030225360	Eppstein	Dec 2003	A1
20030228344	Fields	Dec 2003	A1
20030233091	Whayne	Dec 2003	A1
20040009459	Anderson	Jan 2004	A1
20040019371	Jaafar	Jan 2004	A1
20040055606	Hendricksen	Mar 2004	A1
20040059328	Daniel	Mar 2004	A1
20040059389	Chornenky	Mar 2004	A1
20040068228	Cunningham	Apr 2004	A1
20040116965	Falkenberg	Jun 2004	A1
20040133194	Eum	Jul 2004	A1
20040138715	Van Groeningen	Jul 2004	A1
20040146877	Diss	Jul 2004	A1
20040153057	Davison	Aug 2004	A1
20040167458	Draghia-Akli	Aug 2004	A1
20040172136	Ralph	Sep 2004	A1
20040176855	Badylak	Sep 2004	A1
20040187875	He	Sep 2004	A1
20040193042	Scampini	Sep 2004	A1
20040193097	Hofmann	Sep 2004	A1
20040199159	Lee	Oct 2004	A1
20040200484	Springmeyer	Oct 2004	A1
20040206349	Alferness	Oct 2004	A1
20040210248	Gordon	Oct 2004	A1
20040230187	Lee	Nov 2004	A1
20040236376	Miklavcic	Nov 2004	A1
20040243107	Macoviak	Dec 2004	A1
20040267189	Daniela	Dec 2004	A1
20040267256	Garabedian	Dec 2004	A1
20040267340	Cioanta	Dec 2004	A1
20050004507	Schroeppel	Jan 2005	A1
20050010209	Lee	Jan 2005	A1
20050010259	Gerber	Jan 2005	A1
20050013726	Hill	Jan 2005	A1
20050013870	Freyman	Jan 2005	A1
20050019830	Penner	Jan 2005	A1
20050020965	Rioux	Jan 2005	A1
20050033276	Adachi	Feb 2005	A1
20050043726	McHale	Feb 2005	A1
20050048651	Ryttsen	Mar 2005	A1
20050049541	Behar	Mar 2005	A1
20050054978	Segal	Mar 2005	A1
20050061322	Freitag	Mar 2005	A1
20050066974	Fields	Mar 2005	A1
20050096537	Parel	May 2005	A1
20050096709	Skwarek	May 2005	A1
20050107781	Ostrovsky	May 2005	A1
20050112141	Terman	May 2005	A1
20050135393	Benco	Jun 2005	A1
20050143817	Hunter	Jun 2005	A1
20050165393	Eppstein	Jul 2005	A1
20050171522	Christopherson	Aug 2005	A1
20050171523	Rubinsky	Aug 2005	A1
20050171571	Goodin	Aug 2005	A1
20050171574	Rubinsky	Aug 2005	A1
20050182462	Chornenky	Aug 2005	A1
20050197619	Rule	Sep 2005	A1
20050203489	Saadat	Sep 2005	A1
20050216047	Kumoyama	Sep 2005	A1
20050228373	Kelly	Oct 2005	A1
20050228459	Levin	Oct 2005	A1
20050228460	Levin	Oct 2005	A1
20050234445	Conquergood	Oct 2005	A1
20050234523	Levin	Oct 2005	A1
20050261672	Deem	Nov 2005	A1
20050261707	Schatzberger	Nov 2005	A1
20050267407	Goldman	Dec 2005	A1
20050282284	Rubinsky	Dec 2005	A1
20050283149	Thorne	Dec 2005	A1
20050288684	Aronson	Dec 2005	A1
20050288702	McGurk	Dec 2005	A1
20050288730	Deem	Dec 2005	A1
20060004356	Bilski	Jan 2006	A1
20060004400	McGurk	Jan 2006	A1
20060009748	Mathis	Jan 2006	A1
20060015147	Persson	Jan 2006	A1
20060020347	Barrett	Jan 2006	A1
20060024359	Walker	Feb 2006	A1
20060025760	Podhajsky	Feb 2006	A1
20060025821	Gelfand	Feb 2006	A1
20060030810	Mandrusov	Feb 2006	A1
20060074413	Behzadian	Apr 2006	A1
20060079838	Walker	Apr 2006	A1
20060079845	Howard	Apr 2006	A1
20060079883	Elmouelhi	Apr 2006	A1
20060085054	Zikorus	Apr 2006	A1
20060089635	Young	Apr 2006	A1
20060106379	O'Brien	May 2006	A1
20060121610	Rubinsky	Jun 2006	A1
20060127703	Takekuma	Jun 2006	A1
20060142801	Demarais	Jun 2006	A1
20060149123	Vidlund	Jul 2006	A1
20060173490	Lafontaine	Aug 2006	A1
20060182684	Beliveau	Aug 2006	A1
20060184163	Breen	Aug 2006	A1
20060195146	Tracey	Aug 2006	A1
20060206150	Demarais	Sep 2006	A1
20060212032	Daniel	Sep 2006	A1
20060212076	Demarais	Sep 2006	A1
20060212078	Demarais	Sep 2006	A1
20060217702	Young	Sep 2006	A1
20060217703	Chornenky	Sep 2006	A1
20060217704	Cockburn	Sep 2006	A1
20060224188	Libbus	Oct 2006	A1
20060224192	Dimmer	Oct 2006	A1
20060235474	Demarais	Oct 2006	A1
20060241366	Falwell	Oct 2006	A1
20060247619	Kaplan	Nov 2006	A1
20060264752	Rubinsky	Nov 2006	A1
20060264807	Westersten	Nov 2006	A1
20060269531	Beebe	Nov 2006	A1
20060271111	Demarais	Nov 2006	A1
20060276710	Krishnan	Dec 2006	A1
20060278241	Ruano	Dec 2006	A1
20060283462	Fields	Dec 2006	A1
20060293713	Rubinsky	Dec 2006	A1
20060293725	Rubinsky	Dec 2006	A1
20060293730	Rubinsky	Dec 2006	A1
20060293731	Rubinsky	Dec 2006	A1
20060293734	Scott	Dec 2006	A1
20070010805	Fedewa	Jan 2007	A1
20070016183	Lee	Jan 2007	A1
20070016185	Tullis	Jan 2007	A1
20070021803	Deem	Jan 2007	A1
20070025919	Deem	Feb 2007	A1
20070043345	Davalos	Feb 2007	A1
20070055142	Webler	Mar 2007	A1
20070055225	Dodd, III	Mar 2007	A1
20070060989	Deem	Mar 2007	A1
20070066957	Demarais	Mar 2007	A1
20070066971	Podhajsky	Mar 2007	A1
20070078391	Wortley	Apr 2007	A1
20070078453	Johnson	Apr 2007	A1
20070083239	Demarais	Apr 2007	A1
20070088347	Young	Apr 2007	A1
20070093789	Smith	Apr 2007	A1
20070096048	Clerc	May 2007	A1
20070118069	Persson	May 2007	A1
20070129711	Altshuler	Jun 2007	A1
20070129760	Demarais	Jun 2007	A1
20070137567	Shimizu	Jun 2007	A1
20070151848	Novak	Jul 2007	A1
20070156129	Kovalcheck	Jul 2007	A1
20070156135	Rubinsky	Jul 2007	A1
20070156136	Godara	Jul 2007	A1
20070173899	Levin	Jul 2007	A1
20070179380	Grossman	Aug 2007	A1
20070191589	Hirota	Aug 2007	A1
20070191889	Lang	Aug 2007	A1
20070197895	Nycz	Aug 2007	A1
20070203486	Young	Aug 2007	A1
20070203549	Demarais	Aug 2007	A1
20070230757	Trachtenberg	Oct 2007	A1
20070239099	Goldfarb	Oct 2007	A1
20070244521	Bornzin	Oct 2007	A1
20070249939	Gerbi	Oct 2007	A1
20070282407	Demarais	Dec 2007	A1
20070287950	Kjeken	Dec 2007	A1
20070295336	Nelson	Dec 2007	A1
20070295337	Nelson	Dec 2007	A1
20080015571	Rubinsky	Jan 2008	A1
20080015628	Dubrul	Jan 2008	A1
20080015664	Podhajsky	Jan 2008	A1
20080021371	Rubinsky	Jan 2008	A1
20080027314	Miyazaki	Jan 2008	A1
20080027343	Fields	Jan 2008	A1
20080033340	Heller	Feb 2008	A1
20080033417	Nields	Feb 2008	A1
20080045880	Kjeken	Feb 2008	A1
20080052786	Lin	Feb 2008	A1
20080065062	Leung	Mar 2008	A1
20080071262	Azure	Mar 2008	A1
20080071264	Azure	Mar 2008	A1
20080071265	Azure	Mar 2008	A1
20080082145	Skwarek	Apr 2008	A1
20080086115	Stoklund	Apr 2008	A1
20080091135	Draghia-Akli	Apr 2008	A1
20080097139	Clerc	Apr 2008	A1
20080097422	Edwards	Apr 2008	A1
20080103529	Schoenbach	May 2008	A1
20080121375	Richason	May 2008	A1
20080125772	Stone	May 2008	A1
20080125775	Morris	May 2008	A1
20080132826	Shadduck	Jun 2008	A1
20080132884	Rubinsky	Jun 2008	A1
20080132885	Rubinsky	Jun 2008	A1
20080140064	Vegesna	Jun 2008	A1
20080146931	Zhang	Jun 2008	A1
20080146934	Czygan	Jun 2008	A1
20080147056	Van Der Weide	Jun 2008	A1
20080154259	Gough	Jun 2008	A1
20080167649	Edwards	Jul 2008	A1
20080171985	Karakoca	Jul 2008	A1
20080190434	Tjong Joe Wai	Aug 2008	A1
20080200911	Long	Aug 2008	A1
20080200912	Long	Aug 2008	A1
20080208052	LePivert	Aug 2008	A1
20080210243	Clayton	Sep 2008	A1
20080213331	Gelfand	Sep 2008	A1
20080214986	Ivorra	Sep 2008	A1
20080224188	Han	Sep 2008	A1
20080234708	Houser	Sep 2008	A1
20080236593	Nelson	Oct 2008	A1
20080249503	Fields	Oct 2008	A1
20080255553	Young	Oct 2008	A1
20080262489	Steinke	Oct 2008	A1
20080269586	Rubinsky	Oct 2008	A1
20080269838	Brighton	Oct 2008	A1
20080275465	Paul	Nov 2008	A1
20080279995	Schultheiss	Nov 2008	A1
20080281319	Paul	Nov 2008	A1
20080283065	Chang	Nov 2008	A1
20080288038	Paul	Nov 2008	A1
20080294155	Cronin	Nov 2008	A1
20080294358	Richardson	Nov 2008	A1
20080300589	Paul	Dec 2008	A1
20080306427	Bailey	Dec 2008	A1
20080312599	Rosenberg	Dec 2008	A1
20090018206	Barkan	Jan 2009	A1
20090018565	To	Jan 2009	A1
20090018566	Escudero	Jan 2009	A1
20090018567	Escudero	Jan 2009	A1
20090024075	Schroeppel	Jan 2009	A1
20090024085	To	Jan 2009	A1
20090029407	Gazit	Jan 2009	A1
20090030336	Woo	Jan 2009	A1
20090036773	Lau	Feb 2009	A1
20090038752	Weng	Feb 2009	A1
20090062788	Long	Mar 2009	A1
20090062792	Vakharia	Mar 2009	A1
20090062795	Vakharia	Mar 2009	A1
20090076496	Azure	Mar 2009	A1
20090076499	Azure	Mar 2009	A1
20090076500	Azure	Mar 2009	A1
20090076502	Azure	Mar 2009	A1
20090081272	Clarke	Mar 2009	A1
20090088636	Lau	Apr 2009	A1
20090099544	Munrow	Apr 2009	A1
20090105703	Shadduck	Apr 2009	A1
20090114226	Deem	May 2009	A1
20090118725	Auth	May 2009	A1
20090118729	Auth	May 2009	A1
20090125009	Zikorus	May 2009	A1
20090138014	Bonutti	May 2009	A1
20090143705	Danek	Jun 2009	A1
20090157166	Singhal	Jun 2009	A1
20090163904	Miller	Jun 2009	A1
20090171280	Samuel	Jul 2009	A1
20090177111	Miller	Jul 2009	A1
20090186850	Kiribayashi	Jul 2009	A1
20090192508	Laufer	Jul 2009	A1
20090198227	Prakash	Aug 2009	A1
20090198231	Esser	Aug 2009	A1
20090204005	Keast	Aug 2009	A1
20090204112	Kleyman	Aug 2009	A1
20090209955	Forster	Aug 2009	A1
20090216543	Pang	Aug 2009	A1
20090221939	Demarais	Sep 2009	A1
20090228001	Pacey	Sep 2009	A1
20090240247	Rioux	Sep 2009	A1
20090247933	Maor	Oct 2009	A1
20090248012	Maor	Oct 2009	A1
20090269317	Davalos	Oct 2009	A1
20090270756	Gamache	Oct 2009	A1
20090275827	Aiken	Nov 2009	A1
20090281477	Mikus	Nov 2009	A1
20090281540	Blomgren	Nov 2009	A1
20090287081	Grossman	Nov 2009	A1
20090292342	Rubinsky	Nov 2009	A1
20090301480	Elsakka	Dec 2009	A1
20090306544	Ng	Dec 2009	A1
20090306545	Elsakka	Dec 2009	A1
20090318849	Hobbs	Dec 2009	A1
20090318905	Bhargav	Dec 2009	A1
20090326366	Krieg	Dec 2009	A1
20090326436	Rubinsky	Dec 2009	A1
20090326561	Carroll, II	Dec 2009	A1
20090326570	Brown	Dec 2009	A1
20100004623	Hamilton, Jr.	Jan 2010	A1
20100006441	Renaud	Jan 2010	A1
20100016783	Bourke, Jr.	Jan 2010	A1
20100023004	Francischelli	Jan 2010	A1
20100030211	Davalos	Feb 2010	A1
20100036291	Darlington	Feb 2010	A1
20100049190	Long	Feb 2010	A1
20100056926	Deckman	Mar 2010	A1
20100057074	Roman	Mar 2010	A1
20100057076	Behnke	Mar 2010	A1
20100069921	Miller et al.	Mar 2010	A1
20100079215	Brannan	Apr 2010	A1
20100082022	Haley	Apr 2010	A1
20100082023	Brannan	Apr 2010	A1
20100082024	Brannan	Apr 2010	A1
20100082025	Brannan	Apr 2010	A1
20100082083	Brannan	Apr 2010	A1
20100082084	Brannan	Apr 2010	A1
20100087813	Long	Apr 2010	A1
20100090696	Deimling	Apr 2010	A1
20100100093	Azure	Apr 2010	A1
20100106025	Sarfaty	Apr 2010	A1
20100106047	Sarfaty	Apr 2010	A1
20100121173	Sarfaty	May 2010	A1
20100130975	Long	May 2010	A1
20100147701	Field	Jun 2010	A1
20100152725	Pearson	Jun 2010	A1
20100160850	Ivorra	Jun 2010	A1
20100168735	Deno	Jul 2010	A1
20100174282	Demarais	Jul 2010	A1
20100179436	Sarfaty	Jul 2010	A1
20100179530	Long	Jul 2010	A1
20100191112	Demarais	Jul 2010	A1
20100191235	Moshe	Jul 2010	A1
20100196984	Rubinsky	Aug 2010	A1
20100204560	Salahieh	Aug 2010	A1
20100204638	Hobbs	Aug 2010	A1
20100211061	Leyh	Aug 2010	A1
20100222677	Placek	Sep 2010	A1
20100228234	Hyde	Sep 2010	A1
20100228247	Paul	Sep 2010	A1
20100241117	Paul	Sep 2010	A1
20100249771	Pearson	Sep 2010	A1
20100250209	Pearson	Sep 2010	A1
20100255795	Rubinsky	Oct 2010	A1
20100256624	Brannan	Oct 2010	A1
20100256628	Pearson	Oct 2010	A1
20100256630	Hamilton, Jr.	Oct 2010	A1
20100261994	Davalos	Oct 2010	A1
20100262067	Chornenky	Oct 2010	A1
20100268223	Coe	Oct 2010	A1
20100268225	Coe	Oct 2010	A1
20100286690	Paul	Nov 2010	A1
20100292686	Rick	Nov 2010	A1
20100298822	Behnke	Nov 2010	A1
20100298823	Cao	Nov 2010	A1
20100298825	Slizynski	Nov 2010	A1
20100331758	Davalos	Dec 2010	A1
20100331911	Kovalcheck	Dec 2010	A1
20110009860	Chornenky	Jan 2011	A1
20110015630	Azure	Jan 2011	A1
20110017207	Hendricksen	Jan 2011	A1
20110021970	Vo-Dinh	Jan 2011	A1
20110034209	Rubinsky	Feb 2011	A1
20110054458	Behnke	Mar 2011	A1
20110064671	Bynoe	Mar 2011	A1
20110082362	Schmidt	Apr 2011	A1
20110082414	Wallace	Apr 2011	A1
20110092973	Nuccitelli	Apr 2011	A1
20110098695	Brannan	Apr 2011	A1
20110105823	Single, Jr.	May 2011	A1
20110106221	Neal, II	May 2011	A1
20110112434	Ghabrial	May 2011	A1
20110112531	Landis	May 2011	A1
20110118721	Brannan	May 2011	A1
20110118727	Fish	May 2011	A1
20110118729	Heeren	May 2011	A1
20110118732	Rubinsky	May 2011	A1
20110118734	Auld	May 2011	A1
20110130834	Wilson	Jun 2011	A1
20110135626	Kovalcheck	Jun 2011	A1
20110144524	Fish	Jun 2011	A1
20110144562	Heeren	Jun 2011	A1
20110144635	Harper	Jun 2011	A1
20110144638	Heeren	Jun 2011	A1
20110144641	Dimalanta, Jr.	Jun 2011	A1
20110144657	Fish	Jun 2011	A1
20110152678	Aljuri	Jun 2011	A1
20110152906	Escudero	Jun 2011	A1
20110152907	Escudero	Jun 2011	A1
20110160514	Long	Jun 2011	A1
20110166499	Demarais	Jul 2011	A1
20110172659	Brannan	Jul 2011	A1
20110176037	Benkley, III	Jul 2011	A1
20110178570	Demarais	Jul 2011	A1
20110202052	Gelbart	Aug 2011	A1
20110202053	Moss	Aug 2011	A1
20110207758	Sobotka	Aug 2011	A1
20110208096	Demarais	Aug 2011	A1
20110208180	Brannan	Aug 2011	A1
20110217730	Gazit	Sep 2011	A1
20110230874	Epstein	Sep 2011	A1
20110245756	Arora	Oct 2011	A1
20110251607	Kruecker	Oct 2011	A1
20110282354	Schulte	Nov 2011	A1
20110288545	Beebe	Nov 2011	A1
20110301587	Deem	Dec 2011	A1
20110306971	Long	Dec 2011	A1
20120034131	Rubinsky	Feb 2012	A1
20120046658	Kreindel	Feb 2012	A1
20120059255	Paul	Mar 2012	A1
20120071870	Salahieh	Mar 2012	A1
20120071872	Rubinsky	Mar 2012	A1
20120071874	Davalos	Mar 2012	A1
20120085649	Sano	Apr 2012	A1
20120089009	Omary	Apr 2012	A1
20120090646	Tanaka	Apr 2012	A1
20120095459	Callas	Apr 2012	A1
20120101538	Ballakur	Apr 2012	A1
20120109122	Arena	May 2012	A1
20120130289	Demarais	May 2012	A1
20120150172	Ortiz	Jun 2012	A1
20120165813	Lee	Jun 2012	A1
20120179091	Ivorra	Jul 2012	A1
20120220999	Long	Aug 2012	A1
20120226218	Phillips	Sep 2012	A1
20120226271	Callas	Sep 2012	A1
20120265186	Burger	Oct 2012	A1
20120277741	Davalos	Nov 2012	A1
20120303012	Leyh	Nov 2012	A1
20120303020	Chornenky	Nov 2012	A1
20120310236	Placek	Dec 2012	A1
20120310237	Swanson	Dec 2012	A1
20130030239	Weyh	Jan 2013	A1
20130030430	Stewart	Jan 2013	A1
20130035921	Rodriguez-Ponce	Feb 2013	A1
20130041436	Ruse	Feb 2013	A1
20130072858	Watson	Mar 2013	A1
20130090646	Moss	Apr 2013	A1
20130108667	Soikum	May 2013	A1
20130110106	Richardson	May 2013	A1
20130184702	Neal, II	Jul 2013	A1
20130196441	Rubinsky	Aug 2013	A1
20130197425	Golberg	Aug 2013	A1
20130202766	Rubinsky	Aug 2013	A1
20130218157	Callas	Aug 2013	A1
20130230895	Koblizek	Sep 2013	A1
20130238062	Ron Edoute	Sep 2013	A1
20130253415	Sano	Sep 2013	A1
20130261389	Long	Oct 2013	A1
20130281968	Davalos	Oct 2013	A1
20130296679	Condie	Nov 2013	A1
20130345697	Garcia	Dec 2013	A1
20130345779	Maor	Dec 2013	A1
20140005664	Govari	Jan 2014	A1
20140017218	Scott	Jan 2014	A1
20140039489	Davalos	Feb 2014	A1
20140046322	Callas	Feb 2014	A1
20140052118	Laske	Feb 2014	A1
20140066913	Sherman	Mar 2014	A1
20140081255	Johnson	Mar 2014	A1
20140088578	Rubinsky	Mar 2014	A1
20140094792	Sharonov	Apr 2014	A1
20140094793	Sharonov	Apr 2014	A1
20140107643	Chornenky	Apr 2014	A1
20140111224	Agate	Apr 2014	A1
20140121663	Pearson	May 2014	A1
20140121728	Dhillon	May 2014	A1
20140163551	Maor	Jun 2014	A1
20140207133	Model	Jul 2014	A1
20140296844	Kevin	Oct 2014	A1
20140309579	Rubinsky	Oct 2014	A1
20140378964	Pearson	Dec 2014	A1
20150025526	Hua	Jan 2015	A1
20150032105	Azure	Jan 2015	A1
20150066013	Salahieh	Mar 2015	A1
20150066020	Epstein	Mar 2015	A1
20150088120	Garcia	Mar 2015	A1
20150088220	Callas	Mar 2015	A1
20150112333	Chorenky	Apr 2015	A1
20150126922	Willis	May 2015	A1
20150141984	Loomas	May 2015	A1
20150152504	Lin	Jun 2015	A1
20150164584	Davalos	Jun 2015	A1
20150173824	Davalos	Jun 2015	A1
20150196351	Stone	Jul 2015	A1
20150201996	Rubinsky	Jul 2015	A1
20150265349	Moss	Sep 2015	A1
20150289923	Davalos	Oct 2015	A1
20150320478	Cosman, Jr.	Nov 2015	A1
20150320481	Cosman, Jr.	Nov 2015	A1
20150320488	Moshe	Nov 2015	A1
20150320999	Nuccitelli	Nov 2015	A1
20150327944	Neal, II	Nov 2015	A1
20160022957	Hobbs	Jan 2016	A1
20160066977	Neal, II	Mar 2016	A1
20160074114	Pearson	Mar 2016	A1
20160113708	Moss	Apr 2016	A1
20160143698	Garcia	May 2016	A1
20160235470	Callas	Aug 2016	A1
20160287313	Rubinsky	Oct 2016	A1
20160287314	Arena	Oct 2016	A1
20160338758	Davalos	Nov 2016	A9
20160338761	Chornenky	Nov 2016	A1
20160354142	Pearson	Dec 2016	A1
20160367310	Onik	Dec 2016	A1
20170035501	Chornenky	Feb 2017	A1
20170065339	Mickelsen	Mar 2017	A1
20170137512	Van Hoorick	May 2017	A1
20170189579	Davalos	Jul 2017	A1
20170209620	Davalos	Jul 2017	A1
20170266438	Sano	Sep 2017	A1
20170319851	Athos	Nov 2017	A1
20170348525	Sano	Dec 2017	A1
20170360326	Davalos	Dec 2017	A1
20180071014	Neal	Mar 2018	A1
20180125565	Sano	May 2018	A1
20180161086	Davalos	Jun 2018	A1
20180198218	Regan	Jul 2018	A1
20190029749	Garcia	Jan 2019	A1
20190046255	Davalos	Feb 2019	A1
20190069945	Davalos	Mar 2019	A1
20190076528	Soden	Mar 2019	A1
20190083169	Single	Mar 2019	A1
20190133671	Davalos	May 2019	A1
20190175248	Neal, II	Jun 2019	A1
20190175260	Davalos	Jun 2019	A1
20190223938	Arena	Jul 2019	A1
20190232048	Latouche	Aug 2019	A1
20190233809	Neal, II	Aug 2019	A1
20190256839	Neal, II	Aug 2019	A1
20190282294	Davalos	Sep 2019	A1
20190328445	Sano	Oct 2019	A1
20190351224	Sano	Nov 2019	A1
20190376055	Davalos	Dec 2019	A1
20200046432	Garcia	Feb 2020	A1
20200046967	Ivey	Feb 2020	A1
20200093541	Neal et al.	Mar 2020	A9
20200197073	Sano	Jun 2020	A1
20200260987	Davalos	Aug 2020	A1
20200289188	Forsyth	Sep 2020	A1
20200323576	Neal	Oct 2020	A1
20200405373	O'Brien	Dec 2020	A1
20210022795	Davalos	Jan 2021	A1
20210023362	Lorenzo	Jan 2021	A1
20210052882	Wasson	Feb 2021	A1
20210113265	D'Agostino	Apr 2021	A1
20210137410	O'Brien	May 2021	A1
20210186600	Davalos	Jun 2021	A1
20210361341	Neal, II	Nov 2021	A1
20210393312	Davalos	Dec 2021	A1
20220151688	Garcia	May 2022	A1
20220161027	Aycock	May 2022	A1
20220290183	Davalos	Sep 2022	A1
20220362549	Sano	Nov 2022	A1

Foreign Referenced Citations (187)

Number	Date	Country
7656800	Apr 2001	AU
2002315095	Dec 2002	AU
2003227960	Dec 2003	AU
2005271471	Feb 2006	AU
2006321570	Jun 2007	AU
2006321574	Jun 2007	AU
2006321918	Jun 2007	AU
2009243079	Jan 2011	AU
2012255070	Jan 2014	AU
2015259303	Nov 2016	AU
2297846	Feb 1999	CA
2378110	Feb 2001	CA
2445392	Nov 2002	CA
2458676	Mar 2003	CA
2487284	Dec 2003	CA
2575792	Feb 2006	CA
2631940	Jun 2007	CA
2631946	Jun 2007	CA
2632604	Jun 2007	CA
2722296	Nov 2009	CA
2751462	Nov 2010	CA
1525839	Sep 2004	CN
101534736	Sep 2009	CN
102238921	Nov 2011	CN
102421386	Apr 2012	CN
106715682	May 2017	CN
112807074	May 2021	CN
863111	Jan 1953	DE
4000893	Jul 1991	DE
60038026	Feb 2009	DE
0218275	Apr 1987	EP
0339501	Nov 1989	EP
0378132	Jul 1990	EP
0528891	Mar 1993	EP
0528891	Mar 1993	EP
0533511	Mar 1993	EP
0908156	Apr 1999	EP
0935482	Aug 1999	EP
0998235	May 2000	EP
1011495	Jun 2000	EP
1061983	Dec 2000	EP
1061983	Dec 2000	EP
1196550	Apr 2002	EP
1207797	May 2002	EP
1344497	Sep 2003	EP
1406685	Apr 2004	EP
1406685	Apr 2004	EP
1424970	Jun 2004	EP
1424970	Jun 2004	EP
1439792	Jul 2004	EP
1442765	Aug 2004	EP
1462065	Sep 2004	EP
1493397	Jan 2005	EP
1506039	Feb 2005	EP
1011495	Nov 2005	EP
1791485	Jun 2007	EP
1796568	Jun 2007	EP
1207797	Feb 2008	EP
1962708	Sep 2008	EP
1962710	Sep 2008	EP
1962945	Sep 2008	EP
2280741	Feb 2011	EP
2373241	Oct 2011	EP
2381829	Nov 2011	EP
2413833	Feb 2012	EP
429435	Mar 2012	EP
2488251	Aug 2012	EP
2593179	May 2013	EP
2627274	Aug 2013	EP
2642937	Oct 2013	EP
2651505	Oct 2013	EP
3143124	Mar 2017	EP
3852868	Jul 2021	EP
2300272	Jun 2008	ES
2315493	Apr 2009	ES
0107584	Feb 2001	JO
H10243947	Sep 1998	JP
2001510702	Aug 2001	JP
2002360712	Dec 2002	JP
2003505072	Feb 2003	JP
2003506064	Feb 2003	JP
2004203224	Jul 2004	JP
2004525726	Aug 2004	JP
2004303590	Oct 2004	JP
2005501596	Jan 2005	JP
2005526579	Sep 2005	JP
2007516792	Jun 2007	JP
2008508946	Mar 2008	JP
4252316	Apr 2009	JP
2009518130	May 2009	JP
2009518150	May 2009	JP
2009518151	May 2009	JP
2009532077	Sep 2009	JP
2010503496	Feb 2010	JP
2010511467	Apr 2010	JP
2011137025	Jul 2011	JP
2012510332	May 2012	JP
2012515018	Jul 2012	JP
2012521863	Sep 2012	JP
2014501574	Jan 2014	JP
2017518805	Jul 2017	JP
6594901	Oct 2019	JP
2019193668	Nov 2019	JP
7051188	Apr 2022	JP
101034682	Apr 2004	KR
9104014	Apr 1991	WO
9614238	May 1996	WO
9634571	Nov 1996	WO
9639531	Dec 1996	WO
9810745	Mar 1998	WO
9814238	Apr 1998	WO
9901076	Jan 1999	WO
990471	Feb 1999	WO
0020554	Apr 2000	WO
0107583	Feb 2001	WO
0107585	Feb 2001	WO
0110319	Feb 2001	WO
2001048153	Jul 2001	WO
0170114	Sep 2001	WO
0181533	Nov 2001	WO
0200554	Jan 2002	WO
02078527	Oct 2002	WO
02089686	Nov 2002	WO
02100459	Dec 2002	WO
2003020144	Mar 2003	WO
2003047684	Jun 2003	WO
03099382	Dec 2003	WO
2004008153	Jan 2004	WO
2004037341	May 2004	WO
2004080347	Sep 2004	WO
2005065284	Jul 2005	WO
2006017666	Feb 2006	WO
2006031541	Mar 2006	WO
2006130194	Dec 2006	WO
2007067628	Jun 2007	WO
2007067937	Jun 2007	WO
2007067938	Jun 2007	WO
2007067939	Jun 2007	WO
2007067940	Jun 2007	WO
2007067941	Jun 2007	WO
2007067943	Jun 2007	WO
2007070361	Jun 2007	WO
2007100727	Sep 2007	WO
2007123690	Nov 2007	WO
2007137303	Nov 2007	WO
2008034103	Mar 2008	WO
2008063195	May 2008	WO
2008101086	Aug 2008	WO
2008101091	Aug 2008	WO
2009036468	Mar 2009	WO
2009046176	Apr 2009	WO
2009134876	Nov 2009	WO
2009135070	Nov 2009	WO
2009137800	Nov 2009	WO
2010015592	Feb 2010	WO
2010064154	Jun 2010	WO
2010080974	Jul 2010	WO
2010085765	Jul 2010	WO
2010117806	Oct 2010	WO
2010118387	Oct 2010	WO
2010128373	Nov 2010	WO
2010132472	Nov 2010	WO
2010151277	Dec 2010	WO
2011028937	Mar 2011	WO
2011047387	Apr 2011	WO
2011062653	May 2011	WO
2011072221	Jun 2011	WO
2011135294	Nov 2011	WO
2012006533	Jan 2012	WO
2012051433	Apr 2012	WO
2012054560	Apr 2012	WO
2012054573	Apr 2012	WO
2012063266	May 2012	WO
2012071526	May 2012	WO
2012088149	Jun 2012	WO
2012140376	Oct 2012	WO
2013052138	Apr 2013	WO
2013176881	Nov 2013	WO
2014039320	Mar 2014	WO
2015175570	Nov 2015	WO
2015192027	Dec 2015	WO
2016100325	Jun 2016	WO
2016164930	Oct 2016	WO
2017024123	Feb 2017	WO
2017117418	Jul 2017	WO
2020061192	Mar 2020	WO
2022066768	Mar 2022	WO

Non-Patent Literature Citations (851)

Entry
McCall, Nanoknife, liposomal doxorubicin show efficacy against liver cancer, European Congress of Radiology, Mar. 1, 2011, pp. 1-2.
McCarley, and Soulen, Percutaneous ablation of hepatic tumors, Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 2010, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 255-260.
McIntyre, C. C. et al., “Modeling the excitability of mammalian nerve fibers: Influence of afterpotentials on the recovery cycle,” J. Neurophysiol., vol. 87, No. 2, 995-1006, 2002, 12 pages.
McNeal, D. R., “Analysis of a Model for Excitation of Myelinated Nerve,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-23, No. 4 329-337, 1976, 9 pages.
McWilliams, et al., Image-guided tumor ablation: Emerging technologies and future directions, Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 2010, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 302-313.
Mercadal, B et al., “Avoiding nerve stimulation in irreversible electroporation: A numerical modeling study,” Phys. Wed. Biol., vol. 62, No. 20, 8060-8079, 2017, 28 pages.
Miklavcic, D. et al., “The effect of high frequency electric pulses on muscle contractions and antitumor efficiency in vivo for a potential use in clinical electrochemotherapy,” Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 65, 121-128, 2004, 8 pages.
Miklavcic, et al., The Importance of Electric Field Distribution for Effective in Vivo Electroporation of Tissues, Biophysical Journal, vol. 74, May 1998, pp. 2152-2158.
Miller, L., et al., Cancer cells ablation with irreversible electroporation, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment 4 (2005) 699-706.
Min, M., A. Giannitsis, R. Land, B. Cahill, U. Pliquett, T. Nacke, D. Frense, G. Gastrock, and D. Beckmann, Comparison of rectangular wave excitations in broad band impedance spectroscopy for microfluidic applications, in World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sep. 7-12, 2009, Munich, Germany. Springer, 2009, pp. 85-88.
Min, M., U. Pliquett, T. Nacke, A. Barthel, P. Annus, and R. Land, “Broadband excitation for short-time impedance spectroscopy,” Physiological measurement, vol. 29, No. 6, p. S185,2008.
Mir et al., “Mechanisms of Electrochemotherapy” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 35:107-118 (1999).
Mir et al., British Journal of Cancer, 77(12):2336-2342 (1998).
Mir, Chapter 1 application of electroporation gene therapy: Past, current and future, Electroporation Protocols Preclinical and Clinical Gene Medicine, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 423, 2008, pp. 3-17.
Mir, et al., Effective Treatment of Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Malignant Tumours by Electrochemotherapy, British Journal of Cancer, vol. 77, No. 12, pp. 2336-2342, 1998.
Mir, et al., Electrochemotherapy Potentiation of Antitumour Effect of Bleomycin by Local Electric Pulses, European Journal of Cancer, vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 68-72, 1991.
Mir, et al., Electrochemotherapy, a Novel Antitumor Treatment: First Clinical Trial, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. III, vol. 313, pp. 613-618, 1991.
Mir, L.M. and Orlowski, S., “The basis of electrochemotherapy,” Electrochemotherapy, Electrogenetherapy, and Transdermal Drug Delivery: Electrically Mediated Delivery of Molecules to Cells, M.J. Jaroszeski, R. Heller, R. Gilbert, Editors, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey p. 99-118 (2000).
Mir, L.M., et al., Electric Pulse-Mediated Gene Delivery to Various Animal Tissues, in Advances in Genetics, Academic Press, 2005, p. 83-114.
Mir, Orlowski, Introduction: Electropermeabilization as a new drug delivery approach, Methods in Molecular Medicine, 2000, vol. 37, pp. 99-117.
Mir, Therapeutic Perspectives of In Vivo Cell Electropermeabilization, Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 53, pp. 1-10, 2000.
Miklavcic, et al., A Validated Model of an in Vivo Electric Field Distribution in Tissues for Electrochemotherapy and For DNA Electrotransfer for Gene Therapy, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1523 (2000), pp. 73-83.
Mulhall et al., “Cancer, pre-cancer and normal oral cells distinguished by dielectrophoresis.” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 401, pp. 2455-2463 (2011).
Narayan, et al., Establishment and Characterization of a Human Primary Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (ND-1), The Journal of Urology, vol. 148, 1600-1604, Nov. 1992.
Naslund, Cost-effectiveness of minimally invasive treatments and transurethral resection (TURP) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Unveristy of Maryland School of Medicine, 2001, p. 1213.
Naslund, Michael J., Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate, Urology, vol. 50, No. 2, Aug. 1997.
Neal II, et al, Experimental characterization and numerical modeling of tissue electrical conductivity during pulsed electric fields for irreversible electroporation treatment planning, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Apr. 2012, vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 1076-1085.
Neal II, et al., Successful treatment of a large soft tissue sarcoma with irreversible electroporaiton, Journal of Clinical Dncology, May 1, 2011, vol. 29, No. 13, pp. e372-e377.
Neal II, R. E. et al. In Vitro and Numerical Support for Combinatorial Irreversible Electroporation and Electrochemotherapy Glioma Treatment. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Oct. 29, 2013, 13 pages.
Neal II, R.E., et al., “Treatment of breast cancer through the application of irreversible electroporation using a novel minimally invasive single needle electrode.” Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2010. 123(1): p. 295-301.
Neal II et al., “Experimental Characterization and Numerical Modeling of Tissue Electrical Conductivity during Pulsed Electric Fields for Irreversible Electroporation Treatment Planning,” Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 59, pp. 1076-1085, 2012.
Neal RE II, et al. (2013) Improved Local and Systemic Anti-Tumor Efficacy for Irreversible Electroporation in mmunocompetent versus Immunodeficient Mice. PLoS ONE 8(5): e64559. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. Done.0064559.
Neal, Davalos, The feasibility of irreversible electroporation for the treatment of breast cancer and other heterogeneous systems, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Dec. 2009, vol. 37, No. 12, pp. 2615-2625.
Neal, et al., A study using irreversible electroporation to treat large, irregular tumors in a canine patient, 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, IEEE, Aug. 2010, pp. 2747-2750.
Neal, et al, An “Off-the-Shelf” system for intraprocedural electrical current evaluation and monitoring of irreversible electroporation therapy, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, Feb. 27, 2014.
Neal, Robert E. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/940,863, filed Nov. 13, 2015 and Published as US 2016/0066977 on Mar. 10, 2016, Specification, Claims, Figures.
Nesin et al., “Manipulation of cell volume and membrane pore comparison following single cell permeabilization with 30- and 600-ns electric pulses.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes, vol. 1808, pp. 792-801 (2011).
Neumann, et al., Gene Transfer into Mouse Lyoma Cells by Electroporation in High Electric Fields, J. Embo., vol. 1, No. 7, pp. 841-845, 1982.
Neumann, et al., Permeability Changes Induced by Electric Impulses in Vesicular Membranes, J. Membrane Biol., vol. 10, pp. 279-290,1972.
Neven et al., Epicardial Linear Electroporation Ablation and Lesion Size, Department of Cardiology, University of Medical Utrecht, Aug. 2014, vol. 11, No. 8.
Nikolova, B., et al., “Treatment of Melanoma by Electroporation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin”. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 25(3): p. 2522-2524 (2011).
Nikolski, et al., Electroporation of the heart, Europace, 2005, 7, pp. S146-S154.
Non-Final Office Action of Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/757,901, dated Mar. 11, 2013.
Notice of Allowability dated Jun. 23, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/985,006 (pp. 1-4).
Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 2, 2023 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/912,883 (pp. 1-7).
Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 7, 2023 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679 (pp. 1-6).
Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 3, 2023 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679 (pp. 1-3).
Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 13, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/912,883 (pp. 1-7).
Notice of Allowance dated Apr. 24, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/591,655 (pp. 1-6).
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/332,133, Office Actions and Responses through dated Mar. 2018, 221 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, filed Apr. 14, 2015 and Published as US 2015/0289923 dated Oct. 15, 2015.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Non-Final Officce Action dated Nov. 22, 2017, 11 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Non-Final Office Action dated May 1, 2019, 26 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752, filed Feb. 1, 2015.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/843,888, filed Dec. 15, 2017.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/881,414, filed Jan. 26, 2018.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/275,429, filed Feb. 14, 2019.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, filed Apr. 5, 2019.
Coates, et al., The electric discharge of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus), Zoologica: New York Zoological Society, Apr. 5, 1937, pp. 1-32.
Cook, et al, ACT3: a high-speed, high-precision electrical impedance tomograph, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1994, vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 713-722.
Corovic, et al, Analytical and numerical quantification and comparison of the local electric field in the tissue for different electrode configurations, BioMedical Engineering Online, Oct. 15, 2007, 6, 37, pp. 1-14.
Corrected Notice of Allowability dated Jun. 4, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/985,006 (pp. 1-5).
Corrected Notice of Allowability dated Mar. 11, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/160,205 (pp. 1-2).
Cosman, E. R. et al., “Electric and Thermal Field Effects in Tissue Around Radiofrequency Electrodes,” Pain Med., vol. 6, No. 6, 405-424, 2005, 20 pages.
Cowley, Good News for Boomers, Newsweek, Dec. 30, 1996/Jan. 6, 1997, p. 1.
Cox, et al., Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: A Review, Europace (2004) 5, S20-S29.
Craiu, Scadden, Chapter 22 flow electroporation with pulsed electric fields for purging tumor cells, Electroporation Protocols: Preclinical and Clinical Gene Medicine, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 423, 2008, pp. 301-310.
Creason, S. C., J. W. Hayes, and D. E. Smith, “Fourier transform faradaic admittance measurements iii. comparison of measurement efficiency for various test signal waveforms,” Journal of Electroanalytical chemistry and interfacial electrochemistry, vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 9-46,1973.
Crowley, Electrical Breakdown of Biomolecular Lipid Membranes as an Electromechanical Instability, Biophysical Journal, vol. 13, pp. 711-724, 1973.
Cukjati, et al, Real time electroporation control for accurate and safe in vivo non-viral gene therapy, Bioelectrochemistry, Nov. 10, 2006, 70, pp. 501-507.
Dahl et al., “Nuclear shape, mechanics, and mechanotransduction.” Circulation Research vol. 102, pp. 1307-1318 (2008).
Daniels, Rubinsky, Electrical field and temperature model of nonthermal irreversible electroporation in heterogeneous tissues, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, Jul. 2009, vol. 131, 071006, pp. 1-12.
Daniels, Rubinsky, Temperature modulation of electric fields in biological matter, PLOS One, vol. 6, Iss. 6, e20877, pp. 1-9, Jun. 2011.
Daskalov, I., et al., “Exploring new instrumentation parameters for electrochemotherapy—Attacking tumors with bursts of biphasic pulses instead of single pulses”, IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag, 18(1): p. 62-66 (1999).
Daud, et al., Phase I trial of Interleukin-12 plasmid electroporation in patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of clinical Oncology, Dec. 20, 2008, vol. 26, No. 36, pp. 5896-5903.
Davalos et al., “Electrical impedance tomography for imaging tissue electroporation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 51, pp. 761-767, 2004.
Davalos, et al., A Feasibility Study for Electrical Impedance Tomography as a Means to Monitor Tissue Electroporation for Molecular Medicine, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 49, No. 4, Apr. 2002, pp. 400-403.
Davalos, et al.. Theoretical Analysis of the Thermal Effects During In Vivo Tissue Electroporation, Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 61, pp. 99-107, 2003.
Davalos, et al., Tissue Ablation with Irreversible Electroporation, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 33, No. 2, p. 223-231, Feb. 2005.
Davalos, R. V. & Rubinsky, B. Temperature considerations during irreversible electroporation. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51, 5617-5622, doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.04.046 (2008).
Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/352,759 {VTIP-A1005), filed Mar. 13, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
Davalos, Real-Time Imaging for Molecular Medicine through Electrical Impedance Tomography of Electroporation, Dissertation for Ph D. in Engineering-Mechanical Engineering, Graduate Division of University of California, Berkeley, 2002, pp. 1-237.
De Senneville, B. D. et al., “MR thermometry for monitoring tumor ablation,” European radiology, vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 2401-2410, 2007.
De Vuyst, E., et al., “In situ bipolar Electroporation for localized cell loading with reporter dyes and investigating gap functional coupling”, Biophysical Journal, 94(2): p. 469-479 (2008).
Dean, Nonviral Gene Transfer to Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Muscle in Living Animals, Am J. Physiol Cell Physiol 289: 233-245, 2005.
Demirbas, M. F., “Thermal Energy Storage and Phase Change Materials: An Overview” Energy Sources Part B 1(1), 35-95 (2006).
Deodhar, et al., Irreversible electroporation near the heart: Ventricular arrhythmias can be prevented with ECG synchronization, AJR, Mar. 2011,196, pp. W330-W335.
Deodhar, et al, Renal tissue ablation with irreversible electroporation: Preliminary results in a porcine model, Technology and Engineering, Urology, 2010, 1-7.
Dev, et al, Electric field of a six-needle array electrode used in drug and DNA delivery in vivo: Analytical versus numerical solution, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Nov. 2003, vol. 50, No. 11, pp. 1296-1300.
Dev, et al., Medical Applications of Electroporation, IEEE Transactions of Plasma Science, vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 206-223, Feb. 2000.
Dev, et al., Sustained Local Delivery of Heparin to the Rabbit Arterial Wall with an Electroporation Catheter, Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis, Nov. 1998, vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 337-343.
Diederich, et al, Catheter-based ultrasound applicators for selective thermal ablation: progress towards MRI-guided applications in prostate, Int. J. Hyperthermia, Nov. 2004, vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 739-756.
Du Pre, et al. Minimal coronary artery damage by myocardial electroporation ablation, European Society of Cardiology, Europace, May 31, 2012, pp. 1-6.
Dunki-Jacobs, et al, Evaluation of resistance as a measure of successful tumor ablation during irreversible electroporation of the pancreas, American College of Surgeons, Feb. 2014, vol. 218, No. 2, pp. 179-187.
Dupuy, and Shulman, Current status of thermal ablation treatments for lung malignancies. Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 2010, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 268-275.
Dupuy, et al, Irreversible electroporation in a swine lung model, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, Dec. 30, 2010, 34, pp. 391-395.
Duraiswami, et al., Boundary Element Techniques for Efficient 2-D and 3-D Electrical Impedance Tomography, Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 52, No. 13, pp. 2185-2196, 1997.
Duraiswami, et al., Efficient 2D and 3D Electrical Impedance Tomography Using Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Techniques, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 22, (1998) 13-31.
Duraiswami, et al., Solution of Electrical Impedance Tomography Equations Using Boundary Element Methods, Boundary Element Technology XII, 1997, pp. 226-237.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/491,151 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,992,517), file history through Feb. 2015, 113 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/609,779 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,465,484), file history through May 2013, 100 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/757,901 U.S. Pat. No. 8,926,606), file history through Jan. 2015, 165 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 12/906,923 U.S. Pat. No. 9,198,733), file history through Nov. 2015, 55 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/550,307 U.S. Pat. No. 10,702,326), file history through May 2020, 224 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/919,640 U.S. Pat. No. 8,814,860), file history through Jul. 2014, 41 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/958,152, file history through Dec. 2019, 391 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,832 U.S. Pat. No. 9,283,051), file history through Nov. 2015, 17 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/558,631 U.S. Pat. No. 10,117,707), file history through Jul. 2018, 58 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/627,046 U.S. Pat. No. 10,245,105), file history through Feb. 2019, 77 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/940,863 U.S. Pat. No. 10,238,447), file history through Oct. 2019, 23 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/186,653 U.S. Pat. No. 10,292,755), file history through Mar. 2019, 21 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/423,986 U.S. Pat. No. 10,286,108), file history through Jan. 2019, 124 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/424,335 U.S. Pat. No. 10,272,178), file history through Feb. 2019, 57 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/536,333 U.S. Pat. No. 10,694,972), file history through Apr. 2020, 78 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/843,888 U.S. Pat. No. 10,537,379), file history through Sep. 2019, 33 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 15/881,414 U.S. Pat. No. 10,154,874), file history through Nov. 2018, 43 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/152,743 U.S. Pat. No. 11,272,979), file history through Jan. 2022, 89 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/177,745 U.S. Pat. No. 10,828,085), file history through Jun. 2020, 57 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/232,962 U.S. Pat. No. 10,828,086), file history through Jun. 2020, 44 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/275,429 U.S. Pat. No. 10,959,772), file history through Feb. 2021, 18 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/280,511, file history through Aug. 2021, 31 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/352,759 (U.S. Pat. No. 11,311,329), file history through Mar. 2022, 258 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/372,520 U.S. Pat. No. 11,382,681), file history through Jun. 2022, 107 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/404,392 (U.S. Pat. No. 11,254,926), file history through Jan. 2022, 153 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 16/520,901 (U.S. Pat. No. 11,406,820), file history through May 2022, 39 pages.
Valdez, C. M. et al., “The interphase interval within a bipolar nanosecond electric pulse modulates bipolar cancellation,” Bioelectromagnetics, vol. 39, No. 6, 441-450, 2018, 28 pages.
Van Den Bos, W. et al., “MRI and contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging for evaluation of focal irreversible electroporation treatment: results from a phase i-ii study in patients undergoing ire followed by radical prostatectomy,” European radiology, vol. 26, No. 7, pp. 2252-2260, 2016.
Verbridge et al., “Oxygen-Controlled Three-Dimensional Cultures to Analyze Tumor Angiogenesis.” Tissue Engineering, Part A vol. 16, pp. 2133-2141 (2010).
Verma, A. et al., “Primer on Pulsed Electrical Field Ablation: Understanding the Benefits and Limitations,” Circ. Arrhythmia Electrophysiol., No. September, pp. 1-16,2021, 16 pages.
Vernier, P.T., et al., “Nanoelectropulse-driven membrane perturbation and small molecule permeabilization”, Bmc Cell Biology, 7 (2006).
Vidamed, Inc., “Highlights from Worldwide Clinical Studies: Transurethral Needle Ablation (TUNA),” Vidamed's Office TUNA System, (4 pages) (2001).
Vizintin, A. et al., “Effect of interphase and interpulse delay in high-frequency irreversible electroporation pulses on cell survival, membrane permeabilization and electrode material release,” Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 134, Aug. 2020,14 Pages.
Voyer, D., A. Silve, L. M. Mir, R. Scorretti, and C. Poignard, “Dynamical modeling of tissue electroporation,” Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 119, pp. 98-110, 2018.
Wandel, A. et al. “Optimizing Irreversible Electroporation Ablation with a Bipolar Electrode,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 27, Issue 9, 1441-1450.e2, 2016.
Wasson, Elisa M. et al. The Feasibility of Enhancing Susceptibility of Glioblastoma Cells to IRE Using a Calcium Adjuvant. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 45, No. 11, Nov. 2017 pp. 2535-2547.
Weaver et al., “A brief overview of electroporation pulse strength-duration space: A region where additional ntracellular effects are expected ” Bioelectrochemistry vol. 87, pp. 236-243 (2012).
Weaver, Electroporation: A General Phenomenon for Manipulating Cells and Tissues, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 51: 426-435, 1993.
Weaver, et al., Theory of Electroporation: A Review, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, vol. 41, pp. 136-160, 1996.
Weaver, J. C., Electroporation of biological membranes from multicellular to nano scales, IEEE Tms. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 10, 754-768 (2003).
Weaver, J.C., “Electroporation of cells and tissues”, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 28(1): p. 24-33 (2000).
Weisstein: Cassini Ovals. From MathWorld—A. Wolfram Web Resource; Apr. 30, 2010; http://mathworld.wolfram.com/updated May 18, 2011) 2 pages.
Wimmer, Thomas, et al., “Planning Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) in the Porcine Kidney: Are Numerical Simulations Reliable for Predicting Empiric Ablation Outcomes?”, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. Feb. 2015 ; 38(1): 182-190. doi:10.1007/S00270-014-0905-2.
Wittkampf, et al, Myocardial lesion depth with circular electroporation ablation, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 2012, 5, pp. 581-586.
Wood et al., Technologies for Guidance of Radiofrequency Ablation in the Multimodality Interventional Suite of the Future, Jan. 2007, National Institutes of Health, pp. 1-26.
Wright, On a relationship between the arrhenius parameters from thermal damage studies, Technical Brief, Journalof Biomechanical Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, Apr. 2003, vol. 125, pp. 300-304.
Yang et al., “Dielectric properties of human leukocyte subpopulations determined by selectrorotation as a cell separation criterion.” Biophysical Journal, vol. 76, pp. 3307-3314 (1999).
Yao et al., “Study of transmembrane potentials of inner and outer membranes induced by pulsed-electric-field model and simulation.” IEEE Trans Plasma Sci, 2007. 35(5): p. 1541-1549.
Yarmush, M. L. et al., “Electroporation-Based Technologies for Medicine: Principles, Applications, and Challenges,” Annu Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 16, No. 1,295-320, 2014, 29 pages.
Ybarra, Gary A, et al. “Breast Imaging using Electrical Impedance Tomography.” in Suri, J.S., R.M. Rangayyan, and S. Laxminarayan, Emerging Technologies in Breast Imaging and Mammography2008: American Scientific Publishers.
Bagla, S. and Papadouris, D., “Percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation of Surgically Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer: A Case Report” J. Vascular Int. Radiol. 23(1), 142-145 (2012).
Baker, et al., Calcium-Dependent Exocytosis in Bovine Adrenal Medullary Cells with Leaky Plasma Membranes, Nature, vol. 276, pp. 620-622, 1978.
Ball, et al. Irreversible electroporation: A new challenge in “out of the operating theater” anesthesia, Anesth Analg, May 2010, 110, pp. 1305-1309.
Bancroft, et al., Design of a Flow Perfusion Bioreactor SysteA for Bone Tissue-Engineering Applications, Tissue Engineering, vol. 9, No. 3, 2003, p. 549-554.
Baptista et al., “The Use of Whole Organ Decellularization for the Generation of a Vascularized Liver Organoid,” Heptatology, vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 604-617 (2011).
Barber, Electrical Impedance Tomography Applied Potential Tomography, Advances in Biomedical Engineering, Beneken and Thevenin, eds., IOS Press, pp. 165-173,1993.
Bayazitoglu, et al., An overview of nanoparticle assisted laser therapy, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Sep. 11, 2013, 67, pp. 469-486.
Beebe, S.J., et al., “Diverse effects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields on cells and tissues”, DNA and Cell Biology, 22(12): 785-796(2003).
Beebe, S.J., et al., Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) effects on cells and tissues: apoptosis induction andt umor growth inhibition. PPPS-2001 Pulsed Power Plasma Science 2001,28th IEEE International Conference on plasma Science and 13th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. Mo.01CH37251). IEEE, Part vol. 1, 2001, pp. 211-215, vol. I, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Beebe, S.J., et al. “Nanosecond, high-intensity pulsed electric fields induce apoptosis in human cells”, FASEB J, 17(9): p. 1493-5 (2003).
Beitel-White, N., S. Bhonsle, R. Martin, and R. V. Davalos, “Electrical characterization of human biological tissue or Irreversible electroporation treatments,” in 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2018, pp. 4170-4173.
Belehradek, J., et al., “Electropermeabilization of Cells in Tissues Assessed by the Qualitative and Quantitative Electroloading of Bleomycin”, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1190(1): p. 155-163 (1994).
Ben-David, E. et al., “Irreversible Electroporation: Treatment Effect Is Susceptible to Local Environment and Tissue Properties,” Radiology, vol. 269, No. 3,2013, 738-747.
Ben-David, E.,et al, “Characterization of Irreversible Electroporation Ablation in In Vivo Procine Liver” Am. J. Roentgenol. 198(1), W62-W68 (2012).
Benz, R., et al. “Reversible electrical breakdown of lipid bilayer membranes: a charge-pulse relaxation study”. J Membr Biol, 48(2): p. 181-204 (1979).
Bertacchini, et al. Design of an irreversible electroporation system for clinical use, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, Aug. 2007, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 313-320.
Bhonsle, S. et al., “Characterization of Irreversible Electroporation Ablation with a Validated Perfused Organ Model,” J. Vase. Interv. Radiol., vol. 27, No. 12, pp. 1913-1922.e2, 2016.
Bhonsle, S. P. et al., “Mitigation of impedance changes due to electroporation therapy using bursts of high-frequency bipolar pulses,” Biomed. Eng. (NY)., vol. 14, No. Suppl 3, 14 pages, 2015.
Bhonsle, S., M. F. Lorenzo, A. Safaai-Jazi, and R. V. Davalos, “Characterization of nonlinearity and dispersion in isue impedance during high-frequency electroporation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 65, No. 10, pp. 2190-2201,2018.
Blad, et al., Impedance Spectra of Tumour Tissue in Comparison with Normal Tissue; a Possible Clinical Application for Electrical Impedance Tomography, Physiol. Meas. 17 (1996) A105-A115.
Bonakdar, M., E. L. Latouche, R. L. Mahajan, and R. V. Davalos, “The feasibility of a smart surgical probe for Verification of IRE treatments using electrical impedance spectroscopy,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 62, No. 11, pp. 2674-2684, 2015.
Boone, et al. Review imaging with electricity: Report of the European concerted action on impedance tomography, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, Nov. 1997, vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 201-232.
Boussetta, N., N. Grimi, N. I. Lebovka, and E. Vorobiev, “Cold” electroporation in potato tissue induced by pulsed electric field. Journal of food engineering, vol. 115, No. 2, pp. 232-236,2013.
Bower et al., “Irreversible electroporation of the pancreas: definitive local therapy without systemic effects.” Journal of surgical oncology, 2011.104(1): p. 22-28.
Bown, S.G., Phototherapy of tumors. World J. Surgery, 1983. 7: p. 700-9.
BPH Management Strategies: Improving Patient Satisfaction, Urology Times, May 2001, vol. 29, Supplement 1.
Brown, et al., Blood Flow Imaging Using Electrical Impedance Tomography, Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas., 1992, vol. 13, Suppl. A, 175-179.
Buist et al., “Efficacy of multi-electrode linear irreversible electroporation,” Europace, vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 464-468, 2021, 5 pages.
Bulvik, B. E. et al. “Irreversible Electioporation versus Radiofrequency Ablation: A Comparison of Local and Systemic Effects in a Small Animal Model,” Radiology, vol. 280, No. 2, 2016,413-424.
Butikofer, R. et al., “Electrocutaneous Nerve Stimulation-I: Model and Experiment,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-25, No. 6, 526-531, 1978,6 pages.
Butikofer, R. et al., “Electrocutaneous Nerve Stimulation-II: Stimulus Waveform Selection,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-26, No. 2, 69-75,1979.
Cannon et al., “Safety and early efficacy of irreversible electroporation for hepatic tumors in proximity to vital structures” Journal of Surgical Oncology, 6 pages (2012).
Carmi, and Georgiades, Combination percutaneous and intraarterial therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A review. Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 2010, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 296-301.
Carpenter A.E et al., “CellProfiler: image analysis software for identifying and quantifying cell phenotypes.” Genome Biol. 2006; 7(10): R100. Published online Oct. 31, 2006,11 pages.
Carson, et al, Improving patient satisfaction, BPH management strategies, Supplement to Urology Times, May 2001, Vo. 29, Suppl. 1, pp. 1-22.
Castellvi, Q., B. Mercadal, and A. Ivorra, “Assessment of electroporation by elecliical impedance methods,” in Handbook of electroporation. Springer-Verlag, 2016, pp. 671-690.
Cemazar, et al., “Electroporation of human microvascular endothelial cells: evidence for an anti-vascular mechanism ol alectrochemotherapy”, Br J Cancer 84: 565-570 (2001).
Chandrasekar, et al., Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate (TUNA)—a Propsective Study, Six Year rollow Up, (Abstract), Presented at 2001 National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, Jun. 5, 2001.
Chang, D.C., “Cell Poration and Cell-Fusion Using an Oscillating Electric-Field”. Biophysical Journal, 56(4): p. 641-652(1989).
Charpentier, et al., Irreversible electroporation of the liver an dliver hilum in swine, HBP, 2011, 13, pp. 168-173.
Charpentier, K.P., et al., “Irreversible electroporation of the pancreas in swine: a pilot study.” HPB: the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association, 2010.12(5): p. 348-351.
Chen et al., “Classification of cell types using a microlluidic device for mechanical and electrical measurement on single cells.” Lab on a Chip, vol. 11, pp. 3174-3181 (2011).
Chen, et al, Preclinical study of locoregional therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma by bioelectric ablation with microsecond pulsed electric fields (usPEFs), Scientific Reports, Apr. 2015, 5, 9851, pp. 1-10.
Chen, M.T., et al., “Two-dimensional nanosecond electric field mapping based on cell electropermeabilization”, PMC Biophys, 2(1 ):9 (2009).
Choi, et al, Preclinical analysis of irreversible electroporation on rat liver tissues using a microfabricated electroporator, Tissue Engineering Part C, 2010, vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 1245-1253.
Clark et al., “The electrical properties of resting and secreting pancreas.” The Journal of Physiology, vol. 189, pp. 247-260 (1967).
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Final Rejection dated Mar. 21, 2012, 14 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Non-Final Office Action dated Nov. 26, 2013,15 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/906,923 Office Actions and Responses dated Jul. 2017, 55 pages.
Salford, L.G., et al., “A new brain tumour therapy combining bleomycin with in vivo electropermeabilization”, Biochem. Biophys Res Commun., 194(2): 938-943 (1993).
Salmanzadeh et al., “Investigating dielectric properties of different stages of syngeneic murine ovarian cancer cells” Biomicrofiuidics 7, 011809 (2013), 12 pages.
Salmanzadeh et al., “Sphingolipid Metabolites Modulate Dielectric Characteristics of Cells in a Mouse Ovarian Cancer Progression Model.” Integr. Biol., 5(6), pp. 843-852 (2013).
Salmanzadeh et al.,“Dielectrophoretic differentiation of mouse ovarian surface epithelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts using contactless dielectrophoresis.” Biomicrofiuidics, vol. 6,13 Pages (2012).
Sanchez, B., G. Vandersteen, R. Bragos, and J. Schoukens, “Basics of broadband impedance spectroscopy measurements using periodic excitations,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 23, No. 10, p. 105501,2012.
Sanchez, B., G. Vandersteen, R. Bragos, and J. Schoukens, “Optimal multisine excitation design for broadband electrical impedance spec-troscopy,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 22, No. 11, p. 115601,2011.
Sanders, et al., Nanosecond pulse generator with scalable pulse amplitude, IEEE, 2008, pp. 65-68.
Sankaranarayanan, et al, Effect of irreversible electroporation on cell proliferation in fibroblasts, Proc. ESA Annual Meeting on Electrostatics, 2011, pp. 1-8.
Sano et al., “In-vitro bipolar nano- and microsecond electro-pulse bursts for irreversible electroporation therapies.” Bioelectrochemistry vol. 100, pp. 69-79 (2014).
Sano et al., “Modeling and Development of a Low Frequency Contactless Dielectrophoresis (cDEP) Platform to Sort Dancer Cells from Dilute Whole Blood Samples.” Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 8 pages (2011).
Sano et al., “Contactless Dielectrophoretic Spectroscopy: Examination of the Dielectric Properties of Cells Found in Blood.” Electrophoresis, 32, pp. 3164-3171, 2011.
Sano, et al., Towards the creation of decellularized organ constructs using irreversible electroporation and active mechanical perfusion, Biomedical Engineering Online, 2010, 9, 83, pp. 1-16.
Sano, M. B. et al., “Burst and continuous high frequency irreversible electroporation protocols evaluated in a 3D tumor model,” Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 63, No. 13, 2018, 17 pages.
Sano, M. B. et al., “Reduction of Muscle Contractions During Irreversible Electroporation Therapy Using High-Frequency Bursts of Alternating Polarity Pulses: A Laboratory Investigation in an Ex Vivo Swine Model,” J. Vase. Interv. Radiol., vol. 29, No. 6, 893-898.e4, Jun. 2018, 18 pages.
Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/747,219 , filed Jan. 20, 2020, Specification, Claims, Figures.
Saur et al., “CXCR4 expression increases liver and lung metastasis in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer.” Gastroenterology, vol. 129, pp. 1237-1250 (2005).
Savader, et al.“Treatment of Hemodialysis Catheter-associated Fibrin Sheaths by rt-PA Infusion: Critical Analysis of 124 Procedures,” J Vase Intery Radiol 2001; 12:711-715.
Schmukler, Impedance Spectroscopy of Biological Cells, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Engineering Advances: New Opportunities for Biomedical Engineers, Proceedings of the 16th Annual Internal Conference of the IEEE, vol. 1, p. A74, downloaded from IEEE Xplore website, 1994.
Schoenbach et al., “Intracellular effect of ultrashort electrical pulses.” Bioelectromagnetics, 22 (2001) pp. 440-448.
Schoenbach, et al., Bioelectric effects of intense nanosecond pulses, IEEE Transactions on Dielectric and Electrical Insulation, 2007, vol. 14, Iss. 5, pp. 1088-1109.
Seibert, et al., Clonal variation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro and in athymic nude mice, Cancer Research, May 1983, 43, pp. 2223-2239.
Seidler et al., “A Cre-IoxP-based mouse model for conditional somatic gene expression and knockdown in vivo by using avian retroviral vectors.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 105, pp. 10137-10142 (2008).
Sei, D. et al. Sequential finite element model of tissue electropermeabilization. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 52, 816-827, doi:10 1109/tbme.2005.845212 (2005).
Sei, D., Lebar, A. M. & Miklavcic, D. Feasibility of employing model-based optimization of pulse amplitude and electrode distance for effective tumor electropermeabilization. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 54, 773-781 (2007).
Sersa, et al, Tumor blood flow modifying effect of electrochemotherapy with Bleomycin, Anticancer Research, 1999, 19, pp. 4017-4022.
Sersa, et al., Reduced Blood Flow and Oxygenation in SA-I Tumours after Electrochemotherapy with Cisplatin, British Journal of Cancer, 87, 1047-1054, 2002.
Sersa, et at, Tumour Blood Flow Modifying Effects of Electrochemotherapy: a Potential Vascular Targeted Mechanism, Radiol. Oncol, 37(1): 43-8,2003.
Shafiee, et al, A preliminary study to delineate irreversible electroporation from thermal damage using the Arrhenius equation, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, Jul. 2009, vol. 131, 074509, pp. 1-5.
Shao, Qi et al. Engineering T cell response to cancer antigens by choice of focal therapeutic conditions, International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2019, DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1539253.
Sharma, A., et al., “Review on Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials and Applications”, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 13(2), 318-345 (2009).
Sharma, et al., Poloxamer 188 Decreases Susceptibility of Artificial Lipid Membranes to Electroporation, Biophysical Journal, vol. 71, No. 6, pp. 3229-3241, Dec. 1996.
Shiina, et al, Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Results in 146 patients, AJR, May 1993, 160, pp. 1023-1028.
Soden, et al, Successful application of targeted electrochemotherapy using novel flexible electrodes and low dose bleomycin to solid tumors, Cancer Letters, 2006, 232 pp. 300-310.
Son, et al, Basic features of a cell electroporation model: illustrative behavior for tw overy different pulses, J Membrane Biol, Jul. 22, 2014, 247, pp. 1209-1228.
Song, Z.Q., et al., Mechanisms for steep pulse irreversible electroporation technology to kill human large cell lung cancer cells L9981 International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2014. 7(8): p. 2386-2394.
Szot et al., “3D in vitro bioengineered tumors based on collagen I hydrogels.” Biomaterials vol. 32, pp. 7905-7912 (2011).
Talele, S. and P. Gaynor, “Non-linear time domain model of electropermeabilization: Effect of extracellular conductivity and applied electric field parameters”, Journal of Electrostatics,66(5-6): p. 328-334 (2008).
Talele, S. and P. Gaynor, “Non-linear time domain model of electropermeabilization: Response of a single cell to an arbitrary applied electric field”, Journal of Electrostatics, 65(12): p. 775-784 (2007).
Talele, S., et al., “Modelling single cell electroporation with bipolar pulse parameters and dynamic pore radii”. Joumal of Electrostatics, 68(3): p. 261-274 (2010).
Teissie, J. and T.Y. Tsong, “Electric-Field Induced Transient Pores in Phospholipid-Bilayer Vesicles”. Biochemistry, 20(6): p. 1548-1554(1981).
Tekle, et al., “Electroporation by using bipolar oscillating electric field: An improved method for DNA transfection of NIF 3T3 cells,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Biochemistry, vol. 88, pp. 4230-4234, May 1991.
Thompson, et al., To determine whether the temperature of 2% lignocaine gel affects the initial discomfort which may be associated with its instillation into the male urethra, BJU International (1999), 84, 1035-1037.
Thomson, Human experience with irreversible electroporation, Irreversible Electroporation, Biomed, 2010, pp. 249-354.
Thomson, K. R., et al., “Investigation of the Safety of Irreversible Electroporation in Humans” J. Vascular Int. Radiol. 22(5), 611-621 (2011).
Tibbitt et al., “Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrix Mimics for 3D Cell Culture”, Jul. 2009, Biotechnol Bioeng, 103 (4),655-663.
Tijink, et al., How we do it: Chemo-electroporation in the head and neck for otherwise untreatable patients, Correspondence, Clinical Otolaryngology, 2006, 31, pp. 447-451.
Tracy, et al., Irreversible electroporation (IRE): A novel method for renal tissue ablation, BJU International, 107, pp. 1982-1987.
Trimmer, et al., Minimally invasive percutaneous treatment of small renal tumors with irreversible electroporation: a single-center experience, J Vase Intery Radiol, 2015, 26: pp. 1465-1471.
Troszak, et al., Self-powered electroporation using a singularity-induced nano-electroporation configuration, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Sep. 28, 2011, 414, pp. 419-424.
Tsivian, Polascik, Recent advances in focal therapy of prostate and kidney cancer, Medicine Reports, Jan. 18, 2010, 2, 1, pp. 1-3.
Edd et al., “Mathematical modeling of irreversible electroporation for treatment planning.” Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 275-286 (2007).
Edd, et al, In vivo results of a new focal tissue ablation technique: Irreversible electroporation, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Jun. 2006, vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 1409-1415.
Ellis TL, Garcia PA, Rossmeisl JH, Jr., Henao-Guerrero N, Robertson J, et al., “Nonthermal irreversible electroporation tor intracranial surgical applications. Laboratory investigation”, J Neurosurg 114: 681-688 (2011).
English translation of Chinese Office Action for App No. CN201680034089.0, dated Mar. 27, 2020, 11 pages.
Eppich et al., “Pulsed electric fields for selection of hematopoietic cells and depletion of tumor cell contaminants.” Nature Biotechnology 18, pp. 882-887 (2000).
Erez, et al., Controlled Destruction and Temperature Distributions in Biological Tissues Subjected to Monoactive Electrocoagulation, Transactions of the ASME: Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 102, Feb. 1980, pp. 42-49.
Ermolina et al., “Study of normal and malignant white blood cells by time domain dielectric spectroscopy .” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 8 (2001) pp. 253-261.
Esser, A.T., et al., “Towards solid tumor treatment by irreversible electroporation: intrinsic redistribution of fields and currents in tissue” Technol Cancer Res Treat, 6(4): p. 261-74 (2007).
Esser, A.T., et al., “Towards Solid Tumor Treatment by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields”, Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 8(4): p. 289-306 (2009).
European Patent Office Intention to Grant issued in App. No. EP11833421.8, dated Feb. 2, 2022, 7 pages.
European Search Report for the European U.S. Appl. No. 16/777,511, dated Dec. 4, 2018, 1 page.
Extended European Search Report for the European Patent Application No. EP16777511, dated Mar. 20, 2019, 4 pages.
Faroja, et al, Irreversible electroporation ablation: Is all the damage nonthermal?, Radiology, Feb. 2013, vol. 266, No. 2, pp. 462-470.
Fischbach, et al, Engineering tumors with 3D scaffolds, Nature Methods, Sep. 2, 2007, vol. 4, No. 10, pp. 855-860.
Flanagan et al., “Unique dielectric properties distinguish stem cells and their differentiated progeny.” Stem Cells, vol. 26, pp. 656-665 (2008).
Fong et al., “Modeling Ewing sarcoma tumors in vitro with 3D scaffolds.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 110, pp. 6500-6505 (2013).
Foster RS, “High-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of prostatic disease”, European Urology, 1993, vol. 23 Suppl 1, pp. 29-33.
Foster, R.S., et al., Production of Prostatic Lesions in Canines Using Transrectally Administered High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound. Eur. Urol, 1993; 23: 330-336.
Fox, et al., Sampling Conductivity Images via MCMC, Mathematics Department, Auckland University, New Zealand, May 1997, 9 pages.
Frandsen, S. K., H. Gissel, P. Hojman, T. Tramm, J. Eriksen, and J. Gehl. Direct therapeutic applications of calcium electroporation to effectively induce tumor necrosis. Cancer Res 72:1336-41,2012.
Freeman, S.A., et al., Theory of Electroporation of Planar Bilayer-Membranes—Predictions of the Aqueous Area, Change in Capacitance, and Pore-Pore Separation. Biophysical Journal, 67(1): p. 42-56 (1994).
Garcia et al., “Irreversible electroporation (IRE) to treat brain cancer.” ASME Summer Bioengineering Conference, Marco Island, FL, Jun. 25-29, 2008, 2 pages.
Garcia P.A., et al., “7.0-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characterization of Acute Blood-Brain-Barrier Disruption Achieved with Intracranial Irreversible Electroporation”, Plos One, Nov. 2012, 7:11, e50482.
Garcia P.A., et al., “Pilot study of irreversible electroporation for intracranial surgery”, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2009:6513-6516, 2009.
Garcia-Sanchez, T., A. Azan, I. Leray, J. Rosell-Ferrer, R. Bragos, and L. M. Mir, “Interpulse multifrequency electrical impedance measurements during electroporation of adherent differentiated myotubes,” Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 105, pp. 123-135, 2015.
Garcia, et al, A parametric study delineating irreversible electroporation from thermal damage based on a minimally invasive intracranial procedure, Biomedical Engineering Online, 2011, 10: 34, pp. 1-21.
Garcia, et al, Irreversible electroporation (IRE) to treat brain tumors, Proceedings of the ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference (SBC2008), Jun. 25, 2008, pp. 6-7.
Garcia, et al., Non-thermal irreversible electroporation (N-TIRE) and adjuvant fractionated radiotherapeutic multimodal therapy for intracranial malignant glioma in a canine patient, Feb. 2011, vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 73-83.
Garcia, et al., Non-thermal irreversible electroporation for deep intracranial disorders, 32nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, IEEE, Aug. 2010, pp. 2747463.
Garcia, et al, Position paper concerning the use of Angiodynamics' nanoknife system for treatment of brain gliomas, Virgina Tech—Wake Forest University, May 22, 2013, pp. 1-46.
Garcia, P. A., et al., “Towards a predictive model of electroporation-based therapies using pre-pulse electrical measurements,” Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, vol. 2012, pp. 2575-2578, 2012.
Garcia, P. A., et al., Intracranial Nonthermal Irreversible Electroporation: In Vivo Analysis. Journal of Membrane Biology, 2010. 236(1): p. 127-136.
Garcia, P.A., R.V. Davalos, and D. Miklavcic, A Numerical Investigation of the Electric and Thermal Cell Kill Distributions in Electroporation-Based Therapies in Tissue. Pios One, 2014. 9(8).
Garcia, Paulo A., Robert E. Neal II and Rafael V. Davalos, Chapter 3, Non-Thermal Irreversible Electroporation for Tissue Ablation, In: Electroporation in Laboratory and Clinical Investigations ISBN 978-1-61668-327-6 Editors: Enrico P. Spugnini and Alfonso Baldi, 2010, 22 pages.
Gascoyne et al., “Membrane changes accompanying the induced differentiation of Friend murine erythroleukemia cells studied by dielectrophoresis.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, vol. 1149, pp. 119-126 (1993).
Gauger, et al., A Study of Dielectric Membrane Breakdown in the Fucus Egg, J. Membrane Biol., vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 249-264, 1979.
Gawad, S., T. Sun, N. G. Green, and H. Morgan, “Impedance spectroscopy using maximum length sequences: Application to single cell analysis,” Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 78, No. 5, p. 054301,2007.
Gehl, et al., In Vivo Electroporation of Skeletal Muscle: Threshold, Efficacy and Relation to Electric Field Distribution, Biochimica et Biphysica Acta 1428, 1999, pp. 233-240.
Gencer, et al., Electrical Impedance Tomography: Induced-Current Imaging Achieved with a Multiple Coil System, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 43, No. 2, Feb. 1996, pp. 139-149.
Gilbert, et al., Novel Electrode Designs for Electrochemotherapy, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1334, 1997, pp. 3-14.
Gilbert, et al., The Use of Ultrasound Imaging for Monitoring Cryosurgery, Proceedings 6th Annual Conference, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 107-111, 1984.
Gilbert, T. W., et al., “Decellularization of tissues and organs”, Biomaterials, Elsevier Science Publishers, Barking, GB, vol. 27, No. 19, Jul. 1, 2006, pp. 3675-3683.
Gimsa et al, Dielectric spectroscopy of single human erythrocytes at physiological ionic strength: dispersion of the cytoplasm, Biophysical Journal, Jul. 1996, vol. 71, pp. 495-506.
Glidewell, et al., The Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data and the Inclusion of Anisotropic Regions in Electrical Impedance Tomography, Biomed, Sci. Instrum. 1993; 29: 251-7.
Golberg, A. and Rubinsky, B., “A statistical model for multidimensional irreversible electroporation cell death in tissue.” Biomed Eng Online, 9,13 pages, 2010.
Gothelf, et al., Electrochemotherapy: Results of Cancer Treatment Using Enhanced Delivery of Bleomycin by Electroporation, Cancer Treatment Reviews 2003: 29: 371-387.
Gowrishankar et al., An Approach to electrical modeling of single and multiple cells, Mar. 18, 2003, PNAS, vol. 100 No. 6, pp. 3203-3208.
Gowrishankar T.R., et al., “Microdosimetry for conventional and supra-electroporation in cells with organelles”. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 341(4): p. 1266-76 (2006).
Granot, Y., A. Ivorra, E. Maor, and B. Rubinsky, “In vivo imaging of irreversible electroporation by means of electrical impedance tomography,” Physics in Medicine & Biology, vol. 54, No. 16, p. 4927,2009.
Griffiths, et al., A Dual-Frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography System, Phys. Med. Biol., 1989, vol. 34, No. 10, pp. 1465-1476.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/989,175, Supplemental Notice of Allowability, dated Nov. 30, 2017, 4 sages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752 Final Office Action dated Dec. 19, 2018, 6 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752 Non-Final Office Action dated May 11, 2018, 11 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752 Notice of Allowance dated Mar. 22, 2019, 6 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752 Preliminary Amendment, filed Feb. 2, 2016, 6 pages.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752 Response to Dec. 19, 2018 Final Office Action dated Mar. 5, 2019, 6 pages.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752 Response to May 11, 2018 Non-Final Office Action dated Oct. 11, 2018, 11 pages.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752, filed Feb. 1, 2016.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/310,114, Corrected notice of allowance dated Aug. 6, 2019, 9 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/310,114, NFOA dated Mar. 6, 2019, 13 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/310,114, Notice of Allowance, dated Aug. 19, 2019, 3 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/310,114, Notice of Allowance, dated Jun. 21, 2019, 6 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/310,114, Response to Mar. 6, 2019 Non-Final Office Action filed Jun. 4, 2019, 8 pages.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/536,333, Office Actions and Responses through Jan. 2, 2020, 69 pages.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/520,901, filed Jul. 24, 2019.
Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US09/42100, filed Apr. 29, 2009.
Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US15/30429, filed May 12, 2015.
Co-Pending application No. PCT/US19/51731 filed Sep. 18, 2019.
Co-Pending application No. PCT/US19/51731 Invitation to Pay Additional Search Fees dated Oct. 28, 2019, 2 pgs.
Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US2010/029243, filed Mar. 30, 2010, published as WO 2010/117806 on Oct. 14, 2010.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Response to Jun. 23, 2015 Non-Final Office Action dated Oct. 23, 2015, 46 pages.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Final Office Action dated Nov. 25, 2015, 14 pages.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 13/550,307, Office Actions and Responses through dated Mar. 2018, 133 pages.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,832, Ex Parte Quayle Office Action dated Aug. 28, 2015, 6 pages.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,832, Notice of Allowance dated Nov. 4, 2015, 5 pages.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,832, Response to Ex Parte Quayle Office Action dated Aug. 28, 2015, filed with RCE on Oct. 28, 2015, 9 pages.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Final Office Action dated May 9, 2018, 14 pages.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Non-Final Office Action dated Nov. 22, 2017, 11 pages.
Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Response to Jul. 19, 2017 Restriction Requirement, dated Sep. 15, 2017, 2 pages.
Co-Pending International Application No. PCT/US2011/066239, International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated Jun. 25, 2013, 7 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Advisory Action and Examiner Interview Summary dated Feb. 9, 2016, 5 sages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Amendment with RCE dated Oct. 19, 2016, 9 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Appeal Brief and Appendices dated Jul. 25, 2016, 94 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, filed Apr. 29, 2009.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Final Office Action dated Mar. 21, 2012, 13 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Final Rejection dated Jun. 16, 2014, 14 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Non-Final Office Action dated Jun. 23, 2015, 12 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Notice of Allowance and Interview Summary dated Nov. 3, 2016, 9 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Requirement for Restriction/Election dated Aug. 9, 2011, 7 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Response to Final Office Action Filed with RCE dated Jul. 23, 2012,13 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Response to Jun. 16, 2014 Final Rejection filed Oct. 16, 2014,13 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Response to Non-Final Office Action, dated Apr. 28, 2014,14 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Response to Non-Final Rejection dated Jan. 23, 2012, 9 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Response to Nov. 25, 2015 Final Office Action, filed Jan. 25, 2016,12 pages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Response to Requirement for Restriction/Election dated Sep. 2, 2011, 2 sages.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, Supplemental Response After RCE, filed Nov. 17, 2014, 9 pages.
Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/609,779, filed Oct. 30, 2009.
Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/757,901, File History 2018.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Second Preliminary Amendment filed Oct. 9, 2019, 15 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Third Preliminary Amendment filed Nov. 4, 2019, 4 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,845, Final Office Action, dated Jul. 26, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,845, Notice of Allowance, dated Oct. 26, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,845, Response to Jul. 26, 2022 Final Office Action, dated Oct. 6, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,845, Response to Oct. 21, 2021 Restriction Requirement, dated Dec. 21, 2021, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,845, Restriction Requirement, dated Oct. 21, 2021, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,845, Non-Final Office Action, dated Mar. 1, 2022, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,845, Preliminary Amendment filed Oct. 16, 2020, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/655,845, Response to Mar. 1, 2022 Non-Final Office Action, dated Jun. 1, 2022, 10 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/747,219, Applicant-Initiated Interview Summary dated Aug. 3, 2022, 4 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/747,219, Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 31, 2022, 12 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/747,219, Preliminary Amendment filed Jan. 20, 2020, 5 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/747,219, Preliminary Amendment filed Jan. 4, 2021, 5 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/747,219, Response to Mar. 31, 2022 Non-Final Office Action, dated Aug. 1, 2022, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,031, Non-Final Office Action dated Nov. 28, 2022, 16 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,031, Preliminary Amendment filed May 1, 2020, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,031, Second Preliminary Amendment, filed Sep. 17, 2021, 10 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,772, Final Office Action dated Aug. 22, 2022, 18 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,772, Non-Final Office Action dated Apr. 11, 2022, 16 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,772, Non-Final Office Action dated Jan. 20, 2023, 17 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,772, Preliminary Amendment filed May 4, 2020, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,772, Response to Apr. 11, 2022 Non-Final Office Action, dated Jul. 11, 2022, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,772, Second Preliminary Amendment filed Jun. 30, 2020, 4 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,772, Third Preliminary Amendment, filed Sep. 17, 2021, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/915,760, Non-Final Office Action dated Jan. 19, 2023, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/915,760, Preliminary Amendment filed Jul. 6, 2020, 5 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/915,760, Response to Sep. 20, 2022 Restriction Requirement, filed Nov. 21, 2022, 2 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/915,760, Restriction Requirement dated Sep. 20, 2022, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/069,359, Non-Final Office Action dated Nov. 25, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/069,359, Preliminary Amendment, filed Sep. 17, 2021, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/172,731, Preliminary Amendment, filed Jun. 27, 2022, 9 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/172,731, Preliminary Amendment, filed Sep. 17, 2021, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/277,662 Preliminary Amendment filed Mar. 18, 2021, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/338,960, Response to Notice to File Missing Parts and Amendment, Aug. 16, 2021, 7 pages.
Pending Application No. 19861489.3 Extended European Search Report dated May 16, 2022 (8 pages).
Ending Application No. 19861489.3 Response to Communication pursuant to Rules 161(2) and 162 EPC, filed Nov. 16, 2021, 7 pages.
Pending Application No. 19861489.3 Response to May 16, 2022 Extended European Search Report, dated Dec. 13, 2022, 136 pages.
Pending Application No. AU 2009243079, First Examination Report, Jan. 24, 2014, 4 pages.
Pending Application No. AU 2009243079, Voluntary Amendment filed Dec. 6, 2010, 35 pages.
Pending Application No. AU 2015259303, Certificate of Grant dated Feb. 10, 2022, 1 page.
Pending Application No. AU 2015259303, First Examination Report dated Oct. 26, 2020, 6 pages.
Ending Application No. AU 2015259303, Notice of Acceptance and Allowed Claims, dated Oct. 15, 2021, 7 pages.
Pending Application No. AU 2015259303, Response to First Examination Report dated Sep. 20, 2021, 126 pages.
Pending Application No. CN 201580025135.6 English translation of Apr. 29, 2020 Office action, 7 pages.
Ending Application No. CN 201580025135.6 Response to Sep. 25, 2019 Office action, filed Feb. 10, 2020, English language version and original document.
Pending Application No. CN 201580025135.6, First Office Action, dated Sep. 25, 2019 (Chinese and English Versions, each 6 pages).
Pending Application No. CN 201580025135.6, Response to First Office Action, dated Feb. 7, 2020, (Chinese Version, 13 pages, and English Version, 10 pages).
Pending Application No. CN 202011281572.3, Amendment filed Sep 8, 2021 (16 pages) With English Version of the Amended Claims (7 pages).
Pending Application No. EP 09739678.2 Extended European Search Report dated May 11, 2012, 1 pages.
Zhang, et al, MR imaging to assess immediate response to irreversible electroporation for targeted ablation of liver tissues: preclinical feasibility studies in a rodent model. Radiology, 2010.256(2): p. 424-32.
Zhao, J. et al. “Irreversible electroporation reverses resistance to immune checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer”, Nature Communications (2019) 10:899,14 pages.
Zhao, Y., S. Bhonsle, S. Dong, Y. Lv, H. Liu, A. Safaai-Jazi, R. V. Davalos, and C. Yao, “Characterization of conductivity changes during high-frequency irreversible electroporation for treatment planning,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 65, No. 8, pp. 1810-1819,2017.
Zhou, et al., Electroporation-mediated transfer of plasmids to the lung results in reduced TLR9 signaling and nflammation, Gene Therapy, Mar. 8, 2007, 14, pp. 775-780.
Zimmermann, et al., Dielectric Breakdown of Cell Membranes, Biophysical Journal, vol. 14, No. 11, pp. 881-899, 1974.
Zlotta, et al., Long-Term Evaluation of Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate (TUNA) for Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): Clinical Outcome After 5 Years. (Abstract) Presented at 2001 AUA National Meeting, Anaheim, CA—Jun. 5, 2001.
Zlotta, et al., Possible Mechanisms of Action of Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Symptoms: a Neurohistochemical Study, Reprinted from Journal of Urology, vol. 157, No. 3, Mar. 1997, pp 894-899.
Pavselj, N., et al., “A numerical model of skin electroporation as a method to enhance gene transfection in skin. 11th Mediterranean Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing”, vols. 1 and 2, 16(1-2): p. 597-601 (2007).
PCT Application No. PCT/2011/062067, International Preliminary Report on Patentability dated May 28, 2013.
PCT Application No. PCT/US 19/51731, International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Feb. 20, 2020,19 pgs.
PCT Application No. PCT/US09/62806, International Search Report (dated Jan. 19, 2010), Written Opinion (dated Jan. 19, 2010), and International Preliminary Reporton Patentability (dated Jan. 4, 2010), 15 pgs.
PCT Application No. PCT/US10/53077, International Search Report (dated Aug. 2, 2011), Written Opinion (dated Aug. 2, 2011), and International Preliminary Report on Patentability (dated Apr. 17, 2012).
PCT Application No. PCT/US15/30429, International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Oct. 16, 2015,19 pages.
PCT Application No. PCT/US15/30429, International Reporton Patentability dated Nov. 15, 2016.
PCT Application No. PCT/US15/65792, International Search Report (dated Feb. 9, 2016), Written Opinion (dated Feb. 9, 2016), and International Preliminary Report on Patentability (dated Jun. 20, 2017), 15 pages.
PCT Application No. PCT/US19/51731, International Preliminary Reporton Patentability dated Mar. 23, 2021, 13 pages.
PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/043477, International Search Report (dated Aug. 26, 2005), Written Opinion (dated Aug. 26, 2005), and International Preliminary Report on Patentability (dated Jun. 26, 2006).
PCT Application No. PCT/US2009/042100, International Search Report (dated Jul. 9, 2009), Written Opinion (dated Jul. 9, 2009), and International Preliminary Reporton Patentability (dated Nov. 2, 2010).
PCT Application No. PCT/US2010/030629, International Search Report (dated Jul. 15, 2010), Written Opinion (dated Jul. 15, 2010), and International Preliminary Reporton Patentability (dated Oct. 11, 2011).
PCT Application No. PCT/US2011/062067, International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Jul. 25, 2012.
PCT Application No. PCT/US2011/066239, International Search Report (dated Aug. 22, 2012), and Written Opinion (dated Aug. 22, 2012).
PCT International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/US09/62806, dated Jan. 4, 2012, 6pgs.
PCT International Preliminary Report on Patentability from PCT/US2010/030629 dated Oct. 11, 2011.
PCT International Search Report and Written Opinion from PCT/US2010/053077, dated Aug. 2, 2011.
PCT International Search Report for PCT/US10/29243 dated Jul. 30, 2010, 4 pages.
PCT International Search Report for PCT/US2009/062806, dated Jan. 19, 2010.
PCT International Search Report for WO 2012/051433 dated May 30, 2012.
Pech, et al., Irreversible electroporation of renal cell carcinoma: A first-in-man phase I clinical study, Cardiovasc ntervent Radiol, Aug. 15, 2010.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Amendment after Notice of Appeal, dated Oct. 12, 2021, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Non-Final Office Action dated May 7, 2021, 17 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Advisory Action dated Oct. 20, 2021, 3 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Appeal Brief filed Nov. 5, 2021, 21 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Appeal Decision dated Jan. 30, 2023, 15 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Applicant Initiated Interview Summary dated Feb. 9, 2021, 3 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Applicant Initiated Interview Summary dated Mar. 8, 2021, 2 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Examiners Answer to Appeal Brief, dated Feb. 18, 2022,16 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Final Office Action dated Oct. 6, 2020, 14 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Final Office Action dated Sep. 3, 2019,28 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Reply Brief, dated Apr. 12, 2022, 4 pages.
Ending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Response to Feb. 13, 2020 Non-Final Office Action, filed Jul. 1, 2020, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Response to May 9, 2018 Final Office Action with RCE, dated Aug. 30, 2018, 14 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Response to Non-Final Office Action filed Aug. 1, 2019,11 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Response to Nov. 22, 2017 Non-Final Office Action dated Mar. 28, 2018, 11 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Response to Oct. 6, 2020 Final Office Action with RCE, dated Jan. 6, 2021, 11 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Response to Sep. 3, 2019 Final Office Action, filed Jan. 3, 2020, 10pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Restriction Requirement dated Jul. 19, 2017, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/686,380, Non-Final Office Action dated Feb. 13, 2020, 11 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, 3rd Renewed Petition, Dec. 9, 2019 and Petition Decision Dec. 18, 2019,11 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Appeal Brief, filed Jun. 3, 2021, 25 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Appeal Decision dated Jul. 19, 2022, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Examiner's Answer to Appeal Brief, dated Sep. 15, 2021, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Final Office Action dated Dec. 28, 2020,11 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Final Office Action dated Jan. 11, 2019,12 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Interview Summary dated Apr. 26, 2019, 3 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Non-Final Office Action dated Jun. 12, 2020,10 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Non-Final Office Action dated Sep. 10, 2018,12 pages.
Pnding U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Panel Decision from Pre-Appeal Brief Review, dated Apr. 26, 2021, 2 pages.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/022011 ISR dated Aug. 30, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/022011 WOSA dated Aug. 30, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/029243 IPRP dated Oct. 4, 2011.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/029243 WOSA dated Jul. 30, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/036734 IPRP dated Nov. 29, 2011.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/036734 ISR dated Dec. 23, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/036734 WOSA dated Dec. 23, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/053077 IPRP dated Apr. 17, 2012.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/024909 IPRP dated Aug. 21, 2012.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/024909 ISR dated Oct. 18, 2011.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/024909 WOSA dated Oct. 18, 2011.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/025003 IPRP dated Aug. 21, 2012.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/025003 ISR dated Oct. 24, 2011. 10 pages.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/025003 WOSA dated Oct. 24, 2011.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/056177 ESO dated Mar. 28, 2014.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/056177 IPRP dated Apr. 16, 2013.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/056177 ISR dated May 30, 2012.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/056177 WOSA dated May 30, 2012.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/062067 IPRP dated May 28, 2013.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/062067 ISR dated Jul. 25, 2012.
International Search Report for PCT/US2011/062067 WOSA dated Jul. 25, 2012.
International Search Report PCT-US-07-000084 ISR dated Dec. 14, 2007, 2 pages.
International Search Report PCT/US07/00084 WOSA dated Dec. 14, 2007, 7 pages.
International Search Report PCT/US2009/038661 ISR dated Jun. 12, 2009.
International Search Report PCT/US2009042100 ESO dated May 11, 2012.
Issa, et al, Recent Reports: The TUNA procedure for BPH: Review of the technology, Infections in Urology, Jul. 1998, 8 pages.
Issa, et al, Specialty Surgery: The TUNA procedure for BPH: Basic procedure and clinical results, Infections in Urology, Sep. 1998, 6 pages.
Issa, et al., The TUNA Procedure for BPH: Review of the Technology: The TUNA Procedure for BPH: Basic Procedure and Clinical Results, Reprinted from Infections in Urology, Jul./Aug. 1998 and Sep./Oct. 1998, pp. 1-16.
Vanusa, et al., MRI Macromolecular Contrast Agents as Indicators of Changed Tumor Blood Flow, Radiol. Oncol. 2001; 35(2): 139-47.
Ivey, J_ W., E. L. Latouche, M. B. Sano, J_ H. Rossmeisl, R. V. Davalos, and S. S. Verbridge, “Targeted cellular ablation based on the morphology of malignant cells,” Sci. Rep , vol. 5, pp. 1-17, 2015.
Ivorra et al., “In vivo electric impedance measurements during and after electroporation of rat live.” Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 70, pp. 287-295 (2007).
Ivorra, Bioimpedance monitoring for physicians: an overview, Biomedical Applications Group, Centre Nacional de Microelectronica, Jul. 2003, pp. 1-35.
Ivorra, et al, In vivo electrical conductivity measurements during and after tumor electroporation: conductivity changes reflect the treatment outcome,Phys. Med. Biol., Sep. 17, 2009, 54, pp. 5949-5963.
Ivorra, et al., Impedance analyzer for in vivo electroporation studies, Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference, IEEE, Aug. 30, 2006, pp. 5056-5059.
Jarm et al., “Antivascular effects of electrochemotherapy: implications in treatment of bleeding metastases.” Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. vol. 10, pp. 729-746 (2010).
Jaroszeski, et al., In Vivo Gene Delivery by Electroporation, Advanced Drug Delivery Review, vol. 35, pp. 131-137, 1999.
Jensen et al., “Tumor vol. in subcutaneous mouse xenografts measured by microCT is more accurate and reproducible than determined by 18FFDG-microPET or external caliper.” BMC medical Imaging vol. 8:16, 9 Pages (2008).
Jiang, et al, Membrane-targeting approaches for enhanced cancer cell destruction with irreversible electroporation, Annuals of Biomedical Engineering, Aug. 15, 2013.
Jordan, D.W., et al., “Effect of pulsed, high-power radiofrequency radiation on electroporation of mammalian cells”, Ieee Transactions on Plasma Science, 32(4): p. 1573-1578 (2004).
Jossinet et al., Electrical Impedance Endo-Tomography: Imaging Tissue From Inside, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 21, No. 6, Jun. 2002, pp. 560-565.
Kanduser, et al, Cell membrane fluidity related to electroporation and resealing, Eur Biophys J, Oct. 8, 2006, 35, pp. 196-204.
Katsuki, S., et al., “Biological effects of narrow band pulsed electric fields”, Ieee Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 14(3): p. 663-668 (2007).
Kingham et al., “Ablation of perivascular hepatic malignant tumors with irreversible electroporation.” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2012. 215(3), p. 379-387.
Kinosita et al., “Electroporation of cell membrane visualized under a pulsed-laser fluorescence microscope.” Biophysical Journal, vol. 53, pp. 1015-1019 (1988).
Kinosita et al., “Voltage-induced pore formation and hemolysis of human erythrocytes.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Biomembranes, 471 (1977) pp. 227-242.
Kinosita, et al., Hemolysis of Human Erythrocytes by a Transient Electric Field, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 1923-1927, 1977.
Kinosita, Jr., et al., Formation and resealing of pores of controlled sizes in human erythrocyte membrane, Aug. 1977, vol. 268, pp. 438-441.
Kirson et al., “Alternating electric fields arrest cell proliferation in animal tumor models and human brain tumors.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 104, pp. 10152-10157 (2007).
Knight, et al, Direct imaging of transvenous radiofrequency cardiac ablation using a steerable fiberoptic infrared endoscope. Heart Rhythm Society, Oct. 2005, vol. 2, No. 10, pp. 1116-1121.
Kolb, J.F., et al., “Nanosecond pulsed electric field generators for the study of subcellular effects”, Bioelectromagnetics, 27(3): p. 172-187 (2006).
Notice of Allowance dated Aug. 27, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/148,320 (pp. 1-9).
Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 10, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/160,205 (pp. 1-8).
Notice of Allowance dated Feb. 16, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/222,319 (pp. 1-9).
Notice of Allowance dated Jul. 21, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/948,696 (pp. 1-10).
Notice of Allowance dated Sep. 30, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/685,355 (pp. 1-12).
Nuccitelli, R., et al., “A new pulsed electric field therapy for melanoma disrupts the tumor's blood supply and causes complete remission without recurrence”, Int J Cancer, 125(2): p. 438-45 (2009).
O'Brien, T. J. et al., “Effects of internal electrode cooling on irreversible electroporation using a perfused organ Model,” Int. J. Hyperth., vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 44-55, 2018.
O'Brien et al., “Investigation of the Alamar Blue (resazurin) fluorescent dye for the assessment of mammalian cell cytotoxicity.” European Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 267, pp. 5421-5426 (2000).
Office Action dated Sep. 15, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/239,229 (pp. 1-27).
Office Action dated Sep. 16, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 17/101,490 (pp. 1-10).
Office Action dated Oct. 6, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/504,542 (pp. 1-17).
Office Action dated Nov. 1, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/162,953 (pp. 1-20).
Office Action dated Dec. 12, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 17/073,039 (pp. 1-10).
Office Action dated Apr. 1, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/837,480 (pp. 1-16).
Office Action dated Apr. 16, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/837,480 (pp. 1-9).
Office Action dated Apr. 17, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/565,625 (pp. 1-10).
Office Action dated Apr. 20, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/239,229 (pp. 1-22).
Office Action dated Apr. 29, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/504,542 (pp. 1-18).
Office Action dated Aug. 25, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/445,312 (pp. 1-21).
Office Action dated Jul. 20, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/162,953 (pp. 1-19).
Office Action dated Jul. 21, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/864,421 (pp. 1-7).
Office Action dated Mar. 2, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/207,609 (pp. 1-12).
Office Action dated May 1, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/222,319 (pp. 1-7).
Office Action dated May 20, 2022 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/207,609 (pp. 1-9).
Office Action dated May 5, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/325,256 (pp. 1-12).
Office Action dated Nov. 13, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/837,480 (pp. 1-14).
Office Action dated Nov. 18, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/565,625 (pp. 1-21).
Office Action dated Nov. 5, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/239,229 (pp. 1-27).
Office Action dated Nov. 9, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/162,953 (pp. 1-27).
Office Action dated Oct. 14, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/160,205 (pp. 1-8).
Office Action dated Oct. 16, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 11/325,256 (pp. 1-9).
Office Action dated Oct. 9, 2020 for U.S. Appl. No. 15/239,229 (pp. 1-16).
Office Action dated Sep. 16, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 16/504,542 (pp. 1-14).
Office Action dated Sep. 17, 2021 for U.S. Appl. No. 14/837,480 (pp. 1-13).
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Ground Water Flow and Fate and Transport Modeling, State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, pp. 14-1-14-32.
Okino, et al., Effects of High-Voltage Electrical Impulse and an Anticancer Drug on In Vivo Growing Tumors, Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, vol. 78, pp. 1319-1321, 1987.
Onik, et al., Irreversible electroporation: Implications for prostate ablation, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, Aug. 2007, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 295-300.
Onik, et al., Sonographic Monitoring of Hepatic Cryosurgery in an Experimental Animal Model, AJR American J. of Roentgenology, vol. 144, pp. 1043-1047, May 1985.
Onik, et al., Ultrasonic Characteristics of Frozen Liver, Cryobiology, vol. 21, pp. 321-328, 1984.
Onik, G. and B. Rubinsky, eds. “Irreversible Electroporation: First Patient Experience Focal Therapy of Prostate Dancer. Irreversible Electroporation”, ed. B. Rubinsky 2010, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 235-247.
Onik, G.,P. Mikus, and B. Rubinsky, “Irreversible electroporation: implications for prostate ablation.” Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2007. 6(4): p. 295-300.
Organ, L.W., Electrophysiological principles of radiofrequency lesion making, Apply. NeurophysioL, 1976. 39: p. 69-76.
Ott, H. C., et al., “Perfusion-decellularized matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart”, Nature Medicine, Nature Publishing Group, New York, NY, US, vol. 14, No. 2, Feb. 1, 2008, pp. 213-221.
Pakhomova, O. N., Gregory, B., Semenov 1., and Pakhomov, A. G., BBA—Biomembr., 2014, 1838, 2547-2554.
Partridge, B. R. et al., “High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation for treatment of Primary Liver Cancer: A Proof-of-Principle Study in Canine Hepatocellular Carcinoma,” J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol., vol. 31, No. 3, 482-491.e4, Mar. 2020, 19 pages.
Paszek et al., “Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype.” Cancer Cell, vol. 8, pp. 241-254 (2005).
Patent No. JP 7051188, Opposition dated Jul. 4, 2022 (16 pages) with English translation (13 pages).
Pavseij, N. et al. The course of tissue permeabilization studied on a mathematical model of a subcutaneous tumor in small animals. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 52,1373-1381 (2005).
Kotnik and Miklavcic, “Theoretical evaluation of voltage inducement on internal membranes of biological cells exposed to electric fields.” Biophysical Journal, vol. 90(2), pp. 480-491 (2006).
Kotnik et al., “Sensitivity of transmembrane voltage induced by applied electric fields—A theoretical analysis”, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics,vol. 43, Issue 2, 1997, pp. 285-291.
Kotnik, T. and D. Miklavcic, “Theoretical evaluation of the distributed power dissipation in biological cells exposed to electric fields”, Bioelectromagnetics, 21(5): p. 385-394 (2000).
Kotnik, T., et al., “Cell membrane electropemneabilization by symmetrical bipolar rectangular pulses”. Part I. Increased efficiency of permeabilization. Bioelectrochemistry, 54(1): p. 83-90 (2001).
Kotnik, T., et al., “Role of pulse shape in cell membrane electropermeabilization”, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1614(2): p. 193-200 (2003).
Kotnik, T., et al., “Cell membrane electropemneabilization by symmetrical bipolar rectangular pulses. Part II. Reduced electrolytic contamination”, Bioelectrochemistry, 54(1): p. 91-5 (2001).
Kranjc, M., S. Kranjc, F. Bajd, G. Sersa, I. Sersa, and D. Miklavcic, “Predicting irreversible electroporation-induced tissue damage by means of magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography,” Scientific reports, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-10, 2017.
Kroeger, et al, Curvature-driven pore growth in charged membranes during charge-pulse and voltage-clamp experiments, Biophysical Journal, Feb. 2009, 96, 3, pp. 907-916.
Kurup, et al, Image-Guided Percutaneous Ablation of Bone and soft Tissue Tumors, Semin Intervent Radiol 2010, 27:276-284.
Labeed et al., “Differences in the biophysical properties of membrane and cytoplasm of apoptotic cells revealed using dielectrophoresis.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, vol. 1760, pp. 922-929 (2006).
Lackovic, I., et al., “Three-dimensional Finite-element Analysis of Joule Heating in Electrochemotherapy and in vivo Gene Electrotransfer”, Ieee Transactions on Dielectricsand Electrical Insulation, 16(5): p. 1338-1347 (2009).
Latouche, E. L., M. B. Sano, M. F. Lorenzo, R. V. Davalos, and R. C. G. Martin, “Irreversible electroporation for the ablation of pancreatic malignancies: A patient-specific methodology,” J. Surg. Oncol., vol. 115, No. 6, pp. 711-717, 2017.
Laufer et al., “Electrical impedance characterization of normal and cancerous human hepatic tissue.” Physiological Measurement, vol. 31, pp. 995-1009 (2010).
Lavee, et al., “A Novel Nonthermal Energy Source for Surgical Epicardial Atrial Ablation: Irreversible Electroporation,” The Heart Surgery Forum #2006-1201, vol. 10 (2): 96-101 (2007).
Lebar et al., “Inter-pulse interval between rectangular voltage pulses affects electroporation threshold of artificial lipid bilayers.” IEEE Transactions on Nano Bioscience, vol. 1 (2002) pp. 116-120.
Lee, Cassinian Oval, Nov. 2004, Mathematics Department of The University of California at Irvine, pp. 1-5.
Lee, E. W et al. Advanced Hepatic Ablation Technique for Creating Complete Cell Death : Irreversible Electroporation. Radiology 255,426-433, doi:10.1148/radiol. 10090337 (2010).
Lee, et al., Imaging guided percutaneous irreversible electroporation: Ultrasound and immunohistological correlation, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, Aug. 2007, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 287-293.
Lee, et al., Irreversible electroporation: A novel image-guided cancer therapy, Gut and Liver, Sep. 2010, vol. 4, Supp. 1, pp. S99-S104.
Lee, R. C., D. J. Canaday, and S. M. Hammer. Transient and stable ionic permeabilization of isolated skeletal muscle Dells after electrical shock. J. Burn Care Rehabil. 14:528-540,1993.
Li, et al., The effects of irreversible electroporation (IRE) on nerves, PLOS One, Apr. 14, 2011, vol. 6, Iss. 4, e18831, pp. 1-7.
Lin, et al., An optically induced cell lysis device using dielectrophoresis, Applied Physics Letters, Jan. 20, 2009, 94, 033901, pp. 1-3.
Lion, et al., Poly(I:C) enhances the susceptibility of leukemic cells to NK cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis by DC, Plos One, vol. 6, Iss. 6, e20952, pp. 1-10, Jun. 17, 2011.
Liu, et al., Measurement of Pharyngeal Transit Time by Electrical Impedance Tomography, Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas., 1992, vol. 13, Suppl. A, pp. 197-200.
Long, G., et al., “Targeted Tissue Ablation With Nanosecond Pulses”, Ieee Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 58(8) (2011).
Lu, et al., Irreversible electroporation: Ready for prime time?, Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology, 2013, 16, pp. 277-286.
Lundqvist, et al., Altering the Biochemical State of Individual Cultured Cells and Organelles with Ultramicroelectrodes, Proc Natl Acad. Sci USA, vol. 95, p. 10356-10360, Sep. 1998.
Lurquin, Review: Gene transfer by electroporation, Molecular Biotechnology, 1997, vol. 7, pp. 5-31.
Vorra, A., ed. “Tissue Electroporation as a Bioelectric Phenomenon: Basic Concepts. Irreversible Electroporation”, ed. B. Rubinsky., Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 23-61 (2010).
Lynn, et al., A New Method for the Generation and Use of Focused Ultrasound in Experimental Biology, The Journal of General Physiology, vol. 26,179-193,1942.
Macek Lebar and Miklavcic, “Cell electropermeabilization to small molecules in vitro: control by pulse parameters.” Radiology and Oncology, vol. 35(3), pp. 193-202 (2001).
Machado-Aranda, et al, Gene transfer of the Na+, K+K—ATPase B1 subunit using electroporation increases lung iquid clearance, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2004, vol. 171, pp. 204-211.
Macherey, O. et al., “Asymmetric pulses in cochlear implants: Effects of pulse shape, polarity, and rate,” JARO—J. Assoc. Res Otolaryngol., vol. 7, No. 3, 253-266, 2006, 14 pages.
Mahmood, F., et al., “Diffusion-Weighted MRI for Verification of Electroporation-Based Treatments”, Journal of Membrane Biology 240: 131-138 (2011).
Mahmood, Gehl, Optimizing clinical performance and geometrical robustness of a new electrode device for ntracranial tumor electroporation, Bioelectrochemistry, Jan. 6, 2011, 81, pp. 10-16.
Mahnic-Kalamiza, et al., “Educational application for visualization and analysis of electric field strength in multiple alectrode electroporation,” BMC Med Educ, vol. 12:102,13 pages, 2012.
Mali, et al., “The Effect of Electroporation Pulses on Functioning of the Heart,” Med Biol Eng Comput (2008) 46:745-757.
Malpica et al., “Grading ovarian serous carcinoma using a two-tier system.” The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 28, pp. 496-504 (2004).
Maor et al., The Effect of Irreversible Electroporation on Blood Vessels, Tech, in Cancer Res. and Treatment, vol. 6, No. 4, Aug. 2007, pp. 307-312.
Maor, et al., Intravascular irreversible electroporation: Theoretical and experimental feasibility study, 30th Annual International IEEE EMBS Conference, IEEE, Aug. 20, 2008, pp. 2051-2054.
Maor, et al., Irreversible electroporation attenuates neointimal formation after angioplasty, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Sep. 2008, vol. 55, No. 9, pp. 2268-2274.
Maor, et al., Non Thermal Irreversible Electroporation: Novel Technology for Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Ablation, PLoS ONE, Mar. 2009, 4(3): p. e4757, 9 pages.
Maor, Rubinsky, Endovascular nonthermal irreversible electroporation: A finite element analysis, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, Feb. 7, 2010, vol. 132, 031008, pp. 1-7.
Marszalek et al., “Schwan equation and transmembrane potential induced by alternating electric field.” Biophysical Journal, vol. 58, pp. 1053-1058 (1990).
Martin et al., “Gene Transfer to Intact Mesenteric Arteries by Electroporation” Journal of Vascular Research, 37:372-380 (2000).
Martin, n.R.C.G., et al., “Irreversible electroporation therapy in the management of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma.” Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2012. 215(3): p. 361-369.
Martinsen, O. G. and Grimnes, S., Bioimpedance and bioelectricity basics. Academic press, 2011.
Marty, IM., et al., ., “Electrochemotherapy—An easy, highly effective and safe treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases: Results of ESOPE (European Standard Operating Procedures of Electrochemotherapy) study,” European Journal of Cancer Supplements, 4, pp. 3-13, 2006.
Maybody, An Overview of Image-Guided Percutaneous Ablation of Renal Tumors, Seminars in Interventional Radiology/vol. 27, No. 3, 2010, pp. 261-267.
Mazurek, et al., Effect of Short HV Pulses in Bacteria and Fungi, 1995, vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 418-425.
(Neal, Robert E. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, filed Apr. 5, 2019, which published on Aug. 1, 2019 as US 2019-0233809 A1, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Neal, Robert E. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/404,392, filed May 6, 2019, and published as U S. Publication No. 2019/0256839 on Aug. 22, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Neal, Robert E. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,772 filed May 4, 2020.
( Neal, Robert E. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 13/550,307, filed Jul. 16, 2012, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2013/0184702 on Jul. 18, 2013, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Neal, Robert E. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/906,923, filed Oct. 18, 2010, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Neal, Robert et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/280,511, filed Feb. 20, 2019, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2019/0175248 on Jun. 13, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Neal, Robert el al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/338,960, filed Jun. 4, 2021, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Neal, Robert et al.) Co-Pending Application No. EP 10824248.8, filed May 9, 2012, Amended Claims 3 pages), Specification and Figures (See PCT/US10/53077).
(O'Brien, Timothy J. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/915,760, filed Jun. 29, 2020, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(O'Brien, Timothy J. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/152,379, filed Jan. 19, 2021, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Pearson, Robert M. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/751,826, filed Mar. 31, 2010 (published as 2010/0250209 on Sep. 30, 2010), Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Pearson, Robert M. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/751,854, filed Mar. 31, 2010 (published as 2010/0249771 on Sep. 30, 2010), Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/989,175, filed May 23, 2013, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2013/0253415 on Sep. 26, 2013, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/310,114, filed Nov. 10, 2016, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2017/0266438 on Sep. 21,2017, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Bano, Michael B. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/843,888, filed Dec. 15, 2017, and Published as U.S. Publication No. 2018/0125535 on May 10, 2018, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Bano, Michael B. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/443,351 filed Jun. 17, 2019 (published as 20190328445 on Oct. 31, 2019), Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Bano, Michael B. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/862,486, filed Jul. 12, 2022, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. AU 2015259303, filed Oct. 24, 2016, Specification, Figures, Claims.
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. CN 201580025135.6, filed Nov. 14, 2016, Specification, Claims, Figures (Chinese language and english language versions).
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. CN 202011281572.3, filed Nov. 16, 2020, Specification, Claims, Figures (Chinese version, 129 pages (see also WO 2015/175570), English Version of claims, 2 pages).
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. EP 11842994.3, filed Jun. 24, 2013, Amended Claims (18 pages). Specification and Figures (See PCT/US11/62067).
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. EP 15793361.5, filed Dec. 12, 2016, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-pending application No. HK 17112121.8, filed Nov. 20, 2017 and published as Publication No. HK1238288 on Apr. 27, 2018, Specification, Claims, Figures (See PCT/US15/30429 for English Version of documents as filed).
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. JP 2013-537747, filed Nov. 10, 2013, Specification, Claims, Figures (see PCT/US15/30429 for English Version of documents as filed).
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. JP 2013-541050, filed May 22, 2013, Claims, Specification, and Figures (See PCT/US11/62067 for English Version).
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. JP 2016-567747, filed Nov. 10, 2016, Specification, Claims, Figures (see PCT/US15/30429 for English Version of documents as filed).
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-pending Application No. JP 2019-133057 filed Jul. 18, 2019, 155 pgs, Specification, Claims, Figures (See PCT/US15/30429 for English Version of documents as filed).
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US2015/030429, Filed May 12, 2015, Published on Nov. 19, 2015 as WO 2015/175570, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Sano, Michael B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US11/62067, filed Nov. 23, 2011, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Wasson, Elisa M. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/000,049, filed Aug. 21, 2020, Specification, Claims, Figures.
Abiror, I.G., et al., “Electiic Breakdown of Bilayer Lipid-Membranes .1. Main Experimental Facts and Their Qualitative Discussion”, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, 6(1): p. 37-52 (1979).
Adeyanju, et al, The improvement of irreversible electroporation therapy using saline-irrigated electrodes: A theoretical study. Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, Aug. 2011, vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 347-360.
Agerholm-Larsen, et al, Preclinical validation of electrochemotherapy as an effective treatment for brain tumors, Dancer Res, Jun. 1, 2011, 71, 11, pp. 3753-3762.
Al-Khadra, et al., The role of electroporation in defibrillation. Circulation Research, Oct. 27, 2000, 87, pp. 797-804.
Al-Sakere et al., “Tumor ablation with irreversible electroporation.” PLoS ONE, Issue 11, e1135, 8 pages, 2007.
Al-Sakere, et al., A study of the immunological response to tumor ablation with irreversible electroporation, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, Aug. 2007, vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 301-305.
Alberts et al., “Molecular Biology of the Cell,” 3rd edition, Garland Science, New York, 1994, 1 page.
Albright, et al, Performance and complicatioins associated with the Synchromed 10-ml infusion pump for intrathecal baclofen administration in children, J Neurosurg (Pediatrics 2), Aug. 2004, vol. 101, pp. 64-68.
Alinezhadbalalami, N. et al., “Generation of Tumor-activated T cells Using Electroporation”, Bioelectrochemistry 142 (2021) 107886, Jul. 13, 2021, 11 pages.
Amasha, et al.. Quantitative Assessment of Impedance Tomography for Temperature Measurements in Microwave Hyperthermia, Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas., 1998, Suppl. A, 49-53.
Andreason, Electroporation as a Technique for the Transfer of Macromolecules into Mammalian Cell Lines, J. Tiss. Suit. Meth., 15:56-62, 1993.
Appelbaum, L., et al., “US Findings after Irreversible Electroporation Ablation: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation” Radiology 262(1), 117-125 (2012).
Arena et al. “High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation (H-FIRE) for Non-thermal Ablation without Muscle Contraction.” Biomed. Eng. Online, vol. 10, 20 pages (2011).
Arena, C. B. et al., “Theoretical Considerations of Tissue Electroporation With High-Frequency Bipolar Pulses,” IEEE Frans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, No. 5, 1474-1482, 2011, 9 pages.
Arena, C.B., et al., “A three-dimensional in vitro tumor platform for modeling therapeutic irreversible electroporation.” Biophysical Journal, 2012.103(9): p. 2033-2042.
Arena, Christopher B., et al.,“PHASE Change Electrodes for Reducing Joule Heating During Rreversible Electroporation”. Proceedings of the ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference, SBC2012, Jun. 20-23, 2012, Fajardo, Puerto Rico.
Arena, et al, Theoretical considerations of tissue electropration with high frequency biopolar pulses, IEEEE, pp. 1-7, (2010).
Arena, et al., Towards the development of latent heat storage electrodes for electroporation-based therapies, Applied Physics Letters, 2012,101, 083902, pp. 1-4.
Asami et al., “Dielectric properties of Aouse lyAphocytes and erythrocytes.” BiochiAica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)—Molecular Cell Research, 1010 (1989) pp. 49-55.
B0lland, F., et al., “Development and characterisation of a full-thickness acellular porcine bladder matrix for tissue engineering”. Biomaterials, Elsevier Science Publishers, Barking, GB, vol. 28, No. 6, Nov. 28, 2006, pp. 1061-1070.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Petition Decision, dated Oct. 1, 2019, 5 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Petition Decision, dated Oct. 23, 2019, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Petition Decision, Dec. 3, 2019, 5 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Petition for Priority and Supplemental Response, filed May 8, 2019, 25 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Petition, May 8, 2019, 2 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, RCE filed Apr. 11, 2019, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Renewed Petition, filed Oct. 9, 2019,1 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Reply Brief, dated Nov. 15, 2021, 5 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Response to Mar. 19, 2018 Restriction Requirement dated May 21, 2018, 2 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Response to Non-Final Office Action dated Jun. 12, 2020, filed Sep. 14, 2020, 9 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Response to Sep. 10, 2018 Non-Final Office Action dated Dec. 10, 2018, 9 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Restriction Requirement dated Mar. 19, 2018, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Second Renewed Petition, filed Oct. 31, 2019, 3 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, Supplemental Response, May 8, 2019,16 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Amendment after Notice of Allowance dated Dec. 29, 2022, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Applicant-Initiated Interview Summary dated Aug. 13, 2021, 4 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Final Office Action dated Apr. 13, 2022, 10 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Final Office Action dated May 14, 2021, 13 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Non-Final Office Action dated Oct. 7, 2021, 10 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Non-Final Office Action dated Sep. 3, 2020, 9 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Notice of Allowance dated Oct. 26, 2022, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Preliminary Amendment filed Dec. 5, 2018, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Response to Apr. 13, 2022 Final Office Action, dated Jul. 13, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Response to May 14, 2021 Final Office Action, filed Aug. 16, 2021, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Response to Oct. 7, 2021 Non-Final Office Action, dated Jan. 7, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Response to Restriction Requirement, filed Jul. 8, 2020, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Response to Sept. 3, 2020 Non-Final Office Action filed Jan. 4, 2021, 11 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Restriction Requirement, dated Jun. 9, 2020, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Rule 1.132 Declaration dated Jan. 7, 2022, 3 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, Second Preliminary Amendment filed Oct. 14, 2019, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, Applicant-Initiated Interview Summary dated Aug. 23, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, Final Office Action dated Apr. 15, 2022, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, Non-Final Office Action dated Jan. 23, 2023, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, Non-Final Office Action dated Jun. 24, 2021, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, Preliminary Amendment, filed Apr. 9, 2019, 9 pages.
Ending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, Response to Apr. 15, 2022 Final Office Action, dated Aug. 15, 2022, 8 pages.
Ending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, Response to Jun. 24, 2021 Non-Final Office Action, dated Dec. 22, 2021, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/375,878, Second Preliminary Amendment, filed Feb. 5, 2020, 3 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/443,351, Non-Final Office Action, dated Jun. 10, 2022, 15 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/443,351, Notice of Allowance, dated Dec. 7, 2022, 8 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/443,351, Preliminary amendment filed Feb. 3, 2020.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/443,351, Response to Jun. 10, 2022 Non-Final Office Action, dated Sep. 12, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Applicant-Initiated Interview Summary for interview held Apr. 7, 2022, 1 page.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Final Office Action, dated Feb. 4, 2022, 7 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Non-Final Office Action, dated Apr. 19, 2022, 6 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Non-Final Office Action, dated Jun. 24, 2021, 12 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Notice of Allowance, dated May 16, 2022, 9 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Preliminary Amendment filed Aug. 8, 2019, 3 pages.
Pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Response to Apr. 19, 2022 Non-Final Office Action, dated Apr. 27, 2022, 6 pages.
PendingU.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 Response to Jun. 24, 2021 Non-Final Office Action, dated Oct. 26, 2021, 10 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 13/332,133 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,448,989), file history through Sep. 2019, 226 pages.
U.S. Appl. No. 14/017,210 U.S. Pat. No. 10,245,098), file history through Jan. 2019, 294 sages.
“TUNA—Suggested Local Anesthesia Guidelines.” Published by VidaMed, Inc. (1 page) (2001).
(Arena, Christopher B. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/186,653, filed Jun. 20, 2016, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2016/0287314 on Oct. 6, 2016, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Arena, Christopher B. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/372,520, filed Apr. 2, 2019, which published as 20190223938 on Jul. 25, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Arena, Christopher B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US11/66239, filed Dec. 20, 2011, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Arena, Christopher B. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 13/332,133, filed Dec. 20, 2011 and Published as U.S. Publication No. 2012/0109122 on May 3, 2012, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Aycock, Kenneth N. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/535,742, filed Nov. 26, 2021, Specification, Claims, and Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 10/571,162, filed Oct. 18, 2006 (published as 2007/0043345 on Feb. 22, 2007), Specification, Figures, Claims.
(Davalos, Rafael et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/757,901, filed Apr. 9, 2010, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael et al.) Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US04/43477, filed Dec. 21, 2004, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael et al.) Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US21/51551, filed Sep. 22, 2021, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/309,779, filed Oct. 30, 2009, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2010/0331758 on Dec. 30, 2010, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/491,151, filed Jun. 24, 2009, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2010/0030211 on Feb. 4, 2010, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/609,779, filed Oct. 30, 2009, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2010/0331758 on Dec. 30, 2010, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/919,640, filed Jun. 17, 2013, and bublished as U.S. Publication No. 2013/0281968 on Oct. 24, 2013, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/424,335, filed Feb. 3, 2017, and Published as U.S. Publication No. 2017/0189579 on Jul. 3, 2017, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/536,333, filed Jun. 15, 2017, and bublished as U.S. Publication No. 2017/0360326 on Dec. 21, 2017, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/881,414, filed Jan. 26, 2018, and bublished as U.S. Publication No. 2018/0161086 on Jun. 14, 2018, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/177,745, filed Nov. 1, 2018, and Published as U.S. Publication No. 2019/0069945 on Mar. 7, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/232,962 filed Dec. 26, 2018, and ublished as U.S. Publication No. 2019/0133671 on May 9, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/275,429, filed Feb. 14, 2019, which bublished as 2019/0175260 on Jun. 13, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/535,451 filed Aug. 8, 2019, and ublished as U.S. Publication No. 2019/0376055 on Dec. 12, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/865,031 filed May 1, 2020, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/069,359 filed Oct. 13, 2020, Specification, Claims, Drawings.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/172,731, filed Feb. 10, 2021, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 17/277,662 filed Mar. 18, 2021, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending Application No. 19861489.3 filed Apr. 16, 2021, Specification, figures (See PCT/US19/51731), and claims (3 pages).
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. AU 2009243079, filed Apr. 29, 2009 see PCT/US2009/042100 for documents as filed). Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US09/62806, filed Oct. 30, 2009, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US10/30329, filed Apr. 9, 2010, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 14/017,210, filed Sep. 3, 2013, and ublished as U.S. Publication No. 2014/0039489 on Feb. 3, 2014, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 14/627,046, filed Feb. 20, 2015, and bublished as U.S. Publication No. 2015/0164584 on Jun. 18, 2015, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending International Application No. PCT/US15/65792, filed Dec. 15, 2015, Specification, Claims, Drawings.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. PCT/US10/53077, filed Oct. 18, 2010, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/432,295, filed Apr. 29, 2009, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2009/0239317-A1 on Oct. 29, 2009, Specification, Figures, Claims.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/423,983, filed Feb. 3, 2017, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2017/0209320 on Jul. 27, 2017, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. CA 2,722,296, filed Apr. 29, 2009, Amended Claims (7 pages), Specification, Figures (See PCT/US2009/042100 for Specification and figures as filed).
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending Application No. EP 09739678.2 filed Apr. 29, 2009, Amended Claims (3 pages), Specification and Figures (See PCT/US2009/042100).
(Davalos, Rafael V. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/355,845 filed Oct. 17, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Garcia, Paulo A. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/012,832, filed Aug. 28, 2013, and published as U.S. Publication No. 2013/0345697 on Dec. 26, 2013, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Garcia, Paulo A. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/558,631, filed Dec. 2, 2014, and published as U.S. ublication No. 2015/0088120 on Mar. 26, 2015, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Garcia, Paulo A. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 15/011,752, filed Feb. 1, 2016, and Published as U.S. Publication No. 2016/0143698 on May 26, 2016, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Garcia, Paulo A. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 18/100,835, filed Jan. 24, 2023, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Garcia, Paulo A. et al.) Co-pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 13/152,743, filed Oct. 5, 2018, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Garcia, Paulo A. et al.) Co-pending Application No. U.S. Appl. No. 17/591,992, filed Feb. 3, 2022, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Latouche, Eduardo et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/210,771, filed Dec. 5, 2018, and which published as US Patent Publication No. 2019/0232048 on Aug. 1, 2019, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Lorenzo, Melvin F et al.) Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 16/938,778, filed Jul. 24, 2020, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Mahajan, Roop L. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 13/958,152, filed Aug. 2, 2013, Specification, Claims, Figures.
(Neal, Robert E. et al.) Co-Pending U.S. Appl. No. 14/808,679, filed Jul. 24, 2015 and Published as U.S. Publication No. 2015/0327944 on Nov. 19, 2015, Specification, Claims, Figures.
Pending Application No. EP 09739678.2, Communication pursuant to Rule 94.3, dated Apr. 16, 2014, 3 pages.
Pending Application No. EP 09739678.2, Response to Extended European Search Report and Communication pursuant to Rules 70(2) and 70a(2) EPC, dated Dec. 10, 2012.
Pending Application No. EP 10824248.8, Extended Search Report (dated Jan. 20, 2014), 6 pages.
Pending Application No. EP 10824248.8, Invitation Pursuant to rule 62a(1) EPC (dated Sep. 25, 2013), 2 pages.
Pending Application No. EP 10824248.8, Communication Pursuant to Rule 70(2) dated Feb. 6, 2014, 1 page.
Pending Application No. EP 10824248.8, Response to Invitation Pursuant to rule 62a(1) EPC (dated Sep. 25, 2013), Response filed Nov. 18, 2013.
Pending Application No. EP 11842994.3, Communication Pursuant to Rules 70(2) and 70a(2) EPC dated Apr. 28, 2014, 1 page.
Pending Application No. EP 11842994.3, Extended European Search Report dated Apr. 9, 2014, 34 pages.
Pending Application No. EP 15793361.5, Claim amendment filed Jul. 18, 2018, 13 pages.
Pending Application No. EP 15793361.5, Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, dated May 3, 2021, 4 pages.
Pending Application No. EP 15793361.5, European Search Report dated Dec. 4, 2017, 9 pages.
Pending Application No. EP 15793361.5, Response to May 3, 2021 Communication Pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC, dated Nov. 12, 2021, 12 pages.
Pending Application No. JP 2013-541050, Voluntary Amendment filed Oct. 29, 2013,4 pages (with 13 English Version of the Claims, 2 pages).
Pending Application No. JP 2016-567747 English translation of amended claims filed Jul. 18, 2019, 6 pgs.
Pending Application No. JP 2016-567747First Office Action (Translation) dated Feb. 21, 2019, 5 pages.
Pending Application No. JP 2019-133057, amended claims (English language version) filed Aug. 14, 2019, 5 pages.
Pending Application No. JP 2019-133057, Office Action dated Sep. 1, 2021, 3 pages and English translation, 4 pages).
Pending Application No. JP 2019-133057, Office Action dated Sep. 14, 2020, 5 pages and English translation, 6 pages).
Pending Application No. JP 2019-133057, Request for Amendment and Appeal filed Dec. 23, 2021 (8 pages) with English Translation of the Amended Claims (2 pages).
Pending Application No. JP 2019-133057, Response to Sep. 14, 2020 Office Action filed Mar. 18, 2021 (6 pages) with English Version of claims and response (5 pages).
Pending Application No. PCT/US21/51551, International Search Report and Written Opinion dated Dec. 29, 2021, 14 pages.
Philips, IntelliVue Patient Monitor, Jan. 2008, Philips, pp. 1-532 (Year: 2008).
Phillips, et al, Irreversible electroporation on the small intestine, British Journal of Cancer, 2012, pp. 1-6.
Phillips, et al, Nonthermal irreversible electroporation for tissue decellularization, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, Aug. 16, 2010, vol. 132, 091003, pp. 1-8.
Pinero, et al., Apoptotic and Necrotic Cell Death are Both Induced by Electroporation in HL60 Human Promyeloid Leukaemia Cells, Apoptosis, vol. 2, No. 3, 330-336, Aug. 1997.
Polajzer, T. et al., “Cancellation effect is present in high-frequency reversible and irreversible electroporation,” Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 132, 2020, 11 pages.
Polak, et al, On the electroporation thresholds of lipid bilayers: Molecular dynamics simulation investigations, J Membrane Biol, Jun. 13, 2013, 246, pp. 843-850.
Precision Office Tuna System, “When Patient Satisfaction is Your Goal.” Product Literature Published by VidaMed, Inc., 11 pages (2001).
Pucihar et al., “Numerical determination of transmembrane voltage induced on irregularly shaped cells.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 34, pp. 642-652 (2006).
Qiao et al. Electrical properties of breast cancer cells from impedance measurement of cell suspensions, 2010, Journal of Physics, 224, 1-4 (2010).
Radeva, et al, Induction of apoptosis and necrosis in cancer cells by electric fields, electromagnetic fields, and photodynamically active quinoids, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2003, 23, pp. 185-200.
Rajagopal, V. and S.G. Rockson, Coronary restenosis: a review of mechanisms and management, The American Journal of Medicine, 2003,115(7): p. 547-553.
Rebersek, et al., Advantages and disadvantages of different concepts of electroporation pulse generation, Automatika, 2011, 52, 1, pp. 12-19.
Reilly, J. P. et al., “Sensory Effects of Transient Electrical Stimulation-Evaluation with a Neuroelectric Model,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. BME-32, No. 12, 1001-1011, 1985, 11 pages.
Ringel-Scaia, V. M. et al., High-frequency irreversible electroporation is an effective tumor ablation strategy that induces immunologic cell death and promotes systemic anti-tumor immunity. EBioMedicine, 2019,44,112-125.
Rogers, W. R. et al., “Strength-duration curve an electrically excitable tissue extended down to near 1 nanosecond,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 32, No. 4 II, 1587-1599, 2004, 13 pages.
Rols, M.P., et al., Highly Efficient Transfection of Mammalian Cells by Electric Field Pulses: Application to Large Volumes of Cell Culture by Using a Flow System, Eur. J. Biochem. 1992, 206, pp. 115-121.
Ron et al., “Cell-based screening for membranal and cytoplasmatic markers using dielectric spectroscopy.” Biophysical chemistry, 135 (2008) pp. 59-68.
Rossmeisl et al., “Pathology of non-thermal irreversible electroporation (N-TIRE)-induced ablation of the canine brain.” Journal of Veterinary Science vol. 14, pp. 433-440 (2013).
Rossmeisl, “New Treatment Modalities for Brain Tumors in Dogs and Cats.” Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 44, pp. 1013-1038 (2014).
Rossmeisl, John H. et al. Safety and feasibility of the NanoKnife system for irreversible electroporation ablative treatment of canine spontaneous intracranial gliomas J. Neurosurgery 123.4 (2015): 1008-1025.
Rowland, et al, Transvenous ablation of atrioventricular conduction with a low energy power source, Br Heart J, 1989, 62, pp. 361-366.
Rubinsky, B., “Irreversible Electroporation in Medicine”, Technology in Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 6, No. 4, Aug. 1, 2007, pp. 255-259.
Rubinsky, B., ed, Cryosurgery. Annu Rev. Biomed. Eng. vol. 2 2000. 157-187.
Rubinsky, B., et al., “Irreversible Electroporation: A New Ablation Modality—Clinical Implications” Technol. Cancer Res. Treatment 6(1), 37-48 (2007).
Rubinsky, et al, Optimal parameters for the destruction of prostate cancer using irreversible electroporation, The Journal of Urology, Dec. 2008, vol. 180, pp. 2668-2674.
Rubinsky, L. et al., “Electrolytic Effects During Tissue Ablation by Electroporation,” Technol. Cancer Res. Treat., vol. 15, No. 5, NP95-103, 2016, 9 pages.
Sabuncu, et al, Dielectrophoretic separation of mouse melanoma clones, Biomicrofluidics, Jun. 16, 2010,4, 021101, pp. 1-7.
SAI Infusion Technologies, “Rabbit Ear Vein Catheters”, https://www.sai-infusion.com/products/rabbit-ear-catheters, Aug. 10, 2017 webpage printout, 5 pages.
Saldanha, et al, Current tumor ablation technologies: Basic science and device review, Seminars in Interventional Radiology, 2010, vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 247-254.
Griffiths, The Importance of Phase Measurement in Electrical Impedance Tomography, Phys. Med. Biol., 1987, vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 1435-1444.
Giiflilhs, Tissue spectroscopy with electrical impedance tomography: Computer simulations, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Sep. 1995, vol. 42, No. 9, pp. 948-954.
Groen, M. H. A. et al., “In Vivo Analysis of the Origin and Characteristics of Gaseous Microemboli during Catheter-Mediated Irreversible Electroporation,” Europace, 2021, 23(1), 139-146.
Guenther, E. et al., “Electrical breakdown in tissue electroporation,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., vol. 467, No. 4, 736-741, Nov. 2015, 15 pages.
Gumerov, et al., The Dipole Approximation Method and Its Coupling with the Regular Boundary Element Method for Efficient Electrical Impedance Tomography, Boundary Element Technology XIII, 1999, 10 pp.
Guo, et al, Irreversible electroporation in the liver: Contrast-enhanced inversion-recovery MR imaging approaches to differentiate reversibly electroporated penumbra from irreversibly electroporated ablation zones, Radiology, Feb. 2011, vol. 258, No. 2, pp. 461-468.
Hall, et al, Nanosecond pulsed electric fields have differential effects on cells in the S-phase, DNA and Cell Biology, 2007, vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 160-171.
Hall, et al, Nanosecond pulsed electric fields induce apoptosis in p53-wildtype and p53-null HCT 116 colon carcinoma Dells, Apoptosis, May 23, 2007, 12, pp. 1721-1731.
Hapala, Breaking the Barrier: Methods for Reversible Permeabilization of Cellular Membranes, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 17(2): 105-122, 1997.
He, et al, Nonlinear current response of micro electroporation and resealing dynamics for human cancer cells, Bioelectrochemistry, Jan. 29, 2008, 72, pp. 161-168.
Helczynska et al., “Hypoxia promotes a dedifferentiated phenotype in ductal breast carcinoma in situ.” Cancer Research, vol. 63, pp. 1441-1444 (2003).
Heller, et al., Clinical Applications of Electrochemotherapy, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol. 35, pp. 119-129, 1999.
Hjouj, et al, MRI study on reversible and irreversible electroporation induced blood brain barrier disruption, Aug. 10, 2012, PLOS One, vol. 7, 8, e42817, pp. 1-9.
Hjouj, M., et al., “Electroporation-Induced BBB Disruption and Tissue Damage Depicted by MRI”, Neuro-Oncology 13: Issue suppl 3, abstract ET-32 (2011).
Hjouj, M., et al., “MRI Study on Reversible and Irreversible Electroporation Induced Blood Brain Barrier Disruption”, Plos One, Aug. 2012, 7:8, e42817.
Ho, et al., Electroporation of Cell Membranes: A Review, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 16(4): 349-362,1996.
Hoejholt, K. L. et al. Calcium electroporation and electrochemotherapy for cancer treatment: Importance of cell Tiembrane composition investigated by lipidomics, calorimetry and in vitro efficacy. Scientific Reports (Mar. 18, 2019) 3:4758, p. 1-12.
Holder, et al., Assessment and Calibration of a Low-Frequency System for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Optimized for Use in Imaging Brain Function in Ambulant Human Subjects, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, vol. 873, Issue 1, Electrical BI, pp. 512-519, 1999.
Hong, et al, Cardiac ablation via electroporation, 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, IEEE, Sep. 2, 2009, pp. 3381-3384.
Hu, Q., et al., “Simulations of transient membrane behavior in cells subjected to a high-intensity ultrashort electric pulse”, Physical Review E, 71(3) (2005).
Huang, et al., Micro-Electroporation: Improving the Efficiency and Understanding of Electrical Permeabilization of Dells, Biomedical Microdevices, vol. 2, pp. 145-150,1999.
Hughes, et al, An analysis of studies comparing electrical impedance tomography with x-ray videofluoroscopy in the assessment of swallowing, Physiol. Meas. 1994, 15, pp. A199-A209.
Ibey et al., “Selective cytotoxicity of intense nanosecond-duration electric pulses in mammalian cells.” Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects, vol. 1800, pp. 1210-1219 (2010).
International Application No. PCT/US2009/042100, International Search Report dated Jul. 9, 2009, 5 pages.
International Search Report 06751655_SESR dated Oct. 16, 2009.
International Search Report 07716249_SESR dated Jan. 19, 2009.
International Search Report 09739678_SESR dated May 3, 2012.
International Search Report 12002108_EPS dated May 30, 2012.
International Search Report 12002108.4 ESO dated Jun. 12, 2013.
International Search Report for 06751655 SESR dated Oct. 9, 2016.
International Search Report for 06751655.9 ESO dated Oct. 29, 2009.
International Search Report for 10824248.8 ESO dated Jan. 20, 2014.
International Search Report for 11833421 SESR dated Mar. 18, 2014.
International Search Report for IPRP, PCT/US2006/01645, dated Oct. 30, 2007, 5 pages.
International Search Report for PCT-US-10-053077 ISR dated Aug. 2, 2011.
International Search Report for PCT-US-10-053077 WOSA dated Aug. 2, 2011.
International Search Report for PCT/US06/16045 ISR dated Sep. 25, 2007, 1 page.
International Search Report for PCT/US2006/016045 IPRP dated Oct. 30, 2007.
International Search Report for PCT/US2007/000084 IPRP dated Jul. 8, 2008, 8 pages.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/038661 IPRP dated Sep. 28, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/042100 IPRP dated Nov. 2, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/042100 WOSA dated Jul. 9, 2009.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/047969 IPRP dated Dec. 21, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/047969 ISR dated Jan. 21, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/047969 WOSA dated Jan. 21, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/048270 IPRP dated Jan. 5, 2011.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/048270 ISR dated Feb. 11, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/048270 WOSA dated Feb. 11, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2009/062806 WOSA dated Jan. 19, 2010.
International Search Report for PCT/US2010/022011 IPRP dated Jul. 26, 2011.

Related Publications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	20210128221 A1	May 2021	US

Provisional Applications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	62423256	Nov 2016	US

Continuations (1)

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	15685355	Aug 2017	US
Child	17147131		US

Techniques for irreversible electroporation using a single-pole tine-style internal device communicating with an external surface electrode

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

Field of Search

US

CPC

International Classifications

Disclaimer

Term Extension

Abstract