Patent Grant
7689364
This section provides the reader with a brief background of technology in the context of embodiments of this disclosure. Not only does this section provide context for several shortcomings in prior technology, but it also provides context about how the prior technology could, and will, benefit from various techniques described here. Simply because information appears in this section should not be taken as indicating its presence in the prior art. To the contrary, and as described immediately above, this section also provides context for certain significant improvements described and claimed in this disclosure.
Often specific survey objectives cannot be met by applying only one geophysical method. For example, in seismic and sonic reflection surveys, seismic refraction lines provide important information about velocities of near-surface materials which make it possible to apply needed corrections to reflection travel times. As electrical resistivity surveys depend on different physical properties than seismic or sonic surveys, the two taken together can provide important cross checks. If a system could perform multiple survey methods, better information about, for instance, the shallow subsurface could be obtained with a single multi-method survey.
Furthermore, there is developing interest in repeating surveys to observe changes that may occur in the subsurface, such as seasonal changes in groundwater level, effectiveness of subsurface pollutant remedial activities, and soil movement and water penetration under roadways, bridges, and dams. This usually requires that equipment be in place for long periods of time and necessitates frequent visits to the survey sites by geophysical technicians to monitor changing subsurface conditions.
The present state of the art does not provide an effective way to remotely manage field equipment and monitor survey data, much less monitor data in real-time. Field personnel must travel to the sites, perform the survey, collect the data in a temporary data storage device, and carry the data to a data center for processing and analysis. This may be done monthly, weekly, or more frequently depending upon how quickly the subsurface feature being monitored changes.
During a survey, one may discover that equipment performance has degraded or some components are not performing at all. Presently, he or she must then contact a service technician by telephone to report the problem, resulting in lengthy and sometimes confusing attempts to diagnose the problem and repair the equipment. The result is that the service technician must travel to the site to diagnose the problem, or the equipment must be sent to a service center for diagnosis and service.
Often, when equipment is returned to a service center, the equipment is found to be in satisfactory condition, and the problem remains at the site. This results in excessive “down-time” in the field and unplanned and excessive costs. If a means to remotely manage survey equipment and collect survey data were incorporated into a survey system, significant operational and cost advantages would accrue. For example, electrical resistivity strategies could be changed remotely and interactively from Dipole-Dipole to Wenner/Leed by the investigator. Measurement parameters such as injection current magnitude and period, survey frequency and method could be changed. Remote tests and diagnostics could be performed on all equipment to determine their level of operability and specific equipment requiring service.
A further disadvantage of present survey systems, in particular systems for the electrical resistivity, is the lengthy time required to perform a typical survey. Time limitations are due primarily to internal instrument noise caused by conductive coupling between cable conductors and connector pins (signal to noise ratio). The number of receivers active during a survey event is currently limited by the number of conductors in a cable. If a system were to eliminate the coupling noise and to remove the limitations on the number of receivers, shorter survey times could be achieved-from hours to minutes for a typical 100-survey probe system. This could result in survey crew labor savings and overall greater productivity.
Present electrical resistivity survey systems require multi-conductor cabling to simultaneously carry high voltage and low level analog potential signals. Multiple cable segments with integrated survey probes are connected together in the field in preparation for surveys. The cable segments must be connected with very careful attention to the order in which they are connected. Whether passive survey probes or intelligent survey probes, incorrect connections result in unintelligible and useless data. If an electrical resistivity survey system did not require cables to simultaneously carry high voltage and low voltage signals, data accuracy would be improved. Cables could be lighter and easier to handle in the field. Furthermore, if it were not required that cable sections must be connected in specific order, connection errors, survey errors, and field set-up time could be reduced.
Further, if data and control information could be exchanged between survey probes and the survey controller(s) by modulated radio waves a further reduction in cable wiring could be achieved.
Additionally, with the proper radio design, radio receivers associated with each probe could triangulate relative position relative to one or more transmitters and provide precise position location of each survey probe relative to one or more transmitters whose positions are accurately known. Furthermore, knowing the precise locations of each survey probe, each survey probe can be assigned an address based upon it's serial number and it's spatial position. The particular cable segment to which it is connected is not relevant.
Shortcomings mentioned above are not intended to be exhaustive but rather are among many that demonstrate that room for significant improvement remains in the art and that the techniques of this disclosure would be useful and beneficial.
The invention is defined by the language of the claims. The description given in this and in subsequent sections simply represents different, example embodiments. Unless explicitly required by their language, the claims are not limited to the listed example embodiments, and it will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art that various changes can be made to the example embodiments while not departing from the spirit or scope of the claims. All such modifications are encompassed by this disclosure.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a distributed, programmable multi-method shallow subsurface exploration system capable of performing synchronized analog to digital conversion of AC and DC electrical signals detected at 2 to 1000 or more points in a probe survey array. The signal conditioning and A/D conversion can be performed locally at an intelligent survey probe which contains electrical components such as a microprocessor, signal conditioning circuitry, short term energy storage, switching devices, and connections to one or more sensors and transducers associated with different exploration survey.
Embodiments of the invention provide a wireless link or, optionally, a conductor cable bus link for two-way communication between one or more survey controllers and survey probes. Each means (wireless or conductor cable bus) may be most suitable for a particular embodiment and may depend on the type of survey to be performed. Each means requires the spatial location of stimulus and measurement probes.
In cable bus embodiments, a time-multiplexed conductor cable system can be used for two-way communication between a survey controller and each of multiple survey probes, rather than by wireless means. The conductor cable system can provide for delivery of power from the survey controller to the survey probes.
In one embodiment, each survey probe is assigned a 4-byte serial number or other identifier. In one embodiment, such an identifier can be assigned at the time of manufacture. In cable bus embodiments, the serial number or other identifier can be obtained as the survey probe is connected to the cable in the field prior to survey events, or at any time after connection to the cable bus. This eliminates the requirement to connect survey probes in a specific order. Accordingly, a survey probe can be accessed by a command message from the survey controller using either the survey probe's serial number or a field-assigned access number or other identifier. A serialized access number is one convenient way to access survey probes from the survey controller, although it will be recognized that other techniques could be used.
Assignment of access numbers can follow a startup protocol. When a survey probe is first connected to a survey controller cable, it can receive power, initialize and send a data message to the communication data bus announcing its serial number or identifier. The survey controller can respond by sending a message to the survey probe serial number or identifier found in the incoming message, assigning an access number to the survey probe. The survey probe can accept the access number, acknowledge execution of the command, and enter an idle or standby state. This process can continue for each survey probe. In one embodiment, this process can continue until the operator signifies to the survey controller that the last survey probe has signed in or until the signing-in of the last probe is detected automatically.
In another startup protocol, one or more survey probes are connected on a survey controller cable and the cable is terminated on a survey controller. The survey controller applies power to the cable causing each survey probe to execute a start up protocol, disconnect its down-stream neighbor from the signal bus, and enter an idle state. Downstream refers to survey probes toward the end of the cable and away from the survey controller. The survey controller transmits a special broadcast command to the cable to command any survey probe in idle state to report its serial number code. Only the first survey probe receives the command (all the other down-stream neighbors are disconnected) and responds with its survey prove serial number code. The survey controller receives the serial number code from the first survey probe and can respond with a command to the first survey probe to accept a different identifier as its access code. The first survey probe can change its access code to this different identifier, exit from the idle state and proceed to state S1. The first survey probe can reply to the survey controller confirming its access code and connects the second downstream survey probe to the cable. At this point in the process, the only survey probe in the idle state is the second survey probe. The cycle continues until no further responses are received from the special broadcast command, which result in the reporting of serial number codes. In this manner, each probe is automatically identified, associated with a unique identifier, and its order relative to the other probes (first probe, second probe, third probe, etc.) is determined. As will be recognized by those having ordinary skill in the art, this process can save a significant amount of time because the survey controller can now automatically determine probe order and identifiers during, for instance, a startup protocol.
In one embodiment, the investigator, prior to starting the survey, manually records the positions of all connected survey probes according to their respective identifier. The survey controller knows the access identifier and the order of each survey probe in the cable network and is prepared to execute surveys.
In a different embodiment, the position of each survey probes is determined wirelessly by measuring its distance from two or more reference point locations generally positioned on the survey site.
In a wireless embodiment, one can determine the spatial location of each survey probe using radio, sonic or optical position transceivers. Each survey probe measures its distance from one or more position-transmitter sources, one of which may be the survey controller. These measurements are transmitted to the survey controller. From these measurements, the survey probe calculates its distance from each position transmitter source and reports this information and its identifier to the survey controller. The survey controller can use this information to control the survey. The survey controller can assign a unique access number or other identifier to each survey probe.
Another embodiment of a wireless technique for determining spatial position of a survey probe uses an RFID transponder, such as Texas Instruments RI-TRP-B9WK, associated with each survey probe. The transponder is responsive to interrogation by a an RFID reader such as the portable TI Series 2000 reader system. A differential GPS receiver is also used, and this receiver can be integrated with the RFID reader. The RFID reader can be placed near a probe for interrogation. The reader interrogates the RFID transponder and receives the transmitted data. The data, unique to each transponder, is received and combined with the reported Differential GPS longitude, altitude, and latitude measured at the probe. This data can be stored in the RFID memory until communicated to the survey controller.
In a wireless embodiment for determining spatial position using the known position transmitter positions, the survey controller can also calculate relative positions of survey probes and convert them to standard longitude, latitude, and elevation coordinates, or another convenient coordinate system, for each survey probe. Generally, two properly positioned position transmitters are required for survey probe location in a two dimensional space, and three are required for locating survey probes within a three dimensional space.
In wireless embodiments, each survey probe thereafter may be accessed by either its serial number or access number in subsequent message packets or by way of other wireless transmission techniques known in the art.
In different embodiments, probes can be connected to survey controllers by cable for transmission of operating power, stimulus (power to energize stimulus transducers, such as current injection) as required by the survey controller's survey program, and for signal measurement reference. Two conductors can carry power to the survey probes for charging one or more temporary energy storage devices, the electronics, and relays during a survey dwell time. These two conductors can also carry high energy to power stimulus injectors during a survey event and complete the circuit to a high energy power supply. It is to be noted that passive survey events can be performed by measuring natural induced potentials without the injection of a stimulus into the earth. The third conductor can provide a reference for potential measurements during the survey event, and, in conjunction with one of the power conductors, a data communication bus (e.g., a bus between survey events).
According to different embodiments, electrical resistivity measurements can be made by applying a voltage to cause a measured current flow between two or more stimulus points on a surface such as the earth's surface (e.g., stimulus points). Differences of the induced voltage potentials between one or more measurement points can be determined. The potential measurement data and current flow data and probe positions can be processed by the application of known mathematical processes, typically reduced to computer programs. Using the mathematical processes, the resistivity of a subsurface can be deduced or inferred.
In reference to 3-conductor embodiments described above, the third conductor can provide for a common potential to which all or a number of survey probes measure induced potentials. The third conductor can be electrically-connected to some point in the earth or on the current injection source. Since survey probe measurements can be made relative to this common potential, the potential difference between participating survey probes can then be calculated, and the resistivity determined as just previously described.
The third conductor can also provide for measurement of the potential difference only between two adjacent survey probe points. Survey probes can measure potentials relative to that of a specified neighboring survey probe. Segments of the third conductor can be switchable to provide the connections between the survey probes, operating to provide a reference voltage during the survey event. This reference can also be switchable to provide a common reference voltage to all survey probes.
Different embodiments also provide the ability to measure the potential change of a measurement point due to an injection stimulus. The measurement point can be measured prior to a current injection. This same point can be again measured after the injection stimulus. The difference is taken. This difference is the potential change due to the injection stimulus. The survey controller can signal each survey probe a predetermined time prior to stimulus injection. At this time after a programmed delay, each survey probe can sample and hold the data collected. In different embodiments, each probe can delay for a pre-programmed delay time after a signal has been received from the survey controller, before the probe begins to sample. In one embodiment, the default delay time is zero. However, each probe may be setup by the survey controller with a different delay-to-sample.
In reference to 3-conductor embodiments described above, the third conductor can carry data (e.g., via data packets or other known means) to and from survey probes and a survey controller during, e.g., the survey dwell time that is between survey events. For example, data packets may contain commands from the survey controller which are decoded by the accessed survey probe to set-up or prepare for a survey event, or it may be a command to the accessed survey probe to transmit survey data from a previous survey event.
During a survey event, the third conductor can be switched to a reference voltage, such as earth ground by the survey controller. Reference ground can be used by each survey probe as a reference signal for sensor signal measurements. Simultaneously or at a different time, the survey probe can disconnect itself from the two power conductors and obtain operating power from its energy storage device. In one embodiment, the energy storage device can be a 0.1 Farad capacitor manufactured by AVX Corp., part number BZ015A104ZHB, or equivalent. The value of the capacitor may differ for different embodiments. This capacitor can be charged during the dwell time and contains sufficient energy to operate the survey probe during the survey time. One advantage of using a capacitor is that it does not need replacement as do batteries, it eliminates the maintenance due to battery replacement, it eliminates the need for battery charging circuitry, and it eliminates environmental issues associated with disposing of large numbers of batteries. Use of an internal energy source such as a capacitor beneficially allows for the isolation of the survey probe from the survey controller during the survey event and significantly reduces noise. Another embodiment isolates all survey probes completely, connecting only to an adjacent survey probe and recording the difference potential measured between the two survey probes.
In conventional systems, dc power is generated and delivered to all probes directly from a central power source and is usually regulated at individual probes. This dc power line, even though filtered at each probe, typically picks up radiated noise from the environment due to long cable runs. Each probe therefore contributes filtered noise to the conducted digital noise to the dc power distribution conductors to all other probes. Any ripple or transient noise induced by the central power supply contributes noise. Although conventional practice involves filtering the dc power line with high pass filter capacitive networks, the filtered noise is applied to the ground circuit of each probe. This noise finds its way into the measurements of all other probes.
Another source of noise can be high voltage injection current conductor, which is, in interest of economy, usually carried in the same cable with (a) the dc power conductor, (b) the dc power ground, (c) the high voltage return conductor, (d) the signal conductors and (e) the signal return conductor common to all signal conductors. Also there can be large current and high voltage transients during any injection period, which can couple noise to the micro-volt level signals on signal conductors, significantly decreasing the signal to noise ratio of the measurement and requiring complex filtering processes and circuitry to minimize the deleterious effects. This occurs during the period that the very sensitive measurements are being made.
Embodiments of this disclosure virtually eliminate external noise problems by having all (or a subset of) probes isolate themselves from these external noise sources during a measurement period. Furthermore, digital data representing the measurements can be transmitted during a dwell time and are virtually insensitive to noise on the cable.
In embodiments of the disclosure, signals can be conditioned and digitized directly from conductive stakes or other transducers such as motion, sound, magnetic, or gravimetric transducers properly coupled to e.g., the earth surface or boreholes through the surface.
Prior to a survey event, each survey probe can receive a setup command data packet from a survey controller specifying its function during the survey event as mentioned above. Any survey probe can be adapted to function by command as a signal receiver and processor, or stimulus injector. For example, in the case of the electrical resistivity method configuration, a survey probe can be adapted to function as an electrical current injector.
In one embodiment, survey probes receive a first synchronizing signal from a survey controller and each probe proceeds to configure itself according to the setup command it received from the survey controller by operating switches and initializing a correct program to perform the tasks and selecting the signal source for the A/D converter in preparation for the survey event.
In this embodiment, survey probes receive a second synchronizing signal and those survey probes assigned the task of stimulus or scheduled injection proceed to inject the stimulus into the surface, which in one embodiment may be according to a pre-programmed time delay and period. All survey probes assigned the task of receiver can delay for a programmed time period and commence to digitize and filter the signals received from the connected sensors, according to prescribed processing algorithms. Survey probes can accumulate processed signal data until requested by the survey controller. In one embodiment, simultaneous to receiving the second synchronizing signal, survey probes assigned the function of stimulator injector can direct high power voltage through their switches to their corresponding connected stimulators. The stimulator might be a magnetic hammer for sound or seismic method, or a metal stake for current injection for electrical resistivity method. Other stimulators known in the art can also be used.
At the conclusion of a survey event, each survey probe can enter an idle mode and reconnect power and one or more communication conductors to the energy storage device and communications device, respectively, in preparation for receiving a message from a survey controller to report its results of the survey. A survey controller program then can optionally command each survey probe to report the data it captured during the survey event. If no such command is received by a survey probe, it can store the results for future delivery at the request of the survey controller. If another survey event is to occur, the survey controller can send new setup information to each survey probe in preparation for the next survey event, and the cycle can be repeated.
In one embodiment, access to the survey controller is provided by a local or remote Internet browser or by way of another computer network. A web server can be embedded within a survey controller, and the server can include software to interact with survey probes. A local or remote browser can effect secure download of applications programs and diagnostic software to specific survey probes. The survey controller can accept uploads from the remote browser to initiate built-in test software, to report key system operational data, to collect survey data, update information and survey instructions, and/or other functions with which the survey controller software has access to.
In one embodiment, communication server function is provided in one or more survey controllers in the survey environment, and the one or more controllers are connected to a remote network. Connection to the remote network may be by satellite or terrestrial means. In one embodiment, primary communication can be accomplished between survey controllers and any communicating device accessible via the Internet by using techniques known in the art of communications such as techniques the Hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP) and hypertext markup language(HTML), and/or (XML) Extended Markup Language. Each survey controller can be adapted to facilitate real-time access between a survey controller and a remote device upon access of a particular page, script, or function.
In one embodiment, executable content is embedded in one or more HTML pages so that when a page is loaded onto an HTML browser after being accessed, the executable content starts running automatically. The executable content can act to perform specified data transfer operations between the browser and one or more survey controllers. Additionally, survey controllers' operating systems, upon detection of an urgent local event, can request or initiate a session with an appropriate, predetermined remote terminal device or server for service.
In one respect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a plurality of survey probes and a survey controller. Each of the of the survey probes has a unique identifier, and the survey controller is configured to automatically poll the survey probes to obtain each identifier and determine a relative order the probes. In one embodiment, polling can occur once during a startup protocol, although it will be understood that it could occur at different times/frequencies throughout any given process. In one embodiment, the polling may take place as follows: each survey probe can be configured to (a) disconnect a downstream neighbor survey probe and enter an idle state; (b) report its unique identifier to the survey controller if in the idle state and in response to a polling command from the survey controller; and (c) change to a state other than the idle state after reporting its unique identifier. In other embodiments, different steps may be taken that are suitable to convey unique identifiers to the survey controller and to convey relative ordering of the probes. This, of course, greatly improves the state of the art in which determination of probe ordering is typically handled manually in a time consuming manner. The survey controller can be configured to assign and transmit a different, unique identifier to each survey probe. The survey controller and survey probes can be configured to communicate wirelessly. The survey controller and survey probes being can be connected by a first number of conductors, the survey probes can be configured to perform a second number of simultaneous measurements of the surface, and the second number need not be limited by the first number. Accordingly, the system can be set up to do a number of simultaneous measurements independent of the number of conductors connecting probes to the survey controller. For instance, although probes may be connected, in one embodiment, to the survey controller using three conductors, far more than three simultaneous measurements can be performed. The survey controller can be remotely accessible through a computer network for remote control of the survey controller and the survey probes. In one embodiment, this computer network is the Internet, although other networks can be utilized as well. The survey probes can be connected to the survey controller through three conductors, two conductors supplying power and a third conductor acting as a communications bus.
In another respect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a survey controller and a plurality of survey probes that are configured to: (a) collect signals associated with the surface; (b) digitize the signals to form digital data; and (c)store the digital data for later transmission to the survey controller. The survey probes can be configured for performing both electrical and seismic measurements, and the signals can include seismic or electrical signals. The signals associated with the surface can include signals that are generated in response to the surface being stimulated. For example, the signals can be in response to electrical and/or seismic stimulation. In other embodiments, the signals can result from a passive state of the surface. The survey controller and survey probes can be configured to communicate wirelessly. The survey controller can send data to individually program survey probes to generate a stimulus simultaneously or according to another programmed timing scheme. The stimulus can include injection of current. The survey controller can send data to individually program survey probes to form digital data and store the digital data according to a programmed timing scheme. The survey controller and survey probes being can be connected by a first number of conductors, the survey probes can be configured to perform a second number of simultaneous measurements of the surface, and the second number need not be limited by the first number. Such an embodiment and its advantages are described immediately above. The survey controller can be remotely accessible through a computer network (e.g., the Internet) for remote control of the survey controller and the survey probes. The survey probes can be connected to the survey controller through three conductors, two conductors supplying power and a third conductor acting as a communications bus.
In another respect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a survey controller and a plurality of survey probes that are configured to: (a) collect signals associated with the surface; and (b) sample and hold the signals for later transmission to the survey controller.
In another respect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system comprising a survey controller and a plurality of individually-addressable survey probes, where the survey controller is configured to: (a) transmit a first signal to individually program survey probes to conduct one or more steps for measuring the property of the surface and (b) transmit a second signal to cause survey probes to conduct the one or more steps according to a timing sequence. Accordingly, the survey controller can send programming instructions to individual probes and then send instructions to carry out the program. Such instructions can be sent remotely over a computer network such as the Internet. Such embodiments provide for a level of flexibility and convenience not known in the art. The survey controller and survey probes can be configured to communicate wirelessly. The survey controller can further be configured to transmit a third signal to diagnose survey probes. This, among other things, eliminates or reduces the need for on-site technicians to perform diagnostics on probes. The survey controller and survey probes can be connected by a first number of conductors, the survey probes can be configured to perform a second number of simultaneous measurements of the ground, and the second number need not be limited by the first number. As mentioned above, the survey controller can be remotely accessible through a computer network for remote control of the survey controller and the survey probes. The survey probes can be connected to the survey controller through three conductors, two conductors supplying power and a third conductor acting as a communications bus.
In another respect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a survey controller and a plurality of individually-addressable survey probes, where the survey controller is configured to transmit a diagnostic signal to individual survey probes to diagnose the individual survey probes.
In another respect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a survey controller and a plurality of survey probes whose position relative to one another is automatically determined. This advantageously allows for much more efficient measurement techniques because the system can itself determine physical relative and/or absolute locations of probes. In one embodiment, a transmitting beacon is provided, and the position is determined using a signal from the transmitting beacon. In another embodiment, a radio frequency identification (RFID) system is coupled to the probes and a Global Positioning System (GPS) is used. The position is determined by combining identification information from the RFID system with positional location from the GPS. In another embodiment, the RFID system can alone be used to identify individual probes and report that information, including information about the relative ordering of the probes, to the survey controller. The survey probes can be in motion. In such an embodiment, even if the probes are being, e.g., pulled behind a boat, their relative positions can be continuously determined. This offers great advantages over the current state of the art.
In another respect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a plurality of survey probes and a survey controller configured to supply power to the survey probes using a power conduit. The survey probes automatically electrically disconnect from the power conduit while measuring the property and operate using an internal source of power when disconnected to reduce noise. This reduction of noise offers great advantages over the current state of the art such as improved accuracy of measurements.
In another respect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a plurality of survey probes and a survey controller configured to program the same survey probes for seismic or electrical measurements of the surface. Accordingly, one system of survey probes and controller(s) can be used not only to do electrical resistivity measurements, but can also be used to perform seismic measurements. Currently, two separate systems would be necessary. Those having ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure will recognize that even additional different types of measurements can be performed with a single system. Allowing such flexibility is, among other things described here, the ability to individually program survey probes to follow instructions dictated by the survey controller (e.g., to follow instructions to produce a certain type of stimulus and/or to receive data according to specified timing schemes). Each other embodiment of this disclosure can also exhibit this significant advantage, allowing for different types of properties of a surface to be measured with different measurement techniques (e.g., but not limited to, electrical and/or seismic) using a single measurement system that is configured to be programmed for different types of measurements according to different timing schemes and the like.
In another respect, the invention involves system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a plurality of survey probes and a survey controller that is remotely accessible through a computer network for remote control of the survey probes, the remote control including: (a) remote initiation of a measurement of the property of the surface and (b) remote collection of data from a measurement of the property of the surface. In one embodiment, the network can be the Internet. The remote control can further include remote processing of data from a measurement of the property of the surface. The remote control can further include remote diagnostic testing of survey probes. The computer network can include a wireless network.
In another resect, the invention involves a system for measuring a property of a surface, the system including a plurality of survey probes and a survey controller configured to program the plurality of survey probes to simultaneously apply a stimulus to the surface in an arbitrary pattern. In conventional systems running electrical measurements, point source injection of current is the norm. Using techniques of this disclosure, however, one is not limited to such point injection. Rather, one can simultaneously inject current using several different probes in an arbitrary pattern to create, e.g., a line-source injection, a traveling pattern, etc. In one embodiment, the pattern includes a line pattern, and in another embodiment, the pattern includes a moving wave pattern. Many other patterns and schemes can be used as will be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art to perform several measurements that, until now, have been effectively impossible.
In another respect, the invention involves a method for measuring a property of a surface, the method including: collecting signals associated with the surface using a plurality of survey probes; digitizing the signals using the plurality of survey probes to form digital data; and storing the digital data using the plurality of survey probes for later transmission to a survey controller. The method can also include: polling the survey probes using the survey controller to automatically: (a) obtain an identifier of each survey probe; and (b) determine a relative order of the survey probes. The survey controller and survey probes can be connected by a first number of conductors, and the method can also include performing a second number of simultaneous measurements with the survey probes, the second number not being limited by the first number. The method can also include: controlling data acquisition, data processing, or data collection associated with the survey controller remotely over a computer network. The survey probes can be connected to the survey controller by one or more conductors that supply power, and the method can also include automatically disconnecting the survey probes from the one or more conductors while measuring the property and operating using an internal source of power when disconnected to reduce noise. The method can also include automatically determining the relative position of the survey probes. The relative position can be determined using (a) a transmitting beacon or (b) a radio frequency identification (RFID) system and a Global Positioning System (GPS). The method can also include performing a seismic and electrical measurement of the surface using the same survey probes.
In the embodiments described here, the term “surface” is broad and encompasses any surface or sub-surface. A surface can include surfaces of water, ground, underwater surfaces, man-made surfaces, borehole surfaces, borehole subsurfaces, etc. As used herein, “automatically” distinguishes an act done manually by, for instance, a technician. In preferred embodiments, “automatic” tasks are done via computer instructions that dictate certain tasks be done by one or more computers or computer-operated hardware. As used in the claims, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” mean one or more unless explicitly noted otherwise. For instance, although claims may state “a” survey controller, it will be understood that the claim encompasses and contemplates situations in which more than one controller is used. The term “comprising” in the claims is an open-ended term. “Couple” means a direct or indirect connection.
Other advantages and features of embodiments of this disclosure will be apparent with reference to the following drawings and the additional description that follows.
The drawings accompanying and forming part of this specification are included to depict certain aspects of the invention. A clearer conception of the invention, and of the components and operation of systems provided with the invention, will become more readily apparent by referring to the exemplary, and therefore nonlimiting, embodiments illustrated in the drawings, wherein like reference numerals (if they occur in more than one view) designate the same or similar elements. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the description presented here. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.
Referring now to the drawings it will be understood that the illustrations and accompanying text are provided to describe example embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention herein. It is the claims that define the invention.
Certain aspects of this disclosure focus on the electrical resistivity survey method managed by a local or remote browser. It will be clear to those having ordinary skill in the art that the following description applies equally well to other survey method applications known in the art. Neither this disclosure nor the claims (unless explicitly stated otherwise) are limited to a particular type of survey method such as electrical resistivity.
The World Wide Web is a collection of servers of the Internet that use the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). HTTP is a known application protocol that provides users with access to files, which can be in different formats, such as text, graphics, images, sound and video using a standard page description language, HTML. HTML provides basis document formatting and allows the developer to specify links to other servers and files therein. Use of an HTML compliant client browser involves specification of a link having a URL. Upon such specification, the client makes a request to the server identified in the link and receives a web page, basically in document format, according to HTML, in return. HTML provides exceptional freedom in creating graphics/text/graphic images and associated audio between servers and client browsers. HTTP and HTML allow complex services to be accessed by clients having a minimum amount of hardware sophistication.
Turning now to
An embedded function 87B can be integrated with a page 87A. The page 87B may a basic HTML page, script, function or like program. The embedded function may be attached to a header of the page 87A or otherwise associated with the page wherein one of two events occurs when the page is accessed. First, the page 87A along with the embedded function 87B can be delivered to the browser that accessed the server and page. Alternatively, the embedded function 87A can be adapted to run on the server from which the page was accessed, even though the page is delivered to the appropriate browser. In the first case, the embedded function can be adapted to run at the browser. In the second case, the embedded function can run at the server that the browser accessed.
In one embodiment, the embedded function is any executable content, such as Java applets. The executable content may be one or more small applications that conform to a restricted set of programming standards for running on browsers. When the embedded function is sent to the browser upon accessing a page, the function can be run at the browser to facilitate connection back to a specific server and server location. In another embodiment, the embedded function can run at the server and act to keep the existing connection open as well as to periodically send updated HTML pages. This latter technique places fewer demands on a browser's application capabilities but is less flexible. The remote browser or client may store data and determine how often to update or to request an update. The parameters relating to periodic updates may be stored locally at the remote browser, or may be downloaded to the survey controller. In the latter case the server task 112 may take the responsibility of periodically sending data to the remote browser without a request from the remote browser.
In one embodiment, a user at the browser 5 or 7 starts a browser application and connects to a homepage at a site's uniform resource locator (URL) address. An example process, where embedded functions are actually transferred to the browser from the accessed server, is outlined in
Initially, a user at the browser 5 or 7 can start a browser application and connect to a homepage at a site's uniform resource locator (URL) address (block 101). An HTTP server 1 having the URL address at the survey controller can deliver a home page for a site asset management system to the browser 7 (block 102). The user at browser 5 or 7 can select a defined link on the homepage to access and monitor a select function in the survey controller (block 103). In one example, the selected function can be the survey controller's completed survey result file (block 106). The server can generate a status page containing executable content, e.g. a Java Applet, and deliver the page and the executable content to the client (block 105). For ease of understanding, this executable content can generally be referred to as the embedded function.
The client's browser 5 or 7, can load the page from the survey controller 1 and run the embedded function (executable content), which can immediately connect back to the selected service device, preferably using a separate address and protocol (block 105). The device will accept the connection initiated by the embedded function and begin delivering status data (in one embodiment, in real time) to the client browser 5 or 7.
In addition to monitoring selected information at various ports and addresses at the selected device server, the connection between the browser and the selected device may provide for any type of uploading or downloading of information, software, or control data to monitor, access, and otherwise reconfigure any portion of the survey site addressable and accessible through the server.
For example, the client browser 5 or 7 may download a new configuration or software upgrade for survey probes, survey controller, or any other programmable device or data source addressable and accessible through the server. Additionally, the browser may simply gather completed survey files or in-process survey data.
In the example embodiment of
Referring now to
Now also referring to
At the beginning of state S1, PSC 116 operates to apply power to all survey probes 12 through conductors 45 and 46. Next, SPM 118 operates to initialize each participating survey probe 12 in preparation for collecting survey data from each “sensor” survey probe 12 and preparing for the next survey event.
PS 26 is a programmable power supply provided with conductor 61 for current return through relay 18DE, conductor 109 connecting to power gate 25 and to communication transceiver 27. Data bus 37 is provided for exchange of digital command and data between PSC 116 and PS 26. PS 26 is adaptable to receive commands from PSC 116, and operates to adjust output voltage to values prescribed by PSC 116 and to report actual output voltage values to PSC 116. Signal line 36 is provided for CMC 117 to signal Power Gate 25. CMC 117 is operable to signal Power Gate 25 to permit said current flow during state S1 and to block current flow during states S0, S2, and S3. Power Gate 25 is adaptable to respond to signals from control line 36 to block or permit current flow from PS 26 to meter 23. Data bus 34 is provided exchange of digital information between PSC 116 and programmable meter 23. Conductor 88 is provided to connect the output of Gate 24 and Gate 25 to meter 23. Meter 23 is adaptable to sensing, measuring, and digitizing the electrical current magnitude flowing from conductor 88 to conductor 45 and responsive to PSC 116 to report said digitized value to data bus 34 upon command by PSC 116. During S1, meter 23 signals PSC 116 that current flow has reached a prescribed value indicating that C1 energy storage devices are charged and that survey probes 12 are prepared to receive setup assignments for the next survey event to occur during the following state S3. SPM 118 then operates to send set-up command messages to each survey probe 12 prescribing each survey probe's function to be performed during the survey event.
For the purpose of better understanding the present invention, the following scenario is presented as a simplified example of the processes which take place during state S1. SPM 115 commands each survey probe 12 to perform specific functions for the duration of the survey event. The functions are current injection, current receiver, and ground voltage potential sensor. For example, survey probe 12 “A” is assigned to current injection function, survey probe 12 “B” is assigned current receiver function to receive injection current, completing the path to PS 22 through the earth during the survey event. Survey probes 12 “C”, “D”, “E”, −“Z” are assigned ground voltage potential sensors to sense, digitize, and record voltage potentials appearing at their respective electrodes 50 or 48, and are hereafter known as sensors.
Using signal line 36, CMC 117 signals gate 25 to close. Closure of gate 25 is detected by circuit 38 which signals SPP 78 over conductor 52. SPP 78 detects that the system is in state S2. SPP 78 of each survey probe proceeds to perform their respective setup instructions received from CMC 117.
Paths through relay contacts are specified by the numerical relay actuator number following by the contact pair completing a circuit. For example, 18BA refers to the contacts B and A of relay actuator 18.
SPP 78 operates relay actuator 18, to establish a return path from cable conductor 46 through 18DF, conductor 55, to PS 22 return 55. Operation of relay actuator 18 also establishes a connection from cable conductor 47, connector 79, 18AC, conductor 40, to reference ground.
To continue the example, survey probe 12 “A” is assigned injection function. The associated SPP 78 operates relay actuators 89, 91, 90, and 92 through port connections to microprocessor 69, establishing a current path from cable conductor 47, through relay contacts 89AC, 91AC, conductor 85, contacts 92AC, connector 74 to electrode 50. Survey probe 12, and SPP 78 become idle until state S3 is detected by circuit 38, signaling SPP 78 through conductor 52. “A” survey probe 12 is thereby prepared as current injector.
Survey probe 12, “B” is assigned current return function. The associated SPP 78 operates relays actuator 89, 90, 92 through port connections to microprocessor 69. These relays establish a return current path from electrode 50, through connector 74, through relay contacts 92AC, conductor 85, relay contacts 91AB, 89FD, connector 70, cable conductor 46, connector 79, relay contacts 18DF, conductor 55, to PS 22 return 55. Survey probe 12, and SPP 78 become idle until state S3 is detected by circuit 38 and signaled to SPP 78 through conductor 52. “B” survey probe 12 is thereby prepared as current receiver.
Survey probes 12 “C”, “D”, “E” −“Z” are assigned “sensor” function. The associated SPP 78 operates relay 89, and 90 to establish a circuit from electrode 50, connector 74, contacts 92AB, conductor 80, through signal conditioner 64, to signal line 49 to input multiplexor 65 of microprocessor system 51. SPP 78 operates to provide common reference to multiplexor 65 from conductor 40, through contacts 18CA, conductor 41 connector 79, cable conductor 47, connector 70, through relay contact 90AC, to conductor 107. “Sensor survey probes” 12, SPP 78 becomes idle until state S3 is detected by circuit 38 and signaled to SPP 78 through conductor 52. “Sensor” survey probes 12 are thereby prepared as current receiver
To begin the survey event, PSC 116 operates to program injector PS 22 to the prescribed voltage during state S2 and adjusts PS 22 voltage to limit current through meter 23 during the survey event to the prescribed value.
At the beginning of state S3, CMC 117 operates to open power gate 24 which applies the output of injection PS 22 to electrode 50 of “A” survey probe 12, producing a current flow from electrode 50 through the earth to “B” survey probe 12, producing potentials at the surface measured and digitized by “sensor” survey probes 12.
Circuits 38 at each survey probe 12 operate to detect the transition from state S2 to state S3, corresponding to T3, synchronizing the ADCs of all “sensor” survey probes 12. All “sensor” survey probes' SPP 78 operate to produce the prescribed number of ADC samples of the arithmetical difference between reference signal 44 and electrode 50 sensor signals, performs the prescribed filtering processes, and other prescribed data processing of the sensed voltage potentials during state S3, and stores the results in RAM/FLASH memory 62.
CMC 117 operates to enter state S0 by closing power gate 24. Circuits 38 of each survey probe detect removal of injection voltage from cable conductor 45 and signal the change to state SO to SPP 78s via conductor 52. All survey probes SPP 78 operate to de-activate all relay actuators 89, 90, 91, and 92 and enter state S1.
Referring to
Referring to
For electrical stimulus injectors, such as used in the electrical resistivity method embodiment of the present invention, the stimulus is an electrical current passing from the current injection survey probe 12, metal stake 50, through the earth, to the receiver metal stake 50 of receive survey probe 12, through relay contacts 92AC, conductor 85, through relay contacts 91AB, through relay contacts 89FD, through connector 70, cable conductor 46, through conductor 40, through relay contacts 18DF, to conductor 55, to injector PS 22 return.
For electromechanical, magnetic, radio frequency, or other electrical stimulus injector embodiments of the present invention, the stimulus apparatus receives power through PS22, power gate 24, conductor 88, CM 23, connector 79, conductor 45, connector 70, relay contacts 89AC, current sensor 71A, current modulator 71, relay contacts 91CA, conductor 113, relay contacts 92CA, connector 74 and 74A, with return path through relay contacts 89FD, connector 70, to cable conductor 46, though connector 79, through relay contacts 18DF, through conductor 55, and to PS 22 return.
Electrical, vibration, seismic, magnetic, and other sensors connect to signal conditioner 64, through differential connectors 75B and 75C, conductors 83 and 84, through signal conditioner 64, to multiplexor 65 adaptable to apply the difference signal to analog to digital converter 66. SPP 78 operates to perform digital signal processing and filtering of the digitized data operates to store said data into RAM/Flash Memory, accessible to survey controller Survey probe Manager (SPM) 29 on command. Microphone 85 connects through conductor 72 to multiplexor 65. Also referring to
Referring to
A second embodiment of the present invention operates to acquire the survey probe serial number and operates to address future commands to said survey probe addressing it by said serial number. SPM 115 operates to maintain survey probe serial numbers, together with the order in which said serial number is reported, in RAM/FLASH memory 62. Said reporting order is the ordinate location on the array cable.
Referring
Referring to
Each of the following is incorporated by reference in its entirety:
This application claims priority to, and incorporates by reference, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/463,499, which was filed on Apr. 18, 2003.
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