Patent Application
20240025124
Implementations of the present disclosure relate to additive manufacturing.
Additive manufacturing (often known as 3D printing) enables the production of structures that are complicated in shape and not achievable by subtractive manufacturing methods. For example, hollow structures that are expensive or difficult to achieve in machining processes (i.e., removal of materials by turning, drilling, and milling) may be created layer by layer in additive manufacturing. Many forms of additive manufacturing make use of transforming matters from one state to another, such as from liquid to solid, by chemical reactions, or by heat (e.g., melting materials at specific locations and solidifying when cooled).
Some additive manufacturing techniques, such as material jetting or fused deposition modeling (FDM), require support structures to provide a substrate for overhangs (e.g., protrusions of the target shape, when sliced in the production direction, being lack of materials in the previous layer). For example, in material jetting, a layer of photo-sensitive polymer is jetted (similar to ink-jet printing) on a flat surface formed by the previous layer and cured into solid by ultra-violet (UV) light. The flat surface may include the model to be formed as well as support materials necessary to support the polymer in the current layer. The support materials can be removed upon completion, such as by melting or dissolving. In FDM, a molten string of filament is extruded and deposited by a hot-end nozzle into a sliced pattern in each layer, the molten string solidifies after exiting the hot-end nozzle. The same molten string is used to form the support structures for subsequent layers. Upon completion, the support structures can be manually removed in a post processing procedure to uses subtractive manufacturing. The manufacturing of a part using a combination of additive and subtractive techniques may be referred to as hybrid manufacturing (HM).
The support materials, if different from the material, can be expensive in material cost and can increase management complexity. Even when the support structure is of the same material as the printing material, removal can be time-consuming and may cause damage to the target model. Therefore, in either situation, for objects of a certain overall size and shape, the less support structure needed during printing, the lower the cost in materials and time is needed, and the better finish of the printed shape can be achieved.
The described embodiments and the advantages thereof may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. These drawings in no way limit any changes in form and detail that may be made to the described embodiments by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the described embodiments.
Like numerals indicate like elements.
The present disclosure provides various techniques for helping a user identify a suitable configuration for printing a 3D object. Some factors to consider when 3D printing an object include orientation, presence of support structures, feature modifications, and others. Any of these factors could affect the monetary cost, manufacturing time, and final quality of a 3D printed object. Additionally, the user's objectives with regard to the use of a printed part may have a large effect on what types of modifications can be made to the print configuration, and the final cost of the modifications. For example, if a support structure is added to a surface that must adhere to a certain shape in its final form, then the support structure may have to be removed, adding time and cost to the HM process. On the other hand, if the support structure is added to a surface whose final form is not critical to the function of the part, then it may be possible to leave the support structure in place. All of the various parameters governing cost, time, failure likelihood, and other metrics should be taken into account to obtain an optimal or near optimal print configuration.
The techniques described herein enable a user to select an improved HM configuration in consideration of multiple objectives without having to explicitly define all of the various parameters that govern the outcome. In the field of multi-objective optimization, the Pareto front is the set of all Pareto efficient solutions, wherein a Pareto efficient solution is one in which no single preference criterion can be made better without making another preference criterion worse. If a particular solution is not Pareto efficient, this means that at least one additional solution exists in which all of the preference criterion improve. The use of a Pareto front enables one to make tradeoffs between a set of efficient choices rather than considering the full range of every parameter.
In accordance with presently disclosed techniques, a Pareto-efficient configuration for HM can be generated by determining solutions for a number of factors, including locations within the build volume for all objects to be printed, orientations with respect to the build plane for all parts, the addition of support structures for overhangs and thermal loads, and modifications made to accommodate for thin features, among other possible considerations. Any of the above modifications may be sacrificial (to be removed after 3D printing) or non-sacrificial (to be kept in the final 3D printed part.) Generating a Pareto-efficient configuration for HM also involves determining differences in various figures of merit due to the changes in the print configuration. Examples of figures of merit may include the cost to print (single print and at scale production), time to print (single print and at scale production), likelihood of print failure, cost and time for sacrificial material removal, cost and time for surface post-processing, among other factors.
To enable a user to identify a preferred HM solution for a particular 3D printed object, various HM configuration solutions can be generated, each of which is on the Pareto-front of one or more figures of merit. Each of the HM configurations can be displayed to the user along with additional information such as potential issues, mitigation strategies, and associated costs. In consideration of the presented solutions, the user is then able to use their gained intuition and experience to weigh the benefits of the proposed solutions and to choose from disjoint, internally consistent sets of possible atomic modifications to adopt for their HM process. In this way, the user is relieved of the burden of explicitly declaring all the cost-drivers in the HM process.
The HM configuration tool 104 is configured to generate the graph of HM configurations that the user navigates to select a suitable HM configuration. As used herein, the term HM configuration refers to the configuration details involved in manufacturing a part represented by a 3D model. The HM configuration can include an AM configuration, also referred to herein as print configuration, that details features of the AM process (3D printing). Some or all of the print configuration may be embodied in the modified object model, which describes the object's shape, including any shape modifications, support structures, printing orientations, and others. The print configuration may also include details related to the 3D printer itself, such as the build material, temperature settings, and others. The HM configuration can include an SM configuration, which details features of the SM process, such as machining processes.
The HM configuration tool 104 is configured to automatically generate a plurality of HM configurations that are Pareto efficient with regard to specific figures of merit. The HM configurations may include AM configurations (3D printing configurations) and may optionally include some SM processes and configurations. However, it will be appreciated that the term HM configuration will also include configurations that only include additive manufacturing details.
The HM configuration tool 104 can include a shape modifier 140 that can be used to alter the shape of the 3D object to achieve certain objectives, such as to enlarge structures that are smaller than the minimum feature size capabilities of the 3D printer, provide support for overhangs, add thermal support, and others. The HM configuration tool 104 also includes a support structure generator 142, which is able to add support structures to support overhangs.
The modifications made by the shape modifier 140 and the support structure generator 142 may depend on various user inputs, including the user's selection of surfaces that can or cannot be modified. In cases where the user has not already specified a chosen orientation, the HM configuration tool 104 may generate print configurations for each potential orientation of the 3D printed part. The print configurations may be automatically evaluated by the figure of merit calculator 144. The figure of merit calculator 144 calculates the values for various figures of merit for each configuration, such as cost to print, time to print, print failure likelihood cost of material removal, and others. The most suitable configurations according to each figure of merit may be added to a node of the DAG 106.
The DAG 106 may be generated based at least in part on the design input 108, which may include user input 110, system constraints 112, manufacturing information 114, and an object model 116. The object model 116 describes the 3D object to be printed. For example, the object model may be a computer-aided design (CAD) model (e.g., in AutoCAD™, Solidworks™, STEP, VRML, IGES, or DXF formats), a stereolithography (STL) model or similar point cloud models (e.g., .obj, .x3d, files and the like), or files that can be converted to such files (e.g., .png image files with user-defined thickness information).
The user input 110 can be used to describe the intent or objectives of the user. For example, the user can specify features (surfaces, volumes, etc.) of the 3D object as having special attributes that relate to the 3D object's ultimate use. For example, the user may specify a surface of the 3D object as having a shape that is modifiable or not modifiable. A modifiable surface may be one wherein the surface can be changed within a range of values without altering the function of the 3D object. A surface that is not modifiable may be one that the user expects to engage with a feature of a different 3D object, for example. The user may also specify a surface as one that will be subject to post processing to ensure, for example, that the surface has a particular finish. These user inputs may be used by the HM configuration tool 104 to determine modifications to the object model 116. For example, if a surface is identified by the user as not being modifiable, the HM configuration tool 104 will not generate a print configuration that includes changes to that surface. On the other hand, if the user identifies a surface as being subject to post processing, the HM configuration tool 104 may preferentially select that surface to apply support structure.
The user input 110 may also describe a preferred orientation of the 3D object relative to the build plane or a direction of tensile load to be experienced by the printed 3D object. The direction of tensile load may determine a preferred orientation since the strength of the printed object may be different in different directions depending on the 3D printing technology used. The user may also specify the types of subtractive manufacturing (SM) capabilities accessible to the user. The SM capabilities may be used to enable the HM configuration tool to 104 develop viable HM solutions and determine the associated costs associated with the removal of added structures, for example.
The system constraints 112 refer to limitations of the 3D printing system, such as height range of the 3D printing system (i.e., tallest printable part), minimum feature size, overhang constraints, and others. The system constraints 112 can be used by the HM configuration tool 104 to identify issues in an object model 116, identify mitigation strategies, and identify the corresponding costs of the strategies.
The manufacturing information 114 may include data that enables the HM configuration tool 104 to compute one or more figures of merit for each HM configuration. For example, the manufacturing information 114 may include business knowledge related to the cost of materials, the labor cost and time involved in various AM or SM processes, and others.
Some or all of the design input 108 may be received from a user such as an HM practitioner over a network 118 and stored to a data storage device 120. For example, input design input 108 may be received from the client device 122, which can include a graphical user interface (GUI) 124 for providing input and viewing print configurations. The GUI 124 may display an image of the 3D object created from the object model 116 and enable a user to select features.
The design input 108 may be used to generate a plurality of print configurations, wherein each configuration describes a different set of modifications to the original object model 103. The print configurations may depend on the type of AM process being used.
In AM in general, layers of materials may be added along the build direction (e.g., starting from a build platform). Any material that may solidify into a controlled pattern may form each of the added layers, such as, for example, powder materials to be sintered at high temperatures, extrudable materials to be extruded and solidify, and photosensitive materials to be solidified from liquid by light.
In some AM techniques, deposited (e.g., ejected or extruded) materials require a foundation to rest on (either before or after solidifying). The foundation may be the build platform or the previous printed layer. For certain shapes (e.g., overhangs), the current layer may extend beyond the previous layer and may require additional support. In some cases, a support structure of the same material or a different material may be formed during the printing process to provide the support. Accordingly, the object model 116 may be modified to create a print configuration that includes the 3D object plus the support structures. The support structures may be later removed through an SM manufacturing process or may be kept if they do not interfere with the intended use of the printed part. In some cases, the support for the overhang may be obtained by modifying the shape of the 3D object to eliminate the overhang or reduce the severity of the overhang (e.g., reduce the overhang angle).
The design of the support structures, if used, will depend, at least in part, on the orientation of the 3D object relative to the build platform during the 3D printing process. Accordingly, the HM configuration tool 104 may compute several 3D object modifications with different support strategies (e.g., shape modification and/or adding support structures) for different orientations.
Some AM techniques are also sensitive to thermal loads present within the 3D object during the printing process. For example, in some metal-additive-manufacturing (MAM) techniques, molten droplets of metal are deposited onto the substrate while the build platform is controlled so that the drops land on the substrate in a controlled manner to build the 3D object. As the drops land, they coalesce and merge with the existing substrate and eventually harden into a solid. This process depends on the ability of the heat from the molten drops to dissipate into the surrounding substrate or the build platform. If the thermal load exceeds the ability of the heat to be dissipate, the 3D object could become distorted, possibly leading to build failure.
In some embodiments, the HM configuration tool 104 may create print configurations that reduce thermal loading to acceptable levels by changing the orientation of the 3D object relative the build platform or by changing the shape of the 3D object to add material to increase the heat dissipation and reduce the thermal loading in certain areas.
The identification of suitable HM configurations may be based, at least in part, on the design input 108 such as the user input 110 and system constraints 112. For example, if the user has selected a particular region of the 3D object as unmodifiable, then HM configuration tool can skip all print configurations that would require modifications to that region (e.g., support structures). Additionally, if a portion of the 3D object is too thin according to the minimum size constraints, the HM configuration tool 104 can create several print configurations that mitigate the problem by adding material to different portions of the 3D object. The resulting costs of each modification may depend, in turn, on the user input 110. For example, if the HM configuration tool 104 adds material to an area that the user had identified as modifiable, then post processing may not be needed to remove the added material, which could lead to reduced overall cost and time to manufacture.
For each print configuration, the HM configuration tool 104 computes values for each of the figures of merit (e.g., cost to print, time to print, likelihood of print failure, cost and time for sacrificial material removal, cost and time for surface post-processing, etc.). The computed values may be determined at least in part based on the design input 108 such as the manufacturing information 114.
The values for the figures of merit for all of the print configurations may be used by the HM configuration tool 104 to generate a Pareto front. Those print configurations lying on the Pareto front (for example, at vertices of the Pareto front) may be selected for generating the DAG 106 such that each node of the DAG 106 corresponds with one of the Pareto efficient print configurations.
The DAG 106 may be used by a graphical user interface 124 to present the various print configurations to the user. The print configuration display may include an image of the modified 3D object, including any changes to the shape and any support structures. The print configuration display may also include the figures of merits associated with each print configuration. The user can select different print configurations for display by navigating through the DAG 106.
Once the user has made a decision about which print configuration is preferred by the user, the user can select the HM configuration for printing, and the selected print configuration may be sent to a 3D printer 128 for printing. It will also be appreciated that additional processing may be required to transform the selected print configuration into a form used by a specific 3D printer. For example, a program referred to as a slicer may transform the file from a CAD or STL file to a G-code file.
Although the processing device 102 and the client device 122 are illustrated as two separate devices, in some cases, the processing device 102 and the client device 122 may be included in a same computational system (or two modules on a common computational platform). In some embodiments, the GUI 124 may be included as a component of the HM configuration tool 104. In some cases, the client device 122 may be a consumer terminal (e.g., a personal computer, a smart phone, etc.) that enables a user to upload designs and relevant information to the data storage 140, and the processing device 102 may behave as a server performing requested services to generate the DAG 106 and present the DAG 106 and associated print configurations via the network 118. It will be appreciated that other computing system configurations may be used to implement the techniques described herein without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure.
The example graph of
After each selection, the HM configuration tool 104 may compute additional information that may be passed down to subsequent decision nodes. For example, the second decision level 206 may represent a selection of an orientation. Once a particular orientation is selected, the HM configuration tool may generate a new STL file that transforms the 3D object from the original orientation in the original object model to the new orientation that was selected.
The third selection level 208 may represent different material support strategies, which will depend on the particular orientation selected. Each node at this level may represent a different type of support, including the addition of specific support structures to the object model, or shape modifications to the object model that may reduce the need for additional support structures. The supports strategies may be determined, at least in part, based on the user input indicating which surfaces of the object are modifiable, for example.
The fourth level 210 may relate to subtractive manufacturing (SM) options that may be used to create the finished part. In this embodiment, the fourth level 210 includes the leaf nodes, each of which represents a complete HM solution which describes the print job and the post printing processes to be performed. Each leaf node may be associated with the final object file (e.g., STL file) for that node, which indicates the orientation of the object, any shape modifications to be added, and support structures to be added. Each leaf node may also be associated with a set of digital artifacts providing a description of the AM/SM processes to be performed in accordance with that node.
In some embodiments, there may be additional decision layers. For example, at the fourth selection level 210 the user may select a particular type or types of SM techniques are available (e.g., CNC, Dremel kit, manual, etc.). This user selection may open additional nodes.
Each node, including the leaf nodes may also be associated with a value for each of several figures of merits such as cost to print, total fabrication cost, time to print, time to complete fabrication, and others. The figures of merit may be computed based on estimates informed by the selections made by the user at higher levels in the graph. The presented nodes at each level may represent the Pareto efficient solutions identified up to that point.
The GUI presented to the user may be generated based, at least in part, on the print configuration graph. The GUI enables the user to navigate the graph based on the selection of specific decision nodes until arriving at a complete HM solution (leaf node). At each stage a visual display can be presented to the user, which shows the current 3D object model as well as the values for the various figures of merit. This allows the user to more easily comprehend the various decisions so that they can apply their own intuition and expertise about the most suitable configuration given the user's goals.
In some embodiments, the entire HM configuration graph can be completed ahead of time, taking into account all possible user selections. In other embodiments, certain portions of the graph may not be computed until the user has selected a node that is a parent to that portion of the HM configuration graph, thereby saving on processing resources.
It will be appreciated that the HM configuration graph shown in
The second decision layer 306 describes several support strategies which represent a more suitable support strategy with regard to specific figures of merit given the selected orientation. In this embodiment, the figures of merit include the support with the least material, smallest cost, smallest time to print, least surface area, and best thermal performance. However, it will be appreciated that these are examples, and that several additional figures of merit could be considered.
In some embodiments, each orientation node in the first decision layer 304 includes one or more child nodes, which may be the same child nodes but with different values for each figure of merit. The figure of merits values at the child nodes may be used to determine the figure of merit at the parent nodes. In some embodiments, the child nodes in the second decision layer 306 are only determined only after the corresponding parent node is selected.
The example graph of
The selection of a node at the fourth decision layer 310 provides a layer of leaf nodes 312 each represent a most suitable support removal strategy with regard to specific figures of merit given the selected SM capability. For example, as shown in
It will be appreciated that the particular print configuration graph is only one possible implementation of the present techniques and that various changes may be made while remaining within the scope of the present claims.
In some embodiments, the configuration tool may process the object model to identify features that are too small to print. This may be determined by comparing the size of features to a threshold size, which may vary depending on the type of 3D printer to be used to print the object. As shown in
Additionally, the HM configuration tool may be configured to automatically generate print configurations that eliminate the thin features. In some embodiments, a plurality of different configurations can be generated and evaluated to determine the values of various figures of merit for each configuration. Those configurations that are more suitable according to the figures of merit can be added to the print configuration graph and present to the user. The configurations tested may include any configuration that eliminates the thin feature and also comports with the input provided by the user regarding which surfaces may or may not be modified.
The print configuration also shows that the thin feature 404 was solved by adding additional material 410 to the inside of the opening 412. Again, this solution may have been determined based on the user specifying the outer surface of the object as being modifiable, or by specifying the inner surface of the opening 412 as modifiable.
The solution shown in
In some embodiments, the configuration tool may process the object model to identify suitable orientations. This may be accomplished by reorienting the object model and determining the values for various figures of merit (cost, time to print, etc.) associated with each orientation.
The configuration of
Additionally, the configuration tool may be configured to automatically generate a plurality of print configurations that eliminate overhangs. The print configurations can be evaluated to determine the values of various figures of merit for each configuration. Those configurations that are more suitable according to the figures of merit can be added to the print configuration graph (e.g., DAG 106) and presented to the user. The configurations tested may include any viable configuration that eliminates the overhangs and also comports with the input provided by the user regarding which surfaces may or may not be modified. A wide variety of solutions may be possible, and the configuration tool can evaluate a large number of these solutions to determine which ones are the most efficient with regard to the various figures of merit. Each suitable print configuration (including the 3D object and any computed figures of merit) can be displayed to the user via the GUI 124 to enable the user to make the final decision.
At block 602, an object model is received. For example, the object model (e.g., object model 116) may be received from a user's remote computing device (e.g., client device 122) or retrieved from a storage device upon selection by the user for example. The object model may be a file, such as an STL file, CAD file, or others, that describes the shape of the 3D object to be printed.
At block 604, user input is received. The user input may relate to objectives of the user. For example, the user input may indicate surfaces of the 3D object that are modifiable and also specify an allowable direction for moving the surface and an allowable range of distances that the surface can be moved. The user input may also identify surfaces that cannot be modified and surfaces that will be subject to post processing, such as modification by one or more SM processes. The user input may also include a direction of tensile loading for the finished part. The user input may be received from a GUI (e.g., GUI 124) that is displaying the original object model.
At block 606, system constraints are received. The system constraints may describe limitations of the 3D printer and/or the SM tools or systems available. For example, the system constraints may describe the dimensions of a build platform, a tallest printable height, a smallest feature size, and others. Some or all of the system constraints may be input manually by the user. In some embodiments, the user may select a type of 3D printer and the system constraints may be populated automatically. The system constraints may also indicate that the user has access to a CNC machine, a dremel kit, drill press, lathe, or other post printing capabilities.
At block 608, manufacturing information is received. The manufacturing information may describe the cost of various materials that may be used in the 3D printing process, the time to 3D print an object, the time to perform various SM processes, labor costs, and any other factor that can affect the desirability of a particular HM solution for producing a part. The manufacturing information can be based on historical production information and can be used to compute figures of merit for various printing configurations.
At block 610, a graph of print configurations is computed based in part on the information received at blocks 602-608. The graph may be a directed acyclical graph such as the DAG 106 of
Each node may also include values for various figures of merit, which may include cost to print, material cost, cost to remove material, overall cost, time to print, time to complete the finished product, likelihood of print job failure or part failure, and others. The figures of merit may be per part of per batch of parts. The graph generated at block 610 may be a full graph or partial graph. For example, some child nodes may only be generated after the parent node is selected by the user.
At block 612, a user selection of a particular print configuration may be received. In some embodiments, the user selection may be received through the GUI 124 by the user selecting an option corresponding with one of the child nodes of the node currently being viewed. For example, with reference to
At block 614, the print configuration associated with the selected node is displayed to the user. The print configuration may be displayed by the GUI 124 and can include a visual representation of the object along with any numerical information related to the node, such as values for any of the figures of merit computed for the node.
At block 616, a determination is made regarding whether the selected node is a leaf node. A leaf node represents a full print configuration, i.e., a full solution to the HM matter, which can include all of selected changes to the object model that result in a viable print configuration as well as any selected post printing processes, e.g., SM processes. If the node is not a leaf node, then further configuration decisions have been undecided, and the process flow advances to block 618.
At block 618 additional print configurations may be added to the print configuration graph. For example, with reference to
The method 600 may continue until a final print configuration is selected by the user. The final print configuration can be stored for later use or used to generate a work order, for example. In some embodiments, the GUI 124 may present an option to the user to send the selected print configuration to a 3D printer for printing, in which case the object model may be converted into a file, such as G-Code, compatible with the 3D printer.
It will be appreciated that embodiments of the method 600 may include additional blocks not shown in
The exemplary computer system 700 includes a processing device 702, a main memory 704 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static memory 706 (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage device 718, which communicate with each other via a bus 730. The processing logic 726 and/or the instructions 722 may include a HM configuration tool 727 which can be configured to enable the processing device 702 to perform any of the tasks associated with the HM configuration tool 104 or GUI or
Processing device 702 represents one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device may be complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Processing device 702 may also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processing device 702 may execute processing logic 726, which may be one example of system 100 shown in
The data storage device 718 may include a machine-readable storage medium 728, on which is stored one or more set of instructions 722 (e.g., software) embodying any one or more of the methodologies of functions described herein, including instructions to cause the processing device 702 to execute system 100. The instructions 722 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 704 or within the processing device 702 during execution thereof by the computer system 700; the main memory 704 and the processing device 702 also constituting machine-readable storage media. The instructions 722 may further be transmitted or received over a network 720 via the network interface device 708.
While the machine-readable storage medium 728 is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing information in a form (e.g., software, processing application) readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, magnetic storage medium (e.g., floppy diskette); optical storage medium (e.g., CD-ROM); magneto-optical storage medium; read-only memory (ROM); random-access memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM); flash memory; or another type of medium suitable for storing electronic instructions.
The preceding description sets forth numerous specific details such as examples of specific systems, components, methods, and so forth, in order to provide a good understanding of several embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that at least some embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known components or methods are not described in detail or are presented in simple block diagram format in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure. Thus, the specific details set forth are merely exemplary. Particular embodiments may vary from these exemplary details and still be contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
Additionally, some embodiments may be practiced in distributed computing environments where the machine-readable medium is stored on and or executed by more than one computer system. In addition, the information transferred between computer systems may either be pulled or pushed across the communication medium connecting the computer systems.
Embodiments of the claimed subject matter include, but are not limited to, various operations described herein. These operations may be performed by hardware components, software, firmware, or a combination thereof.
Although the operations of the methods herein are shown and described in a particular order, the order of the operations of each method may be altered so that certain operations may be performed in an inverse order or so that certain operation may be performed, at least in part, concurrently with other operations. In another embodiment, instructions or sub-operations of distinct operations may be in an intermittent or alternating manner.
The above description of illustrated implementations of the invention, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. While specific implementations of, and examples for, the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. The words “example” or “exemplary” are used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the words “example” or “exemplary” is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X includes A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X includes A; X includes B; or X includes both A and B, then “X includes A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. Moreover, use of the term “an embodiment” or “one embodiment” or “an implementation” or “one implementation” throughout is not intended to mean the same embodiment or implementation unless described as such. Furthermore, the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” etc. as used herein are meant as labels to distinguish among different elements and may not necessarily have an ordinal meaning according to their numerical designation.
It will be appreciated that variants of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be combined into may other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations, or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims. The claims may encompass embodiments in hardware, software, or a combination thereof
