Patent Application
20240219632
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can be used for several applications, such as communications. Efficiently and cheaply aligning optics to couple light into and out of PICs can be a challenge. Approaches such as the attachment of optical fiber arrays to PICS may be slow, incompatible with conventional semiconductor packaging processes, and can result in substantial yield and throughput issues.
In one embodiment disclosed herein, a glass substrate has a cavity defined in it with a graded index (GRIN) lens inside of it. The GRIN lens collimates light from a waveguide in the glass substrate, forming a free-space beam outside of the glass substrate. The free-space beam is coupled to another component, such as a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) die. The free-space beam may be coupled to the PIC die using another GRIN lens, a standard curved lens, a curved mirror, etc. The use of GRIN lenses allows for passive coupling to waveguides without further active alignment that minimizes signal transmission losses.
As used herein, the phrase “communicatively coupled” refers to the ability of a component to send a signal to or receive a signal from another component. The signal can be any type of signal, such as an input signal, an output signal, or a power signal. A component can send or receive a signal to another component to which it is communicatively coupled via a wired or wireless communication medium (e.g., conductive traces, conductive contacts, air). Examples of components that are communicatively coupled include integrated circuit dies located in the same package that communicate via an embedded bridge in a package substrate and an integrated circuit component attached to a printed circuit board that send signals to or receives signals from other integrated circuit components or electronic devices attached to the printed circuit board.
In the following description, specific details are set forth, but embodiments of the technologies described herein may be practiced without these specific details. Well-known circuits, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail to avoid obscuring an understanding of this description. Phrases such as “an embodiment,” “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” and the like may include features, structures, or characteristics, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular features, structures, or characteristics. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described. Additionally, it should be appreciated that items included in a list in the form of “at least one A, B, and C” can mean (A); (B); (C); (A and B); (A and C); (B and C); or (A, B, and C). Similarly, items listed in the form of “at least one of A, B, or C” can mean (A); (B); (C); (A and B); (A and C); (B and C); or (A, B, and C).
Some embodiments may have some, all, or none of the features described for other embodiments. “First,” “second,” “third,” and the like describe a common object and indicate different instances of like objects being referred to. Such adjectives do not imply objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally or spatially, in ranking, or any other manner. “Connected” may indicate elements are in direct physical or electrical contact, and “coupled” may indicate elements co-operate or interact, but they may or may not be in direct physical or electrical contact. Furthermore, the terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” and the like, as used with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure, are synonymous. Terms modified by the word “substantially” include arrangements, orientations, spacings, or positions that vary slightly from the meaning of the unmodified term. For example, the central axis of a magnetic plug that is substantially coaxially aligned with a through hole may be misaligned from a central axis of the through hole by several degrees. In another example, a substrate assembly feature, such as a through width, that is described as having substantially a listed dimension can vary within a few percent of the listed dimension.
It will be understood that in the examples shown and described further below, the figures may not be drawn to scale and may not include all possible layers and/or circuit components. In addition, it will be understood that although certain figures illustrate transistor designs with source/drain regions, electrodes, etc. having orthogonal (e.g., perpendicular) boundaries, embodiments herein may implement such boundaries in a substantially orthogonal manner (e.g., within +/−5 or 10 degrees of orthogonality) due to fabrication methods used to create such devices or for other reasons.
Reference is now made to the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, wherein similar or same numbers may be used to designate the same or similar parts in different figures. The use of similar or same numbers in different figures does not mean all figures including similar or same numbers constitute a single or same embodiment. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding thereof. It may be evident, however, that the novel embodiments can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate a description thereof. The intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives within the scope of the claims.
As used herein, the phrase “located on” in the context of a first layer or component located on a second layer or component refers to the first layer or component being directly physically attached to the second part or component (no layers or components between the first and second layers or components) or physically attached to the second layer or component with one or more intervening layers or components.
As used herein, the term “adjacent” refers to layers or components that are in physical contact with each other. That is, there is no layer or component between the stated adjacent layers or components. For example, a layer X that is adjacent to a layer Y refers to a layer that is in physical contact with layer Y.
Referring now to
In the illustrative embodiment, one or more waveguides 202 are defined in the glass substrate 102, as shown in
At the termination point 206, the waveguide 202 stops guiding the light, allowing the light 208 to expand in the glass substrate 102. In the illustrative embodiment, the light 208 reflects off of a mirror 210 defined in the glass substrate 102. In the illustrative embodiment, the mirror 210 is formed monolithically in the glass substrate 102. The light 208 continues expanding until it enters a graded index (GRIN) lens 212. The GRIN lens 212 collimates the light into a collimated beam 214 as it leaves the GRIN lens 212, as shown in
In the illustrative embodiment, the beam 214 is directed towards a GRIN lens 216 that is positioned adjacent the PIC die 106. The GRIN lens 216 focuses light into a waveguide 220 defined in the PIC die 106. A grating coupler 218 may be used to coupled light into the waveguide 220. It should be appreciated that, as the diameter of the collimated beam 214 is significantly larger than the diameter of the light 204 in the waveguide 202 or the light 222 in the waveguide 220, the alignment of the PIC die 106 to the glass substrate 102 is less sensitive than for, e.g., direct coupling between waveguides 202, 220.
In some embodiments, the glass substrate 102 may also provide electrical connections. For example, the glass substrate 102 may include a redistribution layer on the bottom of the substrate 102 and/or may include a redistribution layer on the top of the substrate 102. Through-glass vias filled with conductive material may provide electrical connections between the top and bottom surfaces of the glass substrate (e.g., between the redistribution layer on the bottom and the redistribution layer on the top). The redistribution layer and/or the glass substrate 102 may be electrically and physically connected to the circuit board 104 through solder joints or bumps. The solder joints may provide signals and/or power to the glass substrate 102. The redistribution layers may be formed on or as part of the glass substrate 102. The redistribution layers may include one or more layers of traces or other electrical connections. A spacer or other component may be disposed between the PIC die 106 and the glass substrate 102 to keep the PIC die 106 in position relative to the glass substrate 102. Such a component may provide electrical connections between the glass substrate 102 and the PIC die 106.
The illustrative circuit board 104 may be made from ceramic, glass, and/or organic-based materials with fiberglass and resin, such as FR-4. The circuit board 104 may have any suitable length or width, such as 10-500 millimeters. The circuit board 104 may have any suitable thickness, such as 0.2-5 millimeters. The circuit board 104 may support additional components besides the glass substrate 102, such as additional photonic or electronic integrated circuit components, a processor unit, a memory device, an accelerator device, etc.
The illustrative glass substrate 102 is silicon oxide glass. In other embodiments, the substrate 102 may be made of any suitable crystalline or non-crystalline material, such as fused silicon, borosilicate, sapphire, yttrium aluminum garnet, etc. The glass substrate 102 may have any suitable length or width, such as 10-500 millimeters. The glass substrate 102 may have any suitable thickness, such as 0.2-5 millimeters.
The glass substrate 102 may have an interface for any suitable optical connector, such as alignments pins to mate with an MT connector or MPO connector. In other embodiments, the glass substrate 102 may include mechanical features that allow a secondary connector receptacle piece to passively align and attach to the substrate 102. An optical connector connected to the glass substrate may include any suitable number of optical fibers, and the glass substrate 102 may include any suitable number of waveguides 202, such as 1-1,024 waveguides. The mirror 210 may be made of any suitable material, such as a reflective metal such as aluminum, silver, gold, etc. In some embodiments, the mirror 210 may be made of a dielectric stack. In other embodiments, the mirror 210 may operate based on total internal reflection. In some embodiments, the shape of the mirror 210 may be formed by selective laser etching to remove a section 224 from the bottom of the glass substrate 102. After the reflective surface of the mirror 210 is applied, the section 224 may be backfilled with any suitable material, allowing for planarization of the glass substrate 102.
In the illustrative embodiment, the mirror 210 and GRIN lens 212 direct the beam 214 out of the glass substrate 102 at approximately normal incidence. In other embodiments, the geometry of the mirror 210 and GRIN lens 212 may be tailored to control the angle of the beam 214 emerging from the substrate 102, which may mitigate backreflections from the surface of the substrate 102 or may be used to control incident angles for achieving total internal reflection. In some embodiments, polarization filtering could also be achieved by appropriate geometries to make use of Brewster angles of incidence on the reflecting surfaces.
The glass substrate 102 may route the waveguides 202 in the glass substrate 102 in any suitable manner, including in three dimensions, allowing for flexible layouts. The glass substrate 102 may include optical elements such as fan outs, splitters, couplers, combiners, filters, etc. In some embodiments, the glass substrate 102 may include active optical elements, such as optical amplifiers, lasers, photodetectors, modulators, etc.
The light 204, 222 in the waveguides 202, 220 may be any suitable wavelength, such as 400-2,000 nanometers. In the illustrative embodiment, the light 204, 222 in the waveguides 202, 220 is, e.g., 1,200-1,600 nanometers. The GRIN lens 212 may collimate the light to a beam 214 of any suitable diameter, such as 20-500 micrometers, as measured at the 1/e2 width. In the illustrative embodiment, the GRIN lens 212 is cylindrical. In the illustrative embodiment, the two optical surfaces that the light enters and leaves the GRIN lens 212 are flat. In other embodiments, the optical surfaces that the light enters and leaves the GRIN lens 212 may be convex or concave. The GRIN lens 212 may have any suitable dimensions, such as a diameter of 2-25 millimeters and a length of 2-25 millimeters. In some embodiments, several mirrors 210 and GRIN lenses 212 may be arranged in two-dimensional arrays to increase channel density. The GRIN lens 212 may be made of any suitable material. In the illustrative embodiment, the GRIN lens 212 is made of a glass substrate (e.g., silicon oxide or chalcogenide glass) with a gradient of impurity concentration varying in the radial direction. The impurity may be, e.g., a chalcogen (sulfur, selenium, or tellurium), germanium, etc. In other embodiments, the GRIN lens 212 may be embodied as or otherwise include a chalcogenide, a silicate, an oxide-based glass, plastic, germanium, zinc selenide, sodium chloride, and gradient reflective organic layers, etc.
The PIC die 106 may be made of any suitable material, such as silicon. In the illustrative embodiment, the waveguides 220 may be silicon waveguides embedded in silicon oxide cladding. The PIC die 106 may include any suitable number of waveguides 220, such as 1-1,024. In the illustrative embodiment, the waveguides 220 in the PIC die 106 are vertically-coupled waveguides. In other embodiments, the waveguides 220 may be edge-coupled waveguides.
The PIC die 106 is configured to generate, detect, and/or manipulate light. The PIC die 106 may include active or passive optical elements such as splitters, couplers, filters, optical amplifiers, lasers, photodetectors, modulators, etc.
In some embodiments, the system 100 may include additional components, such as an electronic integrated circuit (EIC) die mounted on the glass substrate 102, the PIC die 106, or the circuit board 104. The EIC die may include any suitable electronic integrated circuit component, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, etc. The EIC die may include any suitable analog and/or digital circuitry, such as a processor, a memory, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), etc. In some embodiments, the system 100 may be embodied as a router, a switch, a network interface controller, and/or the like. In such embodiments, the EIC die may include network interface controller circuitry to process, parse, route, etc., network packets sent and received by the system 100.
Additional embodiments beyond those shown in
It should be appreciated that the techniques described here may be used for other applications besides coupling light between an optical substrate 102 and a PIC die 106. For example, in one embodiment, a system 100 may include a glass substrate 102 supporting two PIC dies 106. Light from a waveguide 220 in one PIC die 106 may be collimated into a beam 214 using a GRIN lens 216. The beam 214 may be coupled into a waveguide 202 in glass substrate 102 using a GRIN lens 212. The light 204 in the waveguide 202 may be routed under the other PIC die 106. The light from the waveguide 202 may be expanded and focused by another GRIN lens 212 into another beam 214 and coupled into the other PIC die 106 with another GRIN lens 216. In this manner, the glass substrate 102 may facilitate coupling between two PIC dies 106. In general, the glass substrate 102 may facilitate coupling of light between any suitable components, such as optical connectors, PIC dies, other glass substrates, etc.
Referring now to
The method 500 begins in block 502, in which one or more waveguides 202 are formed in the glass substrate 102, as shown in
In block 506, a cavity 702 is formed in the glass substrate 102 for the GRIN lens 212, as shown in
In block 510, a GRIN lens 212 is prepared. The GRIN lens 212 may be formed in any suitable manner, such as by using ion exchange. In the illustrative embodiment, the GRIN lens 212 is made of a glass substrate (e.g., silicon oxide or chalcogenide glass) with a gradient of impurity concentration varying in the radial direction. In the illustrative embodiment, the impurity gradient increases with distance from the center of the axis of the GFIN lens 212. In other embodiments, the impurity gradient may decrease with distance from the center of the axis of the GFIN lens 212. In block 512, the GRIN lens 212 is inserted into the cavity 702, as shown in
In block 514, the mirror 210 in the glass substrate is formed, as shown in
In block 516, a GRIN lens 216 is mounted on a PIC die 106. In block 518, the PIC die 106 is mounted on the glass substrate 102, with the GRIN lenses 212, 216 aligned so that light from the waveguide 202 in the glass substrate 102 is coupled to the waveguide 220 in the PIC die 106, as shown in
It should be appreciated that the glass substrate 102, without or with the circuit board 104, PIC die 106, and/or an EIC die, may be integrated with other components, such as integrated into a multi-chip module alongside other chiplets or otherwise used as a host substrate for larger scale assemblies.
The integrated circuit device 1200 may include one or more device layers 1204 disposed on the die substrate 1202. The device layer 1204 may include features of one or more transistors 1240 (e.g., metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)) formed on the die substrate 1202. The transistors 1240 may include, for example, one or more source and/or drain (S/D) regions 1220, a gate 1222 to control current flow between the S/D regions 1220, and one or more S/D contacts 1224 to route electrical signals to/from the S/D regions 1220. The transistors 1240 may include additional features not depicted for the sake of clarity, such as device isolation regions, gate contacts, and the like. The transistors 1240 are not limited to the type and configuration depicted in
Returning to
The high-k dielectric material may include elements such as hafnium, silicon, oxygen, titanium, tantalum, lanthanum, aluminum, zirconium, barium, strontium, yttrium, lead, scandium, niobium, and zinc. Examples of high-k materials that may be used in the gate dielectric include, but are not limited to, hafnium oxide, hafnium silicon oxide, lanthanum oxide, lanthanum aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zirconium silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, barium strontium titanium oxide, barium titanium oxide, strontium titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, lead scandium tantalum oxide, and lead zinc niobate. In some embodiments, an annealing process may be carried out on the gate dielectric to improve its quality when a high-k material is used.
The gate electrode may be formed on the gate dielectric and may include at least one p-type work function metal or n-type work function metal, depending on whether the transistor 1240 is to be a p-type metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) or an n-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor. In some implementations, the gate electrode may consist of a stack of two or more metal layers, where one or more metal layers are work function metal layers and at least one metal layer is a fill metal layer. Further metal layers may be included for other purposes, such as a barrier layer.
For a PMOS transistor, metals that may be used for the gate electrode include, but are not limited to, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, cobalt, nickel, conductive metal oxides (e.g., ruthenium oxide), and any of the metals discussed below with reference to an NMOS transistor (e.g., for work function tuning). For an NMOS transistor, metals that may be used for the gate electrode include, but are not limited to, hafnium, zirconium, titanium, tantalum, aluminum, alloys of these metals, carbides of these metals (e.g., hafnium carbide, zirconium carbide, titanium carbide, tantalum carbide, and aluminum carbide), and any of the metals discussed above with reference to a PMOS transistor (e.g., for work function tuning).
In some embodiments, when viewed as a cross-section of the transistor 1240 along the source-channel-drain direction, the gate electrode may consist of a U-shaped structure that includes a bottom portion substantially parallel to the surface of the die substrate 1202 and two sidewall portions that are substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the die substrate 1202. In other embodiments, at least one of the metal layers that form the gate electrode may simply be a planar layer that is substantially parallel to the top surface of the die substrate 1202 and does not include sidewall portions substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the die substrate 1202. In other embodiments, the gate electrode may consist of a combination of U-shaped structures and planar, non-U-shaped structures. For example, the gate electrode may consist of one or more U-shaped metal layers formed atop one or more planar, non-U-shaped layers.
In some embodiments, a pair of sidewall spacers may be formed on opposing sides of the gate stack to bracket the gate stack. The sidewall spacers may be formed from materials such as silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride doped with carbon, and silicon oxynitride. Processes for forming sidewall spacers are well known in the art and generally include deposition and etching process steps. In some embodiments, a plurality of spacer pairs may be used; for instance, two pairs, three pairs, or four pairs of sidewall spacers may be formed on opposing sides of the gate stack.
The S/D regions 1220 may be formed within the die substrate 1202 adjacent to the gate 1222 of individual transistors 1240. The S/D regions 1220 may be formed using an implantation/diffusion process or an etching/deposition process, for example. In the former process, dopants such as boron, aluminum, antimony, phosphorous, or arsenic may be ion-implanted into the die substrate 1202 to form the S/D regions 1220. An annealing process that activates the dopants and causes them to diffuse farther into the die substrate 1202 may follow the ion-implantation process. In the latter process, the die substrate 1202 may first be etched to form recesses at the locations of the S/D regions 1220. An epitaxial deposition process may then be carried out to fill the recesses with material that is used to fabricate the S/D regions 1220. In some implementations, the S/D regions 1220 may be fabricated using a silicon alloy such as silicon germanium or silicon carbide. In some embodiments, the epitaxially deposited silicon alloy may be doped in situ with dopants such as boron, arsenic, or phosphorous. In some embodiments, the S/D regions 1220 may be formed using one or more alternate semiconductor materials such as germanium or a group III-V material or alloy. In further embodiments, one or more layers of metal and/or metal alloys may be used to form the S/D regions 1220.
Electrical signals, such as power and/or input/output (I/O) signals, may be routed to and/or from the devices (e.g., transistors 1240) of the device layer 1204 through one or more interconnect layers disposed on the device layer 1204 (illustrated in
The interconnect structures 1228 may be arranged within the interconnect layers 1206-1210 to route electrical signals according to a wide variety of designs; in particular, the arrangement is not limited to the particular configuration of interconnect structures 1228 depicted in
In some embodiments, the interconnect structures 1228 may include lines 1228a and/or vias 1228b filled with an electrically conductive material such as a metal. The lines 1228a may be arranged to route electrical signals in a direction of a plane that is substantially parallel with a surface of the die substrate 1202 upon which the device layer 1204 is formed. For example, the lines 1228a may route electrical signals in a direction in and out of the page and/or in a direction across the page. The vias 1228b may be arranged to route electrical signals in a direction of a plane that is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the die substrate 1202 upon which the device layer 1204 is formed. In some embodiments, the vias 1228b may electrically couple lines 1228a of different interconnect layers 1206-1210 together.
The interconnect layers 1206-1210 may include a dielectric material 1226 disposed between the interconnect structures 1228, as shown in
A first interconnect layer 1206 (referred to as Metal 1 or “M1”) may be formed directly on the device layer 1204. In some embodiments, the first interconnect layer 1206 may include lines 1228a and/or vias 1228b, as shown. The lines 1228a of the first interconnect layer 1206 may be coupled with contacts (e.g., the S/D contacts 1224) of the device layer 1204. The vias 1228b of the first interconnect layer 1206 may be coupled with the lines 1228a of a second interconnect layer 1208.
The second interconnect layer 1208 (referred to as Metal 2 or “M2”) may be formed directly on the first interconnect layer 1206. In some embodiments, the second interconnect layer 1208 may include via 1228b to couple the lines 1228 of the second interconnect layer 1208 with the lines 1228a of a third interconnect layer 1210. Although the lines 1228a and the vias 1228b are structurally delineated with a line within individual interconnect layers for the sake of clarity, the lines 1228a and the vias 1228b may be structurally and/or materially contiguous (e.g., simultaneously filled during a dual-damascene process) in some embodiments.
The third interconnect layer 1210 (referred to as Metal 3 or “M3”) (and additional interconnect layers, as desired) may be formed in succession on the second interconnect layer 1208 according to similar techniques and configurations described in connection with the second interconnect layer 1208 or the first interconnect layer 1206. In some embodiments, the interconnect layers that are “higher up” in the metallization stack 1219 in the integrated circuit device 1200 (i.e., farther away from the device layer 1204) may be thicker that the interconnect layers that are lower in the metallization stack 1219, with lines 1228a and vias 1228b in the higher interconnect layers being thicker than those in the lower interconnect layers.
The integrated circuit device 1200 may include a solder resist material 1234 (e.g., polyimide or similar material) and one or more conductive contacts 1236 formed on the interconnect layers 1206-1210. In
In some embodiments in which the integrated circuit device 1200 is a double-sided die, the integrated circuit device 1200 may include another metallization stack (not shown) on the opposite side of the device layer(s) 1204. This metallization stack may include multiple interconnect layers as discussed above with reference to the interconnect layers 1206-1210, to provide conductive pathways (e.g., including conductive lines and vias) between the device layer(s) 1204 and additional conductive contacts (not shown) on the opposite side of the integrated circuit device 1200 from the conductive contacts 1236.
In other embodiments in which the integrated circuit device 1200 is a double-sided die, the integrated circuit device 1200 may include one or more through silicon vias (TSVs) through the die substrate 1202; these TSVs may make contact with the device layer(s) 1204, and may provide conductive pathways between the device layer(s) 1204 and additional conductive contacts (not shown) on the opposite side of the integrated circuit device 1200 from the conductive contacts 1236. In some embodiments, TSVs extending through the substrate can be used for routing power and ground signals from conductive contacts on the opposite side of the integrated circuit device 1200 from the conductive contacts 1236 to the transistors 1240 and any other components integrated into the die 1200, and the metallization stack 1219 can be used to route I/O signals from the conductive contacts 1236 to transistors 1240 and any other components integrated into the die 1200.
Multiple integrated circuit devices 1200 may be stacked with one or more TSVs in the individual stacked devices providing connection between one of the devices to any of the other devices in the stack. For example, one or more high-bandwidth memory (HBM) integrated circuit dies can be stacked on top of a base integrated circuit die and TSVs in the HBM dies can provide connection between the individual HBM and the base integrated circuit die. Conductive contacts can provide additional connections between adjacent integrated circuit dies in the stack. In some embodiments, the conductive contacts can be fine-pitch solder bumps (microbumps).
In some embodiments, the circuit board 1402 may be a printed circuit board (PCB) including multiple metal (or interconnect) layers separated from one another by layers of dielectric material and interconnected by electrically conductive vias. The individual metal layers comprise conductive traces. Any one or more of the metal layers may be formed in a desired circuit pattern to route electrical signals (optionally in conjunction with other metal layers) between the components coupled to the circuit board 1402. In other embodiments, the circuit board 1402 may be a non-PCB substrate. In some embodiments the circuit board 1402 may be, for example, the circuit board 104. The integrated circuit device assembly 1400 illustrated in
The package-on-interposer structure 1436 may include an integrated circuit component 1420 coupled to an interposer 1404 by coupling components 1418. The coupling components 1418 may take any suitable form for the application, such as the forms discussed above with reference to the coupling components 1416. Although a single integrated circuit component 1420 is shown in
The integrated circuit component 1420 may be a packaged or unpacked integrated circuit product that includes one or more integrated circuit dies (e.g., the die 1102 of
In embodiments where the integrated circuit component 1420 comprises multiple integrated circuit dies, they dies can be of the same type (a homogeneous multi-die integrated circuit component) or of two or more different types (a heterogeneous multi-die integrated circuit component). A multi-die integrated circuit component can be referred to as a multi-chip package (MCP) or multi-chip module (MCM).
In addition to comprising one or more processor units, the integrated circuit component 1420 can comprise additional components, such as embedded DRAM, stacked high bandwidth memory (HBM), shared cache memories, input/output (I/O) controllers, or memory controllers. Any of these additional components can be located on the same integrated circuit die as a processor unit, or on one or more integrated circuit dies separate from the integrated circuit dies comprising the processor units. These separate integrated circuit dies can be referred to as “chiplets”. In embodiments where an integrated circuit component comprises multiple integrated circuit dies, interconnections between dies can be provided by the package substrate, one or more silicon interposers, one or more silicon bridges embedded in the package substrate (such as Intel® embedded multi-die interconnect bridges (EMIBs)), or combinations thereof.
Generally, the interposer 1404 may spread connections to a wider pitch or reroute a connection to a different connection. For example, the interposer 1404 may couple the integrated circuit component 1420 to a set of ball grid array (BGA) conductive contacts of the coupling components 1416 for coupling to the circuit board 1402. In the embodiment illustrated in
In some embodiments, the interposer 1404 may be formed as a PCB, including multiple metal layers separated from one another by layers of dielectric material and interconnected by electrically conductive vias. In some embodiments, the interposer 1404 may be formed of an epoxy resin, a fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin, an epoxy resin with inorganic fillers, a ceramic material, or a polymer material such as polyimide. In some embodiments, the interposer 1404 may be formed of alternate rigid or flexible materials that may include the same materials described above for use in a semiconductor substrate, such as silicon, germanium, and other group III-V and group IV materials. The interposer 1404 may include metal interconnects 1408 and vias 1410, including but not limited to through hole vias 1410-1 (that extend from a first face 1450 of the interposer 1404 to a second face 1454 of the interposer 1404), blind vias 1410-2 (that extend from the first or second faces 1450 or 1454 of the interposer 1404 to an internal metal layer), and buried vias 1410-3 (that connect internal metal layers).
In some embodiments, the interposer 1404 can comprise a silicon interposer. Through silicon vias (TSV) extending through the silicon interposer can connect connections on a first face of a silicon interposer to an opposing second face of the silicon interposer. In some embodiments, an interposer 1404 comprising a silicon interposer can further comprise one or more routing layers to route connections on a first face of the interposer 1404 to an opposing second face of the interposer 1404.
The interposer 1404 may further include embedded devices 1414, including both passive and active devices. Such devices may include, but are not limited to, capacitors, decoupling capacitors, resistors, inductors, fuses, diodes, transformers, sensors, electrostatic discharge (ESD) devices, and memory devices. More complex devices such as radio frequency devices, power amplifiers, power management devices, antennas, arrays, sensors, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices may also be formed on the interposer 1404. The package-on-interposer structure 1436 may take the form of any of the package-on-interposer structures known in the art. In embodiments where the interposer is a non-printed circuit board
The integrated circuit device assembly 1400 may include an integrated circuit component 1424 coupled to the first face 1440 of the circuit board 1402 by coupling components 1422. The coupling components 1422 may take the form of any of the embodiments discussed above with reference to the coupling components 1416, and the integrated circuit component 1424 may take the form of any of the embodiments discussed above with reference to the integrated circuit component 1420.
The integrated circuit device assembly 1400 illustrated in
Additionally, in various embodiments, the electrical device 1500 may not include one or more of the components illustrated in
The electrical device 1500 may include one or more processor units 1502 (e.g., one or more processor units). As used herein, the terms “processor unit”, “processing unit” or “processor” may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and/or memory to transform that electronic data into other electronic data that may be stored in registers and/or memory. The processor unit 1502 may include one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), general-purpose GPUs (GPGPUs), accelerated processing units (APUs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), neural network processing units (NPUs), data processor units (DPUs), accelerators (e.g., graphics accelerator, compression accelerator, artificial intelligence accelerator), controller cryptoprocessors (specialized processors that execute cryptographic algorithms within hardware), server processors, controllers, or any other suitable type of processor units. As such, the processor unit can be referred to as an XPU (or xPU).
The electrical device 1500 may include a memory 1504, which may itself include one or more memory devices such as volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM)), non-volatile memory (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, chalcogenide-based phase-change non-voltage memories), solid state memory, and/or a hard drive. In some embodiments, the memory 1504 may include memory that is located on the same integrated circuit die as the processor unit 1502. This memory may be used as cache memory (e.g., Level 1 (L1), Level 2 (L2), Level 3 (L3), Level 4 (L4), Last Level Cache (LLC)) and may include embedded dynamic random access memory (eDRAM) or spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM).
In some embodiments, the electrical device 1500 can comprise one or more processor units 1502 that are heterogeneous or asymmetric to another processor unit 1502 in the electrical device 1500. There can be a variety of differences between the processing units 1502 in a system in terms of a spectrum of metrics of merit including architectural, microarchitectural, thermal, power consumption characteristics, and the like. These differences can effectively manifest themselves as asymmetry and heterogeneity among the processor units 1502 in the electrical device 1500.
In some embodiments, the electrical device 1500 may include a communication component 1512 (e.g., one or more communication components). For example, the communication component 1512 can manage wireless communications for the transfer of data to and from the electrical device 1500. The term “wireless” and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc., that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation through a nonsolid medium. The term “wireless” does not imply that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some embodiments they might not.
The communication component 1512 may implement any of a number of wireless standards or protocols, including but not limited to Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standards including Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), IEEE 802.16 standards (e.g., IEEE 802.16-2005 Amendment), Long-Term Evolution (LTE) project along with any amendments, updates, and/or revisions (e.g., advanced LTE project, ultra mobile broadband (UMB) project (also referred to as “3GPP2”), etc.). IEEE 802.16 compatible Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) networks are generally referred to as WiMAX networks, an acronym that stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, which is a certification mark for products that pass conformity and interoperability tests for the IEEE 802.16 standards. The communication component 1512 may operate in accordance with a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Evolved HSPA (E-HSPA), or LTE network. The communication component 1512 may operate in accordance with Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), or Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN). The communication component 1512 may operate in accordance with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), and derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The communication component 1512 may operate in accordance with other wireless protocols in other embodiments. The electrical device 1500 may include an antenna 1522 to facilitate wireless communications and/or to receive other wireless communications (such as AM or FM radio transmissions).
In some embodiments, the communication component 1512 may manage wired communications, such as electrical, optical, or any other suitable communication protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standards). As noted above, the communication component 1512 may include multiple communication components. For instance, a first communication component 1512 may be dedicated to shorter-range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, and a second communication component 1512 may be dedicated to longer-range wireless communications such as global positioning system (GPS), EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, EV-DO, or others. In some embodiments, a first communication component 1512 may be dedicated to wireless communications, and a second communication component 1512 may be dedicated to wired communications.
The electrical device 1500 may include battery/power circuitry 1514. The battery/power circuitry 1514 may include one or more energy storage devices (e.g., batteries or capacitors) and/or circuitry for coupling components of the electrical device 1500 to an energy source separate from the electrical device 1500 (e.g., AC line power).
The electrical device 1500 may include a display device 1506 (or corresponding interface circuitry, as discussed above). The display device 1506 may include one or more embedded or wired or wirelessly connected external visual indicators, such as a heads-up display, a computer monitor, a projector, a touchscreen display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode display, or a flat panel display.
The electrical device 1500 may include an audio output device 1508 (or corresponding interface circuitry, as discussed above). The audio output device 1508 may include any embedded or wired or wirelessly connected external device that generates an audible indicator, such speakers, headsets, or earbuds.
The electrical device 1500 may include an audio input device 1524 (or corresponding interface circuitry, as discussed above). The audio input device 1524 may include any embedded or wired or wirelessly connected device that generates a signal representative of a sound, such as microphones, microphone arrays, or digital instruments (e.g., instruments having a musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) output). The electrical device 1500 may include a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device 1518 (or corresponding interface circuitry, as discussed above), such as a Global Positioning System (GPS) device. The GNSS device 1518 may be in communication with a satellite-based system and may determine a geolocation of the electrical device 1500 based on information received from one or more GNSS satellites, as known in the art.
The electrical device 1500 may include an other output device 1510 (or corresponding interface circuitry, as discussed above). Examples of the other output device 1510 may include an audio codec, a video codec, a printer, a wired or wireless transmitter for providing information to other devices, or an additional storage device.
The electrical device 1500 may include an other input device 1520 (or corresponding interface circuitry, as discussed above). Examples of the other input device 1520 may include an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a compass, an image capture device (e.g., monoscopic or stereoscopic camera), a trackball, a trackpad, a touchpad, a keyboard, a cursor control device such as a mouse, a stylus, a touchscreen, proximity sensor, microphone, a bar code reader, a Quick Response (QR) code reader, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, PPG (photoplethysmogram) sensor, galvanic skin response sensor, any other sensor, or a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader.
The electrical device 1500 may have any desired form factor, such as a hand-held or mobile electrical device (e.g., a cell phone, a smart phone, a mobile internet device, a music player, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a 2-in-1 convertible computer, a portable all-in-one computer, a netbook computer, an ultrabook computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an ultra mobile personal computer, a portable gaming console, etc.), a desktop electrical device, a server, a rack-level computing solution (e.g., blade, tray or sled computing systems), a workstation or other networked computing component, a printer, a scanner, a monitor, a set-top box, an entertainment control unit, a stationary gaming console, smart television, a vehicle control unit, a digital camera, a digital video recorder, a wearable electrical device or an embedded computing system (e.g., computing systems that are part of a vehicle, smart home appliance, consumer electronics product or equipment, manufacturing equipment). In some embodiments, the electrical device 1500 may be any other electronic device that processes data. In some embodiments, the electrical device 1500 may comprise multiple discrete physical components. Given the range of devices that the electrical device 1500 can be manifested as in various embodiments, in some embodiments, the electrical device 1500 can be referred to as a computing device or a computing system.
Illustrative examples of the technologies disclosed herein are provided below. An embodiment of the technologies may include any one or more, and any combination of, the examples described below.
Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising a glass substrate comprising a waveguide; a first graded index lens, wherein the first graded index lens is to collimate light from the waveguide in the glass substrate to a free-space beam; a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) die comprising a waveguide; and a second graded index lens, wherein the second graded index lens is to focus the free-space beam to the waveguide of the PIC die.
Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and wherein a cavity is defined in the glass substrate, wherein the first graded index lens is disposed in the cavity.
Example 3 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1 and 2, and wherein the first graded index lens is adjacent a surface of the glass substrate.
Example 4 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-3, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises a chalcogen.
Example 5 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-4, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises plastic.
Example 6 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-5, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises germanium.
Example 7 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-6, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises zinc and selenium.
Example 8 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-7, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises sodium and chlorine.
Example 9 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-8, and wherein the first graded index lens has an impurity gradient in a radial direction.
Example 10 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-9, and wherein the glass substrate comprises silicon and oxygen, wherein the PIC die comprises silicon.
Example 11 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-10, and further including a mirror in the glass substrate, wherein the mirror is to reflect light from an end of the waveguide in the glass substrate towards the first graded index lens.
Example 12 includes an apparatus comprising a first substrate comprising a waveguide; a second substrate comprising a waveguide; and one or more focusing optics to couple light from the waveguide in the first substrate to the waveguide in the second substrate, wherein a first focusing optic of the one or more focusing optics has a first optical surface and a second optical surface, wherein light from the waveguide is to enter first focusing optic at the first optical surface and exit the first focusing optic at the second optical surface, wherein the first optical surface and the second optical surface are flat.
Example 13 includes the subject matter of Example 12, and wherein the first substrate is a glass substrate, wherein the second substrate is a photonic integrated circuit die.
Example 14 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12 and 13, and wherein the first substrate is a photonic integrated circuit die, wherein the second substrate is a glass substrate.
Example 15 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-14, and wherein the first substrate is a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) die, wherein the second substrate is a PIC die.
Example 16 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-15, and wherein a cavity is defined in the first substrate, wherein the first focusing optic is disposed in the cavity.
Example 17 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-16, and wherein the first focusing optic is adjacent a surface of the first substrate.
Example 18 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-17, and wherein the first focusing optic comprises a chalcogen.
Example 19 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-18, and wherein the first focusing optic comprises plastic.
Example 20 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-19, and wherein the first focusing optic comprises germanium.
Example 21 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-20, and wherein the first focusing optic comprises zinc and selenium.
Example 22 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-21, and wherein the first focusing optic comprises sodium and chlorine.
Example 23 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-22, and wherein the first focusing optic has an impurity gradient in a radial direction.
Example 24 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-23, and wherein the first substrate comprises silicon and oxygen, wherein the second substrate comprises silicon.
Example 25 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 12-24, and further including a mirror in the first substrate, wherein the mirror is to reflect light from an end of the waveguide in the first substrate towards the first focusing optic.
Example 26 includes an apparatus comprising a first substrate comprising a waveguide; a second substrate comprising a waveguide; and focusing means for coupling light from the waveguide in the first substrate to the waveguide in the second substrate, wherein each optical surface of the focusing means is flat.
Example 27 includes the subject matter of Example 26, and wherein the first substrate is a glass substrate, wherein the second substrate is a photonic integrated circuit die.
Example 28 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26 and 27, and wherein the first substrate is a photonic integrated circuit die, wherein the second substrate is a glass substrate.
Example 29 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-28, and wherein the first substrate is a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) die, wherein the second substrate is a PIC die.
Example 30 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-29, and wherein a cavity is defined in the first substrate, wherein at least part of the focusing means is disposed in the cavity.
Example 31 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-30, and wherein at least part of the focusing means is adjacent a surface of the first substrate.
Example 32 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-31, and wherein the focusing means comprises a chalcogen.
Example 33 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-32, and wherein the focusing means comprises plastic.
Example 34 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-33, and wherein the focusing means comprises germanium.
Example 35 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-34, and wherein the focusing means comprises zinc and selenium.
Example 36 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-35, and wherein the focusing means comprises sodium and chlorine.
Example 37 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-36, and wherein the focusing means has an impurity gradient in a radial direction.
Example 38 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-37, and wherein the first substrate comprises silicon and oxygen, wherein the second substrate comprises silicon.
Example 39 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 26-38, and further including a mirror in the first substrate, wherein the mirror is to reflect light from an end of the waveguide in the first substrate towards the focusing means.
Example 40 includes a method comprising forming a waveguide in a glass substrate; positioning a first graded index lens to collimate light from the waveguide in the glass substrate to a free-space beam; forming a waveguide in a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) die; positioning a second graded index lens to focus the free-space beam to the waveguide of the PIC die; and positioning the PIC die relative to the glass substrate to couple light from the waveguide of the glass substrate to the waveguide of the PIC die.
Example 41 includes the subject matter of Example 40, and further including forming a cavity in the glass substrate; and disposing the first graded index lens in the cavity.
Example 42 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40 and 41, and further including forming the first graded index lens using an ion exchange process.
Example 43 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-42, and wherein positioning the first graded index lens comprises positioning the first graded index lens using pick and place.
Example 44 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-43, and wherein the first graded index lens is adjacent a surface of the glass substrate.
Example 45 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-44, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises a chalcogen.
Example 46 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-45, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises plastic.
Example 47 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-46, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises germanium.
Example 48 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-47, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises zinc and selenium.
Example 49 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-48, and wherein the first graded index lens comprises sodium and chlorine.
Example 50 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-49, and wherein the first graded index lens has an impurity gradient in a radial direction.
Example 51 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-50, and wherein the glass substrate comprises silicon and oxygen, wherein the PIC die comprises silicon.
Example 52 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 40-51, and further including a mirror in the glass substrate, wherein the mirror is to reflect light from an end of the waveguide in the glass substrate towards the first graded index lens.
