Patent Application
20150136396
1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure generally relates to a telemetry operated ball release system.
2. Description of the Related Art
A wellbore is formed to access hydrocarbon bearing formations, e.g. crude oil and/or natural gas, by the use of drilling. Drilling is accomplished by utilizing a drill bit that is mounted on the end of a tubular string, such as a drill string. To drill within the wellbore to a predetermined depth, the drill string is often rotated by a top drive or rotary table on a surface platform or rig, and/or by a downhole motor mounted towards the lower end of the drill string. After drilling to a predetermined depth, the drill string and drill bit are removed and a section of casing is lowered into the wellbore. An annulus is thus formed between the string of casing and the formation. The casing string is cemented into the wellbore by circulating cement into the annulus defined between the outer wall of the casing and the borehole. The combination of cement and casing strengthens the wellbore and facilitates the isolation of certain areas of the formation behind the casing for the production of hydrocarbons.
It is common to employ more than one string of casing or liner in a wellbore. In this respect, the well is drilled to a first designated depth with a drill bit on a drill string. The drill string is removed. A first string of casing is then run into the wellbore and set in the drilled out portion of the wellbore, and cement is circulated into the annulus behind the casing string. Next, the well is drilled to a second designated depth, and a second string of casing or liner, is run into the drilled out portion of the wellbore. If the second string is a liner string, the liner is set at a depth such that the upper portion of the second string of casing overlaps the lower portion of the first string of casing. The liner string may then be hung off of the existing casing. The second casing or liner string is then cemented. This process is typically repeated with additional casing or liner strings until the well has been drilled to total depth. In this manner, wells are typically formed with two or more strings of casing/liner of an ever-decreasing diameter.
A ball seat may be used to facilitate the coupling of liner strings by facilitating pressure increases within a bore of a liner to set a liner hanger in a casing, once a particular pressured is reached within the bore. A ball may be pumped from surface to the seat and pressure may be exerted on the seated ball to achieve a first predetermined pressure that sets a liner hanger. Once the liner hanger has been set, it is necessary to release the ball from the seat to restore circulation. Traditional ball seats use shear type devices to release the ball. Once the liner hanger has been set, then pressure can be increased to a second predetermined pressure which fractures the shear devices and releases the ball to restore circulation in the well. Traditional ball seats, however, suffer from several shortcomings. First, the shear values required to release the ball from the ball seat can vary greatly, and thus, the ball can inadvertently be released at an undesired pressure. Secondly, in some instances, hydrostatic pressure volume can be so great that landing of the ball on the seat is never detected. In such a case, a ball can land on a ball seat and shear so quickly that a pressure spike indicating isolation is never observed.
In one embodiment, a ball release system for use in a wellbore comprises a tubular housing, a seat disposed in the housing and comprising arcuate segments arranged to form a ring, each segment radially movable between a catch position for receiving a ball and a release position, a cam disposed in the housing, longitudinally movable relative thereto, and operable to move the seat segments between the positions, an actuator operable to move the cam, and an electronics package disposed in the housing and in communication with the actuator for operating the actuator in response to receiving a command signal.
In another embodiment, a liner deployment assembly (LDA) for hanging a liner string from a tubular string cemented in a wellbore comprises a setting tool operable to set a packer of the liner string, a running tool operable to longitudinally and torsionally connect the liner string to an upper portion of the LDA, a stinger connected to the running tool, a packoff for sealing against an inner surface of the liner string and an outer surface of the stinger and for connecting the liner string to a lower portion of the LDA, a release connected to the stinger for disconnecting the packoff from the liner string, a spacer connected to the packoff, and the aforementioned ball release system connected to the spacer.
In another embodiment, a method of hanging an inner tubular string from an outer tubular string comprises running the inner tubular string and a deployment assembly into the wellbore using a deployment string, wherein the deployment assembly comprises a ball release system, pumping a ball down the deployment string to a seat of the ball release system and sending a command signal to the ball release system, and hanging the inner tubular string from the outer tubular string by exerting pressure on the seated ball, wherein the ball release system releases the ball after the inner tubular string is hung.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the disclosure, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the disclosure may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
The MODU 1m may carry the drilling rig 1r and the fluid handling system 1h aboard and may include a moon pool, through which drilling operations are conducted. The semi-submersible MODU 1m may include a lower barge hull which floats below a surface (aka waterline) 2s of sea 2 and is, therefore, less subject to surface wave action. Stability columns (only one shown) may be mounted on the lower barge hull for supporting an upper hull above the waterline 2s. The upper hull may have one or more decks for carrying the drilling rig 1r and fluid handling system 1h. The MODU 1m may further have a dynamic positioning system (DPS) (not shown) or be moored for maintaining the moon pool in position over a subsea wellhead 10.
Alternatively, the MODU may be a drill ship. Alternatively, a fixed offshore drilling unit or a non-mobile floating offshore drilling unit may be used instead of the MODU. Alternatively, the wellbore may be subsea having a wellhead located adjacent to the waterline and the drilling rig may be a located on a platform adjacent the wellhead. Alternatively, the wellbore may be subterranean and the drilling rig located on a terrestrial pad.
The drilling rig 1r may include a derrick 3, a floor 4, a top drive 5, a cementing head 7, and a hoist. The top drive 5 may include a motor for rotating 8 the workstring 9. The top drive motor may be electric or hydraulic. A frame of the top drive 5 may be linked to a rail (not shown) of the derrick 3 for preventing rotation thereof during rotation of the workstring 9 and allowing for vertical movement of the top drive with a traveling block lit of the hoist. The frame of the top drive 5 may be suspended from the derrick 3 by the traveling block lit. The quill may be torsionally driven by the top drive motor and supported from the frame by bearings. The top drive may further have an inlet connected to the frame and in fluid communication with the quill. The traveling block lit may be supported by wire rope 11r connected at its upper end to a crown block 11c. The wire rope 11r may be woven through sheaves of the blocks 11c,t and extend to drawworks 12 for reeling thereof, thereby raising or lowering the traveling block lit relative to the derrick 3. The drilling rig 1r may further include a drill string compensator (not shown) to account for heave of the MODU 1m. The drill string compensator may be disposed between the traveling block lit and the top drive 5 (aka hook mounted) or between the crown block 11c and the derrick 3 (aka top mounted).
Alternatively, a Kelly and rotary table may be used instead of the top drive.
In the deployment mode, an upper end of the workstring 9 may be connected to the top drive quill, such as by threaded couplings. The workstring 9 may include a liner deployment assembly (LDA) 9d and a deployment string, such as joints of drill pipe 9p (
Alternatively, the liner string may include a drillable drill bit (not shown) instead of the reamer shoe 15s and the liner string 15 may be drilled into the lower formation, thereby extending the wellbore while deploying the liner string.
Once liner deployment has concluded, the workstring 9 may be disconnected from the top drive and the cementing head 7 may be inserted and connected therebetween. The cementing head 7 may include an isolation valve 6, an actuator swivel 7h, a cementing swivel 7c, and one or more plug launchers, such as a dart launcher 7p and a ball launcher 44. The isolation valve 6 may be connected to a quill of the top drive 5 and an upper end of the actuator swivel 7h, such as by threaded couplings. An upper end of the workstring 9 may be connected to a lower end of the cementing head 7, such as by threaded couplings.
The cementing swivel 7c may include a housing torsionally connected to the derrick 3, such as by bars, wire rope, or a bracket (not shown). The torsional connection may accommodate longitudinal movement of the swivel 7c relative to the derrick 3. The cementing swivel 7c may further include a mandrel and bearings for supporting the housing from the mandrel while accommodating rotation 8 of the mandrel. An upper end of the mandrel may be connected to a lower end of the actuator swivel, such as by threaded couplings. The cementing swivel 7c may further include an inlet formed through a wall of the housing and in fluid communication with a port formed through the mandrel and a seal assembly for isolating the inlet-port communication. The cementing mandrel port may provide fluid communication between a bore of the cementing head and the housing inlet. The seal assembly may include one or more stacks of V-shaped seal rings, such as opposing stacks, disposed between the mandrel and the housing and straddling the inlet-port interface. The actuator swivel 7h may be similar to the cementing swivel 7c except that the housing may have two inlets in fluid communication with respective passages formed through the mandrel. The mandrel passages may extend to respective outlets of the mandrel for connection to respective hydraulic conduits (only one shown) for operating respective hydraulic actuators of the launchers 7p, 44. The actuator swivel inlets may be in fluid communication with a hydraulic power unit (HPU, not shown).
Alternatively, the seal assembly may include rotary seals, such as mechanical face seals.
The dart launcher 7p may include a body, a diverter, a canister, a latch, and the actuator. The body may be tubular and may have a bore therethrough. To facilitate assembly, the body may include two or more sections connected together, such as by threaded couplings. An upper end of the body may be connected to a lower end of the actuator swivel, such as by threaded couplings and a lower end of the body may be connected to the workstring 9. The body may further have a landing shoulder formed in an inner surface thereof. The canister and diverter may each be disposed in the body bore. The diverter may be connected to the body, such as by threaded couplings. The canister may be longitudinally movable relative to the body. The canister may be tubular and have ribs formed along and around an outer surface thereof. Bypass passages may be formed between the ribs. The canister may further have a landing shoulder formed in a lower end thereof corresponding to the body landing shoulder. The diverter may be operable to deflect fluid received from a cement line 14 away from a bore of the canister and toward the bypass passages. A release plug, such as dart 43d, may be disposed in the canister bore.
The latch may include a body, a plunger, and a shaft. The latch body may be connected to a lug formed in an outer surface of the launcher body, such as by threaded couplings. The plunger may be longitudinally movable relative to the latch body and radially movable relative to the launcher body between a capture position and a release position. The plunger may be moved between the positions by interaction, such as a jackscrew, with the shaft. The shaft may be longitudinally connected to and rotatable relative to the latch body. The actuator may be a hydraulic motor operable to rotate the shaft relative to the latch body.
The ball launcher 44 may include a body, a plunger, an actuator, and a setting plug, such as a ball 43b, loaded therein. The ball launcher body may be connected to another lug formed in an outer surface of the dart launcher body, such as by threaded couplings. The ball 43b may be disposed in the plunger for selective release and pumping downhole through the drill pipe 9p to the LDA 9d. The plunger may be movable relative to the respective dart launcher body between a captured position and a release position. The plunger may be moved between the positions by the actuator. The actuator may be hydraulic, such as a piston and cylinder assembly.
Alternatively, the actuator swivel and launcher actuators may be pneumatic or electric. Alternatively, the launcher actuators may be linear, such as piston and cylinders.
In operation, when it is desired to launch one of the plugs 43b,d, the HPU may be operated to supply hydraulic fluid to the appropriate launcher actuator via the actuator swivel 7h. The selected launcher actuator may then move the plunger to the release position (not shown). If the dart launcher 7p is selected, the canister and dart 43d may then move downward relative to the housing until the landing shoulders engage. Engagement of the landing shoulders may close the canister bypass passages, thereby forcing fluid to flow into the canister bore. The fluid may then propel the dart 43d from the canister bore into a lower bore of the housing and onward through the workstring 9. If the ball launcher 44 was selected, the plunger may carry the ball 43b into the launcher housing to be propelled into the drill pipe 9p by the fluid.
In operation, the HPU may be operated to supply hydraulic fluid to the actuator via the actuator swivel 7h. The actuator may then move the plunger to the release position (not shown). The canister and cementing plug 43d may then move downward relative to the housing until the landing shoulders engage. Engagement of the landing shoulders may close the canister bypass passages, thereby forcing fluid to flow into the canister bore. The fluid may then propel the dart 43d from the canister bore into a lower bore of the housing and onward through the workstring 9.
The fluid transport system 1t may include an upper marine riser package (UMRP) 16u, a marine riser 17, a booster line 18b, and a choke line 18c. The riser 17 may extend from the PCA 1p to the MODU 1m and may connect to the MODU via the UMRP 16u. The UMRP 16u may include a diverter 19, a flex joint 20, a slip (aka telescopic) joint 21, and a tensioner 22. The slip joint 21 may include an outer barrel connected to an upper end of the riser 17, such as by a flanged connection, and an inner barrel connected to the flex joint 20, such as by a flanged connection. The outer barrel may also be connected to the tensioner 22, such as by a tensioner ring.
The flex joint 20 may also connect to the diverter 19, such as by a flanged connection. The diverter 19 may also be connected to the rig floor 4, such as by a bracket. The slip joint 21 may be operable to extend and retract in response to heave of the MODU 1m relative to the riser 17 while the tensioner 22 may reel wire rope in response to the heave, thereby supporting the riser 17 from the MODU 1m while accommodating the heave. The riser 17 may have one or more buoyancy modules (not shown) disposed therealong to reduce load on the tensioner 22.
The PCA 1p may be connected to the wellhead 10 located adjacent to a floor 2f of the sea 2. A conductor string 23 may be driven into the seafloor 2f. The conductor string 23 may include a housing and joints of conductor pipe connected together, such as by threaded couplings. Once the conductor string 23 has been set, a subsea wellbore 24 may be drilled into the seafloor 2f and a casing string 25 may be deployed into the wellbore. The casing string 25 may include a wellhead housing and joints of casing connected together, such as by threaded couplings. The wellhead housing may land in the conductor housing during deployment of the casing string 25. The casing string 25 may be cemented 26 into the wellbore 24. The casing string 25 may extend to a depth adjacent a bottom of the upper formation 27u. The wellbore 24 may then be extended into the lower formation 27b using a pilot bit and underreamer (not shown).
The upper formation 27u may be non-productive and a lower formation 27b may be a hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir. Alternatively, the lower formation 27b may be non-productive (e.g., a depleted zone), environmentally sensitive, such as an aquifer, or unstable.
The PCA 1p may include a wellhead adapter 28b, one or more flow crosses 29u,m,b, one or more blow out preventers (BOPS) 30a,u,b, a lower marine riser package (LMRP) 16b, one or more accumulators, and a receiver 31. The LMRP 16b may include a control pod, a flex joint 32, and a connector 28u. The wellhead adapter 28b, flow crosses 29u,m,b, BOPS 30a,u,b, receiver 31, connector 28u, and flex joint 32, may each include a housing having a longitudinal bore therethrough and may each be connected, such as by flanges, such that a continuous bore is maintained therethrough. The flex joints 21, 32 may accommodate respective horizontal and/or rotational (aka pitch and roll) movement of the MODU 1m relative to the riser 17 and the riser relative to the PCA 1p.
Each of the connector 28u and wellhead adapter 28b may include one or more fasteners, such as dogs, for fastening the LMRP 16b to the BOPS 30a,u,b and the PCA 1p to an external profile of the wellhead housing, respectively. Each of the connector 28u and wellhead adapter 28b may further include a seal sleeve for engaging an internal profile of the respective receiver 31 and wellhead housing. Each of the connector 28u and wellhead adapter 28b may be in electric or hydraulic communication with the control pod and/or further include an electric or hydraulic actuator and an interface, such as a hot stab, so that a remotely operated subsea vehicle (ROV) (not shown) may operate the actuator for engaging the dogs with the external profile.
The LMRP 16b may receive a lower end of the riser 17 and connect the riser to the PCA 1p. The control pod may be in electric, hydraulic, and/or optical communication with a rig controller (not shown) onboard the MODU 1m via an umbilical 33. The control pod may include one or more control valves (not shown) in communication with the BOPS 30a,u,b for operation thereof. Each control valve may include an electric or hydraulic actuator in communication with the umbilical 33. The umbilical 33 may include one or more hydraulic and/or electric control conduit/cables for the actuators. The accumulators may store pressurized hydraulic fluid for operating the BOPS 30a,u,b. Additionally, the accumulators may be used for operating one or more of the other components of the PCA 1p. The control pod may further include control valves for operating the other functions of the PCA 1p. The rig controller may operate the PCA 1p via the umbilical 33 and the control pod.
A lower end of the booster line 18b may be connected to a branch of the flow cross 29u by a shutoff valve. A booster manifold may also connect to the booster line lower end and have a prong connected to a respective branch of each flow cross 29m,b. Shutoff valves may be disposed in respective prongs of the booster manifold. Alternatively, a separate kill line (not shown) may be connected to the branches of the flow crosses 29m,b instead of the booster manifold. An upper end of the booster line 18b may be connected to an outlet of a booster pump (not shown). A lower end of the choke line 18c may have prongs connected to respective second branches of the flow crosses 29m,b. Shutoff valves may be disposed in respective prongs of the choke line lower end.
A pressure sensor may be connected to a second branch of the upper flow cross 29u. Pressure sensors may also be connected to the choke line prongs between respective shutoff valves and respective flow cross second branches. Each pressure sensor may be in data communication with the control pod. The lines 18b,c and umbilical 33 may extend between the MODU 1m and the PCA 1p by being fastened to brackets disposed along the riser 17. Each shutoff valve may be automated and have a hydraulic actuator (not shown) operable by the control pod.
Alternatively, the umbilical may be extended between the MODU and the PCA independently of the riser. Alternatively, the shutoff valve actuators may be electrical or pneumatic.
The fluid handling system 1h may include one or more pumps, such as a cement pump 13 and a mud pump 34, a reservoir for drilling fluid 47m, such as a tank 35, a solids separator, such as a shale shaker 36, one or more pressure gauges 37c,m, one or more stroke counters 38c,m, one or more flow lines, such as cement line 14; mud line 39, return line 40, and a cement mixer 42. The drilling fluid 47m may include a base liquid. The base liquid may be refined or synthetic oil, water, brine, or a water/oil emulsion. The drilling fluid 47m may further include solids dissolved or suspended in the base liquid, such as organophilic clay, lignite, and/or asphalt, thereby forming a mud.
A first end of the return line 40 may be connected to the diverter outlet and a second end of the return line may be connected to an inlet of the shaker 36. A lower end of the mud line 39 may be connected to an outlet of the mud pump 34 and an upper end of the mud line may be connected to the top drive inlet. The pressure gauge 37m may be assembled as part of the mud line 39. An upper end of the cement line 14 may be connected to the cementing swivel inlet and a lower end of the cement line may be connected to an outlet of the cement pump 13. A shutoff valve 41 and the pressure gauge 37c may be assembled as part of the cement line 14. A lower end of a mud supply line may be connected to an outlet of the mud tank 35 and an upper end of the mud supply line may be connected to an inlet of the mud pump 34. An upper end of a cement supply line may be connected to an outlet of the cement mixer 42 and a lower end of the cement supply line may be connected to an inlet of the cement pump 13.
The workstring 9 may be rotated 8 by the top drive 5 and lowered by the traveling block 11t, thereby reaming the liner string 15 into the lower formation 27b. Drilling fluid in the wellbore 24 may be displaced through courses of the reamer shoe 15s, where the fluid may circulate cuttings away from the shoe and return the cuttings into a bore of the liner string 15. The returns 47r (drilling fluid plus cuttings) may flow up the liner bore and into a bore of the LDA 9d. The returns 47r may flow up the LDA bore and to a diverter valve 50 (
An upper end of the diverter valve 50 may be connected to a lower end the drill pipe 9p and a lower end of the diverter valve 50 may be connected to an upper end of the junk bonnet 51, such as by threaded couplings. A lower end of the junk bonnet 51 may be connected to an upper end of the setting tool 52 and a lower end of the setting tool may be connected to an upper end of the running tool 53, such as by threaded couplings. The running tool 53 may also be fastened to the packer 15p. An upper end of the stinger 54 may be connected to a lower end of the running tool 53 and a lower end of the stringer may be connected to the release 57, such as by threaded couplings. The stinger 54 may extend through the upper packoff 55. The upper packoff 55 may be fastened to the packer 15p. An upper end of the spacer 56 may be connected to a lower end of the upper packoff 55, such as by threaded couplings. An upper end of the lower packoff 58 may be connected to a lower end of the spacer 56, such as by threaded couplings. An upper end of the ball release system 59 may be connected to a lower end of the lower packoff 58, such as by threaded couplings. An upper end of the plug release system 60 may be connected to a lower end of the ball release system 59 such as by threaded couplings.
The diverter valve 50 may include a housing, a bore valve, and a port valve. The diverter housing may include two or more tubular sections (three shown) connected to each other, such as by threaded couplings. The diverter housing may have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof for connection to the drill pipe 9p at an upper end thereof and the junk bonnet 51 at a lower end thereof. The bore valve may be disposed in the housing. The bore valve may include a body and a valve member, such as a flapper, pivotally connected to the body and biased toward a closed position, such as by a torsion spring. The flapper may be oriented to allow downward fluid flow from the drill pipe 9p through the rest of the LDA 9d and prevent reverse upward flow from the LDA to the drill pipe 9p. Closure of the flapper may isolate an upper portion of a bore of the diverter valve from a lower portion thereof. Although not shown, the body may have a fill orifice formed through a wall thereof and bypassing the flapper.
The diverter port valve may include a sleeve and a biasing member, such as a compression spring. The sleeve may include two or more sections (four shown) connected to each other, such as by threaded couplings and/or fasteners. An upper section of the sleeve may be connected to a lower end of the bore valve body, such as by threaded couplings. Various interfaces between the sleeve and the housing and between the housing sections may be isolated by seals. The sleeve may be disposed in the housing and longitudinally movable relative thereto between an upper position and a lower position. The sleeve may be stopped in the lower position against an upper end of the lower housing section and in the upper position by the bore valve body engaging a lower end of the upper housing section. The mid housing section may have one or more flow ports and one or more equalization ports formed through a wall thereof. One of the sleeve sections may have one or more equalization slots formed therethrough providing fluid communication between a spring chamber formed in an inner surface of the mid housing section and the lower bore portion of the diverter valve 50.
One of the sleeve sections may cover the housing flow ports when the sleeve is in the lower position, thereby closing the housing flow ports and the sleeve section may be clear of the flow ports when the sleeve is in the upper position, thereby opening the flow ports. In operation, surge pressure of the returns 47r generated by deployment of the LDA 9d and liner string 15 into the wellbore may be exerted on a lower face of the closed flapper. The surge pressure may push the flapper upward, thereby also pulling the sleeve upward against the compression spring and opening the housing flow ports. The surging returns 47r may then be diverted through the open flow ports by the closed flapper. Once the liner string 15 has been deployed, dissipation of the surge pressure may allow the spring to return the sleeve to the lower position.
The junk bonnet 51 may include a piston, a mandrel, and a release valve. Although shown as one piece, the mandrel may include two or more sections connected to each other, such as by threaded couplings and/or fasteners. The mandrel may have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof for connection to the diverter valve 50 at an upper end thereof and the setting tool 52 at a lower end thereof.
The piston may be an annular member having a bore formed therethrough. The mandrel may extend through the piston bore and the piston may be longitudinally movable relative thereto subject to entrapment between an upper shoulder of the mandrel and the release valve. The piston may carry one or more (two shown) outer seals and one or more (two shown) inner seals. Although not shown, the junk bonnet 51 may further include a split seal gland carrying each piston inner seal and a retainer for connecting the each seal gland to the piston, such as by a threaded connection. The inner seals may isolate an interface between the piston and the mandrel.
The piston may also be disposed in a bore of the PBR 15r adjacent an upper end thereof and be longitudinally movable relative thereto. The outer seals may isolate an interface between the piston and the PBR 15r, thereby forming an upper end of a buffer chamber 61. A lower end of the buffer chamber 61 may be formed by a sealed interface between the upper packoff 55 and the packer 15p. The buffer chamber 61 may be filled with a hydraulic fluid (not shown), such as fresh water or oil, such that the piston may be hydraulically locked in place. The buffer chamber 61 may prevent infiltration of debris from the wellbore 24 from obstructing operation of the LDA 9d. The piston may include a fill passage extending longitudinally therethrough closed by a plug. The mandrel may include a bypass groove formed in and along an outer surface thereof. The bypass groove may create a leak path through the piston inner seals during removal of the LDA 9d from the liner string 15 to release the hydraulic lock.
The release valve may include a shoulder formed in an outer surface of the mandrel, a closure member, such as a sleeve, and one or more biasing members, such as compression springs. Each spring may be carried on a rod and trapped between a stationary washer connected to the rod and a washer slidable along the rod. Each rod may be disposed in a pocket formed in an outer surface of the mandrel. The sleeve may have an inner lip trapped formed at a lower end thereof and extending into the pockets. The lower end may also be disposed against the slidable washer. The valve shoulder may have one or more one or more radial ports formed therethrough. The valve shoulder may carry a pair of seals straddling the radial ports and engaged with the valve sleeve, thereby isolating the mandrel bore from the buffer chamber 61.
The piston may have a torsion profile formed in a lower end thereof and the valve shoulder may have a complementary torsion profile formed in an upper end thereof. The piston may further have reamer blades formed in an upper surface thereof. The torsion profiles may mate during removal of the LDA 9d from the liner string 15, thereby torsionally connecting the piston to the mandrel. The piston may then be rotated during removal to back ream debris accumulated adjacent an upper end of the PBR 15r. The piston lower end may also seat on the valve sleeve during removal. Should the bypass groove be clogged, pulling of the drill pipe 9p may cause the valve sleeve to be pushed downward relative to the mandrel and against the springs to open the radial ports, thereby releasing the hydraulic lock.
Alternatively, the piston may include two elongate hemi-annular segments connected together by fasteners and having gaskets clamped between mating faces of the segments to inhibit end-to-end fluid leakage. Alternatively, the piston may have a radial bypass port formed therethrough at a location between the upper and lower inner seals and the bypass groove may create the leak path through the lower inner seal to the bypass port. Alternatively, the valve sleeve may be fastened to the mandrel by one or more shearable fasteners.
The setting tool 52 may include a body, a plurality of fasteners, such as dogs, and a rotor. Although shown as one piece, the body may include two or more sections connected to each other, such as by threaded couplings and/or fasteners. The body may have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof for connection to the junk bonnet 51 at an upper end thereof and the running tool 53 at a lower end thereof. The body may have a recess formed in an outer surface thereof for receiving the rotor. The rotor may include a thrust ring, a thrust bearing, and a guide ring. The guide ring and thrust bearing may be disposed in the recess. The thrust bearing may have an inner race torsionally connected to the body, such as by press fit, an outer race torsionally connected to the thrust ring, such as by press fit, and a rolling element disposed between the races. The thrust ring may be connected to the guide ring, such as by one or more threaded fasteners. An upper portion of a pocket may be formed between the thrust ring and the guide ring. The setting tool 52 may further include a retainer ring connected to the body adjacent to the recess, such as by one or more threaded fasteners. A lower portion of the pocket may be formed between the body and the retainer ring. The dogs may be disposed in the pocket and spaced around the pocket.
Each dog may be movable relative to the rotor and the body between a retracted position and an extended position. Each dog may be urged toward the extended position by a biasing member, such as a compression spring. Each dog may have an upper lip, a lower lip, and an opening. An inner end of each spring may be disposed against an outer surface of the guide ring and an outer portion of each spring may be received in the respective dog opening. The upper lip of each dog may be trapped between the thrust ring and the guide ring and the lower lip of each dog may be trapped between the retainer ring and the body. Each dog may also be trapped between a lower end of the thrust ring and an upper end of the retainer ring. Each dog may also be torsionally connected to the rotor, such as by a pivot fastener (not shown) received by the respective dog and the guide ring.
The running tool 53 may include a body, a lock, a clutch, and a latch. The body may include two or more tubular sections (two shown) connected to each other, such as by threaded couplings. The body may have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof for connection to the setting tool 52 at an upper end thereof and the stinger 54 at a lower end thereof. The latch may longitudinally and torsionally connect the liner string 15 to an upper portion of the LDA 9d. The latch may include a thrust cap having one or more torsional fasteners, such as keys, and a longitudinal fastener, such as a floating nut. The keys may mate with a torsional profile formed in an upper end of the packer 15p and the floating nut may be screwed into threaded dogs of the packer. The lock may be disposed on the body to prevent premature release of the latch from the liner string 15. The clutch may selectively torsionally connect the thrust cap to the body.
The lock may include a piston, a plug, one or more fasteners, such as dogs, and a sleeve. The plug may be connected to an outer surface of the body, such as by threaded couplings. The plug may carry an inner seal and an outer seal. The inner seal may isolate an interface formed between the plug and the body and the outer seal may isolate an interface formed between the plug and the piston. The piston may have an upper portion disposed along an outer surface of the body and an enlarged lower portion disposed along an outer surface of the plug. The piston may carry an inner seal in the upper portion for isolating an interface formed between the body and the piston. The piston may be fastened to the body, such as by one or more shearable fasteners. An actuation chamber may be formed between the piston, plug, and body. The body may have one or more ports formed through a wall thereof providing fluid communication between the chamber and a bore of the body.
The lock sleeve may have an upper portion disposed along an outer surface of the body and extending into the piston lower portion and an enlarged lower portion. The lock sleeve may have one or more openings formed therethrough and spaced around the sleeve to receive a respective dog therein. Each dog may extend into a groove formed in an outer surface of the body, thereby fastening the lock sleeve to the body. A thrust bearing may be disposed in the lock sleeve lower portion and against a shoulder formed in an outer surface of the body. The thrust bearing may be biased against the body shoulder by a compression spring.
The body may have a torsional profile, such as one or more keyways formed in an outer surface thereof adjacent to a lower end of the upper body section. A key may be disposed in each of the keyways. A lower end of the compression spring may bear against the keyways.
The thrust cap may be linked to the lock sleeve, such as by a lap joint. The latch keys may be connected to the thrust cap, such as by one or more threaded fasteners. A shoulder may be formed in an inner surface of the thrust cap dividing an upper enlarged portion from a lower enlarged portion of the thrust cap. The shoulder and enlarged lower portion may receive an upper portion of a biasing member, such as a compression spring. A lower end of the compression spring may be received by a shoulder formed in an upper end of the float nut.
The float nut may be urged against a shoulder formed by an upper end of the lower housing section by the compression spring. The float nut may have a thread formed in an outer surface thereof. The thread may be opposite-handed, such as left handed, relative to the rest of the threads of the workstring 9. The float nut may be torsionally connected to the body by having one or more keyways formed along an inner surface thereof and receiving the keys, thereby providing upward freedom of the float nut relative to the body while maintaining torsional connection.
The clutch may include a gear and a lead nut. The gear may be formed by one or more teeth connected to the thrust cap, such as by a threaded fastener. The teeth may mesh with the keys, thereby torsionally connecting the thrust cap to the body. The lead nut may be disposed in a threaded passage formed in an inner surface of the thrust cap upper enlarged portion and have a threaded outer surface meshed with the thrust cap thread, thereby longitudinally connecting the lead nut and thrust cap while providing torsional freedom therebetween. The lead nut may be torsionally connected to the body by having one or more keyways formed along an inner surface thereof and receiving the keys, thereby providing longitudinal freedom of the lead nut relative to the body while maintaining torsional connection. Threads of the lead nut and thrust cap may have a finer pitch, opposite hand, and greater number than threads of the float nut and packer dogs to facilitate lesser (and opposite) longitudinal displacement per rotation of the lead nut relative to the float nut.
In operation, once the liner hanger 15h has been set, the lock may be released by supplying sufficient fluid pressure through the body ports. Weight may then be set down on the liner string, thereby pushing the thrust cap upward and disengaging the clutch gear. The workstring may then be rotated to cause the lead nut to travel down the threaded passage of the thrust cap while the float nut travels upward relative to the threaded dogs of the packer. The float nut may disengage from the threaded dogs before the lead nut bottoms out in the threaded passage. Rotation may continue to bottom out the lead nut, thereby restoring torsional connection between the thrust cap and the body.
Alternatively, the running tool may be replaced by a hydraulically released running tool. The hydraulically released running tool may include a piston, a shearable stop, a torsion sleeve, a longitudinal fastener, such as a collet, a cap, a case, a spring, a body, and a catch. The collet may have a plurality of fingers each having a lug formed at a bottom thereof. The finger lugs may engage a complementary portion of the packer 15p, thereby longitudinally connecting the running tool to the liner string 15. The torsion sleeve may have keys for engaging the torsion profile formed in the packer 15p. The collet, case, and cap may be longitudinally movable relative to the body subject to limitation by the stop. The piston may be fastened to the body by one or more shearable fasteners and fluidly operable to release the collet fingers when actuated by a threshold release pressure. In operation, fluid pressure may be increased to push the piston and fracture the shearable fasteners, thereby releasing the piston. The piston may then move upward toward the collet until the piston abuts the collet and fractures the stop. The latch piston may continue upward movement while carrying the collet, case, and cap upward until a bottom of the torsion sleeve abuts the fingers, thereby pushing the fingers radially inward. The catch may be a split ring biased radially inward and disposed between the collet and the case. The body may include a recess formed in an outer surface thereof. During upward movement of the piston, the catch may align and enter the recess, thereby preventing reengagement of the fingers. Movement of the piston may continue until the cap abuts a stop shoulder of the body, thereby ensuring complete disengagement of the fingers.
An upper end of an actuation chamber 71 may be formed by the sealed interface between the upper packoff 55 and the packer 15p. A lower end of the actuation chamber 71 may be formed by the sealed interface between the lower packoff 58 and the liner hanger 15h. The actuation chamber 71 may be in fluid communication with the LDA bore (above the ball release system 59) via one or more ports 56p formed through a wall of the spacer 56.
The upper packoff 55 may include a cap, a body, an inner seal assembly, such as a seal stack, an outer seal assembly, such as a cartridge, one or more fasteners, such as dogs, a lock sleeve, an adapter, and a detent. The upper packoff 55 may be tubular and have a bore formed therethrough. The stinger 54 may be received through the packoff bore and an upper end of the spacer 56 may be fastened to a lower end of the upper packoff 55. The upper packoff 55 may be fastened to the packer 15p by engagement of the dogs with an inner surface of the packer.
The seal stack may be disposed in a groove formed in an inner surface of the body. The seal stack may be connected to the body by entrapment between a shoulder of the groove and a lower face of the cap. The seal stack may include an upper adapter, an upper set of one or more directional seals, a center adapter, a lower set of one or more directional seals, and a lower adapter. The cartridge may be disposed in a groove formed in an outer surface of the body. The cartridge may be connected to the body by entrapment between a shoulder of the groove and a lower end of the cap. The cartridge may include a gland and one or more (two shown) seal assemblies. The gland may have a groove formed in an outer surface thereof for receiving each seal assembly. Each seal assembly may include a seal, such as an S-ring, and a pair of anti-extrusion elements, such as garter springs.
The body may also carry a seal, such as an O-ring, to isolate an interface formed between the body and the gland. The body may have one or more (two shown) equalization ports formed through a wall thereof located adjacently below the cartridge groove. The body may further have a stop shoulder formed in an inner surface thereof adjacent to the equalization ports. The lock sleeve may be disposed in a bore of the body and longitudinally movable relative thereto between a lower position and an upper position. The lock sleeve may be stopped in the upper position by engagement of an upper end thereof with the stop shoulder and held in the lower position by the detent. The body may have one or more openings formed therethrough and spaced around the body to receive a respective dog therein.
Each dog may extend into a groove formed in an inner surface of the packer 15p, thereby fastening a lower portion of the LDA 9d to the packer 15p. Each dog may be radially movable relative to the body between an extended position (shown) and a retracted position. Each dog may be extended by interaction with a cam profile formed in an outer surface of the lock sleeve. The lock sleeve may further have a taper formed in a wall thereof and collet fingers extending from the taper to a lower end thereof. The detent may include the collet fingers and a complementary groove formed in an inner surface of the body. The detent may resist movement of the lock sleeve from the lower position to the upper position.
The lower packoff 58 may include a body and one or more (two shown) seal assemblies. The body may have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof for connection to the spacer 56 at an upper end thereof and ball release system 59 at a lower end thereof. Each seal assembly may include a directional seal, such as cup seal, an inner seal, a gland, and a washer. The inner seal may be disposed in an interface formed between the cup seal and the body. The gland may be fastened to the body, such as a by a snap ring. The cup seal may be connected to the gland, such as molding or press fit. An outer diameter of the cup seal may correspond to an inner diameter of the liner hanger 15h, such as being slightly greater than the inner diameter. The cup seal may oriented to sealingly engage the liner hanger inner surface in response to pressure in the LDA bore being greater than pressure in the liner string bore (below the liner hanger).
The plug release system 60 may include a launcher and the cementing plug, such as a wiper plug. The launcher may include a housing having a threaded coupling formed at an upper end thereof for connection to the lower end of the ball release system 59 and a portion of a latch. The wiper plug may include a body and a wiper seal. The body may have a portion of a latch, such as an outer profile, engaged with the launcher latch portion, thereby fastening the plug to the launcher. The plug body may further have a landing profile formed in an inner surface thereof. The landing profile may have a landing shoulder, an inner latch profile, and a seal bore for receiving the dart 43d. The dart 43d may have a complementary landing shoulder, landing seal, and a fastener for engaging the inner latch profile, thereby connecting the dart and the wiper plug 60b. The plug body may be made from a drillable material, such as cast iron, nonferrous metal or alloy, fiber reinforced composite, or engineering polymer, and the wiper seal may be made from an elastomer or elastomeric coploymer.
Alternatively, the power source may be a capacitor or inductor instead of the battery 78.
The antenna 74 may be tubular and extend along an inner surface of the upper 75u and electronics 75e housing sections. The antenna 74 may include an inner liner, a coil, and a jacket. The antenna liner may be made from a non-magnetic and non-conductive material, such as a polymer or composite, have a bore formed longitudinally therethrough, and have a helical groove formed in an outer surface thereof. The antenna coil may be wound in the helical groove and made from an electrically conductive material, such as copper or alloy thereof. The antenna jacket may be made from the non-magnetic and non-conductive material and may insulate the coil. The antenna 74 may be received in a recess formed in an inner surface of the housing 75 between a shoulder formed in an inner surface of the upper 75u housing section and a shoulder of the actuator 80.
The electronics housing 75e may have one or more (two shown) pockets formed in an outer surface thereof. The electronics package 77 and battery 78 may be disposed in respective pockets of the electronics housing 75e. The electronics housing 75e may have an electrical conduit formed through a wall thereof for receiving lead wires connecting the antenna 74 to the electronics package 77 and connecting the actuator 80 to the electronics package. The electronics package 77 may include a control circuit, a transmitter, a receiver, and a motor controller integrated on a printed circuit board. The control circuit may include a microcontroller (MCU), a memory unit (MEM), a clock, and an analog-digital converter. The transmitter may include an amplifier (AMP), a modulator (MOD), and an oscillator (OSC). The receiver may include an amplifier (AMP), a demodulator (MOD), and a filter (FIL). The motor controller may include a power converter for converting a DC power signal supplied by the battery 78 into a suitable power signal for driving an electric motor 81 of the actuator 80. The electronics package 77 may be housed in an encapsulation.
Returning to
The body 83 may include one or more sections, such as an upper section 83u and a lower section 83b, connected together, such as by a splice joint. The mandrel 87 may include one or more sections, such as an upper section 87u and a lower section 87b. The upper mandrel section 87u may be connected to the upper body section 83u, such as by threaded couplings. The motor 81 and planetary gear 82 may be disposed in a pocket formed in an outer surface of the body 83. The motor 81 may include a stator in electrical communication with the motor controller and a rotor in electromagnetic communication with the stator for being driven thereby. The rotor may be torsionally connected to a drive shaft of the motor 81. The planetary gear 82 may torsionally connect the motor drive shaft to an upper end of the lead screw 85 while also radially supporting the lead screw upper end for rotation relative to the body 83 and providing mechanical advantage. Alternatively, a radial bearing may be used instead of the planetary gear such that the motor directly drives the lead screw.
The guide 86 may include a rod 86r and a ring 86g. An upper end of the guide rod 86r may be received in a recess formed in a lower face of the lower body section 83b and a lower end of the guide rod may be received in a recess formed in an upper face of the shoe 89, thereby connecting the guide rod to the body 83 and the shoe 89. A bearing may be received in a second recess formed in the shoe upper face and the bearing may receive a lower end of the lead screw 85, thereby supporting the lead screw for rotation relative to the body 83 and shoe 89.
The cam 88 may be tubular and have a conical inner surface. The cam 88 may have passages formed therethrough for receiving the lead screw 85 and the guide rod 86r. The lead nut 84 may be received in a recess formed in an upper face of the cam 88 and fastened or interference fit thereto, thereby connecting the lead nut to the cam. The lead nut 84 may be engaged with the lead screw 85 such that rotation of the lead screw by the motor 81 causes longitudinal displacement of the cam 88 relative to the body 83 and seat 90 between an upper position (
The ball seat 90 may include a plurality (four shown) of arcuate segments 90s radially movable relative to the body 83 between a catch position (shown) and a release position (
The segments 90s may be pressed together in the catch position to provide sealing integrity to the seat or may have a controlled gap therebetween. The segments 90s may each be made from an erosion resistant material, such as high strength steel, high strength stainless steel, a cermet, or nickel based alloy. The segments 90s may be flush with or clear of a bore of the ball release system 59 in the release position.
Once the ball 43b is caught and after a predetermined time, the ball seat 90 may be actuated radially outward via movement of the cam 88. Radially-outward actuation of the ball seat 90 allows the ball 43b to pass therethrough, thus reestablishing circulation to the LDA bore.
Once a first threshold pressure is reached, a piston of the liner hanger 15h may set slips thereof against the casing 25. Pumping may continue until a second threshold pressure is reached and the running tool 53 is unlocked. After a predetermined period of time, the MCU may operate the actuator 80 to release the ball 43b. The predetermined period of time may be selected to allow the first threshold pressure and second threshold pressure to be reached before releasing the ball 43b. Once released, the ball 43b may travel to a catcher (not shown) of the liner deployment assembly 9d or liner string 15.
Because the ball 43b is released from the ball seat 90 based on a signal from the electronics package 77, rather than at a particular pressure threshold, the likelihood of premature ball release and/or delayed ball release is reduced. In particular, the release of the ball 43b is no longer pressure dependent, but rather, is time dependent. Thus, the ball 43b is released at the proper time, and not before the first threshold pressure or the second threshold pressure is reached. The inclusion of the RFID tag 45 within the ball 43b allows the antenna 74 to detect the presence of the ball 43b immediately prior to placement in the ball seat 90. Therefore, the amount of time the ball 43b is present in the ball seat 90 can be accurately controlled by the electronics package 77, and the ball 43b can be released at the appropriate time. Moreover, because the ball 43b remains in the ball seat 90 for a sufficient amount of time, it is possible to observe a pressure isolation event from the surface.
Alternatively, the electronics package 77 may include a pressure sensor in fluid communication with the bore of the ball release system 59 (above the seat 90) and the MCU may operate the actuator 80 once a predetermined pressure has been reached (after receiving the command signal) corresponding to the second threshold pressure. Alternatively, the electronics package may include a proximity sensor instead of the antenna and the ball may have targets embedded in the periphery thereof for detection thereof by the proximity sensor.
After releasing the ball 43b from the ball seat 90, weight may then be set down on the liner string 15 and the workstring 9 rotated, thereby releasing the liner string 15 from the running tool 53. An upper portion of the workstring may be raised and then lowered to confirm release of the running tool. The workstring and liner string 15 may then be rotated 8 from surface by the top drive 5 and rotation may continue during the cementing operation. Cement slurry may be pumped from the mixer 42 into the cementing swivel 7c via the valve 41 by the cement pump 13. The cement slurry may flow into the launcher 7p and be diverted past the cementing plug 43d via the diverter and bypass passages.
Once the desired quantity of cement slurry has been pumped, the cementing dart 43d may be released from the launcher 7p by operating the actuator. Chaser fluid (not shown) may be pumped into the cementing swivel 7c via the valve 41 by the cement pump 13. The chaser fluid may flow into the launcher 7p and be forced behind the dart by closing of the bypass passages, thereby propelling the dart into the workstring bore. Pumping of the chaser fluid by the cement pump 13 may continue until residual cement in the cement discharge conduit has been purged. Pumping of the chaser fluid may then be transferred to the mud pump 34 by closing the valve 41 and opening the valve 6. The dart 43d may be driven through the workstring bore by the chaser fluid until the dart lands onto the cementing plug, thereby closing a bore thereof. Continued pumping of the chaser fluid may cause the plug release system 60 to release the cementing plug from the LDA 9d.
Once released, the combined dart and plug may be driven through the liner bore by the chaser fluid, thereby driving cement slurry through the float collar 15c and reamer shoe 15s into the annulus 48. Pumping of the chaser fluid may continue until the combined dart and plug land on the collar 15c, thereby releasing a prop of a float valve (not shown) of the collar 15c. Once the combined dart and plug have landed, pumping of the chaser fluid may be halted and workstring upper portion raised until the setting tool 52 exits the PBR 15r. The workstring upper portion may then be lowered until the setting tool 52 lands onto a top of the PBR 15r. Weight may then be exerted on the PBR 15r to set the packer 15p. Once the packer has been set, rotation 8 of the workstring 9 may be halted. The LDA 9d may then be raised from the liner string 15 and chaser fluid circulated to wash away excess cement slurry. The workstring 9 may then be retrieved to the MODU 1m.
Additionally, the cementing head 7 may further include a bottom dart and a bottom wiper may also be connected to the plug release system 60. The bottom dart may be launched before pumping of the cement slurry.
Alternatively, the RFID tag 45 may not be included within the ball 43b, and instead, may be pumped downhole prior to the ball 43b to indicate that the ball 43b is about to be deployed. Alternatively, the actuator 80 may be hydraulic instead of electric and include a pump instead of the lead screw and nut. The cam may then be part of a piston driven by the pump.
Alternatively, the ball release system 59 may be utilized with a hydraulically-operated downhole tool. The ball release system 59 and the hydraulically-operated downhole tool may be deployed into the wellbore using a deployment string (e.g., drill pipe or coiled tubing) while the ball release system 59 is in the release position. A first command signal may be sent by pumping a first tag through the ball release system 59 to move the ball release system 59 to the catch position. A ball having an RFID tag therein may then pumped to the seat, the tool is operated, and the ball is released.
Alternatively, the sealant 96 in each interface 97 may be pre-weakened, such as by scoring, to facilitate tearing. Alternatively, the sealant 96 may be a thermoplastic polymer and may plastically stretch instead of tearing. Alternatively, the sealant 96 may be an elastomer or elastomeric copolymer having sufficient elasticity to expand to the release position without tearing or plastic stretching such that the ball release system may be re-actuated to catch a second (or more) ball. Alternatively, each segment 95s may be coated with the (elastomeric) sealant to seal the interfaces 97 by engagement of the coated surfaces in the catch position.
Alternatively, the ball release system may include a flapper made from the (elastomeric) sealant material which is released over the seat in response to receipt of the command signal and before landing of the ball. The ball may then squeeze the flapper into the seat to seal the interfaces 97.
While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope of the invention is determined by the claims that follow.
