Patent Application
20120068627
The present invention relates to lighting control systems for LED lighting applications.
The use of light emitting diode (LED) based lighting devices has become prevalent in recent years. LED lighting offers a number of advantages, including increased life and high efficiency. However, the LED elements can also be sensitive to extreme voltage or ambient temperature fluctuations.
The LED elements are often powered using a driver circuit, such as a linear constant current source. Such current sources typically use a transistor to dissipate any voltage (and power) beyond that needed to safely drive the LED elements. This allows for voltage fluctuations beyond a reference value while still maintaining a constant light output.
The amount of temperature rise that a constant current biased light source experiences is a function of the ambient temperature around the lamp, the amount of applied voltage, and ability of the package to dissipate excess heat and power. The lighting device supplier can specify the parameters under which an LED lamp should be operated, however the end user may utilize the device under conditions which are outside those specified by the manufacturer. Without proper protection, the temperature of the lighting elements may increase beyond their rated temperature causing uneven light output or even component failure.
One disadvantage to prior art constant current integrated circuit designs is the lack of user controlled thermal pullback with discrete components. Thermal pullback refers to the gradual reduction of current through a circuit over time, thereby preventing excessive heat buildup in the lighting elements. Voltage regulators can be used to control the voltage and/or current applied to the lighting elements. However, most commercially available regulators do not initiate thermal pullback until the ambient temperature has reached about 160 degrees Celsius. At this point, the temperature of the LEDs has typically exceeded the recommended threshold. Other types of regulators will strobe the LEDs on and off or even shut the LEDs off completely in an over temperature situation. Still other designs incorporate discrete temperature sensors which activate a switch when a threshold temperature is reached, thereby causing a drastic decrease in light output. This can be unacceptable from both a safety and user experience standpoint, especially in automotive or other industrial applications.
A solution is needed that will gradually reduce the power to the lighting elements as the temperature increases, preferably slow enough that a user will not notice an abrupt change in light output.
Accordingly, according to one embodiment, an electrical circuit for driving at least one light emitting diode (LED) is disclosed, comprising: a transistor connected in the current path of the light emitting diode, said transistor comprising a control terminal and at least one load terminal; and a PTC resistor connected between a supply voltage source and the control terminal of the transistor; wherein the at least one load terminal of the transistor is connected in the current path of the light emitting diode; and wherein the PTC resistor restricts the current supplied to the control terminal of the transistor as the temperature of the PTC resistor increases; and wherein the transistor restricts the current in the current path of the light emitting diode as the current supplied to the control terminal of the transistor decreases.
According to another embodiment, an electrical circuit for driving at least one light emitting diode is disclosed, comprising: a transistor connected in the current path of the light emitting diode, said transistor comprising a control terminal and at least one load terminal; a PTC resistor connected between a supply voltage source and the control terminal of the transistor; and a regulator connected to the control terminal of the transistor; and a load resistor connected in the current path of the light emitting diode and the at least one transistor load terminal; wherein the at least one load terminal of the transistor is connected in the current path of the light emitting diode; wherein the PTC resistor restricts the current supplied to the control terminal of the transistor as the temperature of the PTC resistor increases; wherein the transistor restricts the current in the current path of the light emitting diode as the current supplied to the control terminal of the transistor decreases; wherein a reference terminal of the regulator is further connected across the load resistor; and wherein the regulator is configured to compensate for the non-linear characteristics of the PTC resistor by increasing or decreasing the current supplied to the control terminal of the transistor below a specified temperature.
According to another embodiment, a method for driving at least one light emitting diode is disclosed, comprising the steps of: varying the current being supplied to a control terminal of a transistor in the current path of the light emitting diode; wherein the current is varied due to the varying resistance of a PTC resistor connected between a voltage source and the control terminal.
For the purposes of promoting and understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications in the described embodiments, and any further applications of the principles of the invention as described herein are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. The present invention can be implemented with various mixtures of analog and digital circuitry.
LED 105 may comprise any type of LED known in the art for use in lighting applications. It shall be understood that while a single LED element is depicted, LED 105 may comprise additional LED elements connected in series or in parallel as required by the particular application.
Referring to
Transistor 135 is illustrated here as an NPN bipolar junction transistor, although it shall be understood that other types of linear control components may be used including, but not limited to, PNP bipolar transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT), junction gate field-effect transistors (JFET), and metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET), or any other device or circuit (discrete or integrated) that allows for linear control of the current through the LED.
In a preferred embodiment, PTC resistor 140 comprises any resistor having a positive temperature coefficient, thereby increasing its resistance as a function of increasing temperature. Resistor 160 is a standard resistor, with a value selected according to the needs of the particular application. In certain embodiments, resistor 160 may be replaced by an LED whose resistance is selected to match the resistance required to produce the desired current through the transistor 135 and LED 105. In other embodiments, the LED 105 may be omitted when the resistor 160 is implemented as an LED. In still further embodiments, the current through the LED 105 may be controlled from a separate circuit.
Regulator 150 may comprise a voltage regulation device, such as a shunt regulator based on a zener diode, although other types of active or passive voltage regulation devices may be used and are considered to be within the scope of the present disclosure. One example of an acceptable regulator is the LM431 Shunt Zener Regulator supplied by National Semiconductor, 2900 Semiconductor Drive, Santa Clara, Calif. 95051.
In operation, current is initially drawn from the voltage source 115, through PTC resistor 140, and into the control terminal of the transistor 135 (illustrated here as base 155). The amount of current entering the base 155 is initially determined by the resistance value of the PTC resistor 140. Transistor 135 then allows current to flow from the voltage source 115, through the LED 105, through the load terminals (collector 130 and emitter 165) of the transistor 135, and through the resistor 160 to ground 170.
When PTC resistor 140 heats up, it resistance will increase, thereby decreasing the current flowing into the base 155. It is a known characteristic of an NPN transistor, if manufactured as a bipolar transistor, that current flowing out of the emitter (Ie) is approximately equal to the current flowing into the collector (Ic) plus the current flowing into the base (Ib), as defined by equation (1) below.
I
e
=I
c
+I
b (1)
Furthermore, the collector current (Ic) is proportional to the base current (Ib) based on a gain value β as defined by equation (2) below.
I
c
=βI
b (2)
The value of β may vary based on the characteristics of the particular transistor being used, but is typically in the range of 10 to 100. Therefore, equations (1) and (2) may be combined to arrive at equation (3) below.
I
e
=I
c+(Ic/β) (3)
Because the value of β is high, the value of Ie will roughly approximate the value of Ic. Therefore, as the base current is restricted due to the increasing resistance of PTC resistor 140, the collector and emitter current values will also decrease.
One drawback to using the PTC resistor 140 as the sole thermal control and current limiting device is the non-linear relationship between the resistance and temperature of a PTC resistor, particularly in the lower temperature range.
To overcome the non-linear characteristics of the PTC resistor 140 in the lower temperature range, regulator 150 is used in combination with PTC resistor 140. The voltage drop across the resistor 160 (and thereby the current flowing through the resistor 160) is sensed by regulator 150 via reference terminal 175. Regulator 150 uses this voltage as the feedback for controlling the current being allowed to reach base 155.
In a preferred embodiment, the regulator 150 has a factory-set reference voltage that the regulator 150 will attempt to maintain across the resistor 160, with resistor 160 being sized to result in the desired current through the LED 105. The regulator 150 achieves this regulation by increasing or decreasing the current allowed into the cathode 145 and out the anode 180 as needed in order to maintain the specified reference voltage across the resistor 160. As long as the resistance of PTC resistor 140 does not increase to the point that the transistor 135 cannot drive the proper collector current, the regulator 150 will keep the current through the resistor 160 (and similarly, the current through the LED 105) constant in the temperature range below Tref. This in turn has the effect of maintaining a constant light output until the temperature increases beyond Tref. The design characteristics of the transistor 135 and the PTC resistor 140 must be selected such that the base current to the transistor 135 is sufficiently supplied as long as the resistance of the PTC resistor 140 is below Rref as shown in
When the operating temperature surpasses Tref (thereby causing the resistance of the PTC resistor 140 to surpasses Rref), the regulator 150 will no longer shunt additional excess current to ground 170. This will allow the current through the LED 105 to gradually be reduced until a thermal equilibrium is met. The decrease in light output will be gradual due to the characteristics of the PTC resistor 140. Because the human eye does not respond to gradual changes in light when compared to drastic changes, the user may not notice the decrease as the current settles to the equilibrium. The equilibrium point will be a function of the ambient temperature, the operating voltage and the component package design.
In order to increase the response of the circuit 100 to changes in the temperature of LED 105, the PTC resistor 140 may optionally be thermally coupled to LED 105. In one embodiment, the thermal coupling may be accomplished by placing the PTC resistor 140 and LED 105 sufficiently close to one another and/or within a common casing, causing the temperature of the PTC resistor to approximately equal the operating temperature of LED 105. In other embodiments, PTC 140 is thermally connected to LED 105 using a metallic conductor or other suitable thermally-conductive medium known in the art.
Regulator 315 is similar to a model LT3080 integrated linear regulator supplied by Linear Technology, 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, Calif. 95035-7417. As shown, integrated regulator 315 includes input terminal 355, output terminal 360, control terminal 365, and set terminal 370. The regulator 315 comprises an integrated transistor and differential amplifier circuit, the details of which are omitted for simplicity.
Referring to
Resistor 325 is connected between the output terminal 360 of regulator 315 and ground 345. The value of resistor 325 is selected to provide the desired amount of current through the LED 380 for a given current being received at the control terminal 365. Resistor 330 is connected between the set terminal 370 of regulator 315 and ground 345. The value of the resistor 330 is selected in order to provide the proper output voltage across resistor 325 according to the needs of the particular application.
Capacitor 335 is optionally connected between output terminal 360 of regulator 315 and ground 345 to provide filtering and prevent unwanted oscillations in output. Likewise, capacitor 340 is optionally connected between the input terminal 355 of regulator 315 and ground 345.
In operation, the current directed to the control terminal 365 biases an internal transistor (not shown) of the regulator 315. As the temperature increases, the resistance of the PTC resistor 320 also increases, allowing less current to reach the control terminal 365 of the regulator 315. The regulator 315 accordingly reduces the current being directed through the LED 305 and resistor 325, while maintaining the desired linear response as discussed hereinabove.
Resistor 445 is connected between the positive supply terminal 425 of voltage supply 410 and the non-inverting input terminal 455 of operational amplifier 420. Resistor 450 is connected between the non-inverting input terminal 455 of operational amplifier 420 and ground 460. The inverting input 465 of differential amplifier 420 is connected to the source terminal 470 of transistor 430 in a feedback configuration. The output terminal 475 of operational amplifier 420 is connected to the gate terminal 480 of operational amplifier 430. The negative source terminal 485 of operational amplifier 420 is connected to ground 460. Resistor 490 is connected between the output terminal 475 of operational amplifier 420 and ground 460. Resistor 495 is connected between the source terminal 470 of transistor 430 and ground 460.
The non-inverting input terminal 455 of operational amplifier 420 senses a reference voltage across the resistor 450, while the non-inverting input works as a feedback input to sense the voltage across the resistor 495. The operational amplifier 420 uses the voltage differential between terminal 455 and terminal 465 to determine the gain required to maintain a linear response at the output terminal 475. As the temperature increases, however, the PTC resistor 415 will increase in resistance, thereby limiting the supply voltage available to the operational amplifier 420. This further reduces the current being directed to the gate 480 of transistor 430 and reduces the current through the LED 405. Eventually, as the temperature decreases due to the reduced current through the LED 405, a thermal equilibrium will be reached.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only certain embodiments have been shown and described and that all equivalents, changes, and modifications that come within the spirit of the inventions as described herein and/or by the following claims are desired to be protected.
Hence, the proper scope of the present invention should be determined only by the broadest interpretation of the appended claims so as to encompass all such modifications as well as all relationships equivalent to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification.
