Many industries rely on the accurate inventory and dispensing of secure items. For example, in a hospital setting, it is of paramount importance that patients be given the correct medications in the correct doses. In addition, it is legally required that controlled substances be secured and accurately tracked, and it is also important that inventories of medications and supplies be tracked so that proper business controls can be implemented.
Different medications may have different storage requirements. For example, some medications or supplies may require refrigeration, while others do not. Items requiring refrigeration may present special difficulties, as they are typically simply stored in a refrigerator. Even though the refrigerator may be locked, once the refrigerator is accessed, all items in the refrigerator are accessible and subject to mistaken retrieval, diversion, or other problems.
According to one aspect, a device for dispensing items comprises cabinet and a drawer within the cabinet. The drawer includes one or more compartments for storing items and a cooling system within the drawer. The cooling system is configured to maintain the one or more compartments in the drawer at a temperature below the temperature of the environment surrounding the cabinet. The drawer further comprises thermal insulation at sides of the drawer and thermal insulation beneath the one or more compartments. In some embodiments, the cooling system comprises a compressor, a condenser, and an evaporator. In some embodiments, the cooling system is a thermoelectric cooling system. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric cooling system further comprises a fan configured to circulate air within the drawer. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric cooling system further comprises a fan configured to both exhaust heat from the thermoelectric cooling unit and to cause airflow under or around the thermal insulation of the drawer. In some embodiments, at least some of the compartments are defined by perforated walls that permit circulating air to pass through the walls and through the compartments. In some embodiments, lids of at least some compartments whose walls are perforated include descending ribs that protrude into the compartments when the lids are closed. In some embodiments, the device further comprises a computerized controller coupled to the drawer, the controller controlling access to the drawer. In some embodiments, the device further comprises a temperature probe within the drawer, and the temperature probe provides a signal to the computerized controller indicating a temperature within the drawer. In some embodiments, the device further comprises one or more actuators controllable by the computerized controller and coupled to lids of respective ones of the one or more compartments, and the one or more actuators are disposed outside of an interior of the drawer defined by the thermal insulation at the sides of the drawer and the thermal insulation beneath the one or more compartments. In some embodiments, the device further comprises magnetic latches on at least some of the compartments, the magnetic latches controlled by the computerized controller to lock and unlock the lids of their respective compartments. In some embodiments, each of the magnetic latches comprises a permanent magnet fixed to the lid of the respective compartment and an electromagnet fixed to a wall of the compartment such that the permanent magnet contacts the electromagnet when the lid is closed, and the controller unlocks the compartment by causing current to pass through the electromagnet, causing the electromagnet to repel the permanent magnet. In some embodiments, the one or more actuators comprise one or more solenoids. In some embodiments, the device further comprises one or more sensors configured to sense the positions of lids of respective ones of the one or more compartments. In some embodiments, each of the sensors is disposed outside of the interior of the drawer defined by the thermal insulation at the sides of the drawer and the thermal insulation beneath the one or more compartments, and is coupled to its respective lid. In some embodiments, each of the sensors is coupled to its respective lid via a linkage that passes through the thermal insulation of the drawer. In some embodiments, each of the sensors is coupled to its respective lid via a sheathed cable that passes through the thermal insulation of the drawer. In some embodiments, the device further comprises one or more lights corresponding respectively to at least some of the one or more compartments, and the controller is configured to, upon determination that a particular compartment is to be accessed: actuate one of the actuators corresponding the particular compartment to unlock the particular compartment; and illuminate one of the lights corresponding to the particular compartment. In some embodiments, the device further comprises an override mechanism accessible from outside the drawer, the override mechanism mechanically moving the one or more actuators to unlock one or more of the compartments manually. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric cooling system comprises a closed cooling loop containing a heat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid is maintained at a pressure such that its boiling point is at approximately the desired temperature of the inside of drawer. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid is maintained at a pressure such that its boiling point is between 2° C. and 8° C. The heat transfer fluid may be carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric cooling system, including the closed cooling loop and the heat transfer fluid, forms a heat pipe that operates by natural convection.
According to another aspect, a drawer, comprises an outer shell, insulation defining a climate-controlled interior of the drawer, and a thermoelectric cooling system disposed in a side wall of the drawer. The thermoelectric cooling system is configured to maintain interior of the drawer at a temperature below the temperature of the environment surrounding the drawer/The drawer further comprises a set of walls defining one or more compartments within the climate-controlled interior of the drawer, one or more lids covering the one or more compartments. an electrical interface for receiving power and control signals, and one or more actuators coupled to the one or more lids for locking and unlocking the one or more compartments in response to control signals received via the electrical interface. In some embodiments, the one or more actuators are disposed outside the climate-controlled interior of the drawer. In some embodiments, the drawer further comprises one or more lights corresponding to the one or more compartments, the lights being responsive to control signals received via the electrical interface. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric cooling system is configured to circulate cooled air in the interior of the drawer. In some embodiments, the thermoelectric cooling system includes a closed cooling loop containing a heat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, the heat transfer fluid is carbon dioxide maintained at a pressure such that its boiling point is between 2° C. and 8° C.
While devices embodying the invention may be used in a variety of applications, embodiments may be particularly useful in the medical field. For example, dispensing cabinet 100 may hold medications or medical supplies, and may facilitate the accurate dispensing and tracking of medications or other medical supplies.
Computerized controller 103 may include a processor, memory, input/output interfaces, and other components. Controller 103 may communicate remotely with other computerized systems, such as medical records systems, inventory and accounting systems, and the like.
The various storage compartments such as drawers 101a, 101b, and 107 may be under the control of controller 103. For example, each of drawers 101a, 101b, and 107 may include an electronically-controllable locking mechanism, and may only be openable under the control of controller 103. In addition, controller 103 may store information about what supplies are stored in which compartments of medication storage cabinet 100. In one typical basic usage scenario, a health care worker may enter, using keyboard 104 or another input device, an identification of a patient who is under the care of the health care worker, and who will need medication during the worker's current rounds. Controller 103 may access the patient's medical file and determine what medications have been prescribed for that patient. Controller 103 may then permit access only to the drawer or drawers containing the prescribed medications for the patient. A particular compartment such as a bin within the correct drawer may also be highlighted, for example with a lighted indicator, to draw the health care worker to the correct medication. The health care worker can then remove the patient's prescribed medication. The level of control exercised by controller 103 may help in preventing medication and dosing errors, by reducing the likelihood that a health care worker will remove an incorrect medication from medication dispensing cabinet 100. In addition, controller 103 may document and record which medication was dispensed, and may forward that information via a wired or wireless electronic network to inventory and accounting systems.
Many other features and functions are possible as well. For example, the health care worker may enter his or her identification as well, and controller 103 may provide access only to those medications and supplies for which the worker is authorized to access.
While medication dispensing cabinet 100 is shown as a stationary device, the invention is not so limited. Cabinets according to other embodiments may be portable, for example to facilitate transporting medications and supplies from a central supply store to a particular ward or department of a facility. It will be recognized that the particular arrangement of drawers, doors, or other features of a cabinet according to embodiments of the invention may be varied. For example, some cabinets or dispensing carts embodying the invention may use only drawers. Many different sizes and styles of compartments may be used, depending on the sizes of materials to be dispensed, and the level of security required for them.
A cabinet embodying the invention may include guides or mounting features spaced a standardized distance apart, and different drawers may span different multiples of the spacing distance. A drawer spanning only the spacing distance may be called a “single” height drawer. A drawer spanning two of the spacing distance may be called a “double” height drawer. Triple height and taller drawers are also possible. A cabinet such as cabinet 100 may be configured with combinations of drawer heights, depending on the sizes of the items to be stored. In the example of
Additional types of dispensing units in which the invention may be embodied or which include features usable with embodiments of the invention are described in the following commonly owned U.S. Patents and patent applications, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 6,272,394, issued on Aug. 7, 2001 to Lipps, U.S. Pat. No. 6,385,505, issued on May 7, 2002 to Lipps, U.S. Pat. No. 6,760,643, issued on Jul. 6, 2004 to Lipps, U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,455, issued on Sep. 8, 1998 to Lipps, U.S. Pat. No. 6,609,047, issued on Aug. 19, 2003 to Lipps, U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,456, issued on Sep. 8, 1998 to Higham et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,366, issued on Apr. 28, 1998 to Higham et al., an U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,653, issued on May 18, 1999 to Higham et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,927,540, issued on Jul. 27, 1999 to Godlewski, U.S. Pat. No. 6,039,467, issued on Mar. 21, 2000 to Holmes, U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,159, issued on Oct. 28, 2003 to Holmes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,151,536, issued on Nov. 21, 2000 to Arnold et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,864, issued on Jan. 3, 1995 to Blechl et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,185, issued on Mar. 2, 1993 to Blechl, U.S. Pat. No. 6,975,922, issued on Dec. 13, 2005 to Duncan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,571,024, issued on Aug. 4, 2009 to Duncan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,835,819, issued on Nov. 16, 2010 to Duncan et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,999, issued on Jan. 4, 2000 to Holmes, U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,884, issued on Mar. 25, 2008 to Higham, U.S. Pat. No. 7,675,421, issued on Mar. 9, 2010 to Higham, U.S. Pat. No. 6,170,929, issued on Jan. 9, 2001 to Wilson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,126,590, issued on Feb. 28, 2012 to Vahlberg et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,280,550, issued in Oct. 2, 2012 to Levy et al., and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0203377 of Paydar et al., published on Aug. 9, 2012.
Front portion 307 of drawer 107 includes a number of compartments, which in
Various electrical connectors 402 may be provided, to which cables (not shown) may be attached, so that drawer 107 can receive electrical power from cabinet 100 and may communicate with controller 103.
Compartments 505 reside in the chamber formed by insulation panels 501-504. Compartments 505 may be defined by a divider made of any suitable material and formed by any suitable process, but may conveniently be molded from a polymer such as polycarbonate, ABS, another polymer, or a blend of polymers. In other embodiments, compartments 505 may be made from a metal such as stainless steel, aluminum, or another suitable metal. Compartments 505 may be integrally formed from a single piece of material, or may be separate from each other and placed into drawer 107 in any workable combination. Compartments 505 are covered by lids 308.
An evaporator 506 is disposed between compartments 505 and bottom insulation panel 504. Evaporator 506 is part of a refrigeration system integrated into drawer 107. Evaporator 506 may be, for example, a roll-bonded evaporator, formed by roll bonding two sheets of metal with a pattern of channels marked on them, and then inflating the channels to form a network or serpentine passage through the channels for the flow of refrigerant. Evaporator 506 absorbs thermal energy from the interior of drawer 107 by virtue of its low temperature, and carries it outside the interior of drawer 107, cooling the interior of drawer 107, including compartments 505.
Other parts of the refrigeration system include a compressor 507 and a condenser 508, along with an expansion valve (not shown). These parts form the components implementing a traditional refrigeration cycle. The refrigeration system preferably uses a refrigerant that does not contain chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs).
A fan 509 draws air through condenser 508 to cool the refrigerant after the refrigerant has been heated in evaporator 506 and compressed in compressor 507, to expel thermal energy outside of cabinet 100.
A glycol bottle 510 may be provided, and may fit in a special compartment 511 in the interior of drawer 107, with its own lid 512. Preferably, a temperature sensor is submerged in glycol within bottle 510, and connected to controller 103 so that controller 103 can monitor the temperature of the interior of drawer 107. The glycol serves to buffer the sensor from rapid fluctuations in apparent temperature that may be caused by, for example, openings of drawer 107 from cabinet 100. In some embodiments, controller 103 may signal the refrigeration system to cycle on and off based on the temperature as sensed by the temperature sensor.
This air flow arrangement serves multiple purposes. First, it provides cooling air to condenser 508, for cooling the refrigerant in the refrigeration system as part of the refrigeration cycle. The air is exhausted from the back of cabinet 100 rather than the front, which may be preferable for user comfort. And second, the air flow under insulation panel 504 can evaporate and exhaust any condensation that may form under insulation panel 504. Standoffs 702 may hold the back cover away from insulation panel 504, permitting at least a small amount of air 703 to flow over substantially the entire underside of insulation panel 504.
In other embodiments, top insulation panel 801 may travel with drawer 107 when drawer 107 is opened, and the user may simply slide top insulation panel 801 back toward cabinet 100 to gain access to the interior of drawer 107.
Top insulation panel 801 may be made of any suitable material, for example a material similar to the material of the other insulation panels, or a different material.
For example,
Because the interior of drawer 107 is at a cold temperature, it may be desirable to keep electronic and electromechanical components out of the interior of drawer 107 to the extent possible, to avoid potential cold-induced problems. For example,
However, when solenoid 1105 is energized, for example under control of controller 103, blade 1104 is withdrawn, allowing lever 1102 and lid 1101 to rotate to an open position.
Solenoids 1105 are but one example of a type of actuator that may be used to control access to the compartments in drawer 107, and other kinds of actuators may be used, for example, magnetic actuators, motors with appropriate linkages, or other kinds of actuators.
The architecture of drawer 107 may at least partially protect solenoid 1105 and its driving electronics from the cold environment within drawer 107.
A number of sensors 1502 may be provided, for providing positive feedback when the lever 1102 of one of lids 308 is in the closed position. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) 1503 may be present and also controllable by controller 103, for visually indicating the status of particular compartments through light pipes 1504, which extend to the top of drawer 107.
With printed circuit board 1401 in place, including solenoids 1105, the insulation of drawer 107 can be put in place, as shown in
In some embodiments, a manual override mechanism is provided, for unlocking the compartments in drawer 107 manually, without reliance on controller 103. This capability may be useful, for example during a power outage or other occasion when controller 103 is not able to open the compartments.
As is best visible in
In another embodiment, a dispensing device uses a thermoelectric refrigeration system, rather than a refrigeration system having a compressor and condenser as described above.
A hot side fan 2006 is configured to draw air from the fins of hot side heat sink 2004. The air is heated by its contact with hot side heat sink 2004, and is exhausted through the fins of hot side heat sink 2004 into the space on the hot side of the system.
It will be recognized that the direction of air flow through either or both of fans 2005 and 2006 could be reversed from the orientation shown in
In some embodiments, the fan of cooling unit 2000 outside of drawer 2100 may be positioned, ducted, or otherwise arranged to also provide airflow under or around the insulated space of drawer 2100. For example, the fan, in addition to providing air flow over the heat sink of thermoelectric cooling unit 2000, may provide airflow under the insulated space of drawer 2100 similar to the airflow shown in
Any other suitable arrangement may be used for creating airflow under or around the insulated space of drawer 2100. For example, in other embodiments, two separate fans could be provided—one for creating airflow under or around the insulated space, and one for exhausting heat from cooling unit 2000.
Referring again to
As in other embodiments, a temperature sensor within drawer 2100 preferably provides a signal to a controller such as controller 103, indicating the temperature with drawer 2100. The temperature sensor may be submerged in a glycol bottle or other buffer if desired. Controller 103 can cycle the power to thermoelectric cooling unit 2000 as needed to maintain an essentially constant temperature within drawer 2100.
Although a drawer embodying the invention may be used for any purpose, it may be especially suitable for storing vaccines. U.S. federal guidelines specify that vaccines should be stored at temperatures of 2° C. to 8° C.
The arrangement of
Rather than cooling the drawer interior with circulating cooled air, drawer 2300 includes a cooling loop 2302, filled with a heat transfer fluid. For example, cooling loop 2302 may be a closed loop of copper or other tubing, filled with carbon dioxide (CO2) at a pressure such that the boiling point of the CO2 is at approximately the desired temperature of the inside of drawer 2300, or slightly below. In some embodiments, the pressure of CO2 within cooling loop 2302 may be about 40 bar (approximately 40 atmospheres), such that the boiling point of the CO2 is about 5° C. Cooling loop 2302 may thus form a passive heat pipe cooler.
As the CO2 is cooled in thermoelectric cooling unit 2301 (via an appropriate heat exchanger), the CO2 condenses and falls by gravity to the loop placed in the floor of drawer 2300. As the CO2 circulates through drawer 2300, it absorbs heat from the interior of drawer 2300 and boils, cooling the interior of drawer 2300. The gaseous CO2 rises again toward thermoelectric cooling unit 2301, where it is cooled again, continuing the cycle. As in other embodiments, a temperature sensor within drawer 2300 may provide a signal indicating the temperature within drawer 2300, so that a controller can cycle thermoelectric cooling unit 2301 on and off to maintain the desired temperature.
While slightly more complex than the air cooling system of drawer 2100 described above, the system of drawer 2300 may have certain advantages. For example, because it does not rely on the circulation of air throughout drawer 2300, compartments 2303 may not need to be perforated, and can be filled to a higher level, resulting in less dead space and a higher capacity for drawer 2300. Lids 2304 accordingly may not need ribs on their bottom sides to prevent complete filling of compartments 2303.
While other cooling fluids may be used, CO2 or a similar substance may have the advantage that any leaks in the system will result in only the release of harmless gas into the atmosphere, and thus will not cause damage to the electronics of the storage cabinet or the materials stored in drawer 2300. Also, the placement of cooling loop 2302 in the bottom of drawer 2300 is but one example of a suitable loop placement. In other embodiments, cooling loop 2302 may include lines that pass between compartments 2303, along the sides of drawer 2300, or in another location or combination of locations. In some embodiments, cooling loop 2302 may be formed as a roll-bonded unit similar to evaporator 506 described above.
Regardless of how a drawer in accordance with embodiments of the invention is cooled, attention may be paid during design of the drawer to the possible presence of condensation at cold surfaces in or near the drawer. Condensation may tend to form on cold surfaces exposed to the air, and can be detrimental to electronics, electromechanical actuators, or other electrical or mechanical components. Preferably, the insulation surrounding the drawer interior is sufficiently insulative that its outside surface remains above the dew point of the surrounding atmosphere. In that case, any circuit boards, electromechanical actuators, or other electrical or mechanical components outside of the cooled space will remain substantially safe from condensation, so long as cold air leaks and other insulation gaps are minimized.
However, lids such as lids 2101 or 2304 must necessarily operate in the cooled space, and must be actuated automatically. In embodiments of the invention, measures are taken to position any electromechanical actuators outside of the cooled space, and to couple the actuators to the lids within the cooled space, preferably in a way that minimizes cold leakage.
Each lid may be supplied with a similar solenoid-potentiometer-linkage arrangement. In this arrangement, solenoids 2401 and potentiometers 2405 remain outside the cooled space 2402, and are thus substantially protected from possible condensation. Only linkages 2407 penetrate insulation 2403, so that any openings in insulation 2403 are small and may not significantly affect the insulating effectiveness of insulation 2403.
Linear potentiometer 2405 may have the advantage that it can indicate the exact state of its associated lid, for example the degree to which the lid is open. In other embodiments, a simple optical interrupter or other simple binary indicator of whether the lid is open or closed may be used.
Upon receipt of a command to unlock lid 2409, solenoid 2401 is energized to retract plunger 2404. The user can then lift lid 2409 against the tension of constant force spring 2706, and retrieve the desired item from the compartment under lid 2409. Encoder 2707 may send signals to the controller indicating the position of capstan 2705, and therefore also the position of lid 2409. In other embodiments, a simple optical interrupter or other binary sensor may be used. An encoder such as encoder 207 may have the advantage that the encoder reading for the closed position of the lid can be recorded after each use, for example when the drawer is returned to the inside of the cabinet. This way drift from the cable length or other effects can be accommodated, for example in firmware.
While only one solenoid 2401 and sheathed cable 2701 are shown in
The system of
In the example embodiment of
Tray 3101 and dividers 3102 may preferably be perforated by openings such as openings 3103, so that air can circulate within drawer 3100, passing through the walls and compartments in tray 3101. Lids 3104 of drawer 3100 may include descending ribs 3105 that protrude into the compartments when lids 3104 are closed. Ribs 3105 thus prevent complete filling of the compartments. The top portions of the compartments remain substantially open, permitting airflow throughout drawer 3100.
Lids 3104 may be positioned more closely together in the front-to-back direction of drawer 3100 than in some other embodiments. The thinness of dividers 3102 permits the resulting compartments within tray 3101 to be larger than in other embodiments, increasing the storage capacity of drawer 3100.
In other embodiments, a magnetic latching system may be used for lids in a refrigerated drawer.
To unlock lid 3302, a controller such as controller 103 causes current to flow through electromagnet 3303 in a direction to cause a repelling force against permanent magnet 3304. With sufficient current, the attraction of permanent magnet 3304 to electromagnet 3303 is overcome, and lid 3302 can be easily lifted. In some embodiments, the current level may be selected to be slightly smaller than the current needed to completely overcome the attractive force, so that lid 3302 can be opened with only a small amount of lifting force. In other embodiments, the current is high enough to completely overcome the attraction between the two magnets, and lid 3302 may open due to the repelling force of electromagnet 3303.
In some embodiments, the positions of electromagnet 3303 and permanent magnet 3304 could be reversed. In other embodiments, no permanent magnet may be needed. Rather, permanent magnet 3304 may be replaced by a simple plate made of a ferromagnetic material, and lid 3302 may be locked by passing current through electromagnet 3303. To unlock lid 3302 in this arrangement, the current flow is simply stopped. However, while this alternate arrangement may be workable, it has the disadvantage of drawing current at all times except when lids are unlocked. In addition, the lids may unlock during a power failure. In the preferred embodiment of
As is mentioned above, it may be possible to force lid 3302 open from its locked state using tools. Preferably, a detection circuit is provided to detect such intrusions. For example, a Hall effect sensor may be positioned near electromagnet 3303, so as to detect the magnetic field of permanent magnet 3304 when lid 3302 is closed. If the sensor detects that the magnetic field has disappeared (or sufficiently diminished) while electromagnet 3303 is not energized, it may be assumed that lid 3302 has been pried open, and an alarm or warning may be issued. For example, an audible alarm may be sounded at the cabinet site, or an electronic message may be forwarded via controller 103 to an appropriate contact for investigation.
In other embodiments, electromagnet 3303 may be loosely mounted to compartment 3301, so that lid 3302 can be lifted slightly while compartment 3301 remains locked. The permitted travel is preferably sufficient to be detected by any detection circuit, but not sufficient to allow access to the locked compartment. This capability may be used during a “restock” mode. A user authorized to do so, for example a pharmacy technician tasked with restocking the compartments, may place the cabinet in the restock mode. In this mode, lifting one of the lids slightly signals the controller, via the sensor, that the technician wishes to open that particular compartment for restocking. The controller then unlocks the compartment. This capability allows the restock technician to quickly open compartments as needed, without having to enter information into the controller. Once restocking is complete, the technician preferably terminates the restock mode, so that the compartments remain locked until dispensing of items is properly requested by a user.
The arrangement of
It is to be understood that all workable combinations of the features disclosed herein are also considered to be disclosed.
The invention has now been described in detail for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be appreciated that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.