Test for Helicobacter pylori

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The Present invention relates to a rapid dry reagent chemistry test for Helicobacter pylori. More specifically, it relates to a test for determining the presence of a urease producing microorganism such as Helicobacter pylori in human gastric mucosa biopsy specimens.
2. Background Including a Description of the Related Art
In the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal disorders, the determination of Helicobacter pylori (formerly known as campylobacter) is becoming increasingly important. The presence of spiral or curved microorganisms in biopsy specimens of human gastric mucosa has been recognized for several decades [Freedberg, A. S. and Barron, L. E., The presence of spirochetes in human gastric mucosa, AM. J. Dis. Dis., 7: 443-5, (1940)]. A bacterium with curved morphology was cultured from gastric-biopsy specimens from patients with gastritis in 1982 [Warren, J. R., Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis, Lancet, 1:1273, (1983)] and has recently been named Helicobacter pylori. Clinical research since 1982 indicates that H. pylori has a role in causing some forms of gastritis and might also be involved in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers [Peterson, W. L., Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease, New Eng. J. Med., 324: 1042-8, (1991)].
H. pylori grows on the gastric epithelium and does not penetrate the tissues. It is also found on tissue from the esophagus and duodenum. The bacterium appears to be protected from stomach acid by the action of a urease which the bacterium produces. The urease has very high specific activity [Dunn, B. E., et al., Purification and characterization of urease from Helicobacter pylori, J. Biol. Chem., 265: 9464-9, (1990)] and hydrolyzes endogenous urea from the host tissues to form ammonia which neutralizes stomach acid.
A recent publication suggests that the best means to diagnose H. pylori infections in gastric mucosa biopsies is a combination of culture and direct microscopic observation of the microorganism on tissue following histologic staining (Peterson, W. L., op. cit.). However, the value of culture for this purpose has been questioned [Martinez, E. and Marcos, A., Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease, Lancet, 325: 737, (1991)].
An alternative test for H. pylori utilizes its urease activity. A mucosal biopsy specimen is incubated in a medium containing urea and a pH sensitive dye [Owen, R. J., et al., Rapid urea hydrolysis by gastric Campylobacters, Lancet, 1: 111, (1985)]. Urease produced by H. pylori releases ammonia through hydrolysis of urea and when enough ammonia is produced to raise the pH of the medium the dye changes color. Human tissues do not produce urease and H. pylori is the principal urease producing microorganism that inhabits the stomach. Occasionally biopsy specimens contain other urease producing bacteria that grow in the assay medium during the incubation and produce a false positive result [Marshall, B. J., et al., Rapid urease tests in the management of Campylobacter pylori]. The urease test for H. pylori relies on preformed urease and cell growth is not required; therefore, the specificity of the test is improved by including a bactericide in the medium. This inhibits the growth of other microorganisms that might contaminate the specimen (loc. cit.).
A commercial test for H. pylori, named CLOtest, described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,113, detects urease activity on biopsy specimens. The incubation medium is solidified by including a gelling agent. This medium also contains phenol red which turns pink when ammonia released from urea raises the pH above 6.0. The system is buffered so that specimens contaminated by fluids from the intestine do not raise the pH and cause a false positive result. When specimens are first inserted into the CLOtest gel they may have a slight pink tinge if blood or alkaline bile is present. The analyst is required to record the initial appearance of the specimen. The test is positive only if the pink color increases in intensity or area.
CLOtest requires three hours incubation at 30.degree. C. and up to 21 hours additional incubation at room temperature. About 75% of biopsy specimens infected with H. pylori give positive results in 20 minutes and 90% are positive by 3 hours. Twenty-four hours are required to verify negative results because 5% of infected specimens become positive between 3 and 24 hours.
The traditional liquid urease tests use a few hundred microliters of medium and ammonia produced by a positive specimen becomes mixed with the medium by diffusion and mechanical stirring. The CLOtest reduces mechanical stirring by using gelled medium and specimens with high urease activity will produce a red color near the specimen in a short time. However, ammonia produced slowly by weakly positive specimens has time to diffuse throughout the gel and a larger amount of ammonia must be produced to give a color change. Thus, the incubation time required for a color change increases disproportionately as the urease content of the specimen decreases. In addition the buffer included in the test medium to consume acid or base on the specimen inhibits pH changes due to production of ammonia and this reduces assay sensitivity and increases incubation times.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention involves a method and device for determining the presence of Helicobacter pylori in a biological specimen by detecting the presence of urease using a system for separating and optimizing the various reactions involved. The biopsy specimen is first reacted with a urease substrate under optimized pH conditions on one side of a diffusion membrane element. The ammonia generated by the reaction of urease with the substrate, i.e. urea, permeates to the other side of such membrane where it comes into contact with an optimized indicator element to produce a detectable response.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a unitized test device showing the placement of the various layers before use.
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of the device of FIG. 1 shown with the specimen added. The curved arrow shows how the device is folded over on itself in use.
FIG. 3 is the same sectional view as in FIG. 2 except that the device has been folded on itself.
FIG. 4 is the reverse side of the device showing a positive result for the control and specimen.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is characterized by isolation of an optimized specimen and substrate reaction to produce ammonia from an optimized test indicator reaction to detect the generated ammonia. By doing this, the sample components do not interfere with the indicator and the sample can be incubated at a pH that is optimal for urease. Also, buffer in contact with the specimen does not have an adverse effect on assay sensitivity. This separation mechanism can be illustrated by the following detailed descriptions of the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a device of the present invention. A strip like test device 10 is made up of a substrate element 11 consisting of an absorbent paper matrix containing the buffered dried residue of a substrate for urease, i.e. urea which paper matrix is attached to a clear plastic support member 12 using double faced adhesive tape. An indicator element 14 consisting of an absorbent matrix containing the dried residue of a pH sensitive indicator material, the indicator element 14 being covered with a diffusion membrane element 13, is attached to the support member 12 at the edges of the indicator element 14. The substrate element 11 and the indicator element 14 are positioned on the support member 12 such that when the device is folded at perforation line 17, the two elements are contiguous to or become adjacent to one another. FIG. 1 also shows a grid 16 for positioning the sample and a control 15 comprising urease attached to the diffusion element 13.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of device 10 of FIG. 1 taken along the lines 2--2. A specimen 18 is shown positioned on the surface of the diffusion element 13. The arrow above the device shows how the device is folded over on itself.
FIG. 3 shows the device of FIG. 1 when it is folded over on itself. A control 15 and a specimen 18 are positioned between the substrate element 11 and the diffusion element 13.
FIG. 4 shows the reverse side of the device 10 of FIG. 1 after reaction has taken place to give a positive response to urease in the indicator element 14, which is read through the clear support element 12 to indicate a positive result for the control 19 and the specimen 20.
The methods and devices of the present invention utilize several components which are fabricated as a multilayered multielement test device. The several components basically comprise 1. a substrate element to contain the urease substrate under optimized reaction conditions, 2. a diffusion element to separate the various reactions and allow ammonia to pass and 3. an indicator element to give an indicia or response to a positive result. Each of these components and the assembly thereof will be described below.
Diffusion Element
Diffusion elements (membranes) must be hydrophobic to prevent passage of liquid water and solutes. Diffusion of water vapor through this membrane is acceptable because this will not neutralize the indicator dye.
Diffusion membranes should be as thin as possible in order to minimize the length of the diffusion path for ammonia. The practical lower limit for membrane thickness is determined by the quantity of material required to maintain mechanical integrity of the membrane. Commercial membranes range from 50 to 250 .mu.m thick.
Mean pore diameters for commercial membranes range from 0.05 to 10 .mu.m. Membranes with the larger pore diameters offer less resistance to diffusion of ammonia. Thus, pore diameters of 1.0 to 10 .mu.m are preferable for present applications.
Hydrophobic membranes can be cast with a variety of polymers. They include polyvinylidene difluoride, polytrifluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyvinylidene dichloride and polytetrafluoroethylene.
Indicator Element
Indicator elements can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. They serve mainly as a support or matrix for the indicator dye and should have a large surface area to maximize exposure of the dye to ammonia gas diffusing through the diffusion membrane. The indicator element will be viewed from the side opposite the diffusion membrane, therefore, it is advantageous for the indicator element to be thin so color changes on the diffusion membrane side will be more readily visible to an observer. Microporous membranes are useful diffusion elements because they are thin. Large pore diameters favor rapid diffusion of ammonia to the dye coating. Woven or non-woven fabrics can also be used for the indicator element but they are generally thicker than microporous membranes.
The hydrophobic membranes mentioned above for diffusion membranes can be used as indicator elements. Hydrophilic membranes are also useful and they can be fabricated from cellulose esters, nitrocellulose, nylon, polysulfone and hydroxylated polyvinylidene difluoride.
Indicator elements will generally be coated or impregnated with indicator by dipping them into a solution of the indicator and drying. The amount of indicator applied can be varied by varying the indicator concentration in the dip solution.
Substrate Element
One purpose of the substrate element is to expose the biopsy specimen to urea. A second function is to adjust the pH of the specimen to the optimum for urease activity and for formation of ammonia through the ammonia/ammonium ion equilibrium. Thus, the substrate element will contain a buffer, urea and possibly reagents that enhance the activity of urease such as EDTA.
The substrate element matrix can be cellulose based papers, the hydrophilic membranes mentioned above or a woven or nonwoven fabric. Reagents will be incorporated by dipping the matrix into an aqueous solution of the reagents and drying.
Biopsy specimens might not contain enough water to dissolve the dry reagents in the substrate element and give maximum enzyme activity. In this situation, the substrate element can be hydrated by applying a few drops of water. Biopsy specimens are placed on the diffusion membrane and a wet substrate element is placed on them. The assembly is held together with a clamp.
Alternatively, a substrate element can be prepared by dipping the matrix in a urea solution and drying. When the test is to be initiated the substrate element is hydrated with a buffer solution which will maintain the proper pH and other reaction conditions.
Devices can also be assembled with a thin membrane as substrate element mounted on the diffusion membrane. Then biopsy specimens are placed on the substrate element and they are covered with a paper wick that does not contain reagents but is saturated with water. In this situation the substrate element should be a thin porous membrane because ammonia must diffuse through it to reach the indicator element.
The substrate element contains a buffer at pH 7.0 to 9.0. The pH optimum for H. pylori urease is 8.2 [Mobley, et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 26:831-6 (1988)]. The pKa for ammonium ion is 9.3 and higher pH favors formation of ammonia from ammonium ion. A pH between 8.0 and 8.5 would be optimal for maximum urease activity and ammonia diffusion.
Urease from H. pylori has a Michaelis constant of 0.3 mM urea [Dunn, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265:9464-9 (1990)]. Thus, urea concentrations of 5 mM or higher in the substrate element should provide nearly maximum enzyme activity.
Positive Control
A positive control can be included in a test device by introducing a small amount of urease onto the device at a location away from the specimens being tested. Ureases from various sources have properties similar to H. pylori urease; therefore, jack bean urease for instance can be used to make a positive control. The enzyme can be impregnated into a matrix such as cotton string and dried. The string can be mounted at the desired location on the diffusion membrane and when the wet substrate element is placed on the diffusion membrane the positive control urease will become active and generate ammonia. The time required to give a visible response with the positive control can be adjusted by adjusting the amount of urease incorporated into the string. An alternative method for including the positive control into the test device would be to incorporate the urease into a suitable composition and simply applying the composition to the diffusion element and drying.
pH Indicators
An ideal pH indicator for inclusion in the indicator element would change from a colorless to a colored form when a proton is removed by ammonia. However, most indicators change from one color in the acid form to another color in the deprotonated form. To obtain reasonable sensitivity with the present test the indicator should change from a weak color such as yellow in the protonated form to a strong color such as red or blue in the basic form.
An additional function of indicator dyes is to trap ammonia as ammonium ion and this is achieved more efficiently when the pKa of the dye is low compared to that for ammonium ion, pKa=9.3.
______________________________________Indicator pKa______________________________________Cresol Red 8.3Phenol Red 7.9Bromocresol Purple 6.3Chlorophenol Red 6.0Bromocresol Green 4.5Bromophenol Blue 4.0______________________________________
Cresol red and phenol red dried in membranes are not acidic enough to give a color change in the presence of low levels of ammonia. Bromocresol purple and chlorophenol red give satisfactory responses to ammonia if they are dried into a membrane with about 40% glycerol. The glycerol acts as a humectant and/or solvent. Bromophenol blue responds to ammonia without glycerol present and the color remains stable for at least a few hours if the test device is not opened to the atmosphere. Preferably the pKa of the indicator dye should be less than 8.0 and still more preferably should be within a range of about from 2.0 to 6.0.
Assembly of Devices and Method of Use
The devices of the present invention can be assembled and used in several ways. One advantageous way has been described above and shown in the drawings. Basically, the diffusion element is positioned between the substrate element and the indicator element. However, it must be appreciated that the urease in the specimen must be reacted with the substrate to generate ammonia and the ammonia must reach the indicator element. One utilitarian method to achieve this result is to place the specimen on the diffusion element which is held in contiguous relationship with the indicator element and bring the substrate into contact with the side of the diffusion element opposite the indicator element. This can be achieved most conveniently by positioning both the substrate element and diffusion element (contiguous with the indicator element) on a clear plastic support in an end to end relationship such that the specimen can be added directly to the diffusion element, water added to the substrate element and the device folded over on itself to form a multilayered multielement device where the specimen is sandwiched between the substrate element and the diffusion element. Moreover, means, such as a clamp which exerts an even overall pressure, may be utilized to keep the substrate element and the diffusion element in intimate contact with the tissue specimen included therebetween.
Under certain circumstances it may be necessary to adjust the sensitivity of the test devices of the present invention. For example, there may be ammonia or other ammonia producing substances in or accompanying the fluids associated with the tissue specimens undergoing testing for urease. Such sensitivity adjustments may be accomplished by adding to the diffusion element and/or indicator element, predetermined amounts of chemicals or adsorbants which react quickly with or tie up the initial surge of ammonia through the diffusion element. By doing this, only the ammonia generated by the urease in the tissue specimen will react with the indicator in the indicator element to give a positive response.
The following examples are illustrative of the present invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of Synthetic Biopsy Specimen
Jackbean urease (from GDS Technology Inc., Elkhart Ind.) was dissolved at 2.0 mg/mL in 0.02 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.3, 1 mM ethylenediaminatetracetic acid (EDTA). Dilutions of this stock enzyme solution were assayed for activity as follows:
The assay was conducted at 30.degree. C. in 0.15 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.7. One milliliter reactions contained 1.0 mM ADP, 0.25 mM NADH, 1.0 mM .alpha.-ketoglutarate and 15 units/mL glutamic dehydrogenase (bovine liver, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). The mixture was incubated at 30.degree. C. for about four minutes until the absorbance at 340 nm stabilized. Then urease was added and the change in absorbance from 200 to 260 seconds later was recorded. One unit of urease activity hydrolyzes one micromole of urea per minute.
Cotton wound polyester thread was submerged in a solution containing 0.43, 1.33 and 3.83 units of urease/mL for five minutes. Then the threads were removed and dried in an oven at 60.degree. C. for five minutes.
Substrate Element
Rayon fabric, grade No. 9343732 manufactured by Veratec, Inc., Walpole, Mass., was dipped into a solution containing 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, 1.0 mM EDTA and 100 mM urea. Then the fabric was dried at 60.degree. C. for 10 minutes.
Diffusion Element
Hydrophobic Versapel 10000 membrane obtained from Gelman Sciences, Ann Arbor, Mich. was employed.
Indicator Element
A solution of reagent alcohol-water (1:9) containing 1.5 mg bromophenol blue/mL (water soluble form, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) and 15 mM sulfamic acid was impregnated into Versapor 10000 membrane available from Gelman Sciences and then the membrane was dried at 60.degree. C. for seven minutes. (Reagent alcohol was 90% ethanol, 5% methanol and 5% isopropanol.)
A solution of ethanol-water (1:9) containing 1.5 mg bromophenol blue/mL and 2.0 mM sulfamic acid was impregnated into hydrophilic Durapore membrane (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.). Then the membrane was dried at 60.degree. C. for five minutes.
Tests with Urease Impregnated Threads
Test devices were assembled by placing 1.0.times.1.0 cm square of Versapor indicator membrane on a 2.times.5 cm piece of PP2500 transparency film (3M Corp., Minneapolis, Minn.). The indicator membrane was covered with 1.5.times.1.5 cm square of Versapel 1000 membrane (diffusion membrane). The membrane stack was fastened in place with overlaminating tape with a 6 mm diameter hole cut to provide access to the diffusion membrane. A 5 mm segment of thread impregnated with urease was placed on the diffusion membrane and covered with a 1.0.times.1.0 cm piece of substrate element that was saturated with water. This element was fastened in place with tape.
Threads impregnated with solutions containing various levels of urease were tested in devices. The indicator element was yellow due to the protonated form of the indicator dye and positive results with urease impregnated threads appeared as blue areas roughly outlining the shape of the underlying thread. The time required to obtain positive results with threads impregnated with different levels of urease are presented below along with the times that identical pieces of thread gave to positive results in CLOtest.
______________________________________Urease inImpregnating Time for Positive ResultSolution Diffusion(units/mL) Device CLOtest______________________________________0 No pos. result No pos. result0.43 60 min No pos. result1.3 20 min 24 hrs3.8 11 min 1.5 hrs______________________________________
It is apparent that the diffusion device gives positive results much more quickly than the CLOtest.
EXAMPLE 2
Another diffusion device was made with the hydrophilic Durapore membrane (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) impregnated with bromophenol blue as indicator element. Thread impregnated with 3.8 units urease/mL gave a positive result in seven minutes.
EXAMPLE 3
A test device for detecting Helicobacter pylori by assaying for urease activity was prepared as follows:
Substrate Element
Filter paper #237 manufactured by Ahlstrom Filtration, Inc., Mt. Holly, Pa. was dipped in a solution composed of 250 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.0, 250 mM urea and 1.0 mM EDTA. Then the paper was dried at 60.degree. C. for 10 min.
Diffusion Element
Versapel 10000 membrane.
Indicator Element
Bromophenol blue (sultone form--Aldrich Chemical) was dissolved at 2.0 mg/mL in reagent alcohol. Versapel 10000 membrane was dipped in this solution and then dried at 60.degree. C. for 5 min.
Assembly of Devices
A 2.times.2 cm piece of Scotch double coated polyester film tape #90729 (3M Corp.) was attached to a piece of PP2500 transparency film and a 1.times.1 cm square of indicator membrane was fastened at the center of the tape. A 2.times.2 cm piece of untreated Versapel 10000 diffusion membrane was placed over the indicator membrane so the outer edges of the diffusion membrane were held in place by the tape. A 2.times.2 cm piece of substrate element was fastened to transparency film with Scotch double coated polyester film tape.
Test with Urease Containing Matrix
A 5 mm segment of urease impregnated thread was placed on the diffusion membrane over the yellow indicator membrane. A few drops of water were applied to the substrate element and it was placed on top of the thread on the diffusion membrane. The assembly was held together with a clamp and the indicator membrane was observed for a color change. Blue areas outlining the shape of the urease impregnated threads become visible at the following times:
______________________________________Urease in Impregnating Time of Appearance ofSolutions Blue Color(units/mL) (min)______________________________________0.43 501.3 11______________________________________
EXAMPLE 4
This example represents the use of a device of the present invention to determine Helicobacter pylori in an actual biopsy specimen.
Assembly of Devices
A 1.times.1.25 inch piece of substrate element as prepared in Example 3 above was fastened with polyester film tape to one end of a 1.times.4.8 inch piece of 0.01 inch thick clear polystyrene film. An indicator element was made by impregnating Versapel 5000 membrane with bromphenol blue as described in Example 3 next above. A 0.75.times.1 cm piece of indicator element was placed 0.75 inch from the substrate element on the polystyrene film. The indicator element was covered with a 1.times.1.25 inch piece of Versapel 5000 membrane (diffusion element) and the overlapping edges fastened to the polystyrene film with strips of polyester film tape.
The following materials were mixed in a mortar and pestle to obtain a viscous solution:
______________________________________1.4 g Polyvinyl Alcohol (2000 MW, 75% hydrolyzed)2.4 ml 0.02 M Potassium Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.2, 1.0 mM EDTA0.4 ml 4 mg Congo Red/ml water0.026 ml 385 Units Urease/ml buffer______________________________________
One end of a 2 mm diameter stainless steel rod was dipped into the viscous solution and touched against the diffusion element near one corner. This provided a positive control spot and was allowed to dry.
Test with Biopsy Specimens
Three biopsy specimens were taken from the stomach of a patient suffering from a gastric disorder and were placed about 3 mm apart on the diffusion element of the test device. The substrate element was rehydrated with five drops of water containing 1 mg of sodium azide per ml. The device was folded on itself as described herein such that the substrate element came into contact with the specimen and the diffusion element and device was fastened with a clamp to ensure continued contact.
Within three minutes blue spots appeared on the opposite side of the polystyrene support where the specimen was placed indicating that urease was present. By 6 to 7 minutes a blue spot appeared in the area adjacent to the positive control.
EXAMPLE 5
Ahlstrom 237 paper was dipped into 10 mM urea in water and dried at 60.degree. C. for 1 to 15 minutes.
Indicator Element
A 100 mM sulfamic acid solution was prepared by dissolving 242 mg of the acid in 5 ml of water and then adding 20 ml reagent alcohol. Two dip solutions were prepared. The first used 2.5 ml of the sulfamic acid solution, 2.5 ml reagent alcohol and 10 mg bromphenol blue. The second used 1.25 ml of the sulfamic acid solution, 3.75 ml reagent alcohol and 10 mg bromphenol blue. Versapel 5000 membranes were impregnated with these solutions and dried at 60.degree. C. for 5 minutes.
Construction of Devices
The indicator membranes described above were made with dips containing 25 and 50 mM sulfamic acid. Test devices were constructed with each of these membranes as described in Example 4. The substrate paper described in the present Example and Versapel 5000 membrane were the substrate and diffusion elements, respectively.
Segments of thread, 5 mm, impregnated with 1.33 units urease/ml (Example 1) were placed on the diffusion membranes of test devices. Then the substrate element was hydrated with 100 mM TRIS.HCl, pH 8.2, 1.0 mM EDTA. 0.1% sodium azide. The substrate elements were folded over onto the diffusion membranes and clamped in place. The times required for distinct blue images of the threads to appear were recorded. The indicator element made with dip containing 25 mM sulfamic acid required 25 to 35 minutes for the image to appear and the one made with dip containing 50 mM sulfamic acid required 55 to 65 minutes.

Number	Name	Date
3876502	Monte	Apr 1975
4748113	Marshall	May 1988
4830010	Marshall	May 1989
4923801	Marshall	May 1990

Test for Helicobacter pylori

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