Patent Application
20170122837
The invention relates to a test unit for quantitative analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface of a gear, in particular of a gear in a wind generator. The invention also relates to a method for quantitative analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface of a gear. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of the test unit for quantitative analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface of a gear of a wind generator.
Generally, the tooth surfaces in gears do not contact each other at the entire tooth flank. For determination of a contact area between cooperating tooth surfaces, a contact pattern paint, which is an oil-resistant colored paint, is applied on the tooth surfaces prior to testing. The gear is subsequently exposed to a test load. The contact pattern paint is abraded due to the applied forces and a resulting contact pattern on the tooth flanks carrying the partly paint are visually inspected afterwards. Typically, the contact pattern is analyzed in a qualitative visual inspection, which is mainly based on empirical expert knowledge.
For more precise determination of the boundaries between the contact areas and the non-contact areas in the gear pattern, the gear inspection system, which is disclosed in document US 2010/0158349 A1, applies a color camera. This captures images of the tooth flanks. In the frames, the color values of pixels are determined along a predetermined line across the tooth flank. The color values for these pixels are plotted as a function of the position of the pixels on the predetermined line. A gradient method is then utilized to find points of maximum slope in the curve. The method is based on the assumption that the boundaries of the contact area can be identified with these points of maximum slope. The analysis of the contact pattern is, however, restricted to a more precise localization of the boundaries of the contact area.
It is an object of the invention to provide a test unit for quantitative analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface. Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to provide a method for quantitative analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface. It is still another object of the invention to provide an advantageous use of the test unit.
In one aspect of the invention, a test unit for quantitative analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface of a gear is provided. The test unit is particularly suitable for inspection of a gear in a wind generator. The test unit comprises an optoelectronic sensor that captures images of a contact pattern paint, which resides on a tooth surface of the gear. Furthermore, the test unit comprises a control unit that is configured to determine and store a first distribution of an optical parameter of the contact pattern paint across the tooth surface. This is performed by analyzing a first captured image. The first distribution of the optical parameter is acquired before the tooth surface is exposed to a test load. After the tooth surface is exposed to the test load, a second distribution of the optical parameter of the contact pattern paint across the tooth surface is determined and stored by the control unit. This second distribution is determined by analyzing a second image of the tooth surface, which is captured after the test has been run. In addition to this, the control unit is configured to perform a quantitative analysis of a contact pattern. This analysis is based on a deviation between the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter of the contact pattern paint across the tooth surface.
In other words, the first distribution of the optical parameter serves as a reference measurement. The second distribution of the optical parameter is evaluated in view of this initial reference measurement. Due to this calibration, not only a qualitative analysis but a quantitative analysis can be performed. The amount of abraded contact pattern paint can be quantified or at least estimated.
The local value of the optical parameter, for example the color intensity of the contact pattern paint, varies with the load, which is applied on the tooth surface in the particular area. Due to the quantitative analysis of the contact pattern paint, a load distribution across the tooth surface can be determined.
The test unit according to aspects of the invention is particularly advantageous for inspection of gears in wind generators. These gears are frequently inspected in the field and not under laboratory conditions. Under these circumstances, it is hardly impossible to apply the contact patter paint with superb homogeneity. On the contrary, it will be more realistic that the contact pattern paint is applied slightly inhomogeneous, i.e. its thickness will probably vary across the tooth surface.
Conventional test units, which inspect the contact pattern paint only after the tooth surface was exposed to the test load, fail to compensate for errors, which are due to initial inhomogeneities. In particular, this applies to tests, which are performed outside the lab.
The test unit according to aspects of the invention, however, performs a calibrated measurement. This is not only less prone to errors but also allows the abraded mass of contact patter paint to be determined. This leads to a true quantitative analysis of the contact pattern.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the optoelectronic sensor is a camera, in particular a digital camera, which is configured to capture images of the tooth surface. The optoelectronic sensor can be a color sensor, in particular a color camera. This is configured to capture color images of the tooth surface. The acquired optical parameter can be for example: a color, a color intensity, a hue, or a brightness of the contact pattern paint. Furthermore, the optical parameter can be a combination of two or more of the color, the color intensity, the hue, or the brightness of the contact pattern paint.
Advantageously, the change of the contact pattern paint, which is due to the test load, can be analyzed using various parameters or even a combination of different parameters forming the optical parameter. The load, which is applied on the tooth surfaces, can have various effects on the individual parameters of the contact pattern paint. For example, during a test run, the color of the paint can change slower than its hue or the brightness. The wide parameter space for defining the optical parameter allows a detailed analysis. The optical parameter can be tailored to the individual requirements of the gear and the test run by selecting a suitable parameter of a couple of parameters.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the optoelectronic sensor is a grayscale sensor; in particular it is a black and white camera. This is configured to capture grayscale images of the tooth surface. In particular, the optical parameter is a brightness of the contact pattern paint. Depending on the particular requirements in the gear test, either a color camera or a grayscale camera can be the best choice. For example, when the brightness of the contact pattern paint turns out to be the best or at least sufficient optical parameter, a black and white camera can be superior to a color camera, because it typically offers the better spatial resolution. Furthermore, a black and white camera can be more economic, when compared to a color camera having similar performance characteristics.
In particular, the test unit is a portable or mobile unit, as for example a mobile phone or handheld portable device with an integrated camera. This renders it particularly suitable for in-field testing of gears in wind generators.
In another advantageous embodiment of the invention, the control unit is further configured to determine a face load distribution across the tooth surface. This is performed by analyzing the deviation between the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter across the tooth surface. The distribution of the optical parameter can be a two-dimensional distribution. For example, a value of the face load can be considered being more or less proportional to a change in one or more of the parameters. A high deviation of the color or the brightness can for example indicate a high face load. In an ideal situation, the relative change in color or brightness is known for each individual pixel of the captured frames. This plurality of relative values is determined from the comparison between the first and the second frame. A particular value of the face load can be calculated using the values for the change of the optical parameter.
In another embodiment of the invention, a face load factor can be calculated by analyzing the deviation between the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter across the tooth surface. The face load factor is typically defined as the local maximum linear load divided by the average linear load across the tooth surface. Based on the assumption that a change of the optical parameter is at least substantially proportional to the load, the face load factor can be calculated by determining a local maximum change of the optical parameter and dividing this value by an average value of the optical parameter across the tooth surface. For restriction of the calculation to the line load, which is considered in the face load factor, the values of the optical parameter can be considered along a predetermined line on the tooth surface.
In another aspect of the invention, a method for quantitative analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface of a gear is provided. The method is particularly suitable for analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface of a gear of a wind generator. Firstly, contact pattern paint is applied on a tooth surface of the gear. Subsequently, an image of the tooth surface is captured. In this image, a first distribution of an optical parameter of the contact pattern paint across the tooth surface is determined and data relative to the distribution is stored. Subsequently, a test of the gear is performed, wherein the tooth surface is exposed to a test load. Subsequent to the gear test, a second image of the tooth surface is captured and a second distribution of the optical parameter is determined. This second distribution is also stored. A quantitative analysis of the contact pattern is performed by analyzing a deviation between the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter of the contact pattern paint across the tooth surface.
In particular, the step of capturing the image includes capturing of a digital image of the tooth surface. The captured image can be a color image or a grayscale image. When a color image is captured, the optical parameter can be a color, a color intensity, a hue, or a brightness of the contact pattern paint. However, the optical parameter can also be a combination of two or more of the color, the color intensity, the hue, and/or the brightness of the contact pattern paint. When a grayscale image is captured, the optical parameter is the brightness of the contact pattern paint.
In addition to this, the method according to aspects of the invention can include a determination of a quantitative face load distribution across the tooth surface. This is calculated from a deviation between the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter, which is in particular a two-dimensional distribution across the tooth surface. Furthermore, a face load factor can be determined from the deviation between the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter.
Same or similar advantages, which have been already mentioned with respect to the test unit apply to the method according to aspects of the invention in a same or similar way and are therefore not repeated.
In still another aspect of the invention, a use of the test unit for quantitative analysis of a contact pattern on a tooth surface of a gear of a wind generator is provided. Due to the fact, the test unit performs a calibrated measurement; it is particularly suitable for performing tests in wind generator. The test is typically not conducted in a lab environment and the test unit can in particular compensate for inhomogeneities of the applied contact pattern paint. Further advantages of the use of the test unit ensue from the description of the test unit and shall not be repeated.
The aspects, embodiments and/or method steps of the invention can advantageously be implemented in the form of a computer program stored on a mobile device. The invention therefore also provides a computer program product implementing the aspects and features of the invention. Such a computer program is usually referred to as an application (short: “app”). The respective app may be downloaded and stored on a mobile and/or portable device. The portable device may then be configured by the app in order to perform the above described aspects and embodiments of the invention. This is particularly advantageous for in-field testing.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description and from the accompanying drawings to which reference is made. In the drawings:
In the simplified drawing of
The test unit 2 comprises an optoelectronic sensor 8 that captures images of a contact pattern paint, which is applied on the tooth surfaces 4. In particular, the optoelectronic sensor 8 is a camera, for example a digital camera, which is configured to capture digital images of the tooth surface 4. The optoelectronic sensor 8 can be either a color sensor or a grayscale sensor. For example, a digital color camera or a black and white camera, which is either configured to capture digital color images or digital grayscale images of the tooth surface 4, respectively, can be applied.
The optoelectronic sensor 8 is coupled to a control unit 10 via a data link 12. Both, the control unit 10 and the data link 12 can be configured according to commonly applied technical standard technology, which fits best with the requirements of the test unit 2. For example, the control unit 10 can be a computer, a microcontroller or the like. The data link is a USB or FireWire link, for example.
In particular, the test unit 2 is a portable unit. For in the field testing of gears, for example a gear, which is installed in a wind generator, a portable unit fits best with the needs of the service technicians.
The analysis of the contact pattern starts with the application of a contact pattern paint on the tooth surfaces 4. This is performed prior to the test run of the gear 6. The contact pattern paint is typically an oil-resistant deeply colored paint. Conventional contact pattern paints can be applied for testing of the gear 6.
However, before the test run is performed and the tooth surfaces 4 of the gear 6 are exposed to the test load, a first image of the tooth surface 4 is captured using the optoelectronic sensor 8. The image data is communicated via the data link 12 from the optoelectronic sensor 8 to the control unit 10.
The control unit 10 is configured to analyze the image data of the captured image. This analysis can be performed with respect to various optical parameters of the contact pattern paint. Suitable optical parameters are for example: the color, the color intensity, the hue, or the brightness. Naturally, this requires a color sensor. Furthermore, the optical parameter can be a combination of two or more of the named parameters. In other words, the optical parameter can be a combination of two or more of the color, the color intensity, the hue, and/or the brightness of the contact pattern paint. When a grayscale sensor is applied, the optical parameter is likely to be the brightness of the contact pattern paint.
The control unit 10 determines a first distribution of the optical parameter of the contact pattern paint across the tooth surface 4. When the optical parameter is, for example, the brightness, a two-dimensional distribution of the brightness of the contact pattern paint across the tooth surface 4 is determined. This can be performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. In other words, the control unit 10 stores a value of the brightness for each pixel in the captured frame. Each pixel can be assigned to a certain point or a tiny area on the surface 4 of the tooth. In other words, each pixel represents information with respect to a location on the tooth surface 4. The location of an individual pixel together with its brightness value represents one single coordinate in the two-dimensional distribution of the optical parameter. The entirety of locations of the pixels in a single frame together with brightness values, represent one possible two-dimensional distribution of the optical parameter. In a similar way, various other distributions of the optical parameter across the tooth surface 4 can be generated using one or more of the named parameters, for example the hue and/or the color intensity.
Subsequent to the acquisition and analysis of the first image, a test run is performed. The tooth surface 4 of the gear 6 is exposed to a test load. Subsequent to testing, a second image is captured using the optoelectronic sensor 8.
This second image provides the data basis for a similar analysis, which was carried out prior to testing. This reveals in a second distribution of the optical parameter, which is also stored in the control unit 10. In contrast to the first image, the second image includes data of partially abraded contact pattern paint. This is due to the load, which was applied in the test run.
The first distribution of the optical parameter, which characterizes the contact pattern paint prior to testing, and the second distribution of the optical parameter, which characterizes the contact pattern paint after testing, are now available. The control unit 10 calculates a deviation between the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter. Again, this can be performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis. For example, the values for the brightness of corresponding pixels in the first and second frame can be subtracted. In other words, a brightness difference image is determined by subtracting the brightness values of pixels having the same location.
This differential picture provides a basis for quantitative analysis of the contact pattern paint, in particular for determination of a quantitative load distribution across the tooth surface 4. In other words, the control unit 10 is configured to determine a quantitative load distribution across the tooth surface 4 from a deviation between the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter. Furthermore, a face load factor can be determined. The calculation of the face load factor will be explained in more detail below.
The above outlined mode of operation of the control unit is advantageously applicable to various optical parameters. For example, the optical parameter can be the color, the color intensity, or the hue of the contact pattern paint. Also a combination of two or more parameters can serve as the optical parameter. If more than one parameter provides the basis for the optical parameter, the individual parameters forming said optical parameter can also be weighted. The choice of the suitable parameters depends on the particular requirements and circumstances of the gear test. The combination and the weight of the parameters can be tailored to the particular requirements. As already mentioned, the optical sensor 8 can be a color sensor or a grayscale sensor. When the brightness of the contact pattern paint, for example, turns out to be the suitable optical parameter for characterizing the abrasion of the contact pattern paint, a black and white camera will be sufficient. In comparison to a color camera, a black and white camera typically offers the higher spatial resolution. This can be advantageous for some applications.
The test unit 10 according to aspects of the invention is capable of determining an amount of contact pattern paint, which is abraded from the tooth surface 4 during the test run. This is no self-evident feature since the initial distribution of the contact pattern paint is not necessarily homogeneous. Only by performing a reference measurement, i.e. the first distribution of the optical parameter, can the analysis be a quantitative analysis. This is not based on absolute values but on calibrated values of the optical parameter. With this type of measurement, the influence on the contact pattern paint, which is due to testing, can be filtered out.
The calibrated measurement enables the control unit 10 to perform a quantitative analysis. Based on the assumption that a load on a particular area on the tooth surface 4 is substantially proportional to a change in one or more of the optical parameters of the contact pattern paint in said area, the load distribution across the tooth surface 4 can be determined. When a certain area of the tooth surface 4 is subject to a high load, the contact pattern paint is expected to be heavily abraded. This will significantly change the optical parameter in this particular area. In other words, areas showing a high change in brightness, for example, are assumed to be exposed to a high load.
Based on information with respect to a difference between the first and second distribution of the optical parameter, a face load factor can be calculated. Generally, the face load factor is defined as:
wherein Fm/b is the average linear load across the tooth surface and (Fm/b)max □ is a local maximum linear load.
The face load factor is dimensionless. It is calculated from the relation between the average linear load and the local maximum linear load. Starting with the above-mentioned assumption that the load is more or less proportional to a change in the optical parameter, the color or brightness values, for example, will equal the local load on the tooth surface 4 multiplied by a scale factor. By analyzing the optical parameter along a predetermined line across the tooth surface 4, a value, which is proportional to the average linear load along this particular line, can be calculated. Similarly, the value of the local maximum linear load (multiplied by the identical scale factor) can be determined from the deviation of the optical parameter. When the face load factor is determined using the above formula, the scale factors cancel out.
In
The method starts (step S0) with the application of contact pattern paint on the tooth flanks or tooth surfaces 4 of the gear 6 (step S1). A first image of the tooth surface 4 is subsequently captured (step S2). The image data is communicated from the optoelectronic sensor 8 via the data link 12 to the control unit 10. A first two-dimensional distribution of an optical parameter, for example the brightness or the color of the contact pattern paint, is determined (step S3). This first distribution of the optical parameter is stored (step S4). Subsequently, a test run is performed. The tooth surfaces 4 of the gear 6 are exposed to a test load (step S5). After the test run, a second image of the tooth surface 4 is captured using the optoelectronic sensor 8 (step S6). The image data is again communicated via the data link 12 to the control unit 10. A second two-dimensional distribution of the optical parameter is determined (step S7). This is stored in the control unit 10 (step S8). Subsequently, the first and the second distribution of the optical parameter, which characterize the contact pattern paint prior and after testing, are compared (step S9). The deviation between the first and second two-dimensional distribution of the optical parameter, provides a basis for a quantitative analysis of the contact pattern (step S10). For example, a load distribution across the tooth surface 4 or a face load factor can be calculated (step S10). If no further measurement is desired, the method stops in step S11.
Although the invention has been described hereinabove with reference to specific embodiments, it is not limited to these embodiments and no doubt further alternatives will occur to the skilled person that lie within the scope of the invention as claimed.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14 160 930.5 | Mar 2014 | EP | regional |
This application is the U.S. national phase of PCT/EP 2015/055895, filed Mar. 20, 2015, claiming priority to EP 14 160 930.5, filed Mar. 20, 2014.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2015/055895 | 3/20/2015 | WO | 00 |
