Patent Grant
8104420
The invention relates generally to communications apparatuses, and in particular to a tethered communications apparatus that provides submerged vehicles with communications to the outside world.
Submerged vehicles, such as unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), are used in a variety of military applications, for example, surveillance, reconnaissance, navigation, and defense. When these vehicles are submerged, however, navigation and communication are difficult. Inertial navigation systems, such as gyroscopes or other computer and motion sensors that track position, orientation and velocity can be used, but these systems are subject to drift the longer they remain below the water surface. Highly accurate global positioning system (GPS) navigation systems and high-bandwidth radio frequency (RF) communications links are not directly available to submerged vehicles due to the rapid attenuation of radio frequency energy by water. Thus, submerged vehicles are limited to communicating with low bandwidth acoustics or wiring back to another vessel or shore platform.
Prior art communications devices for submerged vehicles, such as the device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,379,034, rely primarily on buoyancy to float an antenna to the water surface. The tow angle β of a tethered cable, calculated as the angle between the cable and the direction the submerged vehicle is traveling, is affected by the speed of the submerged vehicle. The faster the vehicle travels, the smaller the tow angle β, resulting in the tethered cable being pulled straight back and the communications device never reaching the water surface. The slower the submerged vehicle travels, the larger the tow angle β, resulting in the tethered cable drifting straight up and the communications device drifting to the surface. Prior art devices that rely primarily on buoyancy require the submerged vehicle to be stationary or to be traveling at significantly reduced speed in order for the antenna to drift to the surface. Thus, submerged vehicles using these prior art devices cannot simultaneously communicate and travel at operational speed. Other prior art systems, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,972,046 and 7,448,339, rely on an intermediary float tethered to an underwater vehicle and a surface float having an antenna. These prior art systems operate at very limited speed ranges because the surface floats would be pulled underwater at all but the slowest speeds. Additionally, the intermediary floats of these prior art systems are towed underwater, thereby increasing the probability of entanglement and drag when deployed. Still other prior art arrangements, including the antenna arrangement disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,058,874, do not provide for conformal stowage in which a tethered communications device can be stowed within and be quickly deployed from an underwater vehicle, thereby, minimizing drag and the likelihood of vehicle entanglement during operation.
Accordingly, there is a need and desire for an efficiently deployable tethered communications apparatus and system for providing submerged vehicles with bi-directional, high data rate communications to a nearby vessel or shore platform as well as GPS coordinate data for precise navigation while traveling at operational speed.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and illustrate specific embodiments that may be practiced. In the drawings, like reference numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice them, and it is to be understood that structural and logical changes may be made. Sequences of steps are not limited to those set forth herein and may be changed or reordered, with the exception of steps necessarily occurring in a certain order.
The problem of providing a submerged vehicle with above-the-surface communications to a nearby vessel, shore platform, or satellite while traveling at operating speed is solved by an efficiently deployable tethered tow body having a hydrodynamic and buoyant hull body and incorporating a lift-generating wing that provides hydrodynamic lift to efficiently lift the tow body containing antennas and other communications devices to the surface. The tow body allows for stable operation during underwater tow, surface tow, and transitions between underwater tow and surface tow.
Disclosed embodiments include communications apparatuses encompassing the principles of the tethered tow body, as well as various underwater systems that incorporate a tethered tow body or communications apparatus for establishing communications with a nearby vessel, shore platform, or satellite.
The invention may be used to particular advantage in the context of submerged vehicles. Therefore, the following example embodiments are disclosed in the context of UUV systems. However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to incorporate the invention into numerous other alternative systems that, while not shown or described herein, embody the principles of the invention.
In accordance with an advantageous feature of this disclosed embodiment, tow body 120 is deployed from the tow body stowage area 160 of UUV 170, thus, enabling UUV 170 to repeatedly establish communications with the outside world in a quick and efficient manner. Communications apparatus 110, comprising hydrodynamic tow body 120 and tether 130 connecting tow body 120 to reeling assembly 150, can be completely stowed inside the tow body stowage area 160 to achieve seamless integration within UUV 170. Communications apparatus 110 is positively buoyant enabling it to float to the surface using hydrostatic force when UUV 170 is stationary. If desired, vehicle guidance docking plates can be installed in the tow body stowage area 160 to help align tow body 120 inside UUV 170. Seamless integration of communications apparatus 110 has the effect of minimizing drag and minimizing the possibility of entanglement as UUV 170 moves underwater. The communications apparatus 110 and reeling assembly 150 are made so that they are collectively neutrally buoyant and, therefore, will not impact the depth control of UUV 170 when stowed or deployed.
The present inventors have discovered that tow bodies that combine a lift-generating wing and a stable body structure achieve good hydrodynamic performance. Therefore, in accordance with the embodiments described herein, tow body 120 has a lifting wing mounted on top of a tow body structure and, optionally, at least one side float arranged on either side of the body structure for providing buoyancy at the outer edges of lifting wing and to stabilize tow body 120 during underwater tow.
In accordance with an advantageous feature of the disclosed embodiment, tow body 120 is hydrodynamically clean in that it is designed to minimize drag during underwater tow, to achieve good hydrodynamic performance during surface tow, and to transition stably between underwater tow and surface tow. Tow body 120 is able to smoothly transition from underwater tow to being towed at least partially above the surface during communication. Additionally, tow body 120 is able to smoothly transition from surface tow to being towed below the surface during retrieval.
In the example embodiment of
Lifting wing 200 is mounted on top of center hull body 235 to provide hydrodynamic lift for lifting an underwater tow body 120 to at least partially above the water surface. Lifting wing 200 is at least as long as the length of tow body structure 210 and is wider than the width of tow body structure 210, preferably, not greater than its length. The width of lifting wing 200, however, is constrained by the width of UUV 170. According to the example embodiment of
According to the example embodiment of
Tow body structure 210 of the disclosed embodiment is made of polycarbonate, however, tow body structure 210 can be made of any other non-metallic material having positive buoyancy, such as, for example, carbonfiber, plastic, and fiberglass. The outer hull of tow body structure 210 is preferably coated with a fiberglass resin or polyester coating to provide a low drag surface.
Vertical stabilizer 255 extends from the bottom of tow body structure 210, preferably the bottom of aft cone 240, to keep tow body 120 substantially parallel with the water surface. If desired, vertical stabilizer 255 is mounted to tow body structure 210 through a keel slot 265 built on the underside of aft cone 240. In an advantageous feature of this embodiment, vertical stabilizer 255 is retractable during stowage to minimize the size of tow body stowage area 160 within UUV 170. Vertical stabilizer 255 can be made retractable using a spring or tether 130 can be used to extend vertical stabilizer 255 during deployment of tow body 120. Upon retrieval, vertical stabilizer 255 will be forced inside aft cone 240 by the rear edge of tow body stowage area 160.
According to the example embodiment of
Antenna 250 should be as vertical as possible during surface tow so as to provide optimum communications to a nearby vessel or shore platform. In the disclosed embodiment, antenna 250 is spring mounted to lifting wing 200 to keep antenna 250 substantially upright during surface tow. Antenna 250 is preferably positioned to pivot slightly to the rear of tow body 120 to reduce the possibility of breakage if tow body 120 encounters an obstacle during tow. According to another advantageous feature of this embodiment, antenna 250 folds down during retrieval and stowage to reduce drag. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that an electro-mechanical device can be used to raise and fold the spring mounted antenna 250. Alternatively, a gimbaled antenna mount can be used to maintain correct antenna position. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous other ways can be devised to keep antenna 250 substantially vertical during surface tow.
In accordance with an advantageous feature of the disclosed embodiment, the watertight chamber of center hull body 235 preferably encloses all electronics required for communications apparatus 110 except for antenna 250. Communications apparatus 110 may be rapidly integrated with many different types of UUV systems since UUV systems need only be able to send and receive data over standard Ethernet connection using standard internet protocol (IP) network protocols.
Heat sink plate 300 is preferably composed of aluminum and welded perpendicularly to aft bulkhead 310. Electronics assembly 320 is mounted on both sides of heat sink plate 300. Electronics assembly 320 is connected to 802.11 antenna 250 and a watertight connector 330 for tow cable 230. Alternatively, electronics assembly 320 may be potted inside hull body 235.
The present inventors have discovered that high signal attenuation, increased power consumption, and difficulty in detecting when an antenna has reached the surface result from locating only the 802.11 and GPS antennas on tow body 120 such that the two antennas are connected to radio receivers onboard UUV 170 via a RF coaxial cable. Therefore, UUV 170, preferably, incorporates a power over Ethernet module that co-locates radio electronics and antennas for both 802.11 and GPS frequency bands. Co-location of the radio electronics and antennas allows for a thin tow cable to be used for communications apparatus 110 and minimizes signal attenuation from the use of tow cable 230.
Tow cable 230 transfers both power and data between tow body electronics assembly 320 and UUV 170. The present inventors have found that using a coaxial cable to send RF signals to a surface antenna would significantly increase the overall weight of communications apparatus 110. At low operational speeds, tow body 120 would be unable to lift a heavy cable, thereby increasing the likelihood of entanglement and significantly reducing the operational range of UUV 170. Thus, tow cable 230 is preferably a fiber optic cable. Using a polypropylene jacket, fiber optic cable 230 can be made slightly buoyant, thereby, reducing the possibility of cable entanglement. If UUV 170 is stationary, a buoyant fiber optic cable 230 can reach the surface if the deployed cable scope is greater than the depth.
Another alternative embodiment of tow body 120 is illustrated in
While the embodiment of
The example embodiment of
An integrated GPS antenna and receiver module 620 is connected to a RS232-level serial interface 670. The integrated GPS antenna and receiver module 620 can be, for example, Mighty GPS's all-in-one BG-320RGT GPS module. The RS232-level serial interface 670 output is connected directly to the CM-X270 serial port of embedded processor 650. Tow body structure 210 is made of a non-metallic material and, thus, will not interfere with satellite reception.
Embedded processor 650 preferably supports the open source embedded Linux operating system, but any other operating system supported by embedded processor 650 may be used. The operating system on embedded processor 650 runs at least three software modules that together provide the required functionality for communications apparatus 110.
First, the disclosed embodiment includes network layer packet routing software to forward IP packets between UUV 170 and, for example, a remote surface receiver. The routing software should not buffer packets due to intermittent or slow wireless connections, for example, because buffering should be handled by a TCP control flow set up by UUV 170 or the remote surface receiver.
Second, embedded processor 650 includes a software module for supporting GPS navigation or other similar type platforms as known in the art. This software module receives, parses and decodes serial GPS NMEA 0813 messages from integrated GPS antenna and receiver module 620. The decoded GPS information would be collected and sent periodically to UUV 170 as, for example, a TCP, UDP, XML, or CORBA message through Ethernet LAN port 680.
Third, embedded processor 650 includes a software module for supporting communications between UUV 170 and communications apparatus 110. This software module sends status information to and receives command and control messages from UUV 170. Status information from embedded processor 650 includes, for example, wireless signal strength, available wireless networks, status of float switch 610 and GPS receiver 620, and other system information. Command messages from UUV 170 includes, for example, control over the transmit power, configured wireless network, encryption parameters, and other network and system configurations.
If desired, an optional bi-directional RF amplifier 600 can be added between antenna 250 and the onboard 802.11 radio receiver 620 to improve link reliability and boost transmit power. The disclosed embodiment uses a 2.4 GHz bi-directional RF amplifier, such as, for example, the 2400CAE 2.4 GHz bi-directional amplifier manufactured by RF Linx, which provides 1 W of transmit power and 20 dB of receive gain. Amplifier 600 is preferably mounted directly on heat sink plate 300 for improved heat dissipation.
In accordance with another illustrative feature of the disclosed embodiment, communications apparatus 110 has seawater cooling electronics capability. Referring to
Reeling assembly 150 provides tension for holding stowed tow body 120 inside UUV 170. If desired, an inner cover 740 which conforms to the bottom of tow body 120 can be mounted over reeling assembly 150 to streamline the tow body stowage area 160 and, thereby reduce drag. A hole in the cover 740 serves as a fairlead in directing tether 130 onto the drum 710. Once tow body 120 has reached the surface, float switch 610 of electronics assembly 320 is triggered to signal the DC motor to stop. High-speed communication to another vessel or shore platform and acquisition of GPS satellite data can then commence.
UUV 170 can provide all the power required to run electronics assembly 320 except for a small battery that runs a clock inside electronics assembly 320. Fiber optic cable 230 preferably contains two 24 American Wire Gauge (AWG) conductors for transporting power to tow body 120 from UUV 170 and a fiber for transporting data. A single 24 gauge wire provides almost 7 W of power at 12 V. The present inventors found that electronics assembly 320 would require approximately 2 W to 12 W depending on the RF amplifier used. If needed, additional power can be obtained by using a DC-DC converter 630 to step down the transmitted voltage at tow body 120.
Referring to
Careful consideration must be given to selecting optimum location(s) to attach bridle(s) 270 to tow body 120 so that a sufficient lifting force is created to lift tow body 120 to the surface and the attack angle α is approximately 10 to 20 degrees when tow body 120 is pulled across the surface. The bridle attachment point(s) can be located on bridle attachment bars 220, vertical stabilizer 255, or at other locations including, for example, the tow body's 120 center of pressure and center of buoyancy. The present inventors have discovered that a two-point bridle attachment provided a stable configuration and low drag during underwater tow, surface tow, and transitions to and from the surface. The two bridle attachment points are located at the fore and aft ends of bridle attachment bar 220 extending from the bottom of tow body structure 210. Alternatively, the aft end attachment point can be located on vertical stabilizer 255 below the center of buoyancy, as shown in
The foregoing merely illustrate the principles of the invention. Although the invention may be used to particular advantage in the context of submerged vehicles, those skilled in the art will be able to incorporate the invention into other non-vehicle systems, such as submerged platforms. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous alternative arrangements that, while not shown or described herein, embody the principles of the invention and thus are within its spirit and scope.
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| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2 283 520 | Sep 2006 | RU |
| 2 283 520 | Sep 2006 | RU |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110011323 A1 | Jan 2011 | US |
