Text recorder with automatic word ending

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention deals with improvements in text recorders, i.e., typewriter or typewriter-like devices which may produce intelligible text of printed form or a text display by the use of a CRT or the like, or both.
RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is an improvement of the device disclosed in our copending application entitled "Multi-Character-Display Controller for Text Recorder", Ser. No. 107,467 Filed Dec. 26, 1979, now abandoned in favor of continuation application Ser. No. 393,981 filed June 30, 1982.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As described in our above-referenced application, there have been many suggestions made to improve keyboarding efficiency in typewriter and typewriter-like devices. In addition to the prior art mentioned in the above-identified application, there have also been suggestions for devices to automatically verify the spelling of text input through a keyboard. A particular disadvantage of most such devices is the relatively vast amount of storage required, and several recent suggestions, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,925,761 and 3,995,254, evidence an effort to reduce the required amount of storage.
The addition to the typewriter (which is itself about 100 years old), of the intelligence afforded by programmed digital computers, and even more recently by the microprocessor, allows a vast improvement in the intelligence of the device without significantly increasing the space it occupies since the microprocessor itself and its related storage devices can easily be enclosed in otherwise unused spaces within a typewriter casing.
Electronic typewriters, i.e., typewriters including digital processors, on the market today generally are comprised of three basic components. A first component is the keyboard itself which generally has an appearance similar to other conventional typewriters in that the layout of the alphanumeric keys is standard, although it may have a few additional function implementing keys. In contrast to the earlier mechanical or electro-mechanical typewriters, the function of the keyboard in the modern electronic typewriter is merely to generate a unique signal in dependence upon a particular key actuated by an operator. This signal sometimes called the keycode, is then presented to the electronics, which is the second major component in the typewriter. The function of the electronics is to interpret the keycode in order to generate character or function identifying signals which are fed to the third component, i.e., the display mechanism for the generation of alphabetic symbols, numerical symbols, punctuation marks, other graphic symbols, and the functions necessary to relate these symbols. These various symbols must be related in a format which is easily understood by a reader and this requires such functions as spacing between different symbols, spacing between words, spacing between lines, and locating symbols in an ordered sequence as determined by the operator's actuation of the various keys on the keyboard. The particular form which the character and function identifying signals take depends in large part on the form of the display or output mechanism. For example, in those typewriters which include a print ball, the character identifying signals must be such as to cause the ball to rotate and tilt to the proper orientation to locate the desired character with respect to the printed page so that when the ball is impacted, the desired character symbol will be produced. On the other hand, in those typewriters employing an ink jet printer, the character and function identifying signals may take on different characteristics, and the same character and function identifying signals for use with the CRT or the like display possess still other requirements. Inasmuch as the present invention can be employed with all of these, and other equivalent output devices, the specific form of the character and function identifying signals will not be detailed here as they are well known to those skilled in the art.
In large part, the electronic typewriter mimics the function of the electromechanical or mechanical typewriter. More particularly, in the mechanical typewriter, the operator's actuation of a specific key produced the combination of mechanical movements which resulted in a type bar carrying an image of the character associated with the actuated key impacting a type ribbon onto a page to produce an image of that character and to also allow the paper carrying carriage or a movable print carrier to be displaced so that a next character is printed adjacent the previously printed character. In other words, this mechanical typewriter translated the operator's actuation of a specific key to a specific set of mechanical movements to produce the desired image. Similarly, the electronic typewriter translates the keycode generated by the operator's actuation of the key in the keyboard to those signals necessary to produce the desired image from the particular display device being driven.
However, with the intelligence added to the typewriter by the digital processor, additional functions can be implemented; one important function is the buffering between input and output provided by a storage device contained in the electronics. Thus, most electronic typewriters include a buffer into which the keycode is stored, and sequential key actuation result in the storage of sequential keycodes identifying the keys and the sequence in which they are actuated. The output device is then driven sequentially from the keycodes read from storage and translated through the medium of a storage table correlating keycodes and character or function identifying signals.
Hereinafter when referring to electronic typewriters we use the term as equivalent to a text recorder in that "typewriter" no longer carriers the implication of a machine necessarily requiring "type" to produce a text record. By text recorder we mean any device which produces a record (whether or not permanent) of a series of text characters and symbols interrelated to convey meaningful information to a human reader.
The referred to application discloses how, under certain circumstances, the actuation of a single key can be decoded into a string of character signals, so that actuation of a single key can produce a multi-character output. The referred-to application further discloses how, under certain circumstances, the particular multi-character output produced by the actuation of a specific key can be varied. One feature of the invention disclosed in the referred-to application is that of producing a first multi-character string upon the first actuation of a specific key, and producing a second multi-character string on a second sequential actuation of the identical key. Another feature of the invention disclosed in the referred-to application is that of producing a first or second single or multi-character string upon the actuation of a specific key in dependence upon the identity of a key actuated prior to the specific key. In the context of the referred-to application, this feature allowed the multi-character text recorder to output either a suffix or a word; the suffix was produced if the previously entered key was a character and the word was produced if the previously enetered key was a function such as a space or carriage return.
The present invention is arranged to solve a related but slightly different problem and to assist in both improving keyboard efficiency by generating a multi-character signal string in response to actuation of a single key, and at the same time, insuring the correctness of the spelling of the words so typed. In particular, many word endings sound the same but are spelled differently. For example, the word endings having the sound "ceed" can be spelled "sede", "cede", or "ceed". Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a typewriter or text recorder for producing a multi-character signal string identifying one of plural character strings representing word endings which sound the same. The selection is made in dependence upon previously entered characters forming the remainder of the word for which the word ending is desired. Thus, for example, a typewriter or text recorder in accordance with the present invention may have a plurality of word ending keys, each associated with differently spelled word endings, all sounding the same, each key, when actuated, producing the appropriate word ending associated with the previously entered characters. While such word ending writing keys can be keys in addition to those found in the standard keyboard, they can also be incorporated within the standard keyboard by being associated with keys which are infrequently used during text typing. In those cases where the word ending writing key functions are included in the conventional keyboard, a mode key can be provided to the operator to only allow automatic word ending writing when the text recorder is in a word ending writing mode, or to prevent automatic word ending writing when the text recorder is not in a word ending writing mode. On the other hand, such a decision can be removed from the hands of the operator by incorporating within the logic of the text recorder the decision as to whether or not automatic word ending writing is appropriate which decision can also be made dependent upon previously entered keys.
Furthermore, while signals representing different word endings in each word ending group can be generated from a different key, a relatively large dictionary of word endings, some of which sound the same and others of which do not, can be produced by the actuation of a single word ending writing key, the specific word ending produced on actuation of the key being dependent upon the previously entered keys.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Thus, in accordance with the invention, an automatic word ending typewriter includes a text display device, i.e., impact printer, ink jet printer, CRT display or the like, which displays intelligible text in response to character and function identifying signals, a keyboard for actuation by an operator including a plurality of keys, each of which produces a unique keycode when actuated and a decoder responsive to the keycode signals from the keyboard for producing one of at least two groups of one or more character identifying signals in response to actuation of a selected key on the keyboard, each group of character identifying signals representing a different word ending, wherein said word ending means includes means for selecting among said groups dependent upon one or more key actuations prior to actuation of the selected key.
Different embodiments of the invention are presented, each of which, however, employ a sequential logic processor as the decoding means and in which the sequential logic processor includes the word ending means.
In one embodiment of the invention, which employs decision tree processing, a decision tree is implemented beginning with the identity of the key entered prior to actuation of the selected key. Each branch in the tree represents a previously entered key. Each node in the decision tree is represented by a table which has an entry for each branch connected to the node. Any node which is not connected to another node (i.e., no branch) identifies the desired word ending and therefore, the associated entry in the table includes identification of the desired character string forming the word ending. In the event that the node is connected to another node, instead of containing a representation of the desired character string, it contains a representation which, when summed with a representation of the next prior character, points to an entry in a further table. In effect, the decision tree processor begins within initiation of automatic word ending, retrieves from a memory an immediately prior entered character. This character keycode, or keycode related quantity directs the processor to a table entry which itself points to: (a) a selected word ending; (b) a further table or (c) a default entry. If the entry directs the processor to a further table, a further prior entered character is extracted which directs the processor to a specific entry in the further table. This entry also has the same three possibilities. Processing is carried out by sequentially retrieving prior entered characters until result (a) or (c) is achieved.
The processor determines the appropriate word ending by traveling through the decision tree from branch-to-branch until the desired word ending is located.
In another embodiment of the invention, a sum is formed of quantities unique to each alphabetic character, and cleared on selected functions or characters such as space function, numerical character or the like. When the selected key is actuated, the sum is used as a pointer to the desired word ending string.
In the third embodiment three word ending designators are available to allow ready selection among a relatively large group of word endings with minimum processing time and storage requirements.
The first designator is the identify of the key entered just prior to automatic word ending initiation. This is determined by reading from a storage buffer into which keycodes are written in the sequence that keys are actuated by the operator. In some cases the identity of the character will uniquely identify the appropriate word ending or immediately signal a default condition. In either event, processing is terminated. If the identity of the immediately preceding character is inadequate then the second designator is employed. A character preceding table (CPT) stores, for each potential character, information representing an appropriate word ending, a default condition or a pointer to a further table if this single designator cannot uniquely determine an appropriate word ending.
As each character in a word is keyed in by the operator a quantity, uniquely related to each actuated key, is added to a prior sum in an accumulator (termed the alpha sequence ID register). Thus sum, at the time automatic word ending is initiated can be used to select an appropriate word ending.
For the few cases in which the two designators are inadequate a third data item can be used to resolve the remaining conflicts. For example, this third data item can comprise the first character in the word corresponding to one of two (or more) otherwise apparently appropriate word endings. This third data item can be compared with the first character keyed in by the operator. A match or lack of match then indicates the correct word ending if there are only two available choices. The presence of three or more choices requires one or more comparisons.
The use of plural designators allows the designators to be chosen to effectively select appropriate word endings with minimum storage and processing requirements in accordance with the ensemble of allowable word endings.
In the embodiments of the invention presented herein, the representation of the word ending string pointed to, when the desired word ending has been determined, can alternatively comprise a memory area which stores the necessary character identifying signals, or on the other hand, a memory area which stores only pointers to the memory areas which already store representations of the desired character identifying signals. The latter alternative is disclosed in detail in the above-referenced copending application, in which a start address storage area stores a plurality of pointers, each pointer representing the address of a sequence of pointers, the sequence of pointers each pointing to representations of the character identifying signals.
In one form of the invention, the selected key, which generates the keycode calling for automatic word ending, may comprise a key which is used uniquely for this purpose. The key can be arranged to address all possible word endings which are automatically written, and the selection between the available word endings is determined by the characters associated with the previously actuated keys. On the other hand, a set of keys can be used, each of the keys generating a different keycode and each of them actuating automatic word ending operation. Each of these keys is associated with a different group of word ending character strings; one convenient manner of grouping the word ending character strings for each key is by grouping the word ending strings that sound alike.
A further alternative is to use multi-purpose keys to generate the keycode to actuate automatic word ending. In order to designate the desired effect of the keycode from such a multi-purpose key, a further key can be employed to place the machine in an automatic word ending mode or remove the machine from an automatic word ending mode. This mode selection key is arranged to set or reset a latch, and when the latch is set and the multi-purpose key is actuated, automatic word ending is performed. In this alternative, a single multi-purpose key can be used to address all possible word endings, or groups of word endings can be associated with different multi-purpose keys.
Finally, the multi-purpose key can be arranged to initiate automatic word ending only if a previously actuated key was a character (or a hyphen) as will be disclosed.
The case in which the word ending appears can be fixed either as upper or lower case or, preferably, the case is determined by the status of shift or shift lock signals at the time the automatic word ending actuating key is depressed. More particularly, the conventional shift or shift lock keys on the typewriter control the status of the shift and shift lock latches. When the shift key is depressed, the shift latch is set, when the shift key is released, the shift latch is reset. When the shift lock key is depressed, it is mechanically retained in its depressed condition, and a latch is set. On the next depression of the shift lock key, it is mechanically released, and the shift lock latch is reset. These latches provide shift and shift lock signals which conventionally control the case in which a character is displayed. If either the shift lock or shift latches are set, the character is displayed in upper case, if both latches are reset, the character is displayed in lower case. Preferably, the status of the shift and shift lock latches is retained (i.e., stored) at the time the automatic word ending key is actuated, and the display of the various characters in the selected character string are made in a case determined by the status of the shift and shift lock latches at the time the key actuating the automatic word ending operation is actuated.
Finally, the invention also includes the disclosed method of automatic word ending in a text recorder of the type having:
a text display for the display of text in intelligible format,
a keyboard with plural alpha, numeric function and symbol graphic keys for producing a unique keycode on actuation, and
decoding means responsive to the keycodes for driving said text display wherein the method comprises the steps of:
storing a CPT table representing a matrix of appropriate word ending representations as a function of a character preceding a word ending, if said preceding character uniquely identifies an appropriate word ending,
addressing said CPT table with a representation of a character preceding actuation of an automatic word ending initiating key activation to identify an appropriate word ending, and
employing said identification to select appropriate signals to drive said display to display said identified word ending.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The present invention is now further described in the following portion of the specification to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention, when taken in conjunction with the attached drawing in which like reference characters identify identical apparatus and in which:
FIGS. 1, 2, 3A and 3B illustrate different arrangements of a typewriter keyboard for use with the present invention;
FIGS. 4A-4D are block diagrams of four embodiments of a text recorder;
FIG. 5 shows a decision tree appropriate for the "ceed" sounding word endings;
FIG. 6 illustrates a table appropriate for the decision tree of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 illustrates the logic flow for the decision tree processing;
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate the start address tables with the pointers to function control storage;
FIG. 10 illustrates the logic flow for processing associated with the alpha sequence register word ending selection;
FIG. 11 is a table showing frequency of occurrence of an assembly of eight word endings as a function of the character preceding the word ending;
FIG. 12 illustrates the CPT table appropriate for the third embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 13A and 13B-D represent alpha table format and the plurality of alpha tables whose use is appropriate with the third embodiment;
FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate the exception table format and an exception table appropriate to the third embodiment;
FIG. 15 represents the character sequence table useful for producing a character string once an appropriate start address, representing the desired word ending, has been determined;
FIGS. 16A-C illustrate the logic flow appropriate to the third embodiment, and
FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate supplementary logic in connection with use of a multi-purpose key without use of a mode latch.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 illustrates a text recorder keyboard laid out in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention to execute automatic word ending operation. As shown in FIG. 1, the layout of the alpha-numeric keys and function keys for conventional typewriter operation is conventional. The key CR represents the carrier return or line ending key, depression of which initiates that function. FIG. 1 illustrates three variations over such a conventional arrangement; firstly, a word ending mode key 38 is illustrated which, when actuated, will change the mode of the text recorder from automatic word ending to non-automatic word ending and vice versa. Of course, the location of the key 38 in the illustrated keyboard is subject to wide variations. Secondly, the fraction key 35, the key to the right of the "p" character key, will, when actuated in the word ending writing mode, produce the character identifying signals appropriate to the previously executed character keys, such as the multi-character word endings "cede", "sede", "ceed", "tion", "sion", "ize", "ise", or "yze". Finally, indicator 22 such as a light emitting diode, is available within the operator's viewing area to indicate whether or not the text recorder is in the automatic word ending mode. Indicator 22 may be energized or de-energized on alternate actuations of key 38.
In operation, in the automatic word ending mode, that is, with the indicator 22 illuminated, assume the operator actuates the keys corresponding to characters "pre" and then actuates key 35. In response to sequential actuation of the keys "pre", the text recorder will display the characters "pre". Furthermore, coded signals representing the actuated keys are stored in the order of their actuation. When key 35 is actuated, the text recorder determines that it is in the automatic word ending mode and therefore, display of either of the fraction characters 1/2 or 1/4 is inhibited. Rather, the text recorder identifies the previously actuated key (e) and determines the appropriate word ending string, or determines that the appropriate word ending string cannot be determined from the identity of the previously entered key and therefore, further processing is initiated which may examine the key (r) entered previous to the previously entered key. This process continues until the appropriate word ending string is identified from one or more previously entered keys or other processing to be disclosed herein. When the identity of the appropriate word ending is accomplished, the appropriate word ending is displayed adjacent to the previously entered characters. In the example described, the appropriate word ending to the characters "pre" is "cede".
The case of the automatically displayed word ending characters is also determined by the text recorder in response to the status of shift lock and shift signals, which status is controlled respectively by the shift lock key 41 and the shift key 40.
In the event that key 35 is actuated when the automatic text recorder is not in the automatic word ending mode, then the appropriate fraction character, either 1/2 or 1/4, will be displayed depending upon the status of the shift and shift lock signals, as is conventional in the prior art typewriters. It is also within the scope of the invention to allow the recorder to determine upon actuation of key 35, whether automatic word ending is appropriate. This can be determined from the previously entered key. If it is an alpha character and the automatic word ending is appropriate the word ending is induced. On the other hand, if previous key is a space function or a key other than an appropriate alpha character the recorder defaults to the fraction display.
FIG. 2 is an alternate arrangement for the keyboard according to the present invention. The keyboard of FIG. 2 is identical to the keyboard of FIG. 1 with the exception that the fraction key 35 is no longer associated with the automatic word ending operation. Rather, the numeral keys 28-30 are now associated with the automatic word ending mode, wherein key 28 is associated with a group of three word endings, key 29 is associated with another group of two word endings and key 30 is associated with a third group of three word endings. Automatic word ending operation is available when the text recorder is in the automatic word ending mode, much as in the example described in connection with FIG. 1. However, when any of keys 28-30 is actuated in the automatic word ending mode, only one group of word endings will be examined to determine the appropriate word ending.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show two further keyboards in accordance with the present invention. The keyboard of FIGS. 3A and 3B differ from the keyboards of FIGS. 1 and 2 in that the word ending mode key 38 has been eliminated. Rather, the keyboard of FIG. 3A incorporates an automatic word ending key 11 which, when actuated, will initiate the automatic word ending to select among a large group of possible word endings, some of which sound alike, and others of which do not. FIG. 3B is a further alternative in which the word ending key 11 of FIG. 3A has been replaced by a I key 12 and a II key 13. As is implied in FIG. 3B, when I key 12 is actuated, an appropriate word ending from the group "ceed", "cede", or "sede" will be selected and displayed depending upon the previously entered character or characters. Similarly, when II key 13 is actuated, the appropriate word ending among the possible word endings "ize", "ise" or "yze" will be selected and displayed, depending upon the identity of one or more previously entered characters.
One embodiment of the automatic word ending text recorder of the invention is illustrated in block diagram fashion in FIG. 4A. The keyboard 20 shown in FIG. 4A can be of any of the keyboards illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2, 3A or 3B. Each of the keys in the keyboard 20 when actuated produces, in a keyboard interface 1, a multi-bit code (keycode) representative of an actuated key. The display 21 is driven by the interface 54, and can comprise a hard copy printer of any of a plurality of conventional such printers, or a CRT display or the like, also conventional. The digital processor 50, illustrated in FIG. 4A, is employed to respond to each of the different keycodes provided by the interface 1, and to output the necessary character and function identifying signals to the interface 54 to appropriately drive the display 21. While a preferred embodiment employs a microprocessor, which is preferable from the size standpoint, those skilled in the art will understand that other digital processors could be used instead.
As shown in FIG. 4A, the digital processor 50 is coupled to the keyboard interface 1, and to the output interface 54 via data, address and control lines. The digital processor 50 includes a sequential logic processor (microprocessor) 52 and a read only storage (ROS) device 53. Also coupled to the data, address and control lines of the microprocessor 52 is a read/write storage (R/W) device 51.
Preferably, the read only storage device 53 embodies, in coded form, a set of predetermined responses for the processor 52 as well as fixed data which will be defined hereinafter. For example, and as is explained in the above-referenced application, the fixed data may include data corresponding to the function control storage (translating keycodes to character and function identifying signals), files containing pointer information for pointing to specific locations in the function control storage, etc. The read/write storage device 51, on the other hand, may include reserved areas for the storage of the keycode of the keystroke being processed, as well as keystrokes awaiting processing, and in addition, an area reserved for previous key entry or entries.
Before describing the operation of the inventive automatic word ending apparatus, normal operation of an electronic typewriter of the form generally shown in FIG. 4A will be discussed.
When a key in the keyboard 20 is depressed, the contact closures, in connection with the keyboard interface 1, generate a multi-bit code, called a keycode, which is unique to the actuated key. The microprocessor 52 responds to recognition of the keycode firstly by storing the keycode, in an area set aside for the present keycode. Once the keycode is stored, the processing of the keycode is begun. Typically, the processing is limited to determining the corresponding character or function identifying signals which will be output to the interface 54 to drive the display 21. This translation of the coding function is effected by employing the keycode as an address into a reserved area of the ROS device 53 (function control storage), at which the corresponding character or function identifying signals are stored. While normally the processing of the keycode entry is rapid, the processing of some entries may require significant amounts of time and therefore, the input/output operations may be interrupted to store a subsequent keycode. By appropriate use of pointers, the microprocessor 52 can keep track of the location of present keycode being processed so that subsequent keycodes can be processed in the order of their receipt. At some time in the processing of a keycode it is also stored in R/W storage device 51 in an area reserved for the line (or other length) of text that is being generated. Thus, the R/W storage device 51 may retain plural keycodes, for example, those entered between the first index, to start a line, and a second index, to terminate display of a line and to begin operations on another line. Thus, not only does the microprocessor 52 keep track of the keycodes being processed, but it can also refer to previous keycodes entered in the same line of type or in some other length text string.
The read only storage device 53, in addition to containing the various tables which will be described hereinafter contains the instructions for keycode and display processing routines which, in effect, personalize the processor 52 and provide it with the desired characteristics. Those portions of the processing routines which merely store the keycode in the R/W storage device 51 and increment the pointer to the next available keycode storage location, as well as the output processing functions which select a decoded or translated character or function signal and provide it to the interface 54 for display purposes, will not be described herein inasmuch as those functions are well known to those skilled in the art. The intermediate functions, however, namely, those of extracting the keycode from the R/W storage device 51 and translating that code into a character or function signal or a multi-character signal for automatic word ending in accordance with the present invention will be described herein. Before describing that processing, we will now describe the various reserved areas in the read only storage device 53 which are used during that processing.
A first reserved area in read only storage device 53 corresponds to the function control storage 6 of the above-referenced application. This reserved area is addressed by a keycode, either directly, indirectly or in a relative fashion, and stored at the corresponding location is the respective character or function signal necessary to drive the display 21. Thus, for example, at the location corresponding to a space keycode would be those signals necessary to escape the display print point (the point at which the next symbol will be located) in the case of an impact printer or similar function in the case of a CRT or ink jet printer. Likewise, the entries for characters, in addition to allowing the spacing function to proceed after printing or display, provide for printing or display of the appropriate character, and the case (upper or lower) may be determined by a control signal which accompanies the character identifying signal or may be derived from the function control storage area itself.
DECISION TREE EMBODIMENT
In addition to these areas, a decision tree processor embodiment includes one or more control tables for the possible word endings, to implement the decision tree processor. Before discussing the makeup of those control tables, reference is made to FIG. 5 to illustrate the decision tree for the word endings "ceed", "sede" and "cede".
As shown in FIG. 5, actuation of the automatic word ending operation (AWO) directs processing to begin at a node N1. At node N1, seven possible paths (branches) can be taken depending upon the previously actuated key; branches are provided for any of the characters R,O,E,X,N,C. If the preceding keycode is none of those, that is, for example, if the automatic word ending is initiated after a space operation, for example, the decision tree can not determine an appropriate word ending since none of the available word endings would be appropriate, and thus, a default location is also available. Thus, from the node N1, depending upon the previously entered keycode, certain branches of the tree lead directly to an appropriate word ending, i.e., the branches corresponding to keycodes of O,E,X and N. However, if the previously entered character corresponds to an R or C, node N1 is connected to nodes N2 and N3, node N2 associated with a previously entered R, and node N3 associated with a previously entered C.
If the previously entered character was R, then from node N2 two branches are available, either a default branch or a branch corresponding to an E entered prior to the R. This branch leads to node N4. Node N4 has has three branches available to it, one a default branch and the others corresponding to the characters P and T preceding the E, each associated with an appropriate word ending. Thus, for example, if the three prior characters are TER, then the appropriate word ending is "cede" (corresponding to the word intercede) and if the previously entered characters are PER then the appropriate word ending is "sede" (corresponding to the word supersede). Similarly, node N3 has three branches available to it, a first branch which is a default branch, a second branch corresponding to a previously entered A character, and a third branch corresponding to a previously entered U character. Thus, if the previously entered two characters are UC, the appropriate word ending is "ceed" (corresponding to the word succeed) and if the previously entered characters are AC, then the appropriate word ending is "cede" corresponding to the word "accede".
It should also be understood that some of the branches on the tree actually correspond to multiple words. That is, for example, the E branch (from node N1) provides the appropriate word ending (cede) when the previously entered character is an E and this can correspond to any of the words "precede", "recede", "secede" or "antecede".
From the foregoing it should be appreciated how the decision tree can be built up for any group of similarly sounding word endings, or for any group of word endings which can be distinguished from one another.
FIG. 6 illustrates Continue Tables 1 through 4 to implement the decision tree processing of FIG. 5. Each of the Continue Tables comprises a reserved area in the read only storage device 53, each entry comprising a multi-bit entry including a pair of flags and a pointer. The pointer may point to a further table or to a further reserved area in the read only storage device 53 which represents the desired word ending. Referring now to FIG. 6 and Tables 1 and 3 therein, (corresponding to nodes N1 and N3 of the decision tree) it will be seen that Table 1 includes an entry for each different branch of the node N1. The C branch entry includes a flag combination 10, and a pointer to Table 3 (corresponding to node 3). The R branch includes the same flag combination 10 and a pointer to the R group, i.e., Table 2, corresponding to node N2. The E and N branches of Table 1 include the flag combination 00, and a pointer to a representation of the "cede" word ending. The O and X branches include similar flags and a pointer to the "ceed" word ending. Finally, each other entry (only some of which are shown) corresponds to the last branch and contains a default entry indicating that no appropriate word ending is available.
The C group entry at Table 1 points to a reserved area corresponding to Table 3 (representing node N3) and in the course of processing a particular entry a pointer will be developed to a specific entry in Table 3 depending on the character entered previous to the C. If that character was an A, then the A entry of Table 3 is pointed to, if the previous character was a U, then the U entry is pointed to, and if the previous character is something other than that, one of the default entries is pointed to. The A entry in Table 3 includes the flag combination 00 and a representation of the word ending "cede". The U entry includes the flag combination 00 and a representation of the "ceed" word ending. In a similar fashion, the R entry in Table 1 points to Table 2 (representing node N2). One entry in Table 2 points to Table 4 (representing node N4) which includes entries for characters P, T and a default entry for any other character.
The two flags provide for four different possibilities. Flag 00 indicates that the decision tree processing is complete, and an appropriate word ending has been identified. Flag 01 indicates a short word with an identified word ending. Flag 10 indicates the process is not yet complete and the associated pointer is to another Table. Finally, the flag combination 11, indicates a default, i.e., no appropriate word ending is available.
In order to enable this processing the processor 52 must be able to distinguish prior key entries and use their identity to address appropriate locations in the Table. To that end, each different keycode is assigned a unique number and a register in the processor 52 is set aside to operate as a Continue Address Register (CAR). For example, the CAR can be two bytes in length and can be used as an accumulator in which the previous contents of CAR are summed with a unique quantity representing a keycode to derive a new CAR quantity. In order to insure that the CAR register maintains a relevant quantity, it is cleared (set) to a value of 1 on power on, or activation of a key corresponding to a function, numeric, symbol and most punctuation marks.
For representing each different keycode for purposes of decision tree processing, any unique numeric quantity can be assigned to different keycodes, for example, the keycode itself may be used as a numeric quantity. For purposes of explanation, we will assign, in sequence, even numbers beginning with 0, for keycode corresponding to A, through the numeric quantity 50 for the keycode corresponding to the character Z. Thus, the characters C, E, N, O, R and X correspond to the numeric quantities 4, 8, 26, 28, 34 and 46, respectively.
When the automatic word ending operation is initiated, the CAR includes a quantity of 1, since it is cleared to that state on power on or selection of any function, numeric or most symbol graphics. A further register in the processor 52, the Retrieval Address Register (RAR) is initially loaded with the address at which the keycode corresponding to the automatic word ending key entry is stored. This address is then decremented by 1 so as to address the immediately preceding location and the corresponding keycode quantity (for example C) is extracted and added to the CAR. Thus, the entries shown in FIG. 6 in the Continue Table 1 are located at addresses of 5, 9, 27, 29, 35 and 47, respectively.
In the course of processing, when the continue flag combination 10 is detected (for example C), the RAR is again decremented so that it points to the immediately preceding character. At the same time, the flag bits are stripped from the contents of the location and the pointer located there is inserted into the CAR, and that quantity is summed with the quantity corresponding the keycode pointed to by the RAR so as to point to a specific location in the next appropriate table.
In this fashion, the table entry of a node is selected based upon the character, and if that information is inadequate to determine an appropriate word ending, the contents of the Table point to another Table, and a specific entry in that table is located by the quantity corresponding to the immediately prior character. This processing continues in serial fashion until a default entry is detected or a continue flag 00 combination is detected which indicates that the corresponding pointer points to the representation of an appropriate word ending.
In order to decrease the processing time, and the necessary storage, the generation of a pointer from one table to another can be preceded by a test to determine if the preceding character corresponds to a specific entry in the table. If it does not, then a default can be indicated, thus saving space otherwise required for storage of plural default indications.
Once a flag combination 00 is detected, indicating that the associated entry represents a word ending, a further reserved area can include representations of the character identifying signals necessary to drive the display 21 to output the desired word ending. However, this would duplicate the function control storage area of the read only storage device 53. Therefore, preferably, each table entry associated with the flags 00 can comprise a start address which refers to a sequence of pointers, pointing to the desired character identifying signal stored in the function control storage area of read only storage device 53. Once the start address is obtained, and the corresponding character identifying signal extracted from the function control storage area, the start address is incremented and the process is repeated for the next character identifying signal, in sequence, until a stop code is detected. Thus, for example, FIG. 8 illustrates three reserved areas in the read only storage device 53 pointed to by start addresses for the "ceed", "cede", and "sede" word endings. Accordingly, each start address is a representation of the associated word ending.
FIG. 7 is the processing routine executed by the processor 52 when automatic word ending operation is initiated on decoding of the keycode for an automatic word ending key actuation. As described above, this can be based on the unique keycode, i.e., for a single purpose key, such as the key 11, shown in FIG. 3A or the key 12 or 13, shown in FIG. 3B. On the other hand, automatic word ending operation can be initiated based upon decoding of a multi-purpose keycode, such as that of key 35 (FIG. 1) or one of keys 28, 29 and 30 (in FIG. 2), in the simultaneous presence of the automatic word ending mode.
Finally, automatic word ending can be initiated by decode of a multi-purpose key (i.e. key 35) coupled with the condition that a previous key entry was a character (or one of a set of specific characters).
If, for example, a multipurpose key (i.e., 28-30 or 35) is employed without use of any mode changing key such as key 38 and no allowable word ending is found the text recorder is allowed to output the character/function associated with the multi-purpose key (i.e., 28-30 or 35) which is not an automatic word ending function. See the discussion of response to defaults, infra.
Regardless of the manner in which entry into automatic word ending operation is initiated, the first function, function 100, stores the present memory address (contained in MAR) in the RAR. The present memory address is the address in the keycode storage, at which the keycode corresponding to the automatic word ending key actuation is stored. Function 101 then decrements the quantity in RAR, thus, RAR points to the keycode stored prior to actuation of the automatic word ending operation. Function 102 then retrieves the code quantity from the keycode storage area in R/W storage device 51. Function 103 then tests the entry to determine if it is an alpha key. Assuming it is an alpha key, then function 104 adds the keycode or the corresponding unique quantity to the CAR. As will be seen hereinafter, the contents of CAR prior to performing forming function 104 was the quantity 1. Function 105 then employs the quantity in CAR as an address into read only storage device 53. Function 106 detects the continue flag combination. If the continue flag combination is 00, then function 107 is performed to extract the start address inasmuch as the desired word ending has been identified. Function 108 begins with the start address and outputs the character identifying signals by using the appropriate reserved area as shown, for example, in FIG. 8. Function 109 then sets the CAR to a quantity 1 and that concludes the processing as indicated by function 110, a return to process the next entry.
Function 108, in processing the desired word ending, can then fill the sequence of character identifying signals corresponding to the desired word ending into the keycode storage device 51 (more particularly into an output buffer 51a therein) just as if the operator had actuated the corresponding keys.
The first character identifying signal is inserted into the space located by the Memory Address Register, (MAR) which is thereafter incremented. Each succeeding character identifying signal is similarly stored until the stop code is detected.
Assuming, however, that the continue flag was not 00, then further processing may be required. Therefore, function 111 removes and saves the continue flags for reasons which will be explained. Function 112 then replaces the old quantity in CAR with the quantity obtained from the continue table at the location addressed. Then the routine loops back to function 101 to decrement the RAR and continue processing.
If, at function 103, the entry pointed to by the RAR is not an alpha key, then test 113 determines the status of the saved continue flag, saved at function 111. If the continue flag had been 01, indicating that processing was continuing, the unique keycode associated quantity is summed to the contents of the CAR at function 114 to develop a pointer to a further table. A short example will suffice. Consider the words accede and ostracize. Each word ending is preceded by "ac", however the word endings can be differentiated by examining the keycode preceding the "ac" combination. If a space, then word ending cede is appropriate, if an "r" then the ize ending is appropriate. In the first case the continue table entry pointed to by the sum of "a" pointer and space function code would identify the the cede word ending. In the second case the sum of "a" pointer and the "r" code would point to the ize ending. In the absence of an 01 flag combination, detection of a non-alpha keycode indicates a default at test 113.
The routine continues at function 105 and obtains the new continue table entry at the address corresponding to the contents of the CAR.
If at any time the continue flags saved at function 111 correspond to 11 (indicating a default), on the next or a succeeding pass through the routine at which a non-alpha keycode is found, at test 113, it will be determined that the continue flag is not 01, and therefore, a default will be noted, at function 115. Alternatively, a second test can be used on the no branch of function 106, to test for a default condition.
Depending upon other constraints, the default can be handled in one of a number of ways. It may, for example, simply result in no operation indicating to the operator that, for some reason, the test recorder is incapable of automatically completing the word, and therefore, requires the operator to do so in a conventional fashion. In other circumstances, where for example, the key which actuated the automatic word ending operation is a dual purpose key it may merely indicate that automatic word ending is not appropriate and another function associated with that key should be employed or a character associated with that key should be displayed in lieu of a word ending.
Based on the foregoing explanation, we can now describe operation of an automatic word ending text recorder, operating with a keyboard of the type shown in FIG. 3B. For this example, we assume that the operator has previously keyed in several characters and now wishes an automatic word ending to be selected corresponding to that associated with the key 12, and therefore, key 12 is actuated.
When the key 12 is actuated, the keycode is generated in the keyboard interface 1, and coupled through the data lines to the processor 52. Processor 52 determines that the key 12 is an automatic word ending key by any conventional decoding steps. Upon recognizing actuation of the automatic word ending key 12, the program steps of FIG. 7 are initiated. After processing one or more previous key entries as outlined above, a continue table entry is read which has the 00 flags indicating that the associated quantity is a start address. This address is passed to the character processing routine of the type shown in FIG. 9, in the above-referenced application. Briefly, this routine merely retrieves the character identifying signals stored either directly or indirectly at the addressed location and increments the addressed location and continues retrieving character identifying signals until a stop code is detected. In this connection it should be noted that it may be desirable to include a space function at the conclusion of the last character and before the stop codes so that the automatic word ending text recorder will not only display the appropriate word ending, but also provide the space function between the word and the remaining text.
Operation of a keyboard such as that shown in FIG. 3A is identical except that the decision tree is amended to include the other possible word endings and correspondingly, the continue tables are supplemented with the necessary entries.
Operation of an automatic word ending text recorder with a keyboard such as that shown in FIG. 2, requires few additional modifications. Firstly, an automatic word ending mode latch must be added and controlled as is disclosed in the above-referenced application for the multicharacter mode latch. FIG. 4D illustrates an embodiment employing a processor 50' arranged for use with the keyboards of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. Both FIGS. 1 and 2, by the presence of mode key 38, indicate that the text recorder can be in a conventional mode or an automatic word ending mode. Each time key 38 is depressed, the mode is changed so that two depressions of key 38 return the recorder to the original mode. FIG. 4D illustrates the presence of an automatic word ending mode latch AWE, which is responsive to actuation of key 38. As shown in FIG. 4D, mode latch AWE is physically located within processor 50' and is implemented as a flag register. Since the mode latch AWE has more than one stable state (in this case two), it is referred to as a latch. See in this regard the discussion of FIG. 8 and more particularly functions 101-103 in our prior application Ser. No. 107,467. Each of the keycodes for keys 28-30, when decoded in the presence of a set condition of the automatic word ending mode latch AWE, will result in actuation of the automatic word ending operation. That equipment is identical to that described in relation to the keyboard of FIG. 3B with the further exception that a different set of continue tables are provided for each of the keys 28-30. Finally, the operation of the keyboard such as that shown in FIG. 1 requires a continue table appropriate to the additional word endings, and the use of an automatic word ending mode latch so that when the keycode of key 35 is decoded in the presence of a set condition of an automatic word ending mode latch such as mode latch AWE, automatic word ending operation is initiated.
This first group of embodiments of the invention is employed with the retrieval address register (RAR) which is used to point sequentially to the previously entered keycodes corresponding to previously actuated keys in the reverse sequence in which those keycodes were first entered. A continue address register (CAR) is employed to point to one of a sequence of continue tables, and the entry in the continue table is selected based upon the identity of the previously entered character, the result of that entry is either a pointer to a next continue table or a word ending start address. The process repeatedly adds a unique quantity corresponding to a retrieved keycode to the continue table pointer to locate an entry in the table. This operation continues until either a default condition is determined or the start address of a word ending is located.
ALPHA SEQUENCE ID EMBODIMENTS
In another group of embodiments of the invention, a quantity is built up in an accumulator 152, termed the alpha sequence identification accumulator 152 or register abreviated alpha sequence ID which, when the automatic word ending operation is actuated, points directly to the start address of the associated word ending. To effect this, as each keycode is entered a unique quantity is added to the alpha sequence identification accumulator 152. Upon the occurrence of most numeric, function or symbol graphics, the alpha sequence identification accumulator 152 is cleared to zero and a new sum is accumulated on the next entry of a character key. So long as the different word endings are pointed to by a unique alpha sequence identification, the automatic word ending can be selected and output. In the event that an alpha sequence identification is provided which does not correspond to a start address of an automatic word ending, then a default condition is indicated.
Although the only constraint upon the numeric quantity assigned to the different keycodes to differentiate them is that they be unique, for purposes of the present example, we will assume that the keycodes for each of the 26 alphabetic characters comprises an ordered sequence from 1 to 26 wherein the quantity associated with character A is 1 and the quantity associated with the character Z is 26.
Table 1, reproduced below, compares the alpha sequence ID with the different word endings for the group of word endings comprising "sede", "ceed" and "cede". It will be seen that the alpha sequence ID 79 is the only one corresponding to "sede" and alpha sequence ID corresponding to "ceed" is 29, 49, or 43, and the other possible alpha sequence identification numbers 40, 4, 32, 66, 39, 23 and 24 all correspond to the word ending "ceed". The alpha sequence ID can be used directly to enter a table of start address pointers, or other conventional addressing techniques such as indirect and relative addressing techniques can also be employed.
TABLE I______________________________________CHARACTERS ENTERED SUM WORD ENDING______________________________________S U P E R S E D E19+21+16+5+18 = 79E X C E E D5+24 = 29P R O C E E D16+18+15 = 49S U C C E E D19+21+3 = 43A N T E C E D E1+14+20+5 = 40A C C E D E1+3 = 4C O N C E D E3+15+14 = 32I N T E R C E D E9+14+20+5+18 = 66P R E C E D E16+18+5 = 39R E C E D E18+5 = 23S E C E D E19+5 = 24______________________________________
FIG. 9 illustrates the scheme employed. More particularly, when automatic word ending operation is initiated, the alpha sequence identification register contents are used as an address into the word ending selection table, to identify a number of start addresses which, in turn, refer to a character sequence table at which representations of a plurality of groups of word endings are provided, each group including a sequence of character representations in the sequence in which they are used in the word ending.
Since it can be foreseen that a hyphen may be an expected character in a word, it is important that entry of the punctuation graphic corresponding to a hyphen does not clear the alpha sequence identification register 152. To this end, the key entry processing includes a test for a hyphen key and, when such a key is detected, the alpha sequence identification register 152 is not cleared but the sum is maintained. Furthermore, detection of actuation of the hyphen key also protects the alpha sequence ID register 152 from being cleared by a subsequent carriage return function, for the same reason.
FIG. 4B is a block diagram of an embodiment of the invention, similar to 4A, including digital processor 150 (similar to digital processor 50) except that some of the tables in ROS device 53 and registers in processor 52' have been changed. The read only storage tables required for this operation are the sequence of character sequence tables, and the single word ending selection table. In the event that the alpha sequence quantity associated with each keycode is not the keycode itself or some quantity which is contained within the keycode, a further table may be required in the read only storage device 153 to translate keycode into alpha sequence identification quantities for summing in the alpha sequence identification register 152.
In the processor 52' itself, the RAR and CAR can be eliminated and instead an alpha sequence identification register (or alpha sequence ID 152) and hyphen flag are maintained. The processing routine is illustrated in FIG. 10.
In connection with the discussion of FIG. 10, we will describe an example in which an operator keys in the alpha sequence "ex" and then keys in an automatic word ending key. For example, in connection with the keyboard of FIG. 3B, that operation corresponds to actuation of keys 12 or 13. Similarly, in connection with the keyboard of FIG. 3A, actuation of key 11 initiates automatic word ending operation. Actuation of key 35 (FIG. 1) or keys 28-30 (FIG. 2) will initiate automatic word ending operation in the event the automatic word ending mode latch AWE is set by the previous actuation of key 38.
Proceeding with the example, when an operator actuates the "E" key, function 200 determines that the entry is an alpha key. Function 201 then obtains the alpha key number. As explained, this number might well be the keycode itself, or a quantity which is derivable from the keycode and either comprising a portion of the keycode or related to the keycode through the use of a table. In the example in disussion here, the alpha key number for this key is the quantity 5. Function 202 then sums the alpha key number with the prior alpha sequence ID. As will become clear hereinafter at this point in the processing, assuming the letter "E" is the first letter in the word, the alpha sequence ID would have been cleared to 0, and therefore after the summing operation of function 202, the alpha sequence ID would be 5. Function 203 resets the hyphen flag, the reason for which will become clear as this description proceeds. Function 211 then represents conventional key entry processing to display the character corresponding to the actuated key. When that has been concluded, function 212 returns to process the next key actuation.
In accordance with our example, the next key actuation is the "X" key, and the same processing is performed. As a result of function 202, the sum in the alpha sequence ID register 152 following that function is the sum 29, and at function 211, the corresponding character is displayed and at function 212, the process returns to await the next key actuation.
In accordance with our example, we assume that the operator now actuates a key initiating automatic word ending operation. Thus, function 200 determines the entry is not an alpha key. Function 204 determines that the entry is not a hyphen key. Function 206 determines that the entry is an automatic word ending key. Function 208 checks if the alpha sequence ID was 0, since in our example it is not, function 214 uses the alpha sequence as a pointer to a selection table to obtain a start address located in that table (see FIG. 9). Function 215 uses the start address as a pointer to a character sequence table (see FIG. 9) and function 216 processes the character string represented in the character sequence table beginning at the start address obtained at function 214. The processing necessary to display the character string is described in detail in the above-referenced application (in connection with FIG. 9). Function 217 then resets the alpha sequence ID to 0 and function 212 returns the process to respond to the next key actuation.
In order to illustrate the use of the hyphen tests, we can modify the example described above to assume that the operator keys in the sequence "EX-" and a carriage return before actuating the automatic word ending initiating key. The processing in response to actuation of the "E" and "X" keys proceeds in the manner explained above. Upon actuation of the hyphen key, function 200 determines that this entry is not an alpha key, but function 204 determines that the entry is a hyphen key. Accordingly, function 205 sets a hyphen flag and function 211 processes this key entry to display the hyphen.
The need for the hyphen flag comes about when a function key is executed, such as a carriage return, index or the like. To illlustrate the point, let us assume that the operator next initiates a carriage return. Function 200 determines that the entry is not an alpha key and function 204 determines that the entry is not a hyphen. Function 206 determines that the entry is not the automatic word ending operation key, and function 207 determines that the entry is indeed a function. Decision 209 determines that the hyphen flag is set, and therefore, the key entry is processed at function 211. Had the hyphen flag not been set, then function 210 would reset the alpha sequence ID to 0. Thus, setting of the hyphen flag prevents clearing of the alpha sequence ID in response to a function actuation. This serves to retain the alpha sequence ID sum so that the sum actually employed to access the word ending selection table is that related to all characters in the word prior to the word ending rather than only those characters on one line. Like function 203, function 213 resets the hyphen flag.
The preceding embodiments of the invention, i.e., those employing decision tree processing (those disclosed in connection with FIGS. 4A, and 5-8) and the embodiments of the invention employing the alpha sequence ID register 152 (disclosed in connection with FIGS. 4B and 9-10), carry storage requirements or processing requirements (for a given ensemble of word endings) which can be reduced by careful tailoring of the processing and the stored tables employed with the processing, by correlating the selections that must be made, and the information which is available to make those selections. The embodiment of the invention which will now be disclosed is a blend of the techniques from the previously disclosed embodiments, chosen so as to reduce the amount of storage tables required, and also to minimize the processing required in order to make an appropriate selection. Before disclosing the implementation of this embodiment, the basis upon which the tables and processing are based will be described.
We take as an example the selection to be made among the "sede", "shun", or "ize" sounding word endings based on preceding characters. Each of the "sede" and "ize" word endings include three distinct versions, and the "shun" sounding word ending includes two different versions, for a total of eight possible word endings. Appended hereto as Appendix A is a relatively complete list of word endings arranged by preceding character, i.e., the character prior to the word ending. Thus, from Appendix A it will be seen that the word endings following the alphabetic character "a" are only the "shun" endings, and of which the vast majority are "tion" ending, only four words in Appendix A have a preceding "a" character and the "sion" ending. Appendix A lists other possible word endings in order of the preceding alphabetic character.
One designator, to select among possible word endings is the alpha sequence ID. Thus, each alphabetic character (or the corresponding key code) is given a numerical weight, just as in one of the preceding embodiments of the invention. However, rather than employing an ordered weighting, the weightings listed in Table II is employed.
TABLE II______________________________________ALPHA NUMERIC ALPHA NUMERICKEY VALUE KEY VALUE______________________________________A 26 N 10B 2 O 15C 7 P 16D 4 Q 17E 1 R 18F 6 S 19G 3 T 20H 8 U 21I 9 V 22J 14 W 23K 11 X 24L 12 Y 25M 13 Z 5______________________________________
Appendix A, in addition to identifying each immediately preceding character with one of the selected word endings, also lists the alpha sequence ID value for that word. Of course, the alpha sequence ID value is the sum of the weightings for each alphabetic character preceding the word ending. Thus, for example, the word "abrasion" has an alpha sequence ID value of 72, corresponding to 26 (a)+2 (b)+18 (r)+26 (a). While we have employed the particular weighting shown in Table II, those skilled in the art will understand that other weightings could similarly be employed with appropriate modification made to the tables which will be disclosed hereinafter.
An additional indicator, assisting in the designation of the appropriate word ending, is the alphabetic character immediately preceding the desired word ending. FIG. 11 is a frequency of occurrence table correlating the alphabetic character preceding the word ending with the associated or appropriate word ending or endings. FIG. 11 illustrates, for example, that certain of the alphabetic characters do not precede any of the allowable word endings (B-F-J-K-Q-Y-Z). While, on the other hand, certain alphabetic characters precede only one word ending (G-V-W-X).
Accordingly, the processing is simplified when automatic word ending is initiated by reviewing the identity of the immediately preceding alphabetic character using a character preceding table (CPT). If the alphabetic character is one of the first mentioned group, then the default selection can be immediately made because no amount of processing will produce an appropriate word ending. On the other hand, if the immediately preceding alphabetic character is one of the second mentioned group, then the appropriate word ending can be immediately determined from the identity of the preceding alphabetic character.
The remaining processing is employed to handle the situation when the immediately preceding alphabetic character is not in either of the two groups outlined above.
Those cases relate to word endings for the immediately preceding characters a,c,d,e,h,i,l,m,n,o,p,r,s,t, and u.
At this level of processing, the processor 252 has identified the immediately preceding alphabetic character and also has available to it, from the alpha sequence ID register 152, the word value of all of the characters in the word preceding the desired word ending. Thus, assuming that the processing has determined that the immediately preceding character is not one of either of the two groups mentioned above, then an alpha table is selected based upon the immediately preceding character. Entering the selected table at a location determined by the alpha sequence ID will, in most cases, identify the desired word ending. The necessary string of character and function identifying signals can be produced using techniques described in connection with other embodiments of this application from a single address which is determined from the table.
In some cases, however, conflicts exist in that certain words, having identical alpha sequence ID quantities and identical characters preceding the word ending, actually employ different word endings, and thus additional information is required in order to make the desired selection. Table III lists these conflict situations for the words and endings of Appendix A.
TABLE III______________________________________ ALPHA SEQUENCE ID______________________________________A-TIONcancellation 101computation 101identification 101modernization 101toxication 101variation 101persuasion 101designation 72gyration 72abrasion 72obligation 67invasion 67C-TIONinduction 51exercise 51action 33accede 33N-IZEreorganize 91intervention 91mechanize 65convention 65S-SIONsubmission 83emphasize 83confession 58question 58______________________________________
Consider, for example, "variation" and "persuasion". Each has the alpha sequence ID 101 and the alphabetic character "a" preceding the word ending, but of course, the first has the "tion" ending and the second has "sion" ending.
Accordingly, additional processing is required to resolve these conflicts. Obviously, in this conflict situation, the information concerning the alphabetic character preceding the word ending, and the alpha sequence ID associated with the word is simply inadequate to make the desired selection. Therefore, in these specific situations, additional tables are required, based on these specific words, and employing information concerning one or more of the characters preceding the characters immediately preceding the automatic word ending, to make the desired selection.
This additional table (exception table) includes one entry for each conflict situation. The alpha table, which identifies a conflict also points to the entry in the exception table which can resolve the conflict. Each entry in the exception table includes a pointer for each of the word endings making up the conflict and a data item with which to resolve the conflict. Preferably the data item will be a selected character in a word with one ending but not appearing in the word with the other ending. For example, consider the words "persuasion" and "variation". Each has a different word ending, but each word has the identical character (a) preceding the word ending. Furthermore, each word had the alpha sequence ID of 101--thus a conflict. Since both words have the same character preceding the word ending and both have the identical weight, some other distinguishing characteristic is required. In the embodiment to be disclosed the distinguishing data item is the first character "p" in persuasion but not "p" in "variation". Thus, the exception table data item can be compared with the first character of the word selected by the operator. This character is stored in a first entry register, in a manner to be explained. If comparison of the first entry register contents and the exception table data item gives one result (favorable or unfavorable) then one word ending is selected and vice versa. There is no requirement that the data item correspond to the first character although that is preferred for simplicity purposes. Indeed, the data item can be any item capable of distinguishing the conflict words. For example, rather than the first character, it might be the first character pair, or other character combination. However, the data item need not even be related to the identity of one or more characters preceding the word ending for it might be the number of characters preceding the word ending.
Within the example indicated, the processing steps and tables are adequate to make the desired selection in every case, except one. The words "action" and "accede" have the identical prefix "ac". Accordingly, no amount of processing can select the appropriate word endings since there is simply inadequate information to make the selection. Two alternatives are available; the first alternative is to merely indicate to the operator that this is a default condition and automatic word ending is simply impossible, thus requiring the operator to key in the appropriate word ending; on the other hand, by appropriately modifying the processing tables disclosed herein, the automatic word ending could be semi-automatically produced by requiring the operator to select the first character of the word ending (that is, the "t" for action and "c" for accede), or by insuring that the initiation of automatic word ending operation distinguish between the "shun" and "sede" word endings.
Thus, in accordance with this embodiment of the invention, as the operator keys in alphabetic characters in a word, identification of the characters (according to the keycode or similar unique character designation) is stored in the order in which it is entered (and in accordance with conventional techniques the corresponding character is displayed or printed). At the same time, the first entry register FER is loaded with first character information and an alpha sequence ID register 152 accumulates a quantity corresponding to the alphabetic character weightings in accordance with that shown in Table II, for example. When an automatic word ending operation is initiated, for example, by depression of a single or multi-purpose key under the appropriate circumstances, the processing, based on the preceding alphabetic character, refers to a character preceding table (CPT). The CPT table has three different types of entries. A first type of entry in the CPT table is a default entry associated with each alphabetic character which does not have an allowed automatic word ending in the dictionary of automatic word endings; a second type of entry in the CPT table is a start address, i.e., an address at which is stored a pointer designating (or representing) a particular one of the available word endings, and the third type of entry is a pointer to an alpha table associated with the preceding alphabetic character. When the preceding alphabetic character points to either the first or second type of entry in the CPT table, the processing is, in effect, concluded, since a selection has already been effected that no allowable word ending exists, or of the appropriate word ending. Only when the entry in the CPT table is to another table must substantive processing continue.
Each pointer in the CPT table which points to another table points to one of a number of alpha entry address tables.
Each alpha entry address table is firstly associated with a different one of the possible alphabetic characters immediately preceding automatic word endings, and each alpha entry address table includes plural multi-word entries. Each entry includes a quantity corresponding to the alpha sequence ID for an associated word, an address pointer which points either to a representation of a selected word ending (i.e. a start address) or a pointer to a further table, the exception table. When processing employs one of the alpha entry tables the logic increments through the alpha entry table, starting at the beginning of the alpha entry table, looking for an equal comparison between the alpha sequence ID contained in the alpha sequence ID register 152, and the entry in the alpha entry table. One of the two flags in each entry is the "last compare flag" which indicates that if a comparison is not effected, then the last entry in the alpha entry table is the pointer to the associated word ending.
When a comparison is effected between the quantity in the alpha sequence ID register 152 and the quantity in the alpha table entry, then the further flag is checked, the exception flag. The exception flag identifies those conflict situations which are illustrated in Table III. When an exception flag is on, further processing is required with reference to an exception table, and the alpha entry table provides a pointer to the exception table. Each entry in the exception table corresponds to a different one of the exceptions of Table III. If the last compare flag is set then by comparing the data item in the appropriate exception table entry with the contents of the first entry register FER (of processor 252) the processor 252 can determine which of the word endings associated with the entry is appropriate. Additional processing is required if there is more than two word endings to select from in an exception group. In particular, the processor 252 must increment through an entry in the exception table to determine an appropriate word ending by comparing the exception table data item and the contents of the first entry register FER. Once such a determination is made the corresponding character signals are extracted using the proper pointer also included in the exception table entry.
FIG. 4C is a block diagram of the apparatus employed in this embodiment of the invention. Reference to FIG. 4C illustrates that it is similar in format to FIGS. 4A and 4B and includes digital processor 250 (which is similar to the digital processor 50) but that some of the tables in the read only storage device 253 have been altered as compared to FIGS. 4A and 4B, and that the processor 252 includes several registers and other hardware devices specific to this embodiment. Before describing the processing logic employed, the several tables contained in the read only storage device 253 are described.
FIG. 12 illustrates the Character Preceding Table (CPT). The CPT table has 26 entries, one corresponding to each alphabetic character. Outside the CPT table, under the column headed "Numeric Code Address" are three columns: a first column indicating the relative address of each entry, relative to the base address (K), the second column indicating the absolute address of each entry, and the third column indicating the preceding character whose detection leads to entry to the CPT table. Inside the CPT table, the phrase describes the meaning of each entry, while the numeric quantity in parenthesis is one example of what the CPT table could actually contain. For example, the first entry corresponds to an alpha table pointer for the E alpha table and this pointer actually comprises a numeric quantity 41. Similar pointers are included for the characters D,C,H,I,N,L,M,O,P,R,S,T,U and A. Reference to FIG. 11 indicates that it is exactly these characters which are the preceding character to at least two different word endings, and therefore, the read only storage 253 includes an alpha entry table for each character. The second type of entry in the CPT table is a start address, and start addresses are provided corresponding to the preceding characters G,V,W,X, respectively. Reference to FIG. 11 indicates that it is just these characters which are the preceding characters to only a single word ending. Accordingly, the corresponding CPT entry provides a pointer to the start address location for these different word endings, and thus each start address is a representation of the associated word ending. Finally, a third type of entry in the CPT table is a default entry, and default entries are provided corresponding to the character preceding a word ending for the characters B,Z,F,K,J,Q, and Y. Reference again to FIG. 11 indicates that it is just these characters which do not precede any word ending in the ensemble of word endings which can be automatically provided by the equipment. The default entry can comprise any type of entry which the processor 252 will recognize as signaling a default, for example, a numeric quantity of zero can be employed, alternatively various flags could be employed.
FIGS. 13A through 13D illustrate respectively the format for each entry in the alpha table, as well as each alpha table employed. Referring first to FIG. 13A; an entry usually comprises two words, the first word corresponding to the alpha sequence ID, and a second word made up of two flags, a last compare flag and an exception flag, and an address pointer. Each alpha table may include a plurality of entries, one for each different word having a character preceding the word ending identical to the character which is associated with the alpha table. The address pointer portion of the entry is a start address pointer, if no conflicts exist (a conflict is defined as a situation in which the alpha sequence ID and the character preceding a word ending are identical for two different word endings). In the event that a conflict situation exists, then the address pointer, rather than representing a specific word ending, points to a location in an exception table which is employed to resolve the conflict. When the address points to an exception table, the exception flag is set, otherwise it is not. The next to last entry in each alpha table has the last compare flag set, otherwise the last compare flag is not set. This is employed in processing through an alpha table to indicate that when the last compare flag is found set, the next entry processed is the last entry in the alpha table. This feature enables a large reduction in the extent of the alpha table, as will be described. The last entry in each alpha table omits the alpha sequence ID word, and the flag bits may be ignored.
Referring now to FIG. 13B, the alpha tables for the preceding characters "A", "D", "E", "H", and "C" are illustrated. Referring to the A alpha table, the word of the first entry is an alpha sequence ID of 101. Note that the exception flag is set for this entry indicating a conflict. Thus, the numerical quantity occupying the address pointer location can be employed as an entry into the exception table so as to resolve the conflict. Referring back to Table III, it will be noted that the alpha sequence ID of 101 is identical for words with the character preceding the word ending "A" for either the "tion" or "sion" word endings. Thus, the conflict must be resolved by further processing. On the other hand, the first memory word of the second entry in the alpha table for "A" has an alpha sequence ID 55 and an exception flag which is not set. Thus, the numerical quantity in the address pointer location for this entry is a pointer to the "sion" word ending, and indeed, actually represents that particular ending. We can refer to Appendix A, for example, to verify that the alpha sequence ID 55 corresponds to the word occasion.
Referring to the next entry in the alpha table, note that the exception flag is again set. The alpha sequence ID 67 corresponds, according to Table III to either the words obligation or invasion, and the pointer "6" can be used to address the exception table to enable resolution of the conflict.
The next to last entry in the alpha table has an alpha sequence ID value 72, and the exception flag is again set. Referring to Table III, we see that the value 72 can correspond to either the "tion" or the "sion" ending, and therefore, the pointer "3" provides a reference to the exception table to resolve this conflict. Note that this next to last entry includes the last compare flag set also. Accordingly, the next entry in the alpha table is but a single word long, i.e., it does not have alpha sequence ID; it merely has a representation to a specific word ending. This illustrates an important advantage of this type of table. FIG. 11 indicates that word endings preceded by the alphabetical character "A" are either "sion" or "tion", four words falling into the first and 156 words falling into the second. The alpha table illustrated in FIG. 13B calls out each of the potential conflicts, i.e., alpha sequence ID values of 101, 67 and 72 as a specific entry, one entry for the one unambiguous "sion" word ending, and then rather than having an entry for each of the other 153 "tion" endings, a single entry suffices inasmuch as each of those words have the identical "tion" ending.
This is clearly illustrated in connection with the "L" alpha table, shown in FIG. 13C. Reference to FIG. 11 indicates that there are 49 different words in which the character preceding the word ending is "l", two of those employ the "yze" ending and the rest employ the "ize" ending. The "L" alpha table has but three entries, two corresponding to the two specific "yze" endings, and a third handling all of the 47 "ize" endings. From the foregoing the contents and creation of each of the other alpha tables is believed apparent and therefore no further discussion is provided.
FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate respectively, the format for a typical entry in the exception table and the exception table itself. A first word includes a pair of flags, the last compare flag and the exception flag, and an alpha numerical value corresponding to the first character of one of the two words having the different endings. The different endings are represented by the pointers in the second and third words of each entry. Thus, for example, the first entry in the Exception Table has a numerical value 16 in the first word corresponding to the alphabetic character P. The first of the two pointers associated with this entry is a pointer to the word ending "sion". Thus, when this entry of the exception table is accessed, the numerical quantity in the first word of the exception table is compared to the first entry register (which is loaded in a manner to be explained hereinafter). If the comparison indicates they are identical, then the first pointer employed, if the comparison does not indicate a comparison, the second pointer is employed. Each of the other entries in the Exception Table are similar except for the entry corresponding to preceding character with the ID value 33. It has already been noted that the word ending for the words "action" or "accede" cannot be determined by reference to the characters preceding the word ending, since they are identical (both use the preceding characters "ac"). Thus, this particular entry includes a set exception flag, and may also include a default entry rather than a pointer, to indicate that the exception condition cannot be resolved. While each example in the Exception Table (FIG. 14B) has only two word endings to choose from, it is conceivable that a conflict may exist between more than two possible word endings. In that case the Exception Table entry would include a pointer for each member word ending of the group and enough data items for comparison to allow the appropriate ending to be identified.
FIG. 15 illustrates the word ending Output Table. The output table includes an entry for each different word ending. The output table shown in FIG. 15 includes accessible addresses (relative to a base address) of 227 (for the word ending "sede"), 231 (for the word ending "cede"), 235 (for the word ending "ceed"), 239 (for the word ending "yze"), 242 (for the word ending "ise"), 245 (for the word ending "ize"), 248 (for the word ending "sion"), and 252 (for the word ending "tion"). When a start address is passed, each associated pointer is extracted, and used as a pointer into the function control storage at which was stored the character representing signals. Alternatively, the character representing signals could be stored in the word ending output table, if desired. The additional bit, stop bit equals one, is stored with each pointer to the last character of a word ending to indicate to the processor 252 that the word ending is complete. Optionally, the word ending can conclude with a space (or space pointer) following the last character and accordingly, the stop code is associated with the space (or pointer).
Finally, FIGS. 16A through C illustrates the processing carried out by the processor 252 in connection with this embodiment of the invention.
When the processor 252 recognizes an actuated key, function 500 stores, in RAR, the address at which the keycode is stored. Function 510 then determines whether or not the entry is an alphabetic character key. The manner in which this is accomplished has been discussed above. Assuming it is an alphabetic key, function 520 determines if the first entry flag is set (the first entry flag is a flag maintained in the processor 252); this function is accomplished by merely noting the condition of the flag. As will become clear, this flag is set until it becomes reset by the keying of a space, other function or most other symbol graphics. The use of a hyphen flag, to prevent clearing of the alpha sequence ID register 152 on actuation of carriage return after hyphen actuation is illustrated in connection with FIG. 10 and is not repeated here. Clearly, the same function and hardware could be used in connection with the embodiment of the invention, not only to prevent clearing of the alpha sequence ID register 152, but the first entry register as well. Assuming the first entry flag is not set, function 530 clears the alpha sequence ID register 152 and stores the numerical quantity associated with a key (shown for example in Table II) in the first entry register and also places the identical quantity in the alpha sequence ID register 152 which, as will become clear hereafter, had previously been cleared. Function 540 then sets the first entry flag. That concludes the processing for this key entry, which is pertinent to the invention. The remaining processing (represented at function 505), in order to effect display of the key character, is not disclosed herein. Thereafter function 960 effects a return to process the next key entry.
On the next and each succeeding actuation of a character key, function 520 determines that the first entry flag is set and accordingly, functions 530 and 540 are skipped, and instead, function 550 is performed.
In the course of operation the operator may actuate a key which is neither an alpha key nor the key which initiates automatic word ending operation, such a key might be, for example, a space bar 39, carriage return CR, etc. Under those circumstances functions 510 and 560 determine that the actuated key was neither an alpha key nor the automatic word ending key. Accordingly, function 570 merely resets the first entry flag.
Assume now that the operator has keyed in everything but the word ending, and now desires the word to be automatically completed. The operator therefore actuates the key which initiates automatic word ending operation. Accordingly, function 510 determines that the actuated key is not an alpha key, but function 560 determines that the key actuated is the automatic word ending key. Function 580 checks to see if the first entry flag is set. It is noted that if the flag is not set, the processing terminates. However, in our example, the first entry flag had remained set and therefore, function 590 is performed to decrement the RAR. Since the RAR previously addressed the location at which the automatic word ending operation keycode was stored, decrementing the RAR enables it to point to the location immediately preceding the location storing the automatic word operation keycode. This location stores the keycode of the character initiated immediately prior to word ending operation. Function 600 retrieves this keycode and function 610 adds a base value K and uses the resulting sum as a pointer into the CPT table. Function 620 obtains the addressed byte from the CPT table. Reference to FIG. 12 indicates that this byte comprises either a default entry, pointer to an alpha table or a pointer to a start address. Function 630 determines if the byte corresponds to a default. If it does, functions 640 and 650 are performed to respectively reset the first entry flag and signal a default. However, assuming that a default is not located then, as shown in FIG. 16B, a base address value (in this case K) is added to the pointer and the results are stored in register PTR1 (function 660).
Function 670 determines whether or not the quantity in PTR1 corresponds to an alpha table pointer or a start address. By prearrangement all start addresses are located in one memory area, and all alpha tables are stored in a different memory area. Accordingly, simply comparing the calculated address with the lowest address for start addresses, for example, reveals whether a start address or alpha table is addressed. Obviously, other techniques could be employed to determine whether or not the byte extracted from the CPT table was an alpha table pointer or a start address. For example, a flag could be used to make this determination. In any event, assuming that the byte corresponds to a start address, then function 680 loads the start address in register PTR1 and processes the character output string. Reference to FIG. 15 illustrates that the character output string is located sequentially beginning at the start address, and therefore, as each character or character pointer is extracted, the quantity in register PTR1 is incremented and the process is repeated until a stop code is detected. When the character string has been output, function 690 resets the first entry flag. Thereafter processing skips, via X to function 960 (see FIG. 16A).
Assuming however, that a start address was not immediately located from the CPT table, then function 700 is performed. Function 700 obtains the byte pointed to in the associated alpha table, and compares this byte with the contents of the alpha sequence ID register 152. Function 710 determines whether or not the comparison indicates an equality. Assuming equality is not indicated, the function 750 increments register PTR1 and obtains the next byte in the alpha table. Function 760 determines if the last compare flag was set, and assuming it was not, function 770 again increments register PTR1. The loop of function 700 through 770 is performed and a comparison made between the contents of the alpha sequence ID register 152 and the corresponding byte in the alpha table until either comparison is effected or function 760 indicates that the last compare flag is set (in processor 252). Accordingly, the processor 252 proceeds through the alpha table looking for one of these two conditions.
Assuming that at some point in this process the alpha sequence ID value from the alpha table is equal to the contents of the alpha sequence ID register 152, function 720 is performed to further increment register PTR1 and address the next byte. Reference to the alpha table indicates that the byte following the alpha sequence ID value in the alpha table is a pointer, and this incrementing action function 720 obtains that pointer. Since the pointer may point to either an exception table or a start address, function 730 checks the exception flag. Assuming the exception flag is not set, then function 740 uses the byte obtained from the alpha table as a pointer and develops an address by adding a base value (R). Note that this base value (R) is different from the previously used value (K). The tables and addresses employed herein have been adapted for 8 bit words, and most of the alpha table pointers employ only 6 bits, since two bits are set aside for flags. Clearly, if bit capacity was not important, the pointers could all use an identical bit count and therefore the base values could be identical (or dispensed with).
In any event, functions 800 and 810 are preformed, which are in all respects similar to functions 680 and 690 and result in production of the desired character string. Following function 810 processing skips, via Y to function 960 (see FIG. 16A).
On the other hand, the processor 252 may proceed entirely through the alpha table up to the next to last entry without finding equality between the contents of the alpha sequence ID register 152 and the corresponding alpha sequence value in the alpha table. If this is the case, function 760, at the next to last entry, indicates the last compare flag is set. Function 780 then increments register PTR1 and obtains the byte pointed to. As explained in connection with FIGS. 13B through D, this byte is a start address for a particular word ending. Function 790 adds K to obtain a start address, just as function 660 does. Accordingly, functions 800 and 810 et seq. are performed to output the character string.
In the event that the exception flag was detected as on, at function 730, then function 820 (see FIG. 16C) is performed which employs that byte as a pointer and develop an address by adding a constant (T) to the byte, after the flags have been removed. This address is stored in register PTR1. As mentioned in connection with FIGS. 13B-D and 14A-B, this byte now points to an entry in the exception table. Function 830 obtains that byte and function 840 compares the byte to the value in the first entry register. This byte is the additional data unit employed in the exception tables to make a selection between one of two appropriate word endings, and the selection is made by comparing the byte with the contents of the first entry register, which corresponds to the first character of the word. Depending on whether or not the comparison is equal (detected at function 850), the pointer in register PTR1 is either incremented by one or by two if the last compare flag is set (detected at function 860). (Functions 900 and 880). However, first function 890 checks to see if the exception flag is set. The exception flag, in connection with the exception table identifies an unresolvable conflict. If the exception flag is set, functions 910 and 920 reset the first entry flag and indicate the default condition. Assuming that the exception flag is not set, then function 930 obtains the byte pointed to by register PTR1, and adds the base address (K) to it. If the comparison, at function 850 did not indicate equality, and the last compare flag was not set (detected at function 860), then instead of incrementing register PTR1 by one it is incremented by three (function 870). This allows for more than two ending conflict groups to be searched for a comparison at function 850. In any event, once function 930 is performed, the processor 252 has, in effect, calculated the appropriate start address and therefore, functions 940 and 950 are performed much in the same manner as functions 680 and 690 to output the desired character string. In this case the processing skips via Z to function 960 (see FIG. 16A).
In connection with FIGS. 1 and 2 it has been indicated that an automatic word ending mode latch AWE which is set and reset or alternate actuations of the key 38 can be used to assist in determining whether automatic word ending is appropriate when a multi-purpose key is used to initiate automatic word ending.
Furthermore, we have indicated that the automatic word ending mode latch AWE can be eliminated and automatic word ending operation initiated solely in dependence on previously actuated characters. FIG. 17A illustrates the processing in connection with FIG. 7. As is apparent, every actuation of a multi-purpose key (detected at function 400) is treated as an automatic word ending command and the key's alternate function (typically a numeric character, punctuation graphic or function) is decoded and performed (function 404) only for the case of a default in automatic word ending. FIG. 17B illustrates the processing in connection with the logic of FIG. 16A-C wherein functions 404, 650 and 920 have the same effect as the same functions in FIGS. 17A, 16A and 16C, respectively. To effect a similar result with the logic of FIG. 10 requires some modification to the logic of FIG. 10 to ensure that the alpha sequence ID is an expected quantity (one that corresponds to a word ending) before attempting to output a character string.
From the foregoing it should be apparent how automatic word ending operation is initiated with or without a mode latch and with single purpose or multi-purpose keys and how, when automatic word ending is initiated, an appropriate word ending is selected from an ensemble of word endings in dependence on the previously actuated keys.
APPENDIX______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCESION ID TION ID______________________________________abrasion 72 installation 134occasion 55 illumination 112persuasion 101 illustration 137invasion 57 imagination 96TIONapplication 112 implication 92association 121 importation 117administration 154 incorporation 134appreciation 119 iteration 74authorization 148 investigation 119affiliation 94 interrogation 120accomodation 113 jubilation 84allocation 98 justification 131appropriation 160 legation 42characterization 171 liberation 68configuration 115 limitation 89consideration 109 litigation 96cooperation 98 lubrication 95corporation 115 lamination 96conversation 118 legislation 82congratulation 146 location 60communication 121 modification 89conservation 118 manifestation 130compensation 107 migration 69calculation 111 mobilization 91combination 82 modernization 101confirmation 104 multiplication 145certification 103 negotiation 84clarification 120 nomination 83continuation 118 narration 98computation 101 notation 71cancellation 101 oxidation 78denunciation 88 operation 76deportation 100 organization 112designation 72 obligation 67demonstration 126 occupation 92declaration 94 orientation 99determination 102 observation 103depreciation 82 population 106deterioration 112 presentation 111dictation 66 penetration 92diversification 130 participation 147discrimination 124 publication 93examination 109 penalization 105explanation 115 punctuation 121exploitation 123 quotation 99exploration 112 qualification 133exportation 120 radiation 83exultation 104 recreation 71expropriation 43 regulation 81evaluation 108 recommendation 108education 59 relation 57equalization 117 rehabilitation 131elimination 80 reservation 105equation 64 registration 114formation 78 ration 44fabrication 94 radiation 83fixation 65 ramification 114fertilization 106 specification 100fermentation 95 standardization 167flirtation 91 situation 95fraternization 139 simulation 100foundation 82 salutation 124generation 59 simplification 126graduation 98 stimulation 120gyration 72 stipulation 123generalization 111 segmentation 93hospitalization 165 toxication 101humiliation 98 triplication 117inspiration 107 termination 97identification 101 taxation 96interpretation 139 translation 131inflation 63 utilization 102investigation 119 vocation 70indication 65 vacation 81implementation 121 variation 101information 121 verification 98invitation 97 valuation 107______________________________________NONE______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCECEED ID TION ID______________________________________suceed 47 deduction 37CEDE diction 20accede 33 direction 39IZE destruction 90anglicize 67 election 21criticize 70 function 44italicize 83 indiction 51ostracize 105 introduction 104ISE instruction 104circumcise 82 inspection 62excise 32 obstruction 102exercise 51 objection 39exorcise 65 production 81encise 26 protection 77TION perfection 49action 33 resurrection 103collection 54 restriction 92construction 117 subjection 64connection 50 selection 40conjunction 84 transaction 126______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCEISE ID IZE ID______________________________________merchandise 87 jeopardize 94paradise 90 standardize 127 subsidize 74______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCETION ID CEDE ID______________________________________completion 64 antecede 57SION precede 35adhesion 39 recede 19 secede 20______________________________________NONE______________________________________ ALPHA SEQUENCE IZE ID______________________________________ apologize 87 eulogize 52 energize 33______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCEIZE ID ISE ID______________________________________philosophize 110 affranchise 107symphathize 127 disenfranchise 118 disfranchise 107 enfranchise 86 franchise 75______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCESION ID TION ID______________________________________collision 55 condition 45division 44 competition 81decision 21 definition 39derision 32 deposition 64indecision 40 disposition 91precision 51 exposition 84revision 50 nutrition 78subdivision 86 position 59supervision 106 premonition 82television 65 recognition 63vision 31 recondition 64TION tradition 77addition 43 transition 102acquisition 108______________________________________NONE______________________________________NONE______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCEYZE ID IZE ID______________________________________analyze 74 legalize 54paralyze 98 liberalize 80IZE naturalize 133alkalize 87 neutralize 108brutalize 99 normalize 94crystallize 139 materialize 125civilize 59 memorialize 107commercialize 121 moralize 84capitalize 116 professionalize 166centralize 94 penalize 65devitalize 94 personalize 117demobilize 56 realize 57demoralize 89 rationalize 136equalize 77 specialize 90evangelize 75 scandalize 104federalize 68 sterilize 79focalize 66 tantalize 114fertilize 66 tranquilize 133generalize 71 utilize 62idealize 52 visualize 109immobilize 73 verbalize 81immortalize 126 vitalize 82idolize 40 symbolize 86journalize 116______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCEISE ID IZE ID______________________________________comprise 97 anatomize 110demise 18 atomize 74premise 48 epitomize 74surmise 71 economize 61 victimize 80______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCECEDE ID IZE ID______________________________________concede 32 galvanize 99TION humanize 78attention 77 lionize 46convention 65 mechanize 65intervention 91 modernize 61invention 52 organize 72intention 50 patronize 105mention 24 revolutionize 143IZE recognize 54agonize 54 reorganize 91colonize 59 solemnize 70disorganize 104 synchronize 112fraternize 99 vulcanize 98______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCECEED ID TION ID______________________________________proceed 49 motion 28SION promotion 77explosion 68______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCEISE ID TION ID______________________________________Despise 40 consumption 101 description 74 inception 43 adoption 61 exception 49______________________________________NONE______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCESEDE ID TION ID______________________________________supersede 75 insertion 57CEDE portion 49intercede 58 IZESION mesmerize 65conversion 73 notarize 78excursion 71 pasteurize 121subversion 83 particularize 173version 41 plagarize 110IZE popularize 124authorize 108 pulverize 90burglarize 100 prize 34cauterize 93 secularize 105characterize 131 summarize 110circularize 118 terrorize 90extermprize 108 theorize 62familiarize 119 vaporize 97 vulgarize 102______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCETION ID SION ID______________________________________question 58 impression 74suggestion 66 mission 41IZE obsession 56emphasize 83 possession 89hypothesize 112 profession 75size 19 permission 76SION preadmission 106admission 71 recompression 108commission 76 remission 60confession 58 session 39compression 89 submission 83discussion 79 succession 74depression 59 transmission 134expression 79 transgression 134fission 34______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCEISE ID IZE ID______________________________________advertise 91 demagnetize 78chastise 80 dramatize 107mortise 66 deputize 62IZE hypnotize 94alphabetize 111 magnetize 63appetize 79 sensitize 78baptize 64 stigmatize 110dehypnotize 99 systematize 143______________________________________ ALPHA ALPHA SEQUENCE SEQUENCEISE ID TION ID______________________________________disguise 56 precaution 76SION resolution 94confession 59 revolution 89TION SIONcontribution 102 collusion 67constitution 121 conclusion 72distribution 102 extrusion 84execution 54 inclusion 59institution 108 intrusion 78pollution 76 transfusion 120______________________________________ ALPHA SEQUENCE ISE ID______________________________________ advise 52 devise 27 improvise 93 misadvise 93 revise 41 supervise 97 televise 56______________________________________ ALPHA SEQUENCE ISE ID______________________________________ clockwise 75 counterclockwise 167 likewise 56 otherwise 85 sidewise 56 unwise 54 wise 53______________________________________ ALPHA SEQUENCE CEED ID______________________________________ exceed 25______________________________________NONE______________________________________NONE______________________________________

Number	Name	Date
1275657	Bullock	Aug 1918
2717686	Seeber, Jr.	Sep 1955
3005254	Thomas	Oct 1961
3024761	Bertelsen	Mar 1962
3188609	Harmon et al.	Jun 1965
3289804	Schaefer	Dec 1966
3820644	Yeh	Jun 1974
3925761	Chaires et al.	Dec 1975
3995254	Rosenbaum	Nov 1976

Text recorder with automatic word ending

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CPC

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US Referenced Citations (9)

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Entry
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, "Abbrevated Typing for Word Processing", Todd, vol. 21, No. 9, Feb. 1979, pp. 3796-3797.
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, "Word Generation System for Typist", Arellano et al., vol. 17, No. 8, Jan. 1975, pp. 2422-2423.