Patent Grant
8684043
One or more aspects of the invention relate to a textile substrate consisting of warp and weft, which wicks water and water vapor and comprises wool and at least regenerated cellulose fibers.
Such textile substrates are characterized by an outstanding capacity to absorb and wick water and water vapor. They have for example the property that moisture (e.g. water, water vapor) reaching an outer surface of the respective textile substrate is wicked away from the surface and is transported into the interior of the textile substrate. Because of this property such textile substrates are suitable for example as a seat cover for a seat unit, particularly as a seat cover formed from such a textile substrate can absorb and transport moisture given off by a person when sitting on the seat cover, so that even after sitting for a relatively long time the person does not perceive the seat cover as moist, but generally as dry. Accordingly such seat covers ensure “air-conditioned” seating, which is associated with very comfortable seating.
These textile substrates generally have a high breathability, a comparatively low thermal resistance and a good capacity to transport and absorb moisture and can therefore generally ensure “passive” air-conditioned seating (without influencing the moisture by control engineering means): In combination with one another the aforementioned properties of these textile substrates result in seat surfaces formed from such textile substrates remaining relatively dry and pleasantly cool. Therefore such textile substrates are suitable in particular as seat covers for seat units which are generally used for long periods of sitting without interruption, e.g. for seat units in automobiles and buses, in rail vehicles and in aircraft and for office chairs, wheelchairs, etc.
In one example a textile substrate for absorbing and wicking water is known which is composed of a first thread system in the form of warp threads (referred to below as “warp”) and a second thread system in the form of weft threads (referred to below as “weft”) and contains fibers of wool and fibers of a regenerated cellulose in the form of viscose (CV). One of the said thread systems (i.e. the warp or the weft) comprises a mixed yarn consists of 30-70 percent by weight (referred to below as “% by weight”) of wool and 30-70% by weight of viscose and the respective other one of the thread systems (i.e. the weft or the warp) comprises alternately a mixed yarn consisting of 30-70% by weight of wool and 30-70% by weight viscose and a yarn consisting of 100% by weight of viscose. In this textile substrate the viscose fibers in particular are capable of absorbing relatively large amounts of water and wicking it over relatively large distances into the respective fibers, so that the textile substrate has an absorption capacity with regard to water which is suitable in order to use the substrate for seat covers.
Furthermore textile substrates are known which transport the moisture by means of capillary systems. They preferably consist of fibers of polymeric materials. As a rule such fibers only absorb extremely little or no moisture, so that textile substrates made of such fibers absorb and transport the moisture in each case into spaces between the respective fibers, wherein the moisture forms boundary layers on adjoining surfaces of individual fibers and can be transported in these boundary layers along the respective surfaces of the fibers. Such textile substrate are generally sorbent for moisture because of their structure, i.e. the respective geometric arrangement of the surfaces of the individual fibers determines the ability of the respective textile substrate to absorb and to transport moisture. In general moisture can only be transported relatively efficiently between different fibers if the fibers are relatively thin and are disposed in a relatively high density in bundles, so that capillary action can be effective. This results in the disadvantage that with regard to the geometric arrangement of the respective fibers in the respective textile substrate there is only a little scope for varying the arrangement of the fibers, particularly since otherwise the requirements for air-conditioned seating cannot be met. Furthermore of the transport the moisture is also restricted: Because of the capillary action the moisture is preferably distributed along the respective fiber bundle, so that the moisture is distributed substantially along a surface which is determined by the arrangement of the respective fibers. For specific requirements, for example in the case of sports clothing, this is desirable, particularly since on the boundary surfaces a high cooling performance and simultaneously rapid drying can be achieved, due to evaporation of water on the boundary surfaces and the extraction from the textile substrate of the amount of heat required for this process. However, the above-mentioned effects conflict with essential prerequisites which must be met for passively air-conditioned seating and can generally only be achieved under conditions which are not compatible with “air-conditioned” seating. On the one hand a textile substrate of the above-mentioned type actually achieves the above-mentioned cooling effect only when the person sitting thereon is already perspiring intensively. When a person who is perspiring has been in contact for a relatively long time with a surface of such a textile substrate and subsequently moves away from this surface, then the moisture collected on this surface evaporates and cools this surface relatively intensely in a relatively short time. A repeated contact with the surface of the textile substrate would be perceived the person under the above-mentioned conditions as “cold and wet”. This latter is opposed to the use of such a textile substrate as a seat cover for a seating unit for long periods of sitting, particularly since people on such seat units sit for a relatively long time period with brief interruptions, so that a person would perceive a repeated contact with the respective seat cover after any such interruption as “cold and wet” and thus as unpleasant.
Furthermore textile substrates are known which contain intimate mixtures of wool by 5%-15% of polymer fibers. The disadvantages of this are the relatively slow drying of the right side of the product and low transport of heat, and an advantage is the good abrasion resistance. Furthermore, textile substrates containing fibers made of wool and polymers are known, the behavior of which with regard to moisture is determined by the aforementioned effects of fibers made of polymers and the property of wool that it absorbs water vapor. In this case a high proportion of staple fibers made of polymers has the effect that the drying ability of the substrate is improved; however, disadvantages are a limited absorption and storage of moisture and a low thermal conductivity of the textile substrate.
Textile substrates are also known which are formed as a multi-layer structure formed of a plurality of layers disposed above one another, optionally composed of different materials and connected to one another. Such textile substrates are generally relatively expensive because of their complex structure. Furthermore, because of their multi-layer structure such textile substrates generally have insufficient surface stability for use as a seat cover.
With regard to seat units there is a constant requirement on the one hand to reduce the weight of the seat unit as much as possible and moreover to improve the seating comfort by means which positively influence and regulate the seating climate. This results in the requirement to construct seat units from the fewest possible lightweight components which can guarantee the desired properties of the seat unit. In this case the seat surface plays a particular role as interface between person and seat for well-being when sitting. Seat units generally comprise a deformable sub-structure which supports the respective seat cover. Such sub-structures are predominantly produced from foamed materials which are not very thick in order to reduce weight to. The thinner such sub-structures are, the less moisture they are able to absorb. The same applies to textile substrates which are used as seat covers.
Such designs often lead to the person perspiring when sitting in the region of the contact surface with the seat cover. These negative effects are frequently compensated by energy-intensive and costly solutions for cooling the environment of the seat unit with simultaneous air drying, wherein experience suggests that as a result for a person sitting on the seat unit the seating comfort (in the sense of prolonged wellbeing) is insufficient, because a seated person generally reacts sensitively to differences between the properties of the respective seat (in the present case takes the person tends to be aware of moist seat surfaces and high seat surface temperatures) and properties the environment (in this case takes the person is aware of an artificially lowered ambient temperature and a reduced humidity) and these differences are perceived as all the more irritating the greater these differences are.
In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the aforementioned disadvantages are avoided. In one or more aspects of the invention, a textile substrate is created which is of relatively simple construction and can be produced cost-effectively and with regard to wicking moisture (water and/or water vapor) it has properties which make it possible to use the textile substrate as a seat cover which allows passive air-conditioned seating with improved seating comfort during long periods of sitting.
The textile substrate according to one or more aspects of the invention (example 1) includes warp and weft and comprises wool and at least regenerated cellulose fibers, wherein the warp comprises a plurality of warp threads and the weft comprises a plurality of weft threads and wherein each warp thread crosses over a plurality of weft threads respectively at least at one intersection and each weft thread crosses over several warp threads respectively at least at one intersection, so that the warp and the weft together form a layer which has a first surface on one side and has a second surface opposite the first surface on another side. In this case it is presupposed that at least one of the weft threads consists of a first yarn and at least one of the weft threads consists of a second yarn.
According to one or more aspects of the invention the first yarn is a three-component yarn which comprises a plurality of first fibers made of wool, a plurality of second fibers made of regenerated cellulose and a plurality of third fibers in the form of continuous fibers made of a synthetic material. Furthermore the second yarn may contain a predetermined amount of regenerated cellulose fibers, wherein the percentage of the mass (“proportion by mass”) of the regenerated cellulose fibers respectively contained in the second yarn as a proportion of the respective total mass of the second yarn is greater than the percentage of the mass (“proportion by mass”) of the respective second regenerated cellulose fibers contained in the first yarn as a proportion of the respective total mass of the first yarn.
Furthermore the layer may comprise at least one region in which the at least one weft thread consisting of the first yarn and the at least one weft thread consisting of the second yarn extend in such a way that
(i) the at least one weft thread consisting of the first yarn comprises one or more longitudinal sections, which each extend between two neighboring intersections and on the first surface of the layer, and one or more longitudinal sections which each extend between two neighboring intersections and over at least a part of their length on the second surface of the layer, and
(ii) the at least one weft thread consisting of the second yarn comprises one or more longitudinal sections, which each extend between two neighboring intersections and over at least a part of their length on the first surface of the layer, and one or more longitudinal sections which each extend between two neighboring intersections and on the second surface of the layer, and
(iii) in the case of the at least one weft threads consisting of the first yarn the overall length of all those longitudinal sections which extend in the at least one region of the layer on the first surface of the layer is greater than the overall length of all those longitudinal sections which extend in the at least one region of the layer on the second surface of the layer, and
(iv) in the case of the at least one weft threads consisting of the second yarn the overall length of all those longitudinal sections which extend in the at least one region of the layer on the first surface of the layer is smaller than the overall length of all those longitudinal sections which extend in the at least one region of the layer on the second surface of the layer.
Because each warp thread crosses over a plurality of weft threads at least at one intersection and each weft thread crosses over a plurality of warp threads at an intersection, so that the warp and the weft together form a layer, the textile substrate according to one or more aspects of the invention does not form a multi-layer structure, i.e. it does not form a structure in which specific part-quantities of the warp threads together with specific part-quantities of the weft threads are disposed in different layers above one another within the textile substrate. Because the warp threads and weft threads together are disposed in only one layer, the textile substrate has the advantage that it can be produced by relatively simple means and with relatively low expenditure and thus cost-effectively.
The textile substrate wicks water and water vapor, wherein for wicking of water and water vapor on the one hand the material of the fibers contained in the first yarn and in the second yarn and on the other hand the spatial arrangement of the different fibers or the spatial arrangement of the first yarn and of the second yarn in the textile substrate play a significant part.
If the textile substrate is used as a seat cover and a person sitting on the textile substrate, when seated, gives off moisture (e.g. water and/or water vapor) and generally also heat to the textile substrate, then the wicking of the moisture in the textile substrate and the respective temperature of the substrate substantially determine the seating comfort. One or more aspects of the invention are therefore based on the idea that in order to optimize the seating comfort the spatial arrangement of the different fibers contained in the first yarn and in the second yarn is chosen so that it gives the person seated a perception of the reaction of the textile substrate to the moisture and heat given off to the textile substrate which is as pleasant as possible.
The reaction of the textile substrate according to one or more aspects of the invention to moisture is substantially determined by the fact that the first yarn and the second yarn on the one hand comprise different fibers (i.e. fibers made of wool and regenerated cellulose and fibers in the form of continuous fibers made of a synthetic material in the case of the first yarn, at least fibers made of regenerated cellulose in the case of the second yarn), and that the first yarn and the second yarn are each disposed differently relative to the first surface or the second surface respectively. The consequence of this on the one hand is that the first yarn and the second yarn relative to moisture exhibit a different behavior. A further consequence of this is that the textile substrate exhibits an asymmetry under the action of moisture: Because of the different arrangement of the first yarn and of the second yarn the first surface and the second surface of the textile substrate also exhibit a different behavior under the action of moisture.
Both the respective fibers made of wool and the respective fibers made of regenerated cellulose are textile fibers which can absorb large amounts of moisture and, in an environment in which the indoor climate and thus also the moisture can change, these fibers absorb so much moisture that there is a continuous moisture balance between the fibers and the environment (at least within a certain spectrum of different indoor climate conditions). In order to continuously enable a moisture balance between the respective fibers and the environment, in each case an absorption and a desorption of moisture, based upon molecular permeation, takes place simultaneously.
However, in this connection it should be borne in mind that fibers made of wool and fibers made of regenerated cellulose differ with regard to their ability to absorb water or water vapor or to transport or water vapor in the respective fibers. Fibers made of regenerated cellulose can for example absorb water (in the liquid state) substantially more quickly and can also release it substantially more quickly than fibers made of wool. Accordingly fibers made of wool require a substantially longer time for drying than fibers made of regenerated cellulose. On the other hand fibers made of wool (in contrast to fibers made of regenerated cellulose) absorb relatively large amounts water vapor.
The continuous fibers made of a synthetic material which are present in the textile substrate influence a reaction of the textile substrate to moisture in two respects. On the one hand these continuous fibers can transport moisture on their surfaces by sorption and therefore have the tendency to distribute moisture on their surfaces, preferably in spaces between neighboring continuous fibers by means of capillary action, and to dry rapidly. On the other hand these continuous fibers made of a synthetic material are used in order to influence the spatial arrangement of fibers made of wool or regenerated cellulose in the textile substrate so that the respective arrangement of these continuous fibers also indirect influences the reaction of the respective fibers made of wool and made of regenerated cellulose.
Because of the above-mentioned features (i)-(iv) the textile substrate according to one or more aspects of the invention may include one or more of the following properties with regard to reaction to moisture:
The above-mentioned properties are in particular advantageous with regard to use of the textile substrate as a seat cover of a seat unit and in this case in particular create the prerequisite for passive air-conditioned seating with an improved seating comfort during long periods of sitting.
If the textile substrate is used as a seat cover then it is in particular advantageous if the first surface of the textile substrate serves as seat surface (i.e. as the right side of the seat cover). If a person sitting for a long period of time on the textile substrate with body contact with the first surface of the textile substrate continuously gives of moisture (water in the liquid state and/or water vapor) onto the first surface in the at least one region of the textile substrate, then several advantageous effects are apparent.
On the one hand, because of the spatial arrangement of the weft threads consisting of the first yarn or the second yarn and the arrangement of the respective fibers in the first yarn or in the second yarn, the moisture (i.e. the water penetrating via the first surface into the textile substrate and the water produced by condensation of the water vapor in the textile substrate) is distributed in the at least one region of the textile substrate spatially in different layers which extend substantially parallel to the respective surfaces of the textile substrate and are disposed following one another in a direction perpendicular to the textile substrate, wherein the respective concentration of the moisture varies in each case as a function of the distance from the first surface. In this case the concentration of the moisture increases progressively in the textile substrate as a function of the distance from the first surface generally in the direction of the second surface, so that the concentration of the moisture in the textile substrate as a function of the distance from the first surface exhibits a non-linear gradient, in particular progressively increasing in the direction of the second surface (referred to below as “progressive moisture gradient”). In this case the concentration of the moisture has a maximum in the vicinity of the second surface, i.e. at a distance from the first surface. On the other hand the concentration of the moisture in a layer adjoining the first surface within a certain distance from the first surface is low in such a way that the seated person perceives the first surface as dry. In this case it is a particular advantage of the textile substrate according to the invention that this “dry” layer can exist on the first surface so long as the saturation limit of the textile substrate with respect to moisture is not yet reached, that is to say optionally for any length of time so long as it is ensured that the saturation limit of the textile substrate is not reached.
The progression of the concentration of the moisture as a function of the distance from the first surface also has advantages with regard to the drying of the textile substrate and the cooling of the substrate as a result of evaporation of water. On the one hand relatively little water evaporates on the first surface, so that the first surface is cooled in a metered manner by evaporation. Furthermore the fact that fibers made of wool require a substantially longer time for drying than fibers made of regenerated cellulose loses importance.
Because the water vapor penetrating into the textile substrate in the vicinity of the second surface can condense and thus the heat of condensation released during the condensation is produced at a distance from the first surface and on the other hand the first surface is constantly cooled in a metered manner by evaporation of water, the temperature of the textile substrate on the first surface can be stabilized at a value close to the body temperature of the seated person. The latter also applies when the seated person interrupts the sitting after a relatively long period of sitting. During this interruption the first surface will cool only very slowly, since the cooling of the first surface takes place in a metered manner by evaporation of water. This has the advantage that the seated person can interrupt the sitting after a relatively long period of sitting and can continue sitting after the interruption without making cooling of the first surface following the interruption perceptible in an unpleasant manner for this person.
The textile substrate according to a further aspect of the invention (example 2) may include warp and weft and comprises wool and at least regenerated cellulose fibers, wherein the warp comprises a plurality of warp threads and the weft comprises a plurality of weft threads and wherein each warp thread crosses over a plurality of weft threads respectively at least at one intersection and each weft thread crosses over several warp threads respectively at least at one intersection, so that the warp and the weft together form a layer which has a first surface on one side and has a second surface opposite the first surface on another side. In this case it is presupposed that at least one of the warp threads consists of a first yarn and at least one of the warp threads consists of a second yarn.
According to this aspect of the invention the textile substrate is formed in such a way that the first yarn is a three-component yarn which comprises a plurality of first fibers made of wool, a plurality of second fibers made of regenerated cellulose and a plurality of third fibers in the form of continuous fibers made of a synthetic material. Furthermore the second yarn contains a predetermined amount of regenerated cellulose fibers, wherein the percentage of the mass (“proportion by mass”) of the regenerated cellulose fibers respectively contained in the second yarn as a proportion of the respective total mass of the second yarn is greater than the percentage of the mass (“proportion by mass”) of the respective second regenerated cellulose fibers contained in the first yarn as a proportion of the respective total mass of the first yarn.
Furthermore the layer comprises at least one region in which the at least one warp thread consisting of the first yarn and the at least one warp thread consisting of the second yarn extend in such a way that
(a) the at least one warp thread consisting of the first yarn comprises one or more longitudinal sections, which each extend between two neighboring intersections and on the first surface of the layer, and one or more longitudinal sections which each extend between two neighboring intersections and over at least a part of their length on the second surface of the layer, and
(b) the at least one warp thread consisting of the second yarn comprises one or more longitudinal sections, which each extend between two neighboring intersections and on the first surface of the layer, and one or more longitudinal sections which each extend between two neighboring intersections and over at least a part of their length on the second surface of the layer, and
(c) in the case of the at least one warp thread consisting of the first yarn the overall length of all those longitudinal sections which extend in the at least one region of the layer on the first surface of the layer is greater than the overall length of all those longitudinal sections which extend in the at least one region of the layer on the second surface of the layer, and
(d) in the case of the at least one warp thread consisting of the second yarn the overall length of all those longitudinal sections which extend in the at least one region of the layer on the first surface of the layer is smaller than the overall length of all those longitudinal sections which extend in the at least one region of the layer on the second surface of the layer.
The textile substrate according to the second example differs from the textile substrate according to the first example primarily in that the arrangement or the function of the respective warp threads in the textile substrate according to the second example correspond to the arrangement or the function of the respective weft threads in the textile substrate according to the first example and the arrangement or the function of the respective weft threads in the textile substrate according to the second example correspond to the arrangement or the function of the respective warp threads in the textile substrate according to the first example. Consequently the properties and advantages which are mentioned above with regard to the weft threads or the warp threads of the textile substrate according to the first example correspond analogously to the properties and advantages which may be assigned to the warp threads or the weft threads of the textile substrate according to the second example.
Accordingly in the case of the textile substrate according to variant 2 the at least one warp thread consisting of the first yarn and the at least one warp thread consisting of the second yarn on the basis of the features (a)-(d) with regard to transport of moisture (water, water vapor) ensure the same effects which in the case of the textile substrate according to the first example are ensured by the at least one weft thread consisting of the first yarn and the at least one weft thread consisting of the second yarn on the basis of the features (i)-(iv).
Correspondingly in the case of the textile substrate according to the second example the respective weft threads have the same function as the respective warp threads in the event of the textile substrate according to the first example. In particular in the case of the textile substrate according to the second example the respective weft threads have the effect that those longitudinal sections of the at least one warp thread consisting of the first yarn which according to feature (c) extend in the at least one region of the layer on the first surface of the layer, and those longitudinal sections of the at least one weft thread consisting of the second yarn which according to feature (d) extend in the at least one region of the layer on the second surface of the layer, are spatially separated by the weft threads in the direction of a vertical with respect to the first surface of the layer (or in the direction of a vertical with respect to the second surface of the layer). This spatial separation increases as the thickness of the respective weft threads is greater. This spatial separation in the direction of the vertical has the effect that the moisture is preferably concentrated in the vicinity of the second surface in particular at a relatively large distance from the first surface. This results in a spatial distribution of the concentration of moisture in the interior of the textile substrate between the first surface and the second surface in such a way that the concentration of the moisture—starting from the first surface—increases progressively in the direction of the second surface.
An embodiment of the textile substrate according to the first example is formed in such a way that the weft thread consisting of the first yarn is a single yarn or a ply formed from one or more single yarns and/or the weft thread consisting of the second yarn is a single yarn or a ply formed from one or more single yarns. Correspondingly an embodiment of the textile substrate according to the second example is formed in such a way that the warp thread consisting of the first yarn is a single yarn or a ply formed from one or more single yarns and/or the warp thread consisting of the second yarn is a single yarn or a ply formed from one or more single yarns. Accordingly the at least one weft thread consisting of the first yarn (in the case of the aforementioned embodiments of the textile substrate according to the first example) or the at least one warp thread consisting of the first yarn (in the case of the aforementioned embodiments of the textile substrate according to the second example) and the at least one weft thread consisting of the second yarn (in the case of the aforementioned embodiments of the textile substrate according to the first example) or the at least one warp thread consisting of the second yarn (in the case of the aforementioned embodiments of the textile substrate according to the second example) do not have to be a single yarn. The at least one weft thread or warp thread consisting of the first yarn can also for example be one ply which contains a plurality of single yarns twisted together, wherein the first yarn forms the respective single yarn; correspondingly the at least one weft thread or warp thread consisting of the second yarn can be one ply which contains a plurality of single yarns twisted together, wherein the second yarn forms the respective single yarn. In this way a high mechanical strength of the respective yarns and of the respective textile substrate, in particular a high tensile strength of the respective yarns and of the textile substrate, is ensured.
In the case of a further embodiment of the textile substrate according to the first example, one or more warp threads can consist of the first yarn. This embodiment has the advantage that the at least one weft thread consisting of the first yarn is crossed over by one or more warp threads consisting of the same (first) yarn. In this way it is advantageously ensured that moisture (in particular water vapor)—according to the aforementioned properties of the first yarn—can be transported efficiently within the textile substrate in two spatial dimensions parallel to the first surface (or the second surface). Since the warp threads consisting of the first yarn cross over both the respective weft threads consisting of the first yarn and also the respective weft threads consisting of the second yarn, the warp threads consisting of the first yarn ensure an efficient transport of moisture from the first surface of the textile substrate to the respective weft threads consisting of the second yarn. In this way, moisture penetrating into the textile substrate via the first surface (i.e. the water penetrating via the first surface into the textile substrate and the water produced by condensation of the water vapor in the textile substrate) in the at least one region of the textile substrate because of the spatial arrangement of the weft threads and warp threads consisting of the first yarn or of the weft threads consisting of the second yarn and the arrangement of the respective fibers in the first yarn or in the second yarn is distributed spatially in such a way that the respective concentration of the moisture progressively increases particularly markedly in the vicinity of the second surface in each case as a function of the distance from the first surface.
A modification of the above-mentioned embodiment of the textile substrate according to the first example may be configured in such a way that one or more weft threads consist of the second yarn and the respective weft threads cross over the respective warp threads in such a way that a warp thread consisting of the first yarn forms one or more weave points in each case with weft threads consisting of the second yarn or (in addition or alternatively) a weft thread consisting of the second yarn forms one or more weave points in each case with warp threads consisting of the first yarn.
In this context one warp thread forms a “weave point” with certain weft threads when the warp thread on the one hand crosses over three weft threads disposed adjacent to one another in such a way that the warp thread crosses over the middle one of the above-mentioned three weft threads on one side of the textile substrate and crosses over the other two of the above-mentioned three weft threads on the other side of the textile substrate. In this case “weave point” designate in each case a location (intersection) at which the warp thread crosses over the middle one of the three weft threads.
Correspondingly one weft thread forms a “weave point” with certain warp threads when the weft thread on the one hand crosses over three warp threads disposed adjacent to one another in such a way that the weft thread crosses over the middle one of the above-mentioned three warp threads on one side of the textile substrate and crosses over the other two of the above-mentioned three warp threads on the other side of the textile substrate. In this case “weave point” designates in each case a location (intersection) at which the weft thread crosses over the middle one of the three warp threads.
Because one warp thread consisting of the first yarn forms one or more weave points in each case with weft thread consisting of the second yarn, the warp thread consisting of the first yarn is in contact with the weft thread consisting of the second yarn at the respective weave point on a particularly large surface. This has the advantage, that moisture from the respective first yarn can be given off particularly efficiently at one of the respective weave points to the respective second yarn and vice versa. In this way moisture can be efficiently transferred between a first yarn and the respective second yarn transferred are in particular at the respective weave point. A corresponding advantage is achieved if a weft thread consisting of the second yarn forms one or more weave points in each case with warp threads consisting of the first yarn.
In the case of a further embodiment of the textile substrate according to the second example (analogously to the above-mentioned embodiment of the textile substrate according to the first example) one or more weft threads can consist of the first yarn. In this way the same advantages are achieved which are present in the case of the textile substrate according to the first example if one or more warp threads consist of the first yarn.
Correspondingly a modification of the above-mentioned embodiment of the textile substrate according to the second example may be configured in such a way that one or more warp threads consist of the second yarn and the respective warp threads cross over the respective weft threads in such a way that a weft thread consisting of the first yarn forms one or more weave points in each case with warp threads consisting of the second yarn or (in addition or alternatively) a warp thread consisting of the second yarn forms one or more weave points in each case with weft threads consisting of the first yarn.
An embodiment of the textile substrate is characterized in that the first yarn has a central longitudinal axis and a core zone surrounding the central longitudinal axis and extending along the central longitudinal axis and an outer zone surrounding the core zone and extending along the central longitudinal axis, and the respective first fibers, the respective second fibers and the respective third fibers are spatially distributed in the first yarn in such a way that
In this way moisture (water and/or water vapor) is absorbed by the first yarn in such a way that the outer zone of the respective (warp or weft) threads consisting of the first yarn dries quickly because of the respective third fibers and remains dry and can ensure transport of water vapor through the outer zone because of the fibers made of wool, whilst on the other hand water penetrating into the textile substrate or condensed in the textile substrate is absorbed by the second fibers made of regenerated cellulose in the core zone. In this case moisture is distributed in the first yarn, which enables a rapid and nevertheless metered evaporation of water. The latter has the advantage that the surfaces of the textile substrate, in particular the first surface of the textile substrate, dry in a particularly short time and the respective surfaces of the textile substrate have a pleasantly cool effect.
A further embodiment of the textile substrate is characterized in that the second fiber (made of regenerated cellulose) in the first yarn is formed as a staple fiber. Since staple fibers are generally relatively short, the respective staple fibers in the first yarn are frequently disposed in such a way that one of their ends extends to the surface of the first yarn. In this way may the respective second fiber can absorb moisture more quickly (via an end of the fiber extending to the surface of the first yarn).
The respective third fiber of the first yarn may for example comprise a polymer or a mixture of different polymers. For example the respective third fiber may comprise one or more of the polymers polyamide, polyester or polyolefin.
In the case of a further embodiment of the textile substrate the first yarn comprises the respective first fibers (made of wool) in a proportion of 25-55% by weight, the respective second fibers (made of regenerated cellulose) in a proportion of 25-55% by weight and the respective third fibers (in the form of a continuous fiber made of a synthetic material) in a proportion of 5-40% by weight. In this case the regenerated cellulose fibers enable a suitable metered evaporation of water. This reduces the danger that moisture penetrating from the first surface into the textile substrate is absorbed by the respective second yarn in a mass such that the moisture builds up in the textile substrate from the second surface to the first surface. This prevents an excessive buildup of moisture from occurring on the second surface of the textile substrate and ensures that the first surface of the textile substrate remains dry and the textile substrate is not saturated with moisture.
In a further embodiment of the textile substrate the proportion by weight of the respective first fibers and the respective second fibers relative to the total weight of the first yarn is greater than the proportion by weight of the respective third fibers relative to the total weight of the first yarn. In this case it is advantageous, that the respective first yarn can have a small diameter, in spite of relatively coarse first and second fibers.
In the case of a further embodiment of the textile substrate the second yarn comprises 50-100% by weight of regenerated cellulose fibers. In this way a particularly large proportion of the moisture which is optionally absorbed by the textile substrate can be absorbed by the second yarn. This has in particular the advantage that moisture which is brought into contact with the first surface of the textile substrate can be transported particularly efficiently via the second yarn to the second surface. Moreover the moisture in the textile substrate is distributed in such a way that a particularly substantial moisture gradient is produced which is directed from the first surface to the second surface.
With regard to the fibers made of regenerated cellulose which are contained in the first yarn or in the second yarn there are a number of possible variants. Each individual one of the respective second fibers of the first yarn and/or each individual one of the respective regenerated cellulose fibers of the second yarn preferably consists of one the materials viscose (CV), modal (CMD) or lyocell (CLY) or mixtures of these materials. The first and the second yarn can also in each case contain several different regenerated cellulose fibers which differ in that they are composed of different ones of the above-mentioned materials or of different mixtures of the above-mentioned materials.
The textile substrate according to the invention has the further advantage that it can be produced in a simple manner, e.g. as fabric.
In the case of a further embodiment of the textile substrate the respective first fiber and/or the respective second fiber and/or the respective third fiber and/or the respective regenerated cellulose of the second yarn and/or the first yarn as a whole and/or the second yarn as a whole and/or the textile substrate as a whole is impregnated with a flame-retardant agent. Because of this impregnation the textile substrate is suitable for use in many areas in which high safety standards with regard to fire protection must be met, e.g. for applications in automobiles, airplanes, railway trains, public buildings, etc.
With regard to use of the textile substrate as a seat cover, the resistance to water vapor permeability and/or the thermal resistance of the textile substrate can be optimized in order that a person seated on the textile substrate, even after a long period of sitting, finds it as pleasant as (“air-conditioned”) with regard to the moisture and the temperature which the person perceives in contact with the textile substrate.
For this purpose the respective textile substrate may preferably be configured in such a way that with regard penetration of water vapor through the textile substrate it has a resistance to water vapor permeability Ret with a Ret value less than 9 m2Pa/W (measured on the basis of a skin model for human skin with an internationally standardized testing process according to DIN EN 31092 at a temperature of 35° C. and a relative humidity of 40%). Furthermore the respective textile substrate may preferably be configured in such a way that it has a thermal resistance Rct which is less than 24 10−3 m2K/W (measured on the basis of a skin model for human skin with an internationally standardized testing process according to DIN EN 31092 at a temperature of 20° C. and a relative humidity of 65%). Both the resistance to water vapor permeability Ret and also the thermal resistance Rct of the respective textile substrate depend upon different parameters, inter alia upon the density of the respective warp threads and weft threads in the textile substrate and the density and the type fibers contained in the respective warp threads and weft threads, and can accordingly be changed by varying these parameters.
If the resistance to water vapor permeability Rct of the textile substrate is less than 9 m2 Pa/W, when a person is seated on such a textile substrate it can be ensured that the textile substrate is sufficiently permeable (“breathable”) for the water vapor given off by the person while sitting on the textile substrate, so that the water vapor given off to the textile substrate changes the temperature of the textile substrate and the respective moisture contained in the textile substrate, even after a long period of sitting, in a way which is acceptable for the respective person.
If the thermal resistance Rct of the textile substrate is less than 24 10−3 m2K/W, when a person is seated on such a textile substrate it can be ensured that the textile substrate can remove sufficient heat in order that the textile substrate is cooled sufficiently while the person is sitting thereon and the temperature of the textile substrate does not rise to an extent which is unacceptable for the respective person, even after a long period of sitting. Thus the seated person is prevented from detecting a buildup of heat on the textile substrate or being caused to perspire in those areas of the body in contact with the textile substrate and thus releasing an excessive amount of sweat into the textile substrate.
If the textile substrate is treated with dyes in order to color the textile substrate differently from the natural colors of the fibers contained in the textile substrate, then it is helpful to color the textile substrate with the respective dyes in such a way that the textile substrate (compared with a corresponding undyed textile substrate) does not absorb infrared radiation excessively, because otherwise if exposed to infrared radiation the textile substrate would warm up in such a way that air-conditioned seating on the textile substrate can no longer be ensured.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned aim, the textile substrate according to the invention can preferably be colored in such a way that it has a reflectivity for infrared radiation in the wavelength range from 800 nm to 2000 nm on average of at least 50%. The magnitude of the reflectivity of the textile substrate may in this case be influenced by conventional means, for example by an appropriate choice of dyes, by the respective amount of dyes for coloring or by a choice of the fibers contained in the respective yarns in such a way that the above-mentioned condition is met. The above-mentioned textile substrate has the advantage that the reflectivity of the textile substrate—compared with the reflectivity of the corresponding undyed textile substrate—is relatively less reduced in the wavelength range from 800 nm to 2000 nm. Thus this textile substrate reflects a relatively large part of the infrared radiation in the wavelength range from 800 nm to 2000 nm, so that the textile substrate is only warmed up to a relatively small extent under the action of such infrared radiation and the temperature of the textile substrate only rises slightly. Consequently the intensity of any thermal radiation emitted by the textile substrate changes relatively little if infrared radiation in the wavelength range from 800 nm to 2000 nm acts on the textile substrate, so that under the said circumstances the textile substrate makes little contribution to warming up of its surroundings. Therefore the textile substrate is outstandingly suitable for a use in spaces which are flooded by sunlight and can optionally be heated by thermal radiation, e.g. for use as seat covers for seats in automobiles or other means of transport or in living areas.
The textile substrate according to the invention is suitable for example as a covering material for covering a seat and/or a seat back and/or a side part and/or an armrest of a seat unit, wherein the first surface in each case forms the outwardly directed side (right side of the product) of the covering material.
Accordingly one or more aspects of the invention also relate to a seat unit, with a seat and/or a seat back and/or a side part and/or an armrest, wherein the seat comprises a textile substrate according to the aspects of the invention and the first surface of the textile substrate forms an outer surface of the seat and/or the seat back comprises a textile substrate according to the aspects of the invention and the first surface of the textile substrate forms an outer surface of the seat back and/or the side part comprises a textile substrate according to the aspects of the invention and the first surface of the textile substrate forms an outer surface of the side part and/or the armrest comprises a textile substrate according to the aspects of the invention and the first surface of the textile substrate forms an outer surface of the armrest.
Further details and in particular examples of embodiment of the invention are explained below with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
In the following detailed description of the drawings components which are the same or have the same effect have been provided with the same references for reasons of clarity.
As
As can be seen from
As can be seen from
As can be seen from
The first yarn 15 is a three-component yarn which comprises fibers made of wool, fibers made of regenerated cellulose and at least one continuous fiber made of a synthetic material.
The second yarn 16 contains regenerated cellulose fibers, wherein the percentage of the mass (“proportion by mass”) of the regenerated cellulose fibers respectively contained in the second yarn 16 as a proportion of the respective total mass of the second yarn 16 is greater than the percentage of the mass (“proportion by mass”) of the respective second regenerated cellulose fibers contained in the first yarn 15 as a proportion of the respective total mass of the first yarn 15.
In
In order to be able to characterize the properties of the respective warp threads, it is assumed below that each warp thread Ki in the region 1-1 is composed of a plurality of longitudinal sections disposed one after the other, the lengths of which are determined by the weft threads crossing the warp threads Ki, wherein the two (intersection) points at which two neighboring weft threads Sj and S(j+1) cross over the respective warp thread Ki in each case define the two ends of one of the respective longitudinal sections of the warp thread Ki.
In order to be able to characterize the properties of the respective weft threads, it is assumed below that each weft thread Sj in the region 1-1 is composed of a plurality of longitudinal sections disposed one after the other, the lengths of which are determined by the warp threads crossing the weft threads Sj, wherein the two (intersection) points at which two neighboring warp threads Ki and K(i+1) cross over the respective weft thread Sj in each case define the two ends of one of the respective longitudinal sections of the weft thread Sj.
With regard to one or more aspects of the present invention it is relevant in this connection that the above-mentioned longitudinal sections of the respective weft thread Sj are not identical with regard to their spatial arrangement relative to the surfaces 2-1 and 2-2: individual ones of these longitudinal sections of the respective weft thread Sj extend in this case between the two neighboring warp threads which cross over the respective longitudinal section of the weft thread Sj at the two ends thereof in such a way that one of the two ends of the longitudinal section lies on one of the surfaces 2-1 or 2-2 and the other of the two ends of the longitudinal section lies on the respective other one of the surfaces 2-1 or 2-2; on the other hand, other ones of these longitudinal sections of the respective weft thread Sj extend exclusively on one of the two surfaces 2-1 or 2-2, i.e. either exclusively on the surface 2-1 or exclusively on the surface 2-2.
As can be seen from
As can be seen from
The above-mentioned asymmetry of the weft threads consisting of the first yarn 15 and the above-mentioned asymmetry of the weft threads consisting of the second yarn 16 are in each case inverse with regard to the first surface 2-1 and the second surface 2-2. In the present example this is shown in particular in that, of the part of the first surface 2-1 of the textile substrate 1 formed by weft threads in the region 1-1, more than 75% is formed by weft threads consisting of the first yarn 15 and less than 25% is formed by weft threads consisting of the second yarn 16 (see
The above-mentioned asymmetries can also be seen with reference to
In
As can be seen from
On the other hand two of the eight above-mentioned longitudinal sections extend over a part of their length on the first surface 2-1 and over another part of their length on the second surface 2-2: the latter applies to the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(S29, K32) and C(S29, K33) and the longitudinal section extending between the intersections C(S29, K26) and C(S29, K27).
The difference Δ(S29) between the overall length of all sections of the weft thread S29 which extend on the first surface 2-1 and the overall length of all sections of the weft thread S29 which extend on the second surface 2-2 may be considered as a quantitative measure for the asymmetry which characterizes the configuration of the weft thread S29 between the first surface 2-1 and the second surface 2-2. The longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(S29, K32) and C(S29, K33) and the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(S29, K26) and C(S29, K27) make no contribution to this difference Δ(S29), particularly since each of these two longitudinal sections extends with equal parts of its length on the first surface 2-1 and on the second surface 2-2. Consequently the difference Δ(S29) is identical to the difference of the overall length of all sections of the weft thread S29 which extend exclusively on the first surface 2-1 and the overall length of all sections of the weft thread S29 which extend exclusively on the second surface 2-2. Accordingly the difference Δ(S29) in the present example—based on section 3 of the region 1-1 of the textile substrate 1—is the difference between the length of those five longitudinal sections which extend between the intersections C(S29, K27) and C(S29, K32) and the length of the one longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(S29, K33) and C(S29, K34). The computation of the difference Δ(S29) described above can be carried out analogously for the configuration of the weft thread S29 in the region 1-1 with the result that Δ(S29)>0.
As can be seen from
On the other hand four of the eight above-mentioned longitudinal sections extend over a part of their length on the first surface 2-1 and over another part of their length on the second surface 2-2: This latter applies to the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(S30, K26) and C(S30, K27), the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(S30, K27) and C(S30, K28), the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(S30, K32) and C(S30, K33) and the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(S30, K33) and C(S30, K34).
The difference Δ(S30) between the overall length of all sections of the weft thread S30 which extend on the first surface 2-1 and the overall length of all sections of the weft thread S30 which extend on the second surface 2-2 may be considered as a quantitative measure for the asymmetry which characterizes the configuration of the weft thread S30 between the first surface 2-1 and the second surface 2-2. The four longitudinal sections which extend between the intersections C(S30, K26) and C(S30, K27), or between the intersections C(S30, K27) and C(S30, K28), or between the intersections C(S30, K32) and C(S30, K33) or between the intersections C(S30, K33) and C(S30, K34) make no contribution to this difference Δ(S30), particularly since each of these longitudinal sections extends with equal parts of its length on the first surface 2-1 and on the second surface 2-2. Consequently the difference Δ(S30) is identical to the difference of the overall length of all sections of the weft thread S30 which extend exclusively on the first surface 2-1 and the overall length of all sections of the weft thread S30 which extend exclusively on the second surface 2-2. Accordingly the difference Δ(S30) in the present example—based on section 3 of the region 1-1 of the textile substrate 1—is the negative value of the length of those four longitudinal sections which extend between the intersections C(S30, K28) and C(S30, K32). The computation of the difference Δ(S30) described above can be carried out analogously for the configuration of the weft thread S30 in the region 1-1 with the result that Δ(S30)<0.
As can also be seen from
The structure of a preferred embodiment of a first yarn 15 is explained below with reference to
According to
In this case the concentration V2(r) of the second fibers (regenerated cellulose) is greatest in the middle the core zone 15-1, whilst the concentration V3(r) of the third fibers (continuous fiber made of a synthetic material) is greatest in the vicinity of the outer contour of the outer zone 15-2. The first yarn 15 according to
In this case in the present example the moisture in the layer (A) is approximately 0%, in the layer (B) approximately 2-4% (averaged over the layer (B)) and in the layer (C) approximately 8-12% (averaged over the layer (C)). In this case it is apparent that because of the design of the textile substrate 1 according to the invention this asymmetric distribution of the moisture can be kept constant. The layer (C) can absorb moisture up to the saturation limit, wherein a concentration of the moisture takes place in the layer (C) up to the saturation limit, whilst the layer (A) remains constantly dry. In order to be able to maintain this asymmetric distribution of the moisture for any length of time, it is possible to transport moisture away through the surfaces 2-2 out of the layer (C). The moisture contained in the layer (B) ensures a controlled evaporation of moisture over the first surface 2-1 and enables metered cooling of the textile substrate 1 in the region of the first surface 2-1.
This layering of the moisture results inter alia from the fact that the fibers made of regenerated cellulose present in the textile substrate 1 (in comparison to the other fibers present in the textile substrate) have an extremely high absorption rate for water and moreover they are present on the first surface 2-1 in a lower concentration than on the second surface 2-2. Moreover on the first surface 2-1 in the region of the layer (A) fibers made of polyamide and wool are present in a relatively high concentration which promotes relatively quick drying of the textile substrate 1 within the layer (A). In order that the above-mentioned layering of the moisture can be kept constant, it is relevant that moisture can be exchanged efficiently between the different fibers present in the textile substrate 1. In order that this exchange of moisture takes place efficiently, a low resistance to water vapor permeability Rct and a relatively low thermal resistance Rct are conducive.
As a comparison of
The textile substrate illustrated in
The textile substrate illustrated in
In the views according to
As
As can be seen from
As can also be seen from
The respective first yarn 15 of the textile substrate 1A is a three-component yarn which comprises fibers made of wool, fibers made of regenerated cellulose and at least one continuous fiber made of a synthetic material. Correspondingly the second yarn 16 of the textile substrate 1A contains regenerated cellulose fibers, wherein the percentage of the mass (“proportion by mass”) of the regenerated cellulose fibers respectively contained in the second yarn 16 as a proportion of the respective total mass of the second yarn 16 is greater than the percentage of the mass (“proportion by mass”) of the respective second regenerated cellulose fibers contained in the first yarn 15 as a proportion of the respective total mass of the first yarn 15.
Analogously with
The textile substrate 1A differs from the textile substrate 1 inter alia in that in the case of the textile substrate 1A all weft threads Si of the weft S consist of the first yarn 15, wherein the respective weft thread Si for example consists of a single first yarn 15 or may comprise a plurality of first yarns 15 which are worked to form a ply. On the other hand the warp K also comprises, in addition to warp threads which consist of the first yarn 15 (in the form of an individual first yarn 15 or a ply formed of a plurality of first yarns 15), warp threads which consist of the second yarn 16 (in the form of an individual second yarn 16 or a ply formed of a plurality of second yarns 16).
As can be seen from
As a comparison between
In order to be able to characterize the properties of the respective weft threads of the textile substrate 1A, it is assumed below that each weft thread Si in the region 1-1 is composed of a plurality of longitudinal sections disposed one after the other, the lengths of which are determined by the warp threads crossing the weft threads Si, wherein the two (intersection) points at which two neighboring warp threads Kj and K(j+1) cross over the respective weft thread Si in each case define the two ends of one of the respective longitudinal sections of the weft thread Si.
In order to be able to characterize the properties of the respective warp threads of the textile substrate 1A, it is assumed below that each warp thread Kj in the region 1-1 is composed of a plurality of longitudinal sections disposed one after the other, the lengths of which are determined by the weft threads crossing the warp threads Kj, wherein the two (intersection) points at which two neighboring weft threads Si and S(i+1) cross over the respective warp thread Kj in each case define the two ends of one of the respective longitudinal sections of the warp thread Kj.
With regard to one or more aspects of the present invention it is relevant in this connection that the above-mentioned longitudinal sections of the respective warp thread Kj of the textile substrate 1A are not identical with regard to their spatial arrangement relative to the surfaces 2-1 and 2-2: individual ones of these longitudinal sections of the respective warp thread Kj extend in this case between the two neighboring weft threads which cross over the respective longitudinal section of the warp thread Kj at the two ends thereof in such a way that one of the two ends of the longitudinal section lies on one of the surfaces 2-1 or 2-2 and the other of the two ends of the longitudinal section lies on the respective other one of the surfaces 2-1 or 2-2; on the other hand, other ones of these longitudinal sections of the respective warp thread Kj extend exclusively on one of the two surfaces 2-1 or 2-2, i.e. either exclusively on the surface 2-1 or exclusively on the surface 2-2.
As can be seen from
As can be seen from
The above-mentioned asymmetry of the warp threads consisting of the first yarn 15 and the above-mentioned asymmetry of the warp threads consisting of the second yarn 16 are in each case inverse with regard to the first surface 2-1 and the second surface 2-2. In the present example this is shown in particular in that, of the part of the first surface 2-1 of the textile substrate 1A formed by warp threads in the region 1-1, more than 75% is formed by warp threads consisting of the first yarn 15 and less than 25% is formed by warp threads consisting of the second yarn 16 (see
The above-mentioned asymmetries can also be seen with reference to
In
As can be seen from
On the other hand two of the eight above-mentioned longitudinal sections extend over a part of their length on the first surface 2-1 and over another part of their length on the second surface 2-2: The latter applies to the longitudinal section extending between the intersections C(K29, S32) and C(K29, S33) and to the longitudinal section extending between the intersections C(K29, S26) and C(K29, S27).
The difference Δ(K29) between the overall length of all sections of the warp thread K29 which extend on the first surface 2-1 and the overall length of all sections of the warp thread K29 which extend on the second surface 2-2 may be considered as a quantitative measure for the asymmetry which characterizes the configuration of the warp thread K29 between the first surface 2-1 and the second surface 2-2. The longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(K29, S32) and C(K29, S33) and the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(K29, S26) and C(K29, S27) make no contribution to this difference Δ(K29), particularly since each of these two longitudinal sections extends with equal parts of its length on the first surface 2-1 and on the second surface 2-2. Consequently the difference Δ(K29) is identical to the difference of the overall length of all sections of the warp thread K29 which extend exclusively on the first surface 2-1 and the overall length of all sections of the warp thread K29 which extend exclusively on the second surface 2-2. Accordingly the difference Δ(K29) in the present example—based on section 3 of the region 1-1 of the textile substrate 1A—is the difference between the length of those five longitudinal sections which extend between the intersections C(K29, S27) and C(K29, S32) and the length of the one longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(K29, S33) and C(K29, S34). The computation of the difference Δ(K29) described above can be carried out analogously for the configuration of the warp thread K29 in the region 1-1 with the result that Δ(K29)>0.
As can be seen from
On the other hand four of the eight above-mentioned longitudinal sections extend over a part of their length on the first surface 2-1 and over another part of their length on the second surface 2-2: This latter applies to the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(K30, S26) and C(K30, S27), the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(K30, S27) and C(K30, S28), the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(K30, S32) and C(K30, S33) and the longitudinal section which extends between the intersections C(K30, S33) and C(K30, S34).
The difference Δ(K30) between the overall length of all sections of the warp thread K30 which extend on the first surface 2-1 and the overall length of all sections of the warp thread K30 which extend on the second surface 2-2 may be considered as a quantitative measure for the asymmetry which characterizes the configuration of the warp thread K30 between the first surface 2-1 and the second surface 2-2. The four longitudinal sections which extend between the intersections C(K30, S26) and C(K30, S27), or between the intersections C(K30, S27) and C(K30, S28), or between the intersections C(K30, S32) and C(K30, S33) or between the intersections C(K30, S33) and C(K30, S34) make no contribution to this difference Δ(K30), particularly since each of these longitudinal sections extends with equal parts of its length on the first surface 2-1 and on the second surface 2-2. Consequently the difference Δ(K30) is identical to the difference of the overall length of all sections of the warp thread K30 which extend exclusively on the first surface 2-1 and the overall length of all sections of the warp thread K30 which extend exclusively on the second surface 2-2. Accordingly the difference Δ(K30) in the present example—based on section 3 of the region 1-1 of the textile substrate 1A—is the negative value of the length of those four longitudinal sections which extend between the intersections C(K30, S28) and C(K30, S32). The computation of the difference Δ(K30) described above can be carried out analogously for the configuration of the warp thread K30 in the region 1-1 with the result that Δ(K30)<0.
As can also be seen from
A comparison between
The seat 51 according to
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