Patent Application
20110102537
The present invention relates to printing methods and devices in which semiconductor lasers are used to effect activation of a thermally or optically sensitive print medium in order to form printed images on the medium.
Thermally sensitive print media (e.g. ‘thermal papers’) are widely used in a number of applications, for example in printing cash till receipts, labels, forms etc, particularly in specialist printing devices, and more generally in any application where any small cost penalty of using thermally sensitive print media rather than ‘plain paper’ printing is not an issue.
The conventional technique for applying localised heat to the thermally sensitive print medium has been by way of small resistive heating elements formed in a linear array and applied to the surface of a thermal paper as the paper passes over the print head. More recently, it has been proposed to use an array of semiconductor lasers to provide the localised heating to the thermal paper by way of optical energy. The optical energy delivered to the thermally sensitive print media results in the formation of a mark, or image, on the media in the same manner as in conventional direct heating techniques, according to the construction of the print media.
There are several advantages in using laser heating of the print media. Because the energy is delivered by way of an optical beam, no contact between the print head and the print media is necessary. Thus, printing on coarser paper surfaces is possible, rather than the ‘shiny’ or smooth surfaced print media typically required in conventional thermal printing systems. Non-contact print heads also offer the opportunities for reduced print head wear and reduced print head cleaning schedules.
Semiconductor lasers can be configured to produce a range of possible optical spot sizes and shapes according to the desired format of the printed ‘dots’ on the print media. Semiconductor lasers can also be conveniently electrically controlled to yield the required print images as the print media pass the print head. Semiconductor lasers can also be formed in arrays of parallel lasers on a single monolithic substrate such that multiple separately addressable laser spots can be generated by each laser array, and multiple adjacent arrays can be positioned on a carrier so that wide print heads can be fabricated.
There are a number of problems in implementing arrays of lasers for use as print heads for thermal print media. Broadly speaking, these problems fall into three categories.
The optical output of semiconductor lasers is affected by the operating temperature. In order to control the optical output, the operating temperature of the laser arrays, and indeed of the individual lasers within an array, must be either controlled to provide stable output characteristics, or must be known and compensated for with the laser drive currents in order to provide predictable output characteristics.
To provide wide print heads, it is necessary to provide a large number of parallel lasers in an array. In a single monolithic laser array, it presently proves to be disadvantageous to fabricate more than a few tens of lasers on each substrate for several reasons. Firstly, the yield falls with increasing number of laser elements, making large arrays significantly more expensive. Secondly, the larger the array, the greater the difficulties in maintaining consistent output performance from each laser in the array, e.g. because of temperature profiles across the array. Thus, it is preferred to fabricate smaller arrays (e.g. of sixteen lasers) and then to mount multiple arrays onto a single carrier. This presents a number of problems relating to alignment of the arrays so that the laser spots from adjacent arrays are very precisely positioned relative to one another. The human eye is very sensitive to small irregularities in spacing of dots in an otherwise regular array of dots, so that individual arrays must be precisely registered to one another.
In laser spot formation, many factors affect the beam profile or beam shape and thus the laser spot. When using laser arrays for thermal printing techniques, not only is accurate spot alignment important, but also the cross-sectional profile of the beam at the image plane (i.e. the plane of the thermal print media) also should be controlled to provide a consistent and specific form of spot. This may be achieved in a number of ways, including by way of specific optical output elements for focussing or waveguiding.
The present invention seeks to overcome a number of the problems associated with the above.
Aspects of the present invention are defined in the accompanying independent claims. Further preferred features are defined in the dependent claims.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
a shows a plan view of an alternative monolithic array suitable for use in a print head, also illustrating a second alignment fiducial configuration;
a shows a schematic view of a tilted array configuration for a print head;
a to 13d show various preferred beam spot profiles;
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described particularly with reference to the use of semiconductor lasers for activating thermally sensitive print media in order to form printed images on the print media. However, it will be noted that the techniques and devices described herein can also be used with optically sensitive print media, i.e. print media that is directly optically activated rather than, or as well as, thermally activated to produce the printed image.
The present specification refers to arrays of ‘semiconductor lasers’. It is intended that this expression also encompasses any other semiconductor devices that can generate a focusable or concentrated optical output of sufficient intensity and spot size that they can be used in the thermal and/or optical printing techniques as described herein.
The expressions ‘print medium’ or ‘print media’ are intended to encompass all forms of thermally sensitive media in which localised heating results in the formation of a defined mark, or image, on the media whether by use of heat sensitive inks incorporated within the paper or otherwise. The expressions ‘print medium’ or ‘print media’ are also intended to encompass all forms of optically sensitive media in which direct optical activation results in the formation of a defined mark, or image, on the media whether by use of optically sensitive inks incorporated within the paper or otherwise. A combination of thermal and optical activation is also envisaged. It is also intended that the defined marks encompass not only visible markings but also marks that are not necessarily visible to the naked eye, but e.g. visible only in the ultraviolet spectrum.
In normal operation, laser arrays generate significant quantities of heat that can reduce their efficiency, and affect the controllability and stability of optical output. In order to maintain efficient operation, it is desirable to efficiently conduct heat away from the laser arrays to maintain acceptably low array temperatures. Conventionally, this can be done with a heat sink thermally coupled to the laser array, and an active thermal transfer mechanism such as a fan, a thermo-electric cooler or liquid heat pipe.
In the present invention, to increase the effectiveness of the heat sinking, the print medium itself is used to carry away excess heat from the laser array. With reference to
A paper transport mechanism (not shown) is provided to transport the paper 15 (or other print media) along a transport path that passes the optical output of the laser array 10. The transport path comprises an upstream portion 16 (before the paper reaches the laser beam 14), and a downstream portion 17 (after the paper has passed the laser beam).
The heat sink 11 extends in the downstream direction along the downstream paper path 17. Preferably, at least one of the thermal dissipation elements 12 forms a paper guide so that the paper 15 is in direct contact with the element 12 for maximum heat transfer. However, the paper path may be configured such that the paper is very close to (i.e. in close thermal association with) the heat sink element 12 such that significant heat transfer can take place.
The proximity of the heat sink 11 to the paper 15 thereby allows for either a contact or non-contact (conductive or radiative) method of moving heat away from the heat sink. Because the paper is, of necessity, quite thermally conductive it absorbs heat well from the heat sink, and carries that thermal energy away from the area of the print head as it travels along the transport path.
To provide a wide print head capable of printing many ‘dots’ simultaneously, it is necessary to mount a number of laser arrays onto a single carrier with a high degree of registration accuracy. With existing yields, it is economic to manufacture monolithic laser arrays comprising sixteen lasers per chip, so that each chip provides sixteen laser spots for printing up to sixteen dots simultaneously. However, it is desirable to provide print heads much wider than this, preferably up to 64 array elements wide or more. Even if yields for individual monolithic arrays rise, there are still practical difficulties in producing very wide print heads since the maximum dimension of a monolithic laser array would, in any event, be limited by the maximum size of semiconductor substrates available (e.g. 150 mm for GaAs substrates).
In the present invention, multiple monolithic arrays are mounted onto a common carrier such that ‘wide laser arrays’ are formed. For convenience—where distinction is required—we shall refer to an array comprising multiple monolithic arrays as a ‘compound array’. Typical thermal printing requirements are for 203 dpi (dots per inch) or 8 dots per mm which means that lasers in the array must be at 125 microns pitch. Other standard pitches are also widely used, such as 250 dpi, 300 dpi, 600 dpi and 1200 dpi. Exemplary embodiments described hereinafter illustrate 203 dpi. These pitches are readily achievable within a single monolithic array formed using conventional photolithography processes. However, these pitches cause a number of problems when forming a wide compound array from separate monolithic arrays. There are several reasons for this.
Firstly, available semiconductor wafer cleave processes are sufficiently inaccurate and produce sufficiently coarse chip ‘edges’ that the ability to position adjacent chips (monolithic arrays) adjacent to one another can be compromised. Secondly, currently available chip positioning and surface mount technology does not readily admit such precise positioning of multiple chips on a single carrier such that continuation of the required pitch of lasers is accurately maintained across all the monolithic arrays in the ‘compound array’.
With reference to
The drive contact metallization 24 also includes a first bond pad area 25 off-waveguide and located near one edge of the array for making wire bond attachments in accordance with normal wire bond techniques. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, a second bond pad area 26 is included off-waveguide but on the opposite side of the waveguide 23 to the first bond pad area 25. It will be noted that the second bond pad area 26 of the laser element 21-2 effectively encroaches onto the rectangular semiconductor area otherwise occupied by the adjacent laser element 21-3.
Each laser element also includes an alignment fiducial 27 disposed proximal to the output end of the laser element 21. The alignment fiducial 27 preferably comprises a visible alignment edge in two orthogonal directions, e.g. one alignment edge 28a in the x-direction and one edge 28b in the z-direction as shown, the z-direction being the optical axis and the x-direction being the array width. The alignment fiducials 27 are formed using any suitable photolithographic process during fabrication of the laser array. Preferably, the fiducials 27 are formed as an etched step in the substrate which can be formed at the same time, and using the same photolithography mask, as for defining the waveguide 23 ridge, where the lasers 21 are of the ridge waveguide type. This ensures that the fiducial is precisely registered to the waveguide x-position, and is also precisely aligned with the optical axis.
The fiducial pattern therefore preferably provides features having parallelism with the waveguide and perpendicularity with the waveguide. A preferred arrangement has a 5 micron etched step as the alignment edges created in a ridge etch layer.
The fiducials allow for an accurate die placement on a carrier, and enable the use of known ‘cross hair generator systems’ to align the die instead of an expensive image recognition system. This allows for a more cost efficient assembly method.
With reference to
The existence of a fiducial 27 greatly assists in accurate relative placement of each successive array 31 in the compound array 30 relative to a carrier substrate 33. Each array may be positioned relative to reference marks on the carrier 33, or to fiducials on another array.
However, it has been discovered that the human eye is far more highly sensitive to single discontinuities in the pitch of printed dots caused by misalignment of adjacent arrays than to a gradual change in pitch or to departure of laser position relative to an initial grid across a wide array. In other words, it has been discovered to be far more important to ensure that the relative spacing of any two adjacent die 31 is as close as possible to the required laser element pitch than it is to control overall run-out in tolerances between arrays over the whole compound array. The quality of printed text has been found to be relatively unaffected by cumulative run out across the arrays 31 but far more significantly affected by adjacent die misalignment.
Therefore, it is preferred that, during die positioning on the carrier substrate 33, each die 31 is aligned and positioned relative to the immediately adjacent array and not to a single reference mark on the carrier and not to a single initial array 31. Thus, in a preferred method, the first die 31-1 is positioned and aligned relative to a reference mark on the carrier so that it is square to the front and side edges in a nominal position. The second array 31-2 is then positioned and aligned relative to the first array 31-1. The third array 31-3 is then positioned and aligned relative to the second array 31-2. Each subsequent array will be positioned and aligned relative to the immediately preceding array on the carrier 33. For clarity, the expression ‘positioning’ is intended to encompass relative placement of a die in the x-z plane (i.e. in the plane of the carrier surface) and the expression ‘alignment’ is intended to encompass angular presentation of the die in the x-z plane (i.e. rotation relative to the plane of the carrier surface).
This approach also allows for a smaller field of view to be used in the die placement equipment, which simplifies the system.
With further reference to
This provides several advantages. Firstly, it will be noted that the cleave may be effected anywhere in a substantial part of the width of the bond pad areas and secondly, a substantial part of the width of one laser element may be sacrificed at one edge of the array without affecting the function of that element. Therefore, adjacent arrays may be positioned next to each other with a substantial spacing while still ensuring that it is possible to maintain the pitch of laser elements across adjacent arrays.
In the preferred embodiments, where a 125 micron pitch is sought, the bond pads are typically 80 microns wide, and this allows a spacing between arrays of up to 75 microns while still maintaining the 125 micron pitch, and still allowing a useful margin for variability in the cleave process.
Referring now to
Laser element 34-1 has lost its first bond pad area 25-1 but this does not matter because electrical contact to the drive contact can still be effected using the second bond pad area 26-1. Conventional wire bonds 40 are used for laser elements except those where the second bond pad areas 26 must be used. In these cases, a dog-leg or s-shape wire bond 41 is used.
In this manner, a regular pattern of wire bond points 35 on the carrier 33 can be used without interfering with the regular pitch of the lasers in successive arrays 31. Although the arrangement of
As discussed above, the gap between adjacent arrays 31 is critical. Any gap which increases the laser pitch between arrays is to be avoided. A 5 micron gap may be detected by the human eye in a block of black text. Maintaining less than a 5 micron gap between arrays is difficult and expensive, requiring superb array edge tolerances and a 1 micron accuracy placement system. The present invention allows the array edge tolerances and placement accuracy of the system to be relaxed. The double bond pad structure described above means that standard scribe and cleave tolerances can be accommodated.
In the preferred arrangement shown, all of the laser elements in the monolithic array are provided with double bond pads, but it will be noted that only the laser element at the relevant lateral edge of the array (e.g. element 34-1) need be provided with the second bond pad 26-1.
The bond pads are formed using an appropriate mask design which also provides separate test pads 27, 28 (
Various patterns of bond pad areas, fiducials and other metallization areas may be used.
a also illustrates an alternative fiducial 29. This fiducial also provides one alignment edge 28a in the x-direction and one alignment edge 28b in the z-direction with an identification feature 29a. An important difference is that the fiducial 29 extends in the z-direction across the cleave boundary between adjacent devices formed on the same substrate. Thus, upon cleave of individual arrays 20a from a substrate, each fiducial 29 is severed leaving a cleaved edge 280, 281 (having a counterpart on the adjacent die). This is found to be particularly useful because the high contrast material of the fiducial provides a clear demarcation of the location of the plane of the laser facets 22. This allows even more precise positioning of the laser arrays 20a on a carrier with respect to the z-axis (optical axis). This can be very important in maintaining precise beam shape control. In other words, the cleaved fiducial provides very accurate determination of z position of the laser facets.
Thus, in a general aspect, the laser array 20 includes a fiducial mark 29 on one or more of the laser elements 21 which fiducial mark has a first reference or alignment edge 28a extending in a direction that. is transverse (preferably orthogonal) to the optical axis of the laser element 21 and a second reference or alignment edge 28b extending in a direction that is parallel to the optical axis of the laser element 21. The fiducial mark extends across the cleave zone or boundary of the array such that, after cleave of the array from a wafer substrate, the fiducial mark 29 extends right to the laser element facet 280, 281 and therefore accurately marks the cleave plane.
Preferably, a fiducial mark 29 is provided proximal to each end of the laser element 21 as shown in
The larger area of fiducial mark shown in
Laser arrays as described above are preferably fabricated using GaAs semiconductor substrates. Conventionally, GaAs die are soldered to a carrier with eutectic solder (e.g. AuSn, InPbAg) which gives good thermal and electrical conduction while matching to the coefficient of thermal expansion of the carrier. If a further component needs to be placed in the same area, a solder of lower melting point can be used for the second components, which keeps the second reflow temperature low enough not to reflow the first solder joint. If the first solder joint was reflowed for a second time, then the component would move and also more gold would be dissolved into the solder joint from the carrier/die metallization (which may lead to gold embrittlement of the joint and reliability problems). Movement of a previously soldered component would be severely problematic when precise positioning and alignment of laser arrays is critical.
Thus, several solders can be used in a “solder hierarchy” to solder down several successive components onto a carrier. However, for very large compound arrays (e.g. incorporating tens of monolithic arrays 31), there may be more die to solder down than there are different reflow temperature solders to accommodate. Hence a solder hierarchy cannot be used effectively or efficiently for large compound arrays without risk of array movement or solder joint embrittlement. Compound arrays of up to 40 or 80 monolithic arrays 31 on a single carrier 33 are envisaged.
One alternative is to use a special fixture to hold all arrays 31 in position and to reflow them all with the same solder at the same time. Such a process and fixture is very difficult to achieve successfully without movement which would impair the precise alignment of arrays required, or without damage to the arrays. Therefore, in a preferred arrangement, rather than a solder joint, an electrically and/or thermally conductive adhesive is used that is thermosetting. Such thermosetting adhesive may be in the form of a viscous liquid or film adhesive. The thermosetting process is non-reversible so that successive heat cycles applied to adhere further arrays to the carrier will not disturb previously bonded arrays. A thin layer of thermosetting adhesive is used to mount each array followed by in situ curing of the adhesive prior to the next component attach. When the subsequent array is then heated to cure the adhesive, the previous adhesive joint will not reflow and the die will not move.
Exemplary thermosetting adhesives include Epotek H20E, Epotek 353ND, Epotek H70E, Ablebond 84-1LMi, Loctite 3873, Tra-Duct 2958. Exemplary thermosetting films include Ablefilm ECF561 and Ablefilm 5015.
An alternative approach to using thermosetting adhesives as discussed above is to locally control the temperature of the carrier during the solder operation. In this approach, temperature control device is used to limit the number of temperature excursions seen by each array solder joint.
With reference to
In a further improvement, a cold plate 51 is positioned under the CuW carrier in the neighbouring area underlying previously solder-bonded arrays 31-1 . . . 31-3. In this way, the heated region may be confined.
In this way, number of times that the eutectic solder 52 under each array 31 is reflowed is minimised. By limiting the number of times each solder joint reflows to two or three times, the eutectic solder 52 will not dissolve too much gold from the surrounding metallization to cause embrittlement. The movement of arrays can be kept to a minimum by using a pick-up tool or custom fixture to hold the neighbouring arrays at the same time as the array being placed. Such a tool or fixture need hold only two or three arrays at a time to limit their movement, as the remainder of the arrays will be cooler and the solder will not reflow. This tool or fixture, being limited in its extent, is much easier to make and control than an equivalent fixture that would hold tens of arrays at the same time.
Preferably, the heater 50 is sufficiently localised and the cooling device 51 is sufficiently powerful that the number of reflows could be limited to one—i.e. the initial placement. The cooling device may be an electrically cooled (e.g. Peltier device) or a water cooled chuck, with a heater at one edge or in a recess in the chuck, the carrier 33 being moved relative to the chuck as the successive arrays are placed.
In a general aspect, the heating device is placed in proximity to the device being solder bonded at the same time that the cooling device is positioned in proximity to one or more of the previously bonded devices that are most adjacent to the device being solder bonded.
In normal operation of the print head, drive current to each laser is controlled according to whether the laser should be addressed to print a dot at any given time. Thus, the drive current is switched on and off (or driven high and low either side of a switching threshold) according to the image to be printed.
The drive current required to produce a desired beam shape, size, intensity and energy distribution from any given laser element varies as a function of, for example, temperature in the laser element. Thus, in order to maintain a high degree of control over the spot shape, size, intensity and energy distribution from the laser arrays it is necessary to further modulate the drive currents supplied to the laser elements, i.e. in addition to the drive current switching referred to above.
Ideally, drive current to each of the laser elements is modulated independently as a function of optical feedback from each element in the array, which effectively ensures that the correct beam parameters are achieved for each laser element. To do this requires optical output sensing by, for example, a photodiode integrated into each laser element. This increases the cost of production and complexity.
As shown schematically in
In this arrangement, the print head includes a thermocouple 64 to measure the average head temperature in the array region. During manufacture or characterisation of the laser array 60, the individual lasers 61 are characterised for relevant properties, such as threshold etc, and this information is stored in the memory 62. Based on a mean temperature and the individual laser characteristics, the drive electronics 63 can then calculate individual drive conditions (such as drive current and switch on/switch off time) for each laser element 61. Use of customised drive conditions for each laser element 61 provides more control over the print quality, while being a relatively cost efficient implementation that is easily manufactured.
Thus, in the embodiment shown, the drive circuit 63 provides drive current to each laser element 61 in the array, according to two conditions. Firstly, the drive circuit separately addresses or drives each laser element 61 in the array 60 according to a desired print pattern provided by a print engine, e.g. pixel processor 65. The drive circuit incorporates a modulation circuit 66 for varying the drive current to each laser in the array according to a predetermined calibration algorithm that takes into account specific conditions prevailing in or relevant to each particular laser element. One or more of the drive circuit 63, memory 62 and modulation circuit 6 may be formed as an ASIC.
The calibration algorithm compensates for operating conditions, such as temperature of the print head, but may also take into account a particular current drive level required in order to achieve a particular colour of dot (or other special print characteristic) to be printed, as will be discussed later.
One or more temperature sensors 64 may be used, monitoring temperature in the print head, the array or the ASIC. The temperature sensor may reside in the laser array 60, ASIC or other part of the print head. Preferably, at least one temperature sensor 64 is in close proximity to the or each laser array 60. Rather than a look-up table 62, the control algorithm may be implemented by calculations performed in real time implemented in software or hardware. The algorithm is used to determine the individual drive currents so that each of the laser elements emits a selected power taking account the temperature of the laser element.
The algorithm may choose the drive current by estimating the temperature of individual laser elements based on a single temperature measurement by taking account of one or more of: (i) the measured temperature of the module and/or ASIC and/or the laser array; (ii) the drive history of each element; (iii) the drive history of adjacent elements and optionally other elements in the chip; the relative position of a drive element within the array. Conditions (ii) and (iii) may take into account whether the print pattern has recently demanded a high utilisation of a laser element, or only a low utilisation of the laser element. Where only a limited range of calibration data is present, interpolation may be used to obtain drive current modulation values.
The drive circuit 63 may be arranged to switch the laser elements on and off, by switching the laser current between a low level (which may be zero or non-zero) and a high level in response to the source of electronic printing data (e.g. pixel processor 65. Memory buffers may be provided between the pixel processor 65 and the drive circuit 63.
The apparatus described above in connection with
Thus, for a given electrical current applied to the laser, the optical power emitted from the laser output facet will decrease as the temperature increases and vice-versa. As previously discussed, where the printed mark varies in optical density with incident optical power, a variation in emitted optical power with varying temperature is undesirable.
In another aspect of the invention, the emitted optical power is deliberately controlled to effect changes in the optical power according to a desired print colour or dot size. Some thermally sensitive inks in thermally sensitive print media change colour when heated to a threshold temperature. Two colour papers are available in the art (typically black and red). In these papers, the red ink is activated at a temperature below that of the black ink. Raising the temperature of the paper to the threshold for the red ink activates the red colour while raising the temperature to the black threshold value actives the red and black inks, but the black colour dominates. The principle may extend for multiple colours.
The principles described in connection with
A similar principle applies in respect of dot size, instead of colour.
Another way to effectively modulate power level is to use a single ‘on’ power level but to modulate it digitally by varying the on pulse width. In other words, the power modulation occurs in the time domain. In this arrangement, during normal operation, the drive circuit 63 is operative to switch the laser elements for a number of on-periods per pixel, the number of on-periods being varied by the modulator 66 according to the laser power (print media heating effect) required for any given pixel. For example, for a pixel print rate of 1 kHz, the laser can be preferably pulsed at 10 kHz. For a first colour pixel, perhaps three pulses of the ten can be used and for the second colour pixel, all ten pulses being used. This digital modulation may also be implemented using the look-up table 62.
Another approach to varying spot energy density is to vary the speed of the print media past the print head.
Another approach to power modulation, e.g. for two or more colour printing, is to use two or more lasers focussed on the same points on the print media. For a first colour requiring lower power, only a single laser element is actuated, while for the second colour, both laser elements corresponding to the pixel to be printed are actuated.
An approach to eliminate the variation in power in semiconductor lasers is to actively monitor the temperature of the laser and use a feedback loop to a micro-controller that in turn controls a cooling/heating device. The control loop acts to maintain a constant laser temperature and consequently a constant emitted optical power. Other alternatives include monitoring the emitted optical power using a photodiode and a coupling device. The measured optical power is used to adjust the current applied to the laser and so maintain constant power. This approach has the disadvantage of requiring the use of photodiodes and coupling optics—both of which will add significantly to the device cost. In a laser array, photodiodes and coupling devices would be required for each laser element in the array. Devices that are capable of such cooling include thermoelectric coolers or Peltier pumps, but the cost of these components is significant. In addition they require significant additional electrical power to operate.
An alternative proposed here is to maintain the laser at a constant high temperature. This approach still achieves and maintains a constant temperature via feedback from a temperature sensor, but has the advantage of not requiring an expensive Peltier cooler. The elevated temperature is chosen such that the temperature exceeds that reached at the maximum ambient temperature and the maximum thermal dissipation within the device. If this is not the case, the device may exceed the set temperature under these conditions.
In a preferred arrangement, the print head includes a supplementary heat source (i.e. supplementary to that inherently formed by the laser elements and their operating circuitry, during normal operation thereof) that increases the temperature of the laser elements to a threshold temperature that is higher than normal ambient operating temperature of the laser elements. Depending upon the operational load on the laser elements, the supplementary heat source ‘tops up’ the temperature of the laser elements to the threshold temperature so that the elements operate constantly at the elevated threshold temperature.
In preferred embodiments this temperature is at least 10 degrees Centigrade above ambient. More preferably, the temperature of each element, each array, each carrier or the print head as a whole, is maintained at 50, 70 or 80 degrees Centigrade.
The supplementary heat source may comprise one or more separate heating elements on each laser element in the monolithic array, one or more heating elements on the array, one or more heating elements on each carrier, or one or more heating elements within the print head.
The supplementary heat source ensures that a substantially constant laser element temperature is maintained so that the laser element has a stable operating characteristic.
Another aspect of the laser arrays for use as print heads for thermal print media is that the laser beams are focussed to produce a plurality of spots of the appropriate shape, size and distribution at the plane of the thermally sensitive print media being used. Beam focussing and shaping can be influenced or controlled not only by the laser element design and driving parameters, but also by appropriate optical elements positioned at or proximal to the optical outputs of the lasers in the array. The optical elements may include waveguides, lenses and windows positioned in the optical output path of the laser elements.
In preferred arrangements, the optical elements provide a degree of protection to the output facets of the laser elements. However, an important consideration in the design of print heads is the ability to keep the print head clean and clear of debris and deposits from the print media that will degrade the optical performance.
Another aspect of the invention is the provision of an automatic cleaning mechanism. As previously described, an advantage of optical delivery of thermal energy to the print media is that no contact between the print head and the print media is necessary. The method described here uses the print media itself to effect cleaning of the optical print head thereby reducing or eliminating the need for separate user cleaning of the system.
To automatically clean the optical print head, print media is provided with a specially modified ‘head cleaning portion’ that is thicker than the normal print media such that as the head cleaning portion is passed along the transport path past the optical head, the normal separation between the print head and the print media itself diminishes to a point where the print media effectively wipes the print head output elements (e.g. lenses or waveguides).
Thus, in a preferred embodiment, a roll of thermally sensitive paper has a first thickness and a head cleaning portion at the beginning or end of the roll that has a second thickness greater than the first thickness. The difference between the first and second thickness is adapted to be sufficient to reduce a normal separation distance from the print head to print media to zero, thereby enabling abrasive cleaning of the print head by the head cleaning portion of the print media.
The head cleaning portion of the print-media may not only be thicker, but may also exhibit different surface properties, such as being softer, more fibrous, patterned, tacky etc, to aid the cleaning process. The head cleaning portion may be an additional “tab” that is stuck to the end of the print media roll.
In another arrangement, the print media transport mechanism may be adapted to periodically shift the transport path towards the print head such that the print media is brought into contact with the surface of the print head lens (or other optical output surface) to effect a wiping action on the print head. This could be effected at the beginning or end of a roll of paper, between printing runs or during a “setup” or “switch off” procedure.
Thus, in a general aspect, the method provides for automatically cleaning the print head by conveying the print media along a transport path that passes the print head, where the plane of the surface of the print media at the point where it passes the print head is separated from the output face of the print head by a predetermined distance during normal printing operations. Periodically, the plane of the surface of the print media is brought into contact with the output face of the print head, during conveyance of the print media along the transport path, in order to provide a mechanical wiping action to the output face of the print head. This periodical wiping can be effected by the head cleaning portion of the print media having a thickness which is greater than the thickness of the rest of the print media, or by temporarily displacing the transport path towards the print head.
In order to achieve the desired quality of mark, it is necessary to control the propagation of the light from the laser facet to the print media such that the size, shape and intensity profile of the optical energy on the print media meets a predetermined specification.
A laser beam will tend to diverge after it has exited the laser facet. The extent of this divergence, especially in the vertical plane (i.e. orthogonal to the plane of the laser array substrate) is such that the laser must be placed very close to the print media in order that the optical beam is within the required dimensions.
With reference to
Thereby, the glass 70 forms an output waveguide which is adapted to focus each of the semiconductor laser 34 outputs 71 from the array 31 onto an image plane 76 that corresponds to the surface of print media travelling along a print media transport path. The length L of the output waveguide in the beam direction z is selected such that the beam divergence in the lateral direction x provides a desired spot dimension in x at the print media surface 76, and the thickness T of the output waveguide in the vertical dimension y is selected to provide a desired spot dimension in y at the print media. In other words, the length L and thickness T of the output waveguide are selected, for the given refractive index of the waveguide, in order to achieve a desired spot aspect ratio at the plane of the print media, i.e. for a given distance in z separating the output waveguide and the plane of the print media.
Another low cost technique for providing an output lens for a laser array is described with reference to
With reference to
With reference to
The techniques of
Each of the techniques of
The moulded lens could also be extended to cover the top surface of the laser arrays and provide a degree of encapsulation.
It may be necessary or desirable to apply one or more additional materials to the surface of the laser arrays before the moulding process. For example a compliant material may be dispensed over the wire bonds to enable thermal expansion to occur without damage to the wire bonds.
Output waveguides and lenses may also be used to change the laser spot energy distribution from a conventional Gaussian distribution (across the x and y axes orthogonal to beam direction, z). By use of multimode diffractive output waveguides, it is possible to produce a ‘top-hat’ profile 120 (
In other arrangements, a multimode diffractive waveguide or diffractive optics arrangement that produces a ‘bat-wing’ profile 121 of beam power across the x- and y-axes may be desirable. For example, a laser waveguide may be provided with an active region having a first width, and a passive region at the optical output end in the form of a 1×2 multimode interference coupler. The waveguide has a step increase in width from the active region to the passive region or within the passive region such that a single transverse mode supported in the active region is divided into two transverse modes in the passive region. By arranging that the Gaussian profiles 122 of each of the two modes supported in the passive region are overlapping to a large extent, an approximation to the bat-wing profile 121 of
The profiles in
In a general sense the laser and output optics may be configured to provide an output spot having a substantially square or rectangular profile in the x-y plane, or a substantially circular or elliptical profile in the x-y plane. The x-y plane may be the image plane, or print media plane, orthogonal to the beam axis. In any of the above cases, the laser and output optics may also be configured to provide an output beam having a beam intensity profile across the x and/or y axes which has a square edge profile 120, a near-square edge profile 121 or a Gaussian edge profile 122, and with a flat top profile 120, bat wing top profile 121 or annular profile 122.
Another technique for varying effective spot size in the printer is to provide a small spot and, for the generation of larger dots on the print media, to deploy rapid relative translation of the print head and the print media. This can be done by dithering or vibrating either the print head or the print media using, for example, a piezoelectric actuator. For a typical print rate (laser switching frequency) of 1 kHz, a vibration frequency of 5 kHz or more is preferred. The vibration could be in either x- or y-direction, or both.
Thus, in a general aspect, there may be provided a mechanism for effecting a relative and periodic displacement (or ‘dithering’) of the output beams of the laser arrays relative to the print media, e.g. in at least one direction orthogonal to the laser beam optical axis. In the preferred embodiment, this is effected by rapid periodic mechanical displacement of the print head relative to the print media. In another embodiment, where the laser arrays in the print head are capable of electronic beam steering, the rapid periodic relative displacement of the output beams may be performed by an electronic beam steering control unit.
A number of aspects of laser array manufacture dictate a minimum spacing between laser elements, i.e. a minimum pitch of laser elements. These aspects include the width of the laser elements (e.g. as dictated by bond pad areas 25 or 26 of
With reference to
In a first arrangement of
With reference to
For example a 125 micron pitch laser array having its axis tilted 45 degrees to the transport axis produces a dot pitch on the paper 113 orthogonal to the transport axis of approximately 90 microns. A 60 degree array tilt gives a 62.5 micron pitch. Reducing the pitch on paper allows a reduced spot size on paper and a linear increase in the speed. For example, the 60 degree array tilt and 62 micron pitch will be twice as fast as the orthogonal array with 125 micron pitch due to increased power density. The cost is a slightly longer array (to cover the same print width) and a larger (squarer print head module) and more complex digital coding to control the on sequence of the lasers to produce drive currents for each laser element that takes into account the time delay required for triggering each laser element behind the leading element 116. However, in writing bar codes or black squares (shorter than an array length x sin angle) the power consumption will be lower than the non-tilted version.
The arrays and array substrates 114 thus form a ‘vane’ or ‘louver’ structure which is configured to deflect and allow passage of an air cooling flow 144 directed into the spaces 145 between the planes of the arrays 141. Significantly enhanced cooling of the laser arrays can thus be achieved in the otherwise densely packed print head. This has substantial advantages in maintaining a consistent temperature of each laser thereby improving the consistency of performance of elements in the array that might otherwise affect print consistency and print quality.
The tilted arrays can be successfully used to reduce the spot pitch otherwise available using existing laser arrays. However, an alternative strategy is to recognise that for a given achievable laser array pitch, it is possible to achieve a corresponding spot pitch by increasing the pitch of the laser arrays thereby improving yields, or allowing the use of higher powers while maintaining adequate heat dissipation. Increasing the laser pitch not only increases potential yields, drive currents and heat dissipation, but also eases die bonding processes allowing higher current bond wires and increased yields from the wire bond processes.
A further advantage of the louver arrangement is that the finite size of the monolithic arrays, carriers and/or support structures extending laterally beyond the leading and trailing laser elements 142 and 143 does not interfere with the desired lateral spacing of the laser elements. This is because the support structures can be disposed partially overlapping in planes defined by the laser arrays.
Individual arrays 141 and/or support structures 114 are preferably separately plugged into, and detachable from, a print head assembly allowing replacement of individual arrays where a laser element or monolithic array is faulty. This modular approach also improves yields and maintenance.
Drive circuitry to compensate for the displacement of successive laser elements in the y-direction (print media movement direction) may be located on the individual laser array circuitry, or more preferably on the print head itself. It will be understood that the function of such circuitry is to transfer some spatial domain print information into the temporal domain as a function of the relative displacement of the print media and the print head. In other words, the drive circuitry is configured to receive spatial print data corresponding to a spatial pattern to be printed, and to convert that spatial print data into combined spatial and temporal print data so as to activate individual laser elements as a function of (a) the velocity of the print media relative to the laser arrays in the transport direction, and (b) as a function of the angle of tilt of the arrays relative to the transport direction.
Other ways of controlling printed dot size and pitch are possible, and other techniques for controlling laser beam spot size and beam profile are possible.
As described in priority document GB 0411134.0, further embodiments of laser marking systems are envisaged which may be implemented separately or in conjunction with the earlier described embodiments.
In a first broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises means for transmitting the laser-emitted light onto one or a plurality of points on a substrate, with means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system further comprises a heat sink located post-marking and adapted to transfer heat between one or more heat generating components of the system and said substrate.
This marks a radical departure from the prior art thinking in thermal printing of configuring a system to retain as much thermal energy as possible. The present configuration allows the substrate (for example the paper) to contribute to the thermal management of the system. Since paper is generally thermally conductive, it will absorb heat well from the heat sink. The paper will then radiate heat away quickly before any user would touch the paper.
The heat sink of the kind introduced in this aspect may be a passive heat sink in contact with substrate. The heat sink may also be spaced from the substrate but selected to be sufficiently conductive for effective heat transfer from the components to the substrate to occur.
The heat sink may also comprise at least one thermal transferring element that extends laterally from an array of lasers relative to the laser beam axes which form a substrate transport path guide.
In a second broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers transmitting light onto one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system further comprises at least one thermal sensor and means for controlling the characteristics of the light emitted by the lasers in response to values sensed by said sensor. Traditionally, in order to determine the amount of light being supplied, photodiodes would be used. Incorporating photodiodes in the present system would considerably enhance the costs associated in its production. The results obtained via photodiodes may also be subject to temperature and cross talk. This aspect is therefore particularly advantageous in terms of costs and overall effectiveness in controlling the system's energy requirements.
The system, in accordance with the second broad independent aspect, may comprise two or more thermal sensors, means for storing individual laser characteristics and means for controlling the characteristics of the light emitted by individual lasers in response to values sensed by said sensors. This configuration would be particularly advantageous as it would be able to take into account geographic variations in temperature whilst giving a low cost alternative to photodiodes and optimising the operation of the system.
In a third broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light onto one or a plurality of points on a substrate mad means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system further comprises means for maintaining the array of lasers at a substantially constant temperature at a value in excess of 50° C. This configuration is particularly advantageous as it will enhance the system's flexibility in terms of thermal and electrical design.
In a fourth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light onto one or a plurality of points on a substrate mad means for displacing the substrate mad laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the lasers are controlled to run at a sub-marking threshold in order to heat the lasers up. This also has particular benefits in thermal and electrical design of the system.
In a fifth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light on to one or a plurality of points on a substrate mad means for displacing the substrate mad laser light emitting source relative to one another, in which the system further comprises means for controlling the output power of the laser or lasers of the array dependent on the proximity of the points to be printed.
This further aspect is particularly advantageous because it may be used to reduce so-called ‘spill-over effect’ (i.e. when power is lost outside the nominal point or pixel area) when many adjacent pixels are being marked side by side. In other words, the system will also limit unnecessary wasted energy. This system will improve the control of thermal diffusion. In certain applications, this configuration may ensure that the pixels do not have space between them.
In a sixth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light onto one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate mad laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system further comprises means for processing values of previous marking patterns and for adjusting the system's operation in accordance with said values.
This aspect will allow for example, dependent on the recent function of the system, to determine the current system's temperature and to optimise the operation of the laser array to improve quality of print mad limit any waste of power supplied to the lasers. The system's operative temperature may be adjusted locally on part of the print head as well as universally. The system may allow a controlled increased of current to occur when the temperature rises to compensate for say reduced laser efficiency. The advantage of this particular configuration is in avoiding under-marking of the paper.
In a seventh broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light on to one or a plurality of points on a substrate mad memos for displacing said substrate and said laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system further comprises means for controlling the marking velocity in order to keep the power consumption at a pre-determined acceptable level. This allows the advantageous design of a system without having to incorporate the extra expense of sub-systems designed to cope with unnecessarily high power consumption levels for occasional prints. Slowing the print velocity allows print opacity to be maintained even when operating in a reduced power-per-channel mode.
In an eighth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light on to one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another wherein the system further comprises means for sequentially firing lasers from a common current driver. This approach will also be advantageous as it will limit the total peak current and peak power dissipation in the print head. This will have beneficial effects in that the design requirements may be simplified. This approach may also potentially reduce the number of current drive channels necessary and therefore contribute to further reducing necessary electronic costs.
In a ninth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light on to one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another wherein the system further comprises means for limiting the length of the pulse and/or pulse current if the total power consumption for a given print run would exceed a pre-determined value. This configuration is also beneficial in terms of simplifying the design requirements as it allows the control of the total peak current and peak power dissipation in the print head. In practice, as the pulse length is reduced for a given pixel if the print speed is maintained, the duty cycle and the print opacity may be reduced. If the system reduces the speed, whilst the pulse length is limited, print opacity may be maintained
In a tenth bread independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light onto one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another, characterised in that the system employs a limit to the number of permissible points to be marked over a specified area such as a line and means adapted to apply a pattern of points to reduce the number of points to be marked when the number of points requested to be marked for said area exceeds a pre-determined number of points. This configuration may also achieve the benefits of simplifying the design requirements for such a laser marking system.
In an eleventh broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light onto one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system further comprises means for varying the energy per point supplied to each laser by varying over time the pulse and/or amplitude of the current supplied to the laser. This configuration is particularly beneficial because by independently controlling the laser energy supplied, it is possible to compensate for power variations (due to laser variations, optics variations, thermal variations), achieve grey scale and implement thermal/geometric compensation algorithms.
In a twelfth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light on to one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another, characterised in that the system further comprises an optical element other than one or more bulk spherical lenses for imaging the light emitted by the array of lasers on to said substrate. This configuration will allow the system to be more compact than bulk lens systems which will have the secondary effect of reducing costs.
In a subsidiary aspect in accordance with the twelfth broad independent aspect, the optical element incorporates a lens equipped with a first surface located in proximity to a number of laser sources of an array and configured to collimate the light emitted from said source mad a second surface for imaging the light onto the substrate. This configuration would be particularly compact and would therefore have significant cost benefits it the production of the system.
In a further subsidiary aspect, the optical element is a GRIN-lens array. In a further subsidiary aspect, the optical element is a micro-lens array. In a further subsidiary aspect, the optical element is an array of at least part reflective elements. The element may also be a plane window, a bar lens, a narrow multimode waveguide or a broad slab waveguide.
In a thirteenth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light on to one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system first comprises one or more optical elements for capturing a light emission from a laser and for modifying transmitted light so that the point marked on the substrate results in a shape other than a rotund shape. This may be used to reduce any power wasted in the system and improve marking quality.
In a subsidiary aspect in accordance with the thirteenth broad independent aspect, said optical elements are configured to transmit light which would result in an essentially rectangular shape for the marked points. This will allow advantageous marking and power control of the system. In certain applications of this configuration, lower alignment tolerances may be achieved. It simplifies the process for printing rectangular (including square) spots.
In a further subsidiary aspect, the optical elements are configured to transmit light which would result in an essentially elliptical shape for the marked points. This configuration may allow optimal marking of the paper. It may be advantageous to apply the given amount of energy in a shorter time to achieve a higher instantaneous paper temperature.
In a further subsidiary aspect, the optical elements are configured to transmit light which would result in an essentially annular shape for the marked point.
In a fourteenth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light on to one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the laser further comprises one or more optical elements for capturing a light emission from a laser and for modifying the transmitted light so that the energy profile which would otherwise be a Gaussian profile, is modified to be an essentially flat top profile. This allows less energy to be wasted and a better marking efficiency all round, such as a maximised colour change.
In a subsidiary aspect, the optical elements are configured to achieve peaks at the edges of the profile. This may decrease the energy requirements of the system by reducing the energy wasted. It also achieves enhanced colour change.
In a fifteenth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light on to one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate mad laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system has no optical elements between the lasers and substrate and means are provided for selecting the appropriate energy to achieve suitable marking dependent on the predetermined diffusion properties of the substrate. This configuration is particularly advantageous because optics between the lasers and the substrate may be done away with whilst still achieving acceptable marking quality as long as the diffusion properties of the paper are understood and used to control the power of the lasers.
In a sixteenth broad independent aspect, a laser marking system comprises an array of lasers for transmitting light onto one or a plurality of points on a substrate and means for displacing the substrate and laser light emitting source relative to one another, wherein the system further comprises an actuator for moving the array or any light transmitting optical element a fraction of the pitch of the lasers in the array. This may allow the marked spot pitch above the pitch of the laser array to be increased.
In a further subsidiary aspect, the actuator is a piezoelectric actuator. This allows accurate but rapid displacements with high repeatability.
The heat sink may be configured to assist in guiding the substrate whilst being displaced. This may be achieved by a projection located laterally from the laser array and extending past an edge of the substrate. Numerous configurations of this aspect may be defined by the person skilled in the art.
A further laser marking system generally referenced 207 is illustrated in
Instead of using a resistive heater as shown in the figure, the system's management unit may be adapted to hold the lasers at a sub-marking threshold in order to heat the lasers up.
An aspect of the invention is to effect control over the laser elements in the array so as to optimise print quality and/or to reduce power. A preferred aspect of print quality to be controlled is print optical density or opacity. It will be understood that it is desirable to maintain a consistent colour or greyscale optical density in the printed images, i.e. consistent with the intended colour or greyscale optical density.
The print optical density or opacity is a function of the energy distribution of the laser outputs. Under various circumstances to be described, other factors can influence the relationship between (i) the drive current to the laser elements, (ii) the optical outputs of the laser elements, and (iii) the resulting optical density or opacity of the printed image on the substrate. Thus, it is desirable in some circumstances to modulate another control function of the print head in such a way as to compensate for any factors that might otherwise produce unwanted variations or artefacts in print optical density. A further beneficial effect of such modulation can be reduced power requirements, e.g. avoiding over-saturation conditions where more optical energy is being produced by each laser element than is useful for producing the desired opacity of image.
Thus, in a further general aspect, the invention provides a laser marking system having an array of lasers for transmitting optical energy to a thermally or optically sensitive print medium, including a drive circuit for providing drive current to each laser element in the array, the drive circuit adapted to address laser elements in the array according to a desired print pattern, the laser marking system further including a modulation circuit adapted to modulate a further control parameter of the laser marking system in order to maintain or improve optical density or opacity of the printed image, in accordance with the desired print pattern.
In preferred embodiments, the modulation circuit may be adapted to control or modulate one or more of: (i) print velocity, i.e. the relative velocity between the print head and the thermally or optically sensitive print medium; (ii) duration of firing time or duty cycle of each laser element; (iii) maximum current delivered to each laser element; (iv) the number of points to be marked in a given desired print pattern; (v) the energy supplied to each laser; (vi) the temperature of the laser elements and (vii) the relative times of firing of each laser element in an array.
The modulation circuit may be incorporated within a laser management unit as described hereinafter. The modulation circuit may also be adapted to take into account variable properties of the thermally or optically sensitive print medium, for example the heat diffusion properties or the chemical diffusion properties or other properties that may influence the opacity of printed mark.
The laser management unit may be configured to control the outward power of the laser or lasers of the array dependent on the proximity values of the points to be printed. When marking points on a substrate, there is inevitably some spill-over of energy into adjacent points due to the distribution of energy into the laser spot and to the thermal conduction in the paper. When marking an isolated point, this energy is wasted, but when adjacent points are being marked, the spill-over energy contributes to marking so that the required input energy is reduced. In these situations, the laser management unit may be configured to cause the output power of the laser to correspondingly reduce, thus achieving more even marking, improved energy efficiency and reduced thermal dissipation in the print head. This may be achieved either in the print head or by pre-processing of the image data
The laser management unit may be adapted to store values of previous marking patterns mad to adjust the current operation in accordance with the values stored. This so-called ‘history control’ aspect may compensate for uneven temperature values across the laser. Previous marking pattern data may be derived from direct measurement of temperature or by suitable algorithms that calculate a correction based on the recent firing history of nearby laser channels. Such algorithms may be readily structured by the person skilled in the art.
The laser system management unit may cause a simplified system to be achieved by for example limiting the peak total current and/or the peak power dissipation in the head. One version of how this may be achieved would be where the laser system management unit controls the drive current by, for example, effecting a dynamic reduction in print speed to maintain a constant print opacity. Another way of simplifying the system is by adapting the laser system management unit to cause the pulse duty cycle for each point to be reduced. This may also be combined with a dynamic reduction in print speed to maintain a constant print opacity. A further simplification route would be to arrange the laser system management unit to drive groups of lasers sequentially from a common drive rather than simultaneously. This may also be combined with a dynamic reduction in print speed to maintain a constant print opacity. This approach may also reduce the number of current drive channels required and their associated electronics costs.
A further way of reducing the complexity of a system may be to have the laser system management unit limit the point count per a given area (such as a line). In this application, the term ‘area’ is to be interpreted broadly and would cover for example a number of points or a single point in a line. The unit may determine that, when the pattern to be printed exceeds a given limit, it may be pre-processed for example by XOR-ing with a chequer board pattern to reduce the pixel count (i.e. the number of points).
The laser management unit may also be adapted to independently control the laser energy supplied to each laser. By doing so it is possible to compensate for power variations (due to laser variation, optics variation, thermal variation), achieve grey scale or implement thermal/geometric compensation algorithms. Energy modulation of this kind may be achieved by, for example, modulating either the drive current or the total pulse duration for a given point.
The system may also incorporate rectangular waveguides in order to generate a rectangular spot with a flat-top power profile (in other words, an energy profile whose edges have similar values to those at the top point). This profile is sometimes referred to a top hat profile.
Other optical elements may be employed between the laser and the substrate to shape the beam emitted by the lasers to obtain points which are elliptical or annular.
Instead of employing lenses of the kind shown in
The laser system management unit may be used to control the spot size to within an optimal dimension (approximately equal to the line width or other dependent on the paper type). The management unit may control the width of the spot in the direction of paper travel independently to vary the length of time a point on the paper is subjected to laser power. Efficiency may also be maximised by adjusting this dependent on the marking behaviour of the paper. For example, applying the energy in a short time using a narrow spot may achieve instantaneously high paper temperature which, for certain paper types, may be preferred.
A refractive or diffractive optical element or arrangement of multimode waveguides may be used to modify the profile from a Gaussian to a flat top profile. The person skilled in the art may also select from known alternatives an appropriate optical element to apply slight peaks at the edges of the profile.
The management unit of the system may also be used to take into account the diffusion properties of the substrate or paper used. This will allow the use of lower cost optics or even doing away altogether with optical elements between the laser array and the substrate. Significant savings may be achieved and create a compactness if the diffusion properties are used to control the power output and the selection of the kind of optics for marking.
Other embodiments are intentionally within the scope of the accompanying claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0411130.8 | May 2004 | GB | national |
| 0411134.0 | May 2004 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB05/01961 | 5/19/2005 | WO | 00 | 5/27/2009 |
