Thermal spray coating processes using HHO gas generated from an electrolyzer generator

Abstract

A thermal spray coating process for depositing finely divided metallic or nonmetallic materials in a molten or semi-molten condition to form a coating on a substrate wherein the coating material may be powder, ceramic-rod, wire or molten materials. The process involves the use of a gas made from water in an electrolyzer, which includes two principal electrodes and a plurality of supplemental electrodes. The supplemental electrodes are not connected electrically to a power source. The electrolyzer is adapted to separate the water such that its constituents of H and O are not recombined and instead produced jointly to make the single combustible gas composed of combinations of clusters of hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured according to a general formula HmOn wherein m and n have null or positive integer values with the exception that m and n can not be 0 at the same time.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 a depicts a conventional hydrogen atom with its distribution of electron orbitals in all space directions, thus forming a sphere;

FIG. 1 b depicts the same hydrogen atom wherein its electron is polarized to orbit within a toroid resulting in the creation of a magnetic field along the symmetry axis of said toroid;

FIG. 2 a depicts a conventional hydrogen molecule with some of the rotations caused by temperature;

FIG. 2 b depicts the same conventional molecule in which the orbitals are polarized into toroids, thus causing two magnetic field in opposite directions since the hydrogen molecule is diamagnetic;

FIG. 3 a depict the conventional water molecules H—O—H in which the dimers H—O and O—H form an angle of 105 degrees, and in which the orbitals of the two H atoms are polarized in toroids perpendicular to the H—O—H plane;

FIG. 3 b depicts the central species of this invention consisting of the water molecule in which one valence bond has been broken, resulting in the collapse of one hydrogen atom against the other;

FIG. 4 a depicts a polarized conventional hydrogen molecule;

FIG. 4 b depicts a main species of this invention, the bond between two hydrogen atoms caused by the attractive forces between opposing magnetic polarities originating in the toroidal polarizations of the orbitals;

FIG. 5 depicts a new chemical species identified for the first time in this invention consisting of two dimers H—O of the water molecule in their polarized form as occurring in the water molecule, with consequential magnetic bond, plus an isolated and polarized hydrogen atom also magnetically bonded to the preceding atoms;

FIG. 6 depicts mass spectrometric scans of the HHO gas of this invention;

FIG. 7 depicts infrared scans of the conventional hydrogen gas;

FIG. 8 depicts infrared scans of the conventional oxygen gas;

FIG. 9 depicts infrared scans of the HHO gas of this invention;

FIG. 10 depicts the mass spectrography of the commercially available diesel fuel;

FIG. 11 depicts the mass spectrography of the same diesel fuel of the preceding FIG. 10 with the HHO gas of this invention occluded in its interior via bubbling;

FIG. 12 depicts an analytic detection of the hydrogen content of the HHO gas of this invention;

FIG. 13 depicts an analytic detection of the oxygen content of the HHO gas of this invention;

FIG. 14 depicts an analytic detection of impurities contained in the HHO gas of this invention;

FIG. 15 depicts the anomalous blank of the detector since it shows residual substances following the removal of the gas;

FIG. 16 depicts a scan confirming the presence in HHO of the basic species with 2 amu representing H—H and HxH, and the presence of a clean species with 5 amu that can only be interpreted as H—HxH—HxH;

FIG. 17 depicts a scan which provides clear evidence of a species with mass 16 amu that in turn confirms the presence in HHO of isolated atomic oxygen, and which confirms the presence in HHO of the species H—O with 17 amu and the species with 18 amu consisting of H—O—H and HxH—O;

FIG. 18 depicts a scan which establishes the presence in HHO of the species with 33 amu representing O—OxH or O—O—H, and 34 amu representing O—HxO—H and similar configurations;

FIG. 19 is an exploded view of one example of a preferred electrolyzer;

FIG. 20 is top view of a variation of an electrolyzer in which one group of supplemental electrodes are connected to the anode electrode and a second group of supplemental electrodes are connected to the cathode electrode;

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of the electrode plate securing mechanism for the electrolyzer of FIG. 20;

FIG. 22 a is a conceptual representation of a prior art plasma thermal spray process with the exception that HHO gas is being substituted for or used as an additive to the fuel typically used for the process;

FIG. 22 b is a conceptual representation of a prior art HVOF thermal spray process with the exception that HHO gas is being substituted for or used as an additive to the fuel typically used for the process;

FIG. 22 c is a conceptual representation of a prior art detonation thermal spray process with the exception that HHO gas is being substituted for or used as an additive to the fuel typically used for the process; and

FIG. 23 is a conceptual depiction showing the routing of HHO gas through a magnetic centrifuge before be routed to the specific thermal spray process system being used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A summary of the scientific representation of the preceding main features of the HHO gas is outlined below without formulae for simplicity of understanding by a broader audience.

Where the HHO gas originates from distilled water using a special electrolytic process described hereinafter, it is generally believed that such a gas is composed of 2/3 (or 66.66% in volume) hydrogen H2 and 1/2 (or 33.33% in volume) oxygen O2.

A fundamental point of this invention is the evidence that such a conventional mixture of H2 and O2 gases absolutely cannot represent the above features of the HHO gas, thus establishing the novel existence in the produced inventive HHO gas.

The above occurrence is established beyond any possible doubt by comparing the performance of the HHO gas with that of a mixture of 66.66% of H2 and 33.33% of O2. There is simply no condition whatsoever under which, the latter gas can instantly cut tungsten or melt bricks as done by the HHO gas, therein supporting the novelty in the chemical structure of the produced HHO gas.

To begin the identification of the novelty in the HHO gas we note that the special features of the HHO gas, such as the capability of instantaneous melting tungsten and bricks, require that HHO contains not only “atomic hydrogen” (that is, individual H atoms without valence bond to other atoms as in FIG. 1a), but also “magnetically polarized atomic hydrogen”, that is, hydrogen atoms whose electrons are polarized to rotate in a toroid, rather than in all space directions, as per FIG. 1b.

It should be indicated that the Brown gas does assumes the existence of “atomic hydrogen”. However, calculations have established that such a feature is grossly insufficient to explain all the feature of the HHO gas, as it will be evidence in the following. The fundamental novelty of this invention is, therefore, the use of “polarized atomic hydrogen” as depicted in FIG. 1b.

Alternatively, in the event the hydrogen contained in the HHO gas is bonded to another atom, the dimension of the H2 molecules caused by thermal rotations (as partially depicted in FIG. 2a) are such to prevent a rapid penetration of hydrogen within deeper layers of tungsten or bricks, thus preventing their rapid melting. The only know configuration of the hydrogen molecule compatible with the above outlined physical and chemical evidence is that the molecule itself is polarized with its orbitals restricted to rotate in the oo-shaped toroid of FIG. 2b.

In fact, polarized hydrogen atoms as in FIG. 1b and polarized hydrogen molecules as in FIG. 2b are sufficiently thin to have a rapid penetration within deeper layers of substances. Moreover, the magnetic field created by the rotation of electrons within toroids is such so as to polarize the orbitals of substances when in close proximity, due to magnetic induction. But the polarized orbitals of tungsten and bricks are essentially at rest. Therefore, magnetic induction causes a natural process of rapid self-propulsion of polarized hydrogen atoms and molecules deep within substances.

Nature has set the water molecule H2O=H—O—H in such a way that its H atoms do not have the spherical distribution of FIG. 1a, and have instead precisely the polarized distribution of FIG. 1b along a toroid whose symmetry plane is perpendicular to that of the H—O—H plane, as depicted in FIG. 3a, as established in the technical literature, e.g., in D. Eisenberg and W. Kauzmann, “The Structure and Properties of Water.” Oxford University Press (1969).

It is also known that the H—O—H molecule at ambient temperature and pressure, even though with a null total charge, has a high “electric polarization” (deformation of electric charge distributions) with the predominance of the negative charge density localized in the O atom and the complementary predominant positive charge density localized in the H atoms. This implies a repulsion of the H atoms caused by their predominantly positive charges, resulting in the characteristic angle of 105 degree between the H—O and O—H dimers as depicted in FIG. 3a.

Nevertheless, it is well established in quantum electrodynamics that toroidal polarizations of the orbitals of the hydrogen atom as in the configuration of FIG. 1b create very strong magnetic fields with a symmetry axis perpendicular to the plane of the toroid, and with a value of said magnetic fields that is 1,415 times bigger than the magnetic moment of the H-nucleus (the proton), thus having a value such to overcome the repulsive force due to charges.

It then follows that, in the natural configuration of the H—O—H molecule, the strong electric polarization caused by the oxygen is such to weaken the magnetic field of the toroidal polarization of the H-orbital resulting in the indicated repulsion of the two H-atoms in the H—O—H structure.

However, as soon as the strong electric polarization of H—O—H is removed, the very strong attraction between opposite polarities of the magnetic fields of the polarized H atom become dominant over the Coulomb repulsion of the charges, resulting in the new configuration of FIG. 3b that has been discovered in this invention.

The central feature of this invention is, therefore, that the special electrolyzer of this invention is such to permit the transformation of the water molecule from the conventional H—O—H configuration of FIG. 3a to the basically novel configuration of FIG. 3b, which latter configuration is, again, permitted by the fact that, in the absence of electric polarization, the attraction between opposite magnetic polarities of the toroidal distributions of the orbitals is much stronger than the Coulomb repulsion due to charges.

By denoting with “—” the valence bond and with “x” the magnetic bond, the water molecule is given by H—O—H (FIG. 3a) and its modified version in the HHO gas is given by HxH—O (FIG. 3b). As a result, according to the existing scientific terminology, as available, e.g., in R. M. Santilli, “Foundations of Hadronic Chemistry”, Kluwer Academic Publisher (2001), H—O—H is a “molecule,” because all bonds are of valence type, while HxH—O must be a specific “magnecular structure or cluster,” because one of its bonds is of magnecular type.

The validity of the above rearrangement of the water molecule is readily established by the fact that, when the species H—O—H is liquid, the new species HxH—O can be easily proved to be gaseous. This is due to various reasons, such as the fact that the hydrogen is much lighter than the oxygen in the ratio 1 atomic mass units (amu) to 16 amu. As a result, from a thermodynamical view point, the new species HxH—O is essentially equivalent to ordinary gaseous oxygen in full conformity with conventional thermodynamical laws, since the transition from liquids to gases implies an increase of entropy, as well known. This feature explains the creation by our special electrolyzer of a new form of gaseous water without any need for evaporation energy.

There are also other reason for which the transition from the H—O—H configuration of FIG. 3a to the HxH—O configuration of FIG. 3b implies the necessary transition from the liquid to the gaseous state. As it is established in the chemical literature (see D. Eisenberg and W Kauzmann quoted above), the liquid state of water at ambient temperature and pressure is caused by the so-called “hydrogen bridges,” namely a terminology introduced to represent the experimental evidence of the existence of “attractions between hydrogen atoms of different water molecules.”

However, the above interpretation of the liquid state of water remain essentially conceptual because it lacks completely the identification of the “attractive force” between different H atoms, as necessary for the very existence of the liquid state. Note that such attraction cannot be of valence type because the only available electron in the H atom is completely used for its bond in the H—O—H molecule. Therefore, the bridge force cannot credibly be of valence type.

The precise identification of the attractive force in the hydrogen bridges of water at the liquid state has been done by R. Santilli in the second above quoted literature, and has resulted to be precisely of magnecular type, in the sense of being due precisely to attraction between opposite magnetic polarities of toroidal distributions of orbitals that are so strong to overcome repulsive Coulomb forces. Therefore, the H—O—H can be correctly called a “molecule” because all bonds are of valence type, while the liquid state of water is composed of “magnecular clusters” because some of the bonds are of magnecular type.

In different terms, a central feature of this invention is that the transition from the H—O—H configuration to the new HxH—O one is essentially caused by the two H atoms establishing an “internal hydrogen bridge,” rather than the usual “external bridge with other H atoms. The first fundamental point is the precise identification of the “physical origin of the attractive force” as well as its “numerical value,” without which science is reduced to a mere political nomenclature.

In view of the above, it is evident that the transition from the H—O—H configuration of FIG. 3a to the HxH—O configuration of FIG. 3b implies the disruption of all possible hydrogen bridges, thus prohibiting the HxH—O magnecular cluster to be liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. This is due, e.g., to the rotation of the HxH dimer around the O atom under which no stable hydrogen bridge can occur.

In conclusion, the transition from the conventional H—O—H configuration of FIG. 3a to the new configuration HxH—O of FIG. 3b implies the necessary transition from the liquid to the gaseous state.

A first most important experimental verification of this invention is that the removal of the electric polarization of the water molecule, with consequential transition from the H—O—H to the new HxH—O configuration, can indeed be achieved via the minimal energy available in the electrolyzer and absolutely without the large amount of energy needed for water evaporation.

It is evident that the conventional H—O—H species is stable, while the new configuration HxH—O is unstable, e.g., because of collision due to temperature, thus experiencing its initial separation into the oxygen O and HxH. The latter constitutes a new chemical “species”, hereinafter referred to detectable “clusters” constituting the HHO gas, whose bond, as indicated earlier, originates from the attractive force between opposing magnetic polarities in the configuration when the toroidal orbitals are superimposed as depicted in FIG. 4b, rather than being of the conventional molecular type depicted in FIG. 4a.

The new chemical species HxH is another central novelty of this invention inasmuch as it contains precisely the polarized atomic hydrogen needed to explain physical and chemical evidence recalled earlier, the remarkable aspect being that these polarizations are set by nature in the water molecule, and mainly brought to a useful form by the inventive electrolyzer.

Note that one individual polarized atomic hydrogen, as depicted in FIG. 1b, is highly unstable when isolated because the rotations due to temperatures instantaneously cause said atom to recover the spherical distribution of FIG. 1a.

However, when two or more polarized H atoms are bonded together as in FIG. 4b, the bond is fully stable at ambient temperature since all rotations now occur for the coupled H-atoms. It then follows that the size of the HxH species under rotation due to temperature is one half the size of an ordinary H molecule, since the radius of the preceding species is that of one H atom, while the radius of the later species is the diameter of one H atom. In turn, this reduction in size is crucial, again, to explain the features of the HHO gas.

Needless to say, it is possible to prove via quantum chemistry that the HxH species has a 50% probability of converting into the conventional H—H molecule. Therefore, the hydrogen content of the HHO gas is predicted to be given by a mixture of HxH and H—H that, under certain conditions, can be 50%-50%.

The H—H molecule has a weight of 2 atomic mass units (amu). The bond in HxH is much weaker than the valence bond of H—H. Therefore, the species HxH is predicted to be heavier than the conventional one H—H (because the binding energy is negative). However, such a difference is of the order of a small fraction of one amu, thus being beyond the detecting abilities of currently available analytic instruments solely based on mass detection. It ten follows that the species HxH and H—H will appear to be identical under conventional mass spectrographic measurements since both will result to have the mass of 2 amu.

The separation and detection of the two species HxH and H—H require very accurate analytic equipment based on magnetic resonances, since the HxH species has distinct magnetic features that are completely absent for the H—H species, thus permitting their separation and identification. In this patent application, experimental evidence is presented based on conventional mass spectrometry.

It should be also noted that the weaker nature of the bond HxH over the conventional valence bond H—H is crucial for the representation of physical and chemical evidence. The sole interpretation of the latter is permitted by “polarized atomic hydrogen,” namely, isolated hydrogen atoms without valence bonds with the polarization of FIG. 1b.

It is evident that the conventional hydrogen molecule H—H does not allow a representation of said physical and chemical evidence precisely in view of the strong valence bond H—H that has to be broken as a necessary condition for any chemical reaction. By comparison, the much weaker magnecular bond HxH permits the easy release of individual hydrogen atoms, precisely as needed to represent experimental data. As a matter of fact, this evidence is so strong to select the new HxH species as the only one explaining physical and chemical behavior of the HHO gas, since the conventional H—H species absolutely cannot represent such evidence as stressed above.

The situation for the oxygen atom following its separation in the H—O—H molecule is essentially similar to that of hydrogen. When the oxygen is a member of the H—O—H molecule, the orbitals of its two valence electrons are not distributed in all directions in space, but have a polarization into toroids parallel to the corresponding polarizations of the H atoms.

It is then natural to see that, as soon as one H-valence bond is broken, and the two H atoms collapse one against the other in the HxH—O species, the orbitals of the two valance electrons of the O atom are correspondingly aligned. This implies that, at the time of the separation of the HxH—O species into HxH and O, the oxygen has a distinct polarization of its valence orbitals along parallel toroids. In addition, the oxygen is paramagnetic, thus quite responsive to a toroidal polarization of the valence electrons as customary under magnetic induction when exposed to a magnetic field.

It then follows that the oxygen contained in the HHO gas is initially composed of the new magnecular species OxO, that also has a 50% probability of converting into the conventional molecular species O—O, resulting in a mixture of OxO and O—O according to proportions that can be, under certain conditions, 50%-50%.

The O—O species has the mass of 32 amu. As in the case for HxH, the new species OxO has a mass bigger than 32 amu due to the decrease in absolute value of the binding energy (that is negative) and the consequential increase of the mass. However, the mass increase is of a fraction of one amu, thus not being detectable with currently available mass spectrometers.

It is easy to see that the HHO gas cannot be solely composed of the above identified mixture of HxH/H—H and OxO/O—O gases and numerous additional species are possible. This is due to the fact that, valence bonds ends when all valence electrons are used, in which case no additional atom can be added. On the contrary, magnecular bonds such as that of the HxH structure of FIG. 4b have no limit in the number of constituents, other than the limits sets forth by temperature and pressure.

In the order of increased values of amu, we therefore expect in the HHO gas the presence of the following additional new species.

First, there is the prediction of the presence of a new species with 3 amu consisting of HxHxH as well as H—HxH. Note that the species H—H—H is impossible since the hydrogen has only one valence electron and valance bonds only occur in pairs as in H—H, thus prohibiting the triplet valence bonds H—H—H.

It should be recalled that a species with 3 amu, thus composed of three H atoms, has already been identified in mass spectrometry. The novelty of this invention is the identification of the fact that this species is a magnecular cluster HxH—H and not the molecule H—H—H, since the latter is impossible.

Next, there is the prediction of traces of a species with 4 amu that is not the helium (since there is no helium in water) and it is given instead by the magnecular cluster (H—H)x(H—H) having essentially the same atomic mass of the helium. Note that the latter species is expected to exist only in small traces (such as parts per million) due to the general absence in the HHO gas of polarized hydrogen molecules H—H needed for the creation of the species (H—H)—(H—H).

Additional species with more than four hydrogen atoms are possible, but they are highly unstable under collisions due to temperature, and their presence in the HHO gas is expected to be in parts per millions. Therefore, no appreciable species is expected to exist in the HHO gas between 4 amu and 16 amu (the latter representing the oxygen).

The next species predicted in the HHO gas has 17 amu and consists of the magnecular cluster HxO that also has a 50% transition probability to the conventional radical H—O. Detectable traces of this species are expected because they occur in all separations of water.

The next species expected in the HHO gas has the mass of 18 amu and it is given by the new magnecular configuration of the water HxH—O of FIG. 3b. The distinction between this species and the conventional water molecule H—O—H at the vapor state can be easily established via infrared and other detectors.

The next species expected in the HHO gas has the mass of 19 amu and it is given by traces the magnecular cluster HxH—O—H or HxH—O—H. A more probable species has the mass of 20 amu with structure HxH—O—HxH.

Note that heavier species are given by magnecular combination of the primary species present in the HHO gas, namely, HxH and OxO. We therefore have a large probability for the presence of the species HxH—OxO with 34 amu and HxH—OxO—H with 35 amu.

The latter species is depicted in FIG. 5 and consists of two conventional dimers H—O of the water molecule under bond caused by opposite polarities of the magnetic fields of their polarized valence electron orbitals, plus an additional hydrogen also bonded via the same magnecular law.

Additional heavier species are possible with masses re-presentable with the simple equation m×1+n×16 amu, where m and n are an integer value of 0 or greater, except the case where both m and n are 0, although their presence is expected to be of the order of parts per million.

In summary, a fundamental novelty of this invention relates to the prediction, to be verified with direct measurements by independent laboratories outlined below, that the HHO gas is constituted by:

i) two primary species, one with 2 amu (representing a mixture of HxH and H—H) in large percentage yet less than 66% in volume, and a second one with 32 amu (representing a mixture of OxO and O—O) in large percentage yet less than 33% in volume;

ii) new species in smaller yet macroscopic percentages estimated to be in the range of 8%-9% in volume comprising: 1 amu representing isolated atomic hydrogen; 16 amu representing isolated atomic oxygen; 18 amu representing H—O—H and HxH—O; 33 amu representing a mixture of HxOxO and HxO—O; 36 amu representing a mixture of HxH—O—OxHxH and similar configurations; and 37 amu representing a mixture of HxH—O—OxHxHxH and equivalent configurations; plus

iii) traces of new species comprising: 3 amu representing a mixture of HxHxH and HxH—H; 4 amu representing a mixture of H—HxH—H and equivalent configurations; and numerous additional possible species in part per million with masses bigger than 17 amu characterized by the equation n×1+m×16, where n and m can have integer values 1, 2, 3, and so on.

The preceding theoretical considerations can be unified in the prediction that the HHO combustible gas is composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded into clusters H_mO_n in which m and n have integer values with the exclusion of the case in which both m and n are zero. In fact: for m=1, n=0 we have atomic hydrogen H; for m=0, n=1, we have atomic oxygen O; for m=2 and n=0 we have the ordinary hydrogen molecule H₂=H—H or the magnecular cluster HxH; for m=0 and n=2 we have the ordinary oxygen molecule O₂=O—O or the magnecular cluster OxO; for m=1, n=1 we have the radical H—O or the magnecular cluster HxO; for m=2 n=1 we have water vapor H—O—H or the predicted new species of water (FIG. 3b) HxH—O; for m=3, n=2 we have the magnecular clusters HxH—O—H or HxHxH—O; for m=3, n=3 we have the magnecular clusters HxHxH—OxO or (H—O—H)xO; and so on.

As we shall see below, “all” the above predicted magnecular clusters have been identified experimentally, thus confirming the representation of the chemical structure of the HHO combustible gas with the symbol H_mO_n where m and n assume integer values with the exception of both m and n being 0.

The above definition of the HHO gas establishes its dramatic difference with the Brown gas in a final form.

Outline of the Experimental Evidence:

On Jun. 30, 2003, scientific measurements on the specific weight of the HHO gas were conducted at Adsorption Research Laboratory in Dublin, Ohio. The resultant value was 12.3 grams per mole. The same laboratory repeated the measurement on a different sample of the gas and confirmed the result.

The released value of 12.3 grams per mole is anomalous. The general expectation is that the HHO gas consist of a mixture of H2 and O2 gases since the gas is produced from water. This implies a mixture of H2 and O2 with the specific weight (2+2+32)/3=11.3 grams per mole corresponding to a gas that is composed in volume of 66.66% H2 and 33.33% O2.

Therefore, we have the anomaly of 12.3-11.2=1 gram per mole, corresponding to 8.8% anomalous value of the specific weight. Therefore, rather than the predicted 66.66% of H2 the gas contains only 60.79% of the species with 2 amu, and rather than having 33.33% of O2 the gas contains only 30.39 of the species with 32 amu.

These measurements provide direct experimental confirmation that the HHO gas is not composed of a sole mixture of H2 and O2, but has additional species. Moreover, the gas was produced from distilled water. Therefore, there cannot be an excess of O2 over H2 to explain the increased weight. Therefore, the above measurement establish the presence in HHO of 5.87% of H2 and 2.94% O2 bonded together into species heavier than water to be identified via mass spectroscopy.

Adsorption Research Laboratory also conducted gas chromatographic scans of the HHO gas reproduced in FIG. 6 confirming most of the predicted constituents of this invention. In fact, the scans of FIG. 6 confirm the presence in the HHO gas of the following species here presented in order of their decreasing percentages:

1) A first major species with 2 amu representing hydrogen in the above indicated indistinguishable combination of magnecular HxH and molecular H—H versions;

2) A second major species with 32 amu representing the above indicated combination of the magnecular species OxO and the molecular one O—O;

3) A large peak at 18 amu that is established by other measurements below not to be water, thus leaving as the only rational explanation the new form of water HxH—O at the foundation of this invention;

4) A significant peak with 33 amu that is a direct experimental confirmation of the new species in the HHO gas given by HxH—OxH;

5) A smaller yet clearly identified peak at 16 amu representing atomic oxygen;

6) Other small yet fully identified peaks at 17 amu, confirming the presence of the mixture of the magnecular cluster HxO and radical H—O;

7) A small yet fully identified peak at 34 amu confirming the presence of the new species (H—O)x(H—O);

8) A smaller yet fully identified peak at 35 amu confirming the prediction of the new species (H—O)x(H—O)xH; and

9) numerous additional small peaks expected to be in parts per million.

It should be added that the operation of the IR detector was halted a few seconds following the injection of the HHO gas, while the same instrument was operating normally with other gases. This occurrence is a direct experimental verification of the magnetic features of the HHO gas because the behavior can only be explained by the clogging up of the feeding line by the HHO gas via its anomalous adhesion to the internal walls of the line due to magnetic induction, clogging that progressively occurred up to the point of preventing the gas to be injected into the instrument due to the small sectional area of the feeding line, with consequential halting of the instrument.

On Jul. 22, 2003, the laboratory of the PdMA Corporation in Tampa, Fla. conducted infrared scans reported in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 via the use of a Perkin-Elmer InfraRed (IR) scanner with fixed point/single beam, model 1600. The reported scans refer to 1) a conventional H2 gas (FIG. 7); 2) a conventional O2 gas (FIG. 8); and 3) the HHO gas (FIG. 9).

The inspection of these scans shows a substantial difference between HHO gas and H2 and O2 gases. H2=H—H and O2=O—O are symmetric molecules. Therefore, they have very low IR peaks, as confirmed by the enclosed scans. The first anomaly of HHO is that of showing comparatively much stronger resonating peaks. Therefore, the enclosed IR scan of HHO first establish that the HHO gas has an asymmetric structure, that is a rather remarkable feature since the same feature is absence for the presumed mixture if H2 and O2 gases.

Moreover, H2 and O2 gases can have at most two resonating frequencies each, under infrared spectroscopy, one for the vibrations and the other for rotations. Spherical distributions of orbitals and other features imply that H2 has essentially only one dominant IR signature as confirmed by the scan of FIG. 7, while O2 has one vibrational IR frequency and three rotational ones, as also confirmed by the scans of FIG. 8.

The inspection of the IR scans for the HHO gas in FIG. 9 reveals additional novelties of this invention. First the HHO scan reveals the presence of at least nine different IR frequencies grouped around wavenumber 3000 plus a separate distinct one at around wavenumber 1500.

These measurements provide the very important experimental confirmation that the species with 18 amu detected in the IR scans of FIG. 6 is not given by water, thus leaving as the only possibility a direct experimental verification of the fundamental novel species HxH—O of this invention.

In fact, the water vapor with molecules H—O—H has IR frequencies with wavelengths 3756, 3657, 1595, their combination and their harmonics (here ignored for simplicity). The scan for the HHO gas in FIG. 7 confirms the presence of an IR signature near 1595, thus confirming the molecular bond H—O in the magnecular structure HxH—O, but the scan shows no presence of the additional very strong signatures of the water molecules at 3756 and 3657, thus establishing the fact that the peak at 18 amu is not water as conventionally understood in chemistry.

On Jul. 22, 2003, the laboratory of the PdMA Corporation in Tampa, Fla. conducted measurements on the flash point, first on commercially available diesel fuel, measuring a flash point of 75 degrees C., and then of the same fuel following the bubbling in its interior of the HHO gas, measuring the flash point of 79 degrees C.

These measurements too are anomalous because it is known that the addition of a gas to a liquid fuel reduces its flash point generally by half, thus implying the expected flash value of about 37 degrees C. for the mixture of diesel and HHO gas. Therefore, the anomalous increase of the flash point value is not of 4 degrees C., but of about 42 degrees C.

Such an increase cannot be explained via the assumption that HHO is contained in the diesel in the form of a gas, and requires the necessary occurrence of some type of bond between the HHO gas and the liquid fuel. The latter cannot possibly be of valence type, but it can indeed be of magnetic type due to induced polarization of the diesel molecules by the polarized HHO gas and consequential adhesion of the constituents of the HHO gas to the diesel molecule.

A major experimental confirmation of the latter bond was provided on Aug. 1, 2003, by the Southwest Research Institute of Texas, that conducted mass spectrographic measurements on one sample of ordinary diesel marked “A” as used for the above flash point value of 75 degrees C., here reported in FIG. 10, and another sample of the same diesel with HHO gas bubbled in its interior marked “B”, here reported in FIG. 11.

The measurements were conducted via a Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) via Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry GC-MS manufactures by Hewlett Packard with GC model 5890 series II and MS model 5972. The TIC was obtained via a Simulated Distillation by Gas Chromatography (SDGC).

The used column was a HP 5MS 30×0.25 mm; the carrier flow was provided by Helium at 50 degrees C. and 5 psi; the initial temperature of the injection was 50 degrees C. with a temperature increase of 15 degrees C. per minute and the final temperature of 275 degrees C.

The chromatogram of FIG. 10 confirmed the typical pattern, elusion time and other feature of commercially available diesel. However, the chromatograph of the same diesel with the HHO gas bubbled in its interior of FIG. 11 shows large structural differences with the preceding scan, including a much stronger response, a bigger elusion time and, above all, a shift of the peaks toward bigger amu values.

Therefore, the latter measurements provide additional confirmation of the existence of a bond between the diesel and the HHO gas, precisely as predicted by the anomalous value of the flash point. In turn such a bond between a gas and a liquid cannot possibly be of valence type, but can indeed be of magnetic type via induced magnetic polarization of the diesel molecules and consequential bond with the HHO magnecular clusters.

In conclusion, the experimental measurements of the flash point and of the scans of FIGS. 10 and 11 establish beyond doubt the existence in the HHO gas of a magnetic polarization that is the ultimate foundation of this invention.

Additional chemical analyses on the chemical composition of the HHO gas were done by Air Toxic LTD of Folsom, Calif. via the scans reproduced in FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 resulting in the confirmation that H2 and O2 are the primary constituents of the HHO gas. However, the same measurements imply the identification of the following anomalous peaks:

a) A peak in the H2 scan at 7.2 minutes elusion times (FIG. 12);

b) A large peak in the O2 scan at 4 minutes elusion time (FIG. 13); and

c) A number of impurities contained in the HHO gas (FIG. 14).

FIG. 15 depicts the anomalous blank of the detector since it shows residual substances following the removal of the gas. The blank following the removal of the HHO gas is anomalous because it shows the preservation of the peaks of the preceding scans, an occurrence solely explained by the magnetic polarization of species and their consequential adhesion to the interior of the instrument via magnetic induction.

Unfortunately, the equipment used in the scans of FIGS. 12, 13, 14 cannot be used for the identification of atomic masses and, therefore, the above anomalous peaks remain unidentified in this test.

Nevertheless, it is well know that species with bigger mass elude at a later time. Therefore, the very presence of species eluding after the H₂ and the O₂ detection is an additional direct experimental confirmation of the presence in the HHO gas of species heavier than H₂ and

O₂, thus providing additional experimental confirmation of the very foundation of this invention.

Final mass spectrographic measurements on the HHO gas were done on Sep. 10, 2003, at the SunLabs, located at the University of Tampa in Florida via the use of the very recent GC-MS Clarus 500 by Perkin Elmer, one of the most sensitive instruments capable of detecting hydrogen.

Even though the column available at the time of the test was not ideally suited for the separation of all species constituting HHO, the measurements have fully confirmed the predictions i), ii) and iii) above on the structure of the HHO gas.

In fact, the Scan of FIG. 16 confirm the presence in HHO of the basic species with 2 amu representing H—H and HxH, although their separation was not possible in the Clarus 500 GC-MS. The same instrument also cannot detect isolated hydrogen atoms due to insufficient ionization. The species with 4 amu representing H—HxH—H could not be detected because helium was the carrier gas and the peak at 4 amu had been subtracted in the scan of FIG. 16. Note however the presence of a clean species with 5 amu that can only be interpreted as H—HxH—HxH.

The scan of FIG. 17 provides clear evidence of a species with mass 16 amu that confirms the presence in HHO of isolated atomic oxygen, thus providing an indirect confirmation of the additional presence of isolated hydrogen atoms due to the impossibility of their detection in the instrument. The same scan of FIG. 17 confirms the presence in HHO of the species H—O with 17 amu and the species with 18 amu consisting of H—O—H and HxH—O, whose separation is not possible in the instrument here considered.

The scan of FIG. 18 clearly establishes the presence in HHO of the species with 33 amu representing O—OxH or O—O—H, and 34 amu representing O—HxO—H and similar configurations, while the species with 35 amu detected in preceding measurements was confirmed in other scans.

The test also confirmed the “blank anomaly” typical of all gases with magnecular structure, namely, the fact that the blank of the instrument following the removal of the gas continues to detect the basic species, which scan is not reproduced here for simplicity, thus confirming the anomalous adhesion of the latter to the instrument walls that can only be explained via magnetic polarization.

In conclusion, all essential novel features of this invention are confirmed by a plurality of direct experimental verifications. In fact:

I) The excess in specific weight of 1 gram/mole (or 8.8%) confirms the presence of species heavier than the predicted mixture of H2 and O2, thus confirming the presence of a species composed of H and O atoms that cannot possibly have a valence bond.

II) The IR scans done by Adsorption Research (FIG. 6) clearly confirm all new species above predicted for the HHO gas, thus providing a basic direct experimental verification of this invention;

III) The halting of the IR instrument in the scans of FIG. 6 after one or two seconds following the injection of HHO, while the same instrument works normally for conventional gases, is a direct experimental confirmation of the presence of magnetic polarization in the HHO gas, as routinely detected also for all gases having a magnecular structure, and it is due to the clogging of the feeding line by the HHO species via magnetic induction with consequential adhesion to the walls of the feeding line, consequential impossibility for the gas to enter in the instrument, and subsequent automatic shut off of the instrument itself.

IV) The large increase of the flash point of diesel fuel following inclusion of the HHO gas also constitutes direct clear experimental evidence of the magnetic polarization of the HHO gas since it provides the only possible explanation, namely, a bond between a gas and a liquid that cannot possibly be of valence type, but that can indeed be of magnetic type due to magnetic induction.

V) The mass spectrometric measurements on the mixture of diesel and HHO (FIGS. 10 and 11) provide final experimental confirmation of the bond between HHO and diesel. In turn, this bond establishes the capability of the species in HHO to polarize via magnetic induction other atoms, thus confirming the chemical composition of the HHO gas.

VI) The additional scans of FIG. 12-18 confirms all the preceding results, including the anomalous blank following the removal of the HHO gas that confirms the magnetic polarization of the HHO gas at the foundation of this invention.

VII) The capability by the HHO gas to melt instantaneously tungsten and bricks is the strongest visual evidence on the existence in the HHO gas of isolated and magnetically polarized atoms of hydrogen and oxygen, that is, atoms with a much reduced “thickness” that allows their increased penetration within the layers of other substances, plus the added penetration due to magnetic induction, a feature typical of all gases with magnecular structure.

It should be noted that the above experimental verifications confirm in full the representation of the HHO combustible gas with the symbol H_mO_n where m and n assume integer values with the exception in which both m and n have the value 0. In fact, the various analytic measurements reported above confirm the presence of: atomic hydrogen H (m=1, n=0); atomic oxygen O (m=0, n=1); hydrogen molecule H—H or magnecular cluster HxH (m=2, n=0); oxygen molecule O—O or magnecular cluster OxO (m=0, n=2); radical H—O or magnecular cluster HxO (m=1, n=1); water vapor H—O—H or magnecular cluster HxH—O (m=2, n=1); magnecular cluster HxHxH—O or HxH—OxH (n=3, n=1); magnecular cluster HxHxH—OxO or HxH—O—OxH (m=3, n=2); etc.

For ease in understanding the parts of an electrolyzer and operations functions of the parts, the following general definitions are provided.

The term “electrolyzer” as used herein refers to an apparatus that produces chemical changes by passage of an electric current through an electrolyte. The electric current is typically passed through the electrolyte by applying a voltage between a cathode and anode immersed in the electrolyte. As used herein, electrolyzer is equivalent to electrolytic cell.

The term “cathode” as used herein refers to the negative terminal or electrode of an electrolytic cell or electrolyzer. Reduction typically occurs at the cathode.

The term “anode” as used herein refers to the positive terminal or electrode of an electrolytic cell or electrolyzer. Oxidation typically occurs at the cathode.

The term “electrolyte” as used herein refers to a substance that when dissolved in a suitable solvent or when fused becomes an ionic conductor. Electrolytes are used in the electrolyzer to conduct electricity between the anode and cathode.

With reference to FIG. 19, an exploded view of an electrolyzer is provided. Electrolyzer 2 includes electrolysis chamber 4 which holds an electrolyte solution. Electrolysis chamber 4 mates with cover 6 at flange 8. Preferably, a seal between chamber 4 and cover 6 is made by neoprene gasket 10 which is placed between flange 8 and cover 6. The electrolyte solution may be an aqueous electrolyte solution of water and an electrolyte to produce a mixture of the novel gases; however, to produce the novel inventive gases, distilled water preferably is used.

The electrolyte partially fills electrolysis chamber 4 during operation to level 10 such that gas reservoir region 12 is formed above the electrolyte solution. Electrolyzer 2 includes two principle electrodes—anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16—which are at least partially immersed in the electrolyte solution. Anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16 slip into grooves 18 in rack 20. Rack 20 is placed inside chamber 4. A plurality of supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are also placed in rack 16 (not all the possible supplemental electrodes are illustrated in FIG. 19.) Again, supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are at least partially immersed in the aqueous electrolyte solution and interposed between the anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16. Furthermore, anode electrode 14, cathode electrode 16, and supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are held in a fixed spatial relationship by rack 20. Preferably, anode electrode 14, cathode electrode 16, and supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are separated by a distance of about 0.25 inches. The supplemental electrodes allow for enhanced and efficient generation of this gas mixture. Preferably, there are from 1 to 50 supplemental electrodes interposed between the two principal electrodes. More preferably, there are from 5 to 30 supplemental electrodes interposed between the two principal electrodes, and most preferably, there are about 15 supplemental electrodes interposed between the two principal electrodes.

Still referring to FIG. 19, during operation of electrolyzer 2 a voltage is applied between anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16 which causes the novel gas to be produced and which collects in gas reservoir region 12. The gaseous mixture exits gas reservoir region 12 from through exit port 31 and ultimately is fed into the fuel system of an internal combustion engine. Electrical contact to anode electrode 14 is made through contactor 32 and electrical contact to cathode electrode 16 is made by contactor 33. Contactors 32 and 33 are preferably made from metal and are slotted with channels 34, 35 such that contactors 32, 33 fit over anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16. Contactor 32 is attached to rod 37 which slips through hole 36 in cover 6. Similarly, contactor 33 is attached to rod 38 which slips through hole 40 in cover 6. Preferable holes 36, 40 are threaded and rods 37, 38 are threads rods so that rods 37, 38 screw into holes 36, 40. Contactors 32 and 33 also hold rack 20 in place since anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16 are held in place by channels 34, 35 and by grooves 18 in rack 20. Accordingly, when cover 6 is bolted to chamber 4, rack 20 is held at the bottom of chamber 4. Electrolyzer 2 optionally includes pressure relief valve 42 and level sensor 44. Pressure relief 42 valve allows the gaseous mixture in the gas reservoir to be vented before a dangerous pressure buildup can be formed. Level sensor 44 ensures that an alert is sounded and the flow of gas to the vehicle fuel system is stopped when the electrolyte solution gets too low. At such time when the electrolyte solution is low, addition electrolyte solution is added through water fill port 46.

Electrolyzer 2 may also include pressure gauge 48 so that the pressure in reservoir 4 may be monitored. Finally, electrolyzer 2 optionally includes one or more fins 50, which remove heat from electrolyzer 2.

With reference to FIG. 20, a variation of an electrolyzer is provided. A first group of the one or more supplemental electrodes 52, 54, 56, 58 is connected to anode electrode 14 with a first metallic conductor 60 and a second group of supplemental electrodes 62, 64, 66, 68 is connected to cathode electrode 16 with second metallic conductor 70. With reference to FIG. 21, a perspective view showing the electrode plate securing mechanism is provided. Anode electrode 14, cathode electrode 16, and supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 are held to rack 20 by holder rod 72 which slips through channels 74 in rack 20 and holes in the electrodes (not all the possible supplemental electrodes are illustrated in the drawings). Rack 20 is preferably fabricated from a high dielectric plastic such as PVC, polyethylene or polypropylene. Furthermore, rack 20 holds anode electrode 14, cathode electrode 16, and supplemental electrodes 24, 26, 28, 30 in a fixed spatial relationship. Preferably, the fixed spatial relationship of the two principal electrodes and the supplemental electrodes is such that the electrodes (two principal and plurality of supplemental electrodes) are essentially parallel and each electrode is separated from an adjacent electrode by a distance from about 0.15 to about 0.35 inches. More preferably, each electrode is separated from an adjacent electrode by a distance from about 0.2 to about 0.3 inches, and most preferably about 0.25 inches. The fixed spatial relationship is accomplished by a rack that holds the two principal electrodes and the one or more supplemental electrodes in the fixed spatial relationship. The electrodes sit in grooves in the rack which define the separations between each electrode. Furthermore, the electrodes are removable from the rack so that the electrodes or the rack may be changed if necessary. Finally, since rack 20 and anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16 are held in place as set forth above, the supplemental electrodes are also held in place because they are secured to rack 20 by holder rod 72. It should also be understood that although the electrodes are all being depicted generally as flat shaped electrodes, that electrodes having other shapes such as corrugated or wave shapes, but not limited to such shapes, are contemplated.

As a frame of reference, the inventive use of the HHO gas for thermal spray coating systems can be used with any of the aforementioned prior art spray processed to obtain the above-described unique and novel characteristics, and FIGS. 22a-22c are intended to be merely examples of representative processes noting the inclusion (additive or supplemental to) or total substitution of HHO gas for the fuel source typically used in such prior art processes. Other processes are not shown as it can be well understood from the description above and the representational drawings presented what the scope of the invention is. When using the process of FIG. 22c, oxygen may still be added if desired to achieve certain results.

As shown in FIG. 23, the HHO gas can be optionally routed through a magnetic centrifuge product 100, such as centrifuge model no. LG-X 200, sold under the trade name “Algae-x.” Typically, this type of centrifuge has a high gause magnet 102, around which the gas is centrifuged. This additional step gives an additional magnetic bond to the gas as it ignites the powder to be sent into the thermo spray stream, causing a stronger bond to the product being sprayed and producing more adhesion thereby giving a far superior finished product.

It should be understood that the preceding is merely a detailed description of one or more embodiments of this invention and that numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The preceding description, therefore, is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined only by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A thermal spray coating process for depositing finely divided metallic or nonmetallic materials in a molten or semi-molten condition to form a coating on a substrate wherein the coating material may be in the form of powder, ceramic-rod, wire or molten materials, the process comprising: using in the thermal spray coating process a gas made from water in an electrolyzer for the separation of water as a fuel and heat source, wherein said gas is used as an additive or supplemental source of said fuel and heat source to another fuel and heat source or is used as a sole source of said fuel and heat source, the electrolyzer comprising:an aqueous electrolytic solution comprising water, the aqueous electrolyte solution partially filling an electrolysis chamber such that a gas reservoir region is formed above the aqueous electrolyte solution, said chamber being adapted to be installed in a pressurized system;two principal electrodes comprising an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, the two principal electrodes being at least partially immersed in the aqueous electrolyte solution;a plurality of supplemental electrodes at least partially immersed in the aqueous electrolyte solution and interposed between the two principal electrodes wherein the two principal electrodes and the supplemental electrodes are held in a fixed spatial relationship, and wherein the supplemental electrodes are not connected electrically to a power source;for each supplemental adjacent electrodes, one is made of a high porosity latticed foam material made substantially of a nickel material and the opposing electrode is made substantially of a stainless steel material; andsaid electrolyzer being adapted to separate the water such that its constituents of H and O are not recombined and instead produced jointly to make the single combustible gas composed of combinations of clusters of hydrogen and oxygen atoms structured according to a general formula HmOn wherein m and n have null or positive integer values with the exception that m and n can not be 0 at the same time.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein said high porosity latticed foam material contains greater than 99% nickel.

3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the combustible gas produced when lighted as a flame in open air burns with a flame temperature at its core in said open air of from about 255° F. to about 288° F.

4. The process according to claim 2, wherein when the flame comes into contact with a target material, said combustible gas does combine by sublimation creating a catalyzing effect with the target material being impinged by the combustible gas flame that results in a rapid melting of the target material being impinged, which temperatures are dramatically increased by the sublimation and catalyzing effects of the gas flame on the target material.

5. The process according to claim 4, wherein said temperatures vary depending on the target material being impinged by the combustible gas flame, wherein said target material is selected from refractive materials consisting of carbon steel, tungsten, bricks and ceramic materials.

6. The process according to claim 4, wherein said temperatures vary depending on a percentage of mixture of the HHO gas with the other fuel and heat source being used in the process.

7. The process according to claim 1, wherein the two principal electrodes and the one or more supplemental electrodes are separated by a distance of about 0.15 to about 0.35 inches.

8. The process according to claim 1, further comprising: routing the gas though a magnetic centrifuge prior to introducing the gas in the thermal spray process being used.

9. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray coating process is a plasma thermal spray process.

10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray coating process is a detonation thermal spray process.

11. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray coating process is a high velocity oxygen fuel thermal spray process.

12. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray coating process is a low velocity oxygen fuel thermal spray process.

13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray coating process is a combustion wire thermal spray process.

14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray coating process is a combustion powder thermal spray process.

15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the thermal spray coating process is an arc wire thermal spray process.

16. The process according to claim 1, wherein the supplemental electrodes are connected to a power source.