Patent Application
20050143259
The invention comprises a method for killing or controlling weeds, fungi, the release of spores, bacteria, or sterilizing a substrate, particularly in agricultural including horticultural and viticultural applications, but also other industrial, commercial, and domestic applications.
Weeds may be controlled by pulling out the weeds or by use of chemical sprays. There is a growing awareness however of side effects which may arise from chemical sprays. International patent application publication WO 96/03036 discloses a weed killing method which comprises blowing hot air containing a small amount of water onto the weeds.
Chemical sprays or treatments are also used against fungi and bacteria for example, in agricultural, horticultural, viticultural, commercial, industrial, domestic and similar applications. For example, in horticulture lime sulphur sprays are used to combat the fungal disease Venturia inaequalis also known as blackspot or apple scab which infects the foliage and fruit of apple trees. Leaves infected with this organism falling to the ground in autumn release ascospores in spring after raining, which can reinfect the new spring foliage and fruit on the trees.
The invention provides an improved or at least alternative method for killing or controlling weeds and/or fungi and/or the release of spores, which is effective to control Venturia inaequalis in orchard apple trees in particular, and may also be useful for killing insect pests and for sterilizing substrates generally, which is likely to find application in agriculture including horticulture and viticulture at least.
In broad terms in one aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling weeds, insects, fungi, the release of spores, bacteria or sterilising a substrate, including exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs thereof, spores or substrate to heat and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying a liquid substance including a herbicide and/or pesticide and/or fungicide, and/or bacteriacide, and/or fish or animal-derived substance to the weeds, fungi, insects, spores or substrate.
In broad terms in another aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling weeds including heating the weeds and immediately thereafter or before on simultaneously applying a liquid herbicide and/or an animal or fish-derived substance onto the weeds.
In broad terms in another aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling weeds including heating the weeds and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying an oil onto the weeds.
In broad terms in a further aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling fungi or the release of spores, including blowing onto a substrate on which the fungi or spores exist hot air, hot air containing water, water vapour or steam, and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying a liquid substance including a fungicide and/or an animal or fish-derived substance onto the substrate.
In broad terms in a further aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling fungi or the release of spores including heating a substrate on which the fungi or spores exist and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying an oil onto the substrate.
Preferably the method includes exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat by blowing hot air or hot air containing water, water vapour, or steam onto the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores, or substrate. Alternatively exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat may include exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores, or substrate to steam or to a radiant heat source.
Preferably the method includes exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat above 100° C. and most preferably above 450° C.
Preferably the liquid substance includes one or more of a herbicide, a fungicide, a bactericide, and an oil such as a fish oil.
The method may include applying the liquid substance to ground in which weeds are growing or to a substrate on which fungi or spores, or insects or eggs exist, at a rate of between 5 and 50 litres per hectare of surface area, or at a rate of between 10 and 30 litres per hectare of surface area.
Preferably the liquid substance wets weeds, fungal material, or a substrate sufficiently to prevent ignition thereof.
Preferably the method includes heating the weeds, fungi, spores or substrate and immediately thereafter applying the liquid substance.
The invention is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings by way of example and without intending to be limiting, wherein:
Gas burner outlets 5 are provided at the end of the chamber 1 opposite the open end 4. In use of the apparatus the gas burner outlets 5 create a flame at the upper end of the chamber as shown in
The handle 2 also incorporates a trigger switch 8 which controls the gas, air and flow of the liquid substance, and optionally a gas adjustor 9 and/or an adjustor (not shown) for the flow rate of the liquid substance. An operator can turn the gas, air, and liquid substance flow on or off using the trigger switch 8 as the operator rolls the apparatus over weeds, or matter infected with fungi or carrying spores such as leaf litter on the ground in an orchard or vineyard or a surface otherwise to be sterilised to kill bacteria or insects vermin for example. When the trigger 8 is released so that the gas and air flow is “off”, either a small amount of gas is still allowed to flow to the gas burners 5 to maintain effectively a pilot flame, so that when the trigger is again pulled the gas will immediately ignite or alternatively the trigger may also activate a piezo electric spark starter to relight the gas flow. The primary air source for combustion at the gas burners is ambient air which can pass through a heat shield 10 around the top end of the cylinder 1, and into the chamber through holes formed in the top part of the cylinder. A compressed air line 11 supplies a flow of compressed air to a compressed air inlet 12 at the top of the chamber 1 as shown. The compressed air flow is also controlled by the trigger 8 but with a slight delay, of for example five seconds or so, so that when the trigger 8 is pulled to “light” the burners 5 to a maximum, after a short delay to allow the burners to light, compressed air will also flow from the inlet 12. The air will flow through the flames from the burners 5 so that the high pressure air entering the top end of the chamber from the compressed air inlet 12 and flowing through the chamber 1 is heated, to for example of the order of 450 to 750° C.
A supply line 20 supplies a flow of the liquid substance to an outlet nozzle or nozzles 21 at the bottom of the chamber as shown behind the hot air outlet. Compressed air is supplied from a compressor 13 mounted on the back of the truck as shown. The liquid substance is supplied from a tank 14. Instead of air being supplied from a compressor over an air hose to the compressed air outlet to cause the air flow through the chamber, in an alternative form a large fan could be mounted on the truck or a four wheel ATV which supplies air over a large diameter pipe to the apparatus such as a pipe of approximately 100 mm diameter for example. In another form a high temperature electric heating element instead of a gas burner maybe provided in the top end of the interior of the cylinder 1 or equivalent.
As the apparatus passes over the weeds or infected leaf litter example, the weeds or leaf litter are exposed to a blast of hot air. Immediately thereafter as the apparatus passes over the weeds or leaf litter the liquid substance is sprayed onto the weeds or leaf litter from the nozzle or nozzles 21 or equivalent. Where it is intended to kill or control weeds, the liquid substance will be a herbicide and/or an animal or fish-derived substance such as an animal or fish-derived oil, or might alternatively be a mineral oil. A herbicide including a terpene component including in particular a monoterpene may be employed, and/or a fatty acid-based component and in particular a fatty acid soap. Optionally the herbicide may include a foaming agent. A particularly preferred liquid substance for use in the method of the invention against weeds is a herbicide based on a terpene component, a fatty acid soap, and optionally a foaming agent as particularly disclosed in international patent application publication WO 99/53764, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference, and sold as ORGANIC INTERCEPTOR™ by Certified Organics Ltd, New Zealand. Other organic or non-organic herbicides may be used however, as well as other substances with herbicidal activity which may occur naturally as liquids or may be dissolved in water or another solvent or mixed as a suspension to enable them to be sprayed onto the weeds or substrate as described.
An advantage of using a fish or animal oil is that in a horticultural or viticultural application for example the decaying plant matter coated with the oil will add nutrients to the soil which is enhanced by the use of an animal or fish oil.
Without intending to be limiting, it is believed that exposure to heat such as the blast of hot air breaks down the outer membrane or cellular structure of weeds so that the liquid substance which is sprayed onto the weeds immediately thereafter can more effectively penetrate into or coat the weeds. A more effective kill is achieved and/or where the liquid substance is a herbicide, fungicide, pesticide, bactericide or similar a substantially lower volume of the herbicide, fungicide, pesticide, or bactericide can be used, giving important economic benefits and in some cases environmental benefits through lower chemical use.
While in the embodiment described above the trigger 8 controls both the flow of hot air of the liquid substance, in an alternative form a trigger or other manual control may enable the operator to selectively apply the liquid substance, so that the liquid substance is sprayed intermittently while the hot air flow is operating. This may enable an operator killing weeds growing through a pavement or pathway or other paved area to leave the hot air flow running but selectively apply the liquid substance as the apparatus passes over individual weeds growing through the paved area.
Instead of exposing the weeds or leaf litter or other substrate to a hot air blast or a hot air blast containing water or water vapour or steam as described, alternatively the weeds or leaf litter or substrate may be heated by being exposed to steam including superheated steam, or to radiant heating from a hot plate which is passed over the weeds or leaf litter or substrate. A hot plate may be heated by electric elements incorporated within the hot plate, or by gas or diesel burners which project a flame or flames towards the hot plate from above, preferably within a shroud around the hot plate. In another variant to create steam or hot air containing water vapour, water may be sprayed onto the hot plate so that the water will evaporate within such a shroud, so that as the apparatus passes over for example weeds, the weeds are exposed to hot moist air or steam.
The method of the invention has been found to be effective to control Venturia inaequalis also known as black spot, in apple orchards. Leaf litter on the ground in an orchard, or remaining leaf litter after the bulk of fallen leaves have been removed, is exposed to heat and a fungicide or an animal or fish-derived substance and preferably an oil such as a fish oil, which has been found effective to prevent the release of ascospores from the leaf litter during the subsequent spring. One fish-derived substance which has been found to be particularly effective to suppress black spot ascospore discharge from apple leaf litter in orchards is BIO-SEA™ sold by Sealord Group Limited, New Zealand, which is a liquid substance including fish oil.
Indications are that the same treatment is effective to combat by Botlrytis cinerea in vineyards, by again treating the ground and any leaf litter thereon immediately below vines in the same way.
Also indications are that the method of the invention is effective to combat grape mealybug or Pseudococcus maritimus which affects grape vines and also orchard fruit and trees. The bugs and/or eggs in New Zealand commonly reside in clover which grows along the grape vines or beneath orchard trees, and can be reduced or eradicated by heat treatment followed by spraying with a liquid substance such an oil or alternatively a pesticide or substance having some degree of pesticide or properties.
The following description of trials work further illustrates the invention:
Use Against Fungal Disease and Spore Release
Leaf litter was collected into wire mesh sandwiches and monitored for ascospore discharge. The leaf litter was collected from beneath Royal Gala trees at Te Moe Orchard, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand and sandwiched between twelve, wire-mesh squares, each approximately 240 by 160 mm. The trial orchard had been severely affected by black spot the previous season. The litter squares were laid on the ground and treated by method of the invention using the apparatus previously described. A control group of litter squares received no treatment. A second group of litter squares was treated according to the method of the invention using apparatus as previously described, by application of air heated by a diesel burner, generally as described with reference to
After treatment the litter squares were laid out on a mown lawn with three numbered microscope slides randomly placed over each. After each of a number of subsequent daytime rainfall events, the slides were removed, replaced by fresh slides, and scanned microscopically for ascospores of Venturia inaequalis. These are readily differentiated from impacted spores of other species by their characteristic shape. Each treatment was thus assessed from nine slides (replicates), counted and replaced five times from over approximately a three week period. The mean number of ascospores impacted per square cm per slide were analysed by ANOVA, and LSD values (5% probability), calculated for each.
The results are shown in Table 1 below. Mean discharge of untreated litter squares over the five rainfalls was 174 per cm2. Hot air treatment reduced this to 32 per cm2, and fish oil alone also, to 92 per cm2. The combination treatment completely suppressed discharge.
For the combination treatment, apart from the first rainfall when three ascospores (one on each of three slides) were counted, the results for successive rainfalls were consistent, with no ascospores being detected.
Use Against Weeds
Common pasture weeds in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand were treated as follows. A first strip of weeds was treated with hot air only, heated by a diesel burner. A second adjacent strip of weeds was sprayed with ORGANIC INTERCEPTOR™ herbicide product available from Certified Organics Limited, New Zealand, diluted in water to about 20% strength, and using a conventional hand held weed sprayer. A third adjacent strip of weeds was treated with hot air heated by a diesel burner and was immediately thereafter sprayed with ORGANIC INTERCEPTOR™ diluted in water to about 5% strength.
Weather conditions at the time of treatment were dry and fine and remained so for four days after treatment. The effect of the treatments on the weed strips was monitored for ninety days after treatment.
The results are shown in Table 2 below, in which the figures given indicate the approximate height of the weeds before and at each assessment time after treatment. That is, before treatment most weeds in the weed strips which were treated had heights in the range 80-100 mm. Hot air treatment alone killed the weeds/reduced the weed height to under 10 mm after 7-14 days, following which regrowth began to occur. Spraying with ORGANIC INTERCEPTOR™ diluted in water to 20% strength killed the weeds/reduced weed height to under 15 mm in 14-30 days after which regrowth began to occur. Hot air treatment combined with spraying of ORGANIC INTERCEPTOR™ diluted in water to 5% strength killed all weeds completely with minimal regrowth up to 60-90 days. As well as killing the weeds it also substantially rapidly reduced the height and bulk of the dead weeds (within hours as opposed to weeks).
The foregoing describes the invention including a preferred form thereof. Alterations and modifications as will be obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be incorporated within the scope hereof.
