The present disclosure relates to a thermite bag for the disposal of chemical/biological agent munitions and hazardous waste.
From time to time, soldiers encounter chemical and biological weapons during operations. These weapons are often disruptive to operations due to the contamination that they pose. In addition, remediation often takes time and great care.
Two commonly used methods of remediating biological and chemical weapon threats include incineration and neutralization. When incineration is employed, the munitions are exposed to temperatures that are preferably high enough to decompose the chemical or biological components of the munitions into ash, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. This may also mitigate any explosive or propellants within a munition. Neutralization chemically alters the agent so that the agent poses a less severe threat than prior to neutralization. Neutralization agents and the resulting byproducts depend on the chemical and biological compositions being treated. These processes may involve one or more steps.
The above processes may be carried out in the field or in mobile labs. For example, larger stock piles may be disposed of in place by bomb drops that incinerate the munitions. However, this method may not be completely effective at destroying all the chemical or biological agents or may be excessive when smaller munition caches are present. Chemical and biological munitions may also be disposed of by neutralization in plants or mobile labs. However, it is often necessary to transport the munitions to the plants or transport the mobile labs to the munitions, which may involve relatively complex operations. Neither of these options may be suitable in situations where soldiers find smaller munition caches during operations. Accordingly, room for improvement remains for a relatively more flexible means of disposing of chemical and biological munitions.
An aspect of the present disclosure relates to a thermite bag, which may be used for the disposal of hazardous material. The thermite bag preferably includes a sealable exterior pouch, a sealable interior pouch receivable within the exterior pouch, a thermite charge receivable within the sealable interior pouch and an igniter wire contacting thermite within the thermite charge. The thermite bag also preferably includes a power supply electrically coupled to the ignitor wire and a trigger electrically coupled to the ignitor wire and power supply. In addition, the thermite bag preferably includes a vent including a filter, wherein the vent is coupled to the sealable exterior pouch.
Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of disposing of hazardous material. The method preferably includes affixing a thermite charge to hazardous material and positioning the thermite charge and the hazardous material within a sealable interior pouch. The thermite charge includes an igniter including electrical leads extending from the thermite charge and the method further includes affixing a first set of electrical wires to the electrical leads and to a first set of electrical connectors extending through the sealable interior pouch and sealing the sealable interior pouch. The method also preferably includes positioning the interior pouch in a sealable exterior pouch and affixing a second set of electrical wires to the first set of electrical connectors and to a second set of electrical connectors extending through the sealable exterior pouch and sealing the sealable exterior pouch. The method also preferably includes affixing a third set of electrical wires to a power supply and a trigger and activating the thermite charge with the trigger.
Yet another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a kit for providing a thermite bag. The kit preferably includes a thermite charge including an ignitor with electrical leads, a sealable interior pouch defining a first volume therein, configured to receive the thermite charge within the first volume, wherein the thermite charge is sized to be received in the first volume. The kit preferably also includes a first set of electrical wires configured to electrically couple the electrical leads to a first set of electrical connectors in the interior pouch. The kit further preferably includes a sealable exterior pouch defining a second volume therein, configured to receive the sealable interior pouch, wherein the sealable interior pouch is sized to be received within the second volume and a second set of electrical wires configured to electrically couple the first set of electrical connectors to a second set of electrical connectors in the sealable exterior pouch. The kit also preferably includes a third set of electrical wires configured to electrically couple the second set of electrical connectors to a power source and a trigger; and a vent including a filter couplable to the sealable exterior pouch.
The above-mentioned and other features of this invention and the manner of attaining them will become more apparent with reference to the following description of embodiments herein taking in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The present disclosure relates to a thermite bag containing a thermite charge for the disposal of chemical agents, biological agents, or combinations thereof including agents present in munitions or containers. A chemical agent may be understood as herein as a chemical that can injure, incapacitate, or kill human beings and particularly includes those used in a purposeful manner to cause harm. A biological agent may be understood herein as a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, or fungus that can injure, incapacitate, or kill human beings and particularly includes those used in a purposeful manner to cause harm. A thermite charge herein is reference to a composition that is heat activated and undergoes an exothermic reaction, is capable of supplying its own source of oxygen, and can create heat and relatively high temperatures of up to 4000° F.
In addition, the thermite bags may be used to dispose of hazardous waste, including waste contaminated with chemical agents, biological agents or combinations thereof including personal protective equipment, such as boots and gloves. However, other hazardous waste that is eliminated by exposure to elevated temperatures may be treated according to the device and methods discussed herein. The chemical agents, biological agents and hazardous waste are collectively referred to herein as hazardous material. The bag is portable and preferably weighs less than or equal to 6.8 kg (15 pounds), depending on its size. Only one person may be necessary to set up a bag and each bag may be set up in less than 10 minutes. In addition, in non-limiting embodiments, the units may be sewn together and assembled by hand.
In general, as illustrated in
The exterior pouch is preferably sized to allow expansion of the interior pouch upon detonation of the thermite charge. In such embodiments, the exterior pouch exhibits a length L1 that may be 50 percent to 200 percent greater than the length L2 of the interior pouch. In such embodiments, the exterior of the bag exhibits a width W1 that may be 50 percent to 200 percent greater than the width W2 of the interior pouch. Further, in such embodiments, the exterior pouch exhibits a thickness T1 that is the same size as or up to 200 percent greater than the thickness T2 of the interior pouch.
As illustrated in
The innermost layer 206, positioned in the interior of the pouch, is preferably a metallized fabric, such an aluminized fiberglass or an aluminized fiberglass backed fabric, where aluminum foil is affixed to the fiberglass. The metallized fabric is preferably capable of withstanding exposure to temperatures of up to 4000° F. and preferably in the range of 350° F. to 4000° F., and more preferably in the range of 1,200+/−100° C. in accordance with the following standards NFPA 1971, ISO 17492 and ISO 17493. The fabric of the aluminized fiberglass backed fabric preferably includes a high temperature material formed from, for example, aramids such as para- or meta-aramids, rayon, oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber, and blends thereof, including those, for example, available under the tradenames NOMEX, TWARON, or KEVLAR. The metallized fabrics may be available from, e.g., NEWTEX, Victor, N.Y. under the tradenames ZETEX, Z-FLEX, and Z-TECH.
The middle layer 204, positioned between the innermost and outer layer, may be formed from carbon filtration media to capture hazardous material that may escape the inner bag. The carbon filtration media is preferably provided by a filter fabric including activated carbon fixed onto a textile carrier fabric, such as nylon or rayon. The textile carrier fabric may include one or more natural fibers such as cotton or cellulose; one or more synthetic fibers such as aramid, polyamide, rayon, oxidized polyacrylonitrile; or a combination of one or more natural and synthetic fibers. The fabric preferably exhibits a carbon density of between 180 grams per square meter to 220 grams per square meter, including all values and ranges therein. The carbon is preferably spherical in form; however, other forms may be acceptable as well, such as fibers, nanotubes or particles. In addition, the carbon preferably exhibits a specific surface area, as measured by the BET method, in the range of 500 m2/g to 2000 m2/g, including all values and ranges therein and preferably 750 m2/g to 1500 m2/g. The carbon may be adhered to the fabric using an adhesive, which may be applied to the surfaces of the textile carrier fabric or impregnated in the fibers. In particularly preferred embodiments, the material is the same or similar to the material specified in the JSLSIT suit filtration layer. The carbon filtration media may be available from, e.g., BLUCHER, Germany.
The outer layer 202 of the exterior pouch is preferably formed of a textile material, including natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or a combination thereof. In preferred embodiments, the outer layer of the exterior pouch is formed from a blend of cotton and nylon and in particularly preferred embodiments, the blends include 25% to 75% cotton and 25% to 75% nylon, provided to achieve a total of 100%, including all values and ranges therein, such as 50% cotton to 50% nylon.
The layers may be formed into one or more sheets and sewn together into a pouch or bag using thread 208, which is preferably formed from aramid fiber, such as para- or meta-aramid fiber including KEVLAR, NOMEX or TWARON, rayon, cotton, or blends thereof. Alternatively, or in addition, an adhesive may be used to seal the edges of the pouch together. As noted, an opening is defined by at least one of the pouch walls and the opening is preferably closed by a zipper (as illustrated in
The interior pouch 114 is preferably constructed from at least two layers 212, 214 of the aluminized fabrics or aluminized fiberglass backed fabrics described above. The layers of fabric may be formed into one or more sheets and sewn together to provide the pouch. The pouch walls define a volume therein and an opening is defined by at least one of the pouch walls. The interior pouch is also sealable to prevent the escape of gas or fragments in the pouch.
Again, these layers may be sewn together to provide a pouch using stitching 216, with thread, or adhesive, as described above with respect to the exterior pouch. In addition, at least one layer of mineral wool 218 is optionally, but preferably, provided over the charge 116 and hazardous material 118. For example, the charge and hazardous material may be wrapped in mineral wool, which may be provided in one or more layers and up to ten layers. In one embodiment, the mineral wool may be affixed to the inside of the interior pouch. In preferred embodiments, one sheet of mineral wool is placed on each side of the charge and hazardous material inside the interior pouch. The mineral wool preferably exhibits a thickness in the range of 5 mm to 50 mm, including all values and ranges therein and is more preferably 20 mm to 25 mm. Like the exterior pouch, the interior pouch is sealable with a closure such as a zipper or a pressure sensitive adhesive. Preferably, the closure is water tight and air tight. Zippers are preferably used and formed from materials that may withstand elevated temperatures of at least 750° F., such as those described above.
The thermite charge 116 is identified as thermite composition 302 (see
The thermite charge compounds are preferably provided at a total weight in the range of up to 2 kg of thermite, including all values and ranges from 100 grams to 2 kilograms of thermite. However, depending on the size of the bag, the charge sizes may vary and may be larger or smaller. The thermite charge is preferably provided in a container 304, such as a plastic bottle wherein the plastic may be formed from a thermoplastic, e.g., a styrene butadiene co-polymer. The container 304 may include a cap 308 that is mechanically fastened to the body 306 of the container, by e.g., a press fit or threads. The thermite charge may be affixed to the hazardous material by sealing the charge in the interior pouch with the hazardous waste. Additionally, a chemical or mechanical fastener 128 such as, e.g., tape, rope, twine, string, or wire, may be used to attach the thermite charge to the hazardous waste.
As alluded to above, and illustrated further in
The igniter wire leads 314 extend through the wall of the charge container, such as through the container cap, as illustrated, and are preferably electrically coupled to a power source and a trigger by at least one, or more, electrical connections. For example, a first set of electrical wires 132 may be clamped to the ignitor leads via clips 133, such as alligator or spring clips. The first set of electrical wires 132 are preferably coupled to a first set of electrical connectors 140 extending through a wall of the interior pouch. The first set of electrical wires are preferably long enough that the wires may extend out of the interior pouch and may be up to 1 meter in length. A second set of electrical wires 134 may couple the first set of electrical connectors 140 to second set of electrical connectors 142 extending through a wall of the exterior pouch. The second set of wires may be longer than the first set of wires and up to 2 meters in length. The second set of electrical connectors are coupled to a third set of wires 136 that are attached to the power source 122 and trigger 124. The third set of wires may be sufficiently long to allow the bag to be displaced at least 50 feet from the personnel activating the bag trigger. The electrical connectors are preferably bulkhead (or tank) connectors, but may be any connectors that maintain a seal in the wall. The power source may optionally remain within a few feet of the bag. The power source is preferably provided by an AC power source of 110 V or higher, such as 240 V, or a 12 V DC battery. The electrical connectors are preferably formed from a metal, a metal alloy, glass, ceramic, a high temperature polymer material or a combination thereof. The polymer material may include materials such as polyether ether ketone or polyetherimide. The fittings are preferably sealed with a high temperature sealant, which exhibits a heat resistance of up to 700° F., and more preferably up to 4,000° F. including all values and ranges therein, such as 700° F. to 1,500° F.
As the interior pouch will likely rupture due to gas generation from the thermite charge and by-products of the hazardous materials, a vent 150 (as illustrated in
The bag may be rolled to improve packability and secured in the rolled configuration using straps 164, which may be formed from natural or synthetic fibers, including any of the fibers noted above. The straps may be sewn to the bag 100 and affixed together using mechanical fasteners, such as buckles. As illustrated in
The various components described above may be provided in a kit, that is either self-contained, i.e., all the components are provided within the exterior pouch, or the components may be provided in another bag, to prevent the aluminum of the fabrics from cracking or tearing from the weight of the other components of the system.
In a non-limiting preferred embodiment, the external bag dimensions are 2 meters long, 1.3 meters wide and 0.5 inches thick and the interior pouch dimensions are 0.6 meters long by 0.6 meters wide and 0.5 inches thick. Further, the bag may weigh less than 15 pounds. The bag, constructed in the dimensions described above, using aluminized oxidized para aramid fabric, such as ALUMAX, available from AB Technology Group, as the heat resistant fabric, at least one one-inch sheet of mineral wool on either side of the charge and hazardous material, and a 2 kg charge of iron/potassium perchlorate thermite, provided successful results against 0.5 liter simulants for venomous agent “X” (VX) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TDCPP) in both plastic and relatively thin walled metal containers.
Such bags may be easily deployed and may accommodate up to 4 liters of hazardous material, preferably 1 if not two containers of hazardous material up to the size of a 4.2-inch (107 mm) mortar, and 2 kg of thermite charge. The thermite bag can be made by hand with an upholstery sewing machine; however, other methods may be used to assemble the bags.
The system may be deployed according to the method 400 illustrated in
It is understood that the thermite charge is capable of breaching munitions and containers as well as thermally decomposing chemical or biological agents. For example, the relatively high temperatures and available energy of the thermite may induce uni-molecular decomposition of sarin (GB) and venomous agent “X” (VX) via the retro-ene reaction. The breakdown products for GB and VX further decompose the agent via an acidic catalyzed hydrolysis mechanism. Sulfur mustard (HD) decomposes via a relatively more complicated series of mechanisms that produce a relatively complicated mixture of products.
As noted, preferably, the reaction within the bag is contained for 3 to 10 seconds, to allow for heat soaking of the contaminated materials to improve decontamination. One personnel may complete this process in less than 10 minutes and may accommodate up to two rounds of munition per bag (depending on size, as noted above). It is estimated that a team of 6 may eliminate 48 rounds in 40 minutes with 24 bags, which each team member carrying 60 pounds of extra equipment, or four bags a piece. The bags are preferably abandoned in place and appropriately marked. The thermite bag herein is contemplated to destroy greater than 90% of chemical agent and render munitions non-mission-capable, i.e., unusable for being deployed. Residue is understood to continue to decompose over time.
As noted, the thermite bag may be used to dispose of chemical or biological agents, for example, chemical munitions or container, biological munitions or containers, personal protective equipment, clothing and combinations thereof. Personal protective equipment may include, for example, boots, gloves, safety glasses, coveralls, body suits, vests, masks, earplugs, ear muffs and hard hats, which may be provided pre-bagged or loose.
The foregoing description of several methods and embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claims to the precise steps and/or forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.
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