Patent Application
20130338274
The present invention relates to the field of polyamide compositions having improved long-term high temperature aging characteristics.
High temperature resins based on polyamides possess desirable chemical resistance, processability and heat resistance. This makes them particularly well suited for demanding high performance automotive and electrical/electronics applications. There is a current and general desire in the automotive field to have high temperature resistant structures since temperatures higher than 150° C., even higher than 200° C., are often reached in under-hood areas of automobiles. When plastic parts are exposed to such high temperatures for a prolonged period, such as in automotive under-the-hood applications or in electrical/electronics applications, the mechanical properties generally tend to decrease due to the thermo-oxidation of the polymer. This phenomenon is called heat aging.
In an attempt to improve heat aging characteristics, polyhydric alcohols have been found to give significantly improved heat aging characteristics as disclosed in US patent application publication US 2010-0029819 A1 (Palmer et al). However, molded articles derived from the polyamide compositions comprising the polyhydric alcohols have a tendency to undergo surface whitening upon aging at high humidity; which is an undesirable feature for many applications.
There remains a need for thermoplastic compositions that are suitable for manufacturing articles that exhibit good mechanical properties after long-term high temperature exposure.
EP 1041109 discloses a polyamide composition comprising a polyamide resin, a polyhydric alcohol having a melting point of 150 to 280° C., that has good fluidity and mechanical strength and is useful in injection welding techniques.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,945 discloses a polyamide molding composition with increased viscosity, high thermal stability and favorable mechanical properties comprising a polyamide resin and a diepoxide.
Japan patent application JP 50-095359 discloses a reinforced polyamide composition comprising a polyamide, polyfunctional epoxy compound, and optionally, a polyfunctional amine.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,994,673 discloses a polyamide resin composition comprising a polyepoxy compound and a tertiary amino alcohol.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,249 discloses a polyester composition comprising an amino alcohol and an aromatic epoxy compound exhibiting high flow.
US patent publication 200910260761 A1 discloses a heat-activable adhesive comprising a polyamide resin, epoxy resin, an amine-based crosslinking agent.
US patent publication 2008/269375 A1 discloses a polyamide resin composition including 0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight of a glycidyl reactive compatibilizer, and 0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight of an amine-based crosslinking agent.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,463 discloses a polyamide composition comprising a secondary aromatic amine and a difunctional epoxide.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,944 discloses a flexible industrial adhesive comprising an epoxy resin, liquid amine terminated polyamide and an optional polyamine.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,086 discloses a resin composition comprising a polyamide, and a member select from the group consisting of A) liquid diene polymers, B) epoxy compounds and C) compounds having in the molecule both an ethylene carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond and a group including an amino group.
Pending U.S. patent application US Ser. No. 13/359,885, filed Jan. 27, 2012, discloses a thermoplastic molding composition including an aminoacid heat stabilizer.
US patent publication 2008/0262311 discloses thermoplastic molding compositions comprising a polyamide and at least one polyethyleneimine homo- or copolymer.
Disclosed is a thermoplastic melt-mixed composition having a melt viscosity provided by melt-blending components comprising:
a) 15 to 89 weight percent semi-crystalline polyamide resin having a melting point;
b) 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more polyepoxy compound comprising at least two or more epoxy groups; the polyepoxy compound having a epoxide equivalent weight of 43 to 2000 g/equivalent as determined by calculation, or if the polyepoxy compound is an oligomer, by titration using ASTM D1652-11 method; and a number average molecular weight of less than 8000;
c) about 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more amino compounds selected from the group consisting polyamine, amino alcohol, and combinations of these, having a number average molecular weight up to 3,000,000, with the proviso that the amino compound does not comprise a secondary aryl amine or a nonaromatic site of carbon-carbon unsaturation;
d) 10 to 60 weight percent of reinforcing agent;
e) 0 to 30 weight percent polymeric toughener;
f) 0 to 10 weight percent of further additives;
wherein the weight percents of components a), b), c), d) e) and f) are based on the total weight of the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition.
Another embodiment is a process for providing a thermoplastic melt-mixed composition comprising:
A) melt-blending:
a) 15 to 89 weight percent semi-crystalline polyamide resin having a melting point;
c) 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more amino compounds selected from the group consisting polyamines, amino alcohols and
combinations of these, having a number average molecular weight of up to 3,000,000, with the proviso that the amino compounds do not comprise a functional group selected from the group consisting of a secondary aryl amine;
d) 10 to 60 weight percent of reinforcing agent;
e) 0 to 30 weight percent polymeric toughener; and
f) 0-10 weight percent of further additives; to provide a polyamide-polyamine blend; and
B) melt-blending said polyamide-polyamine blend with
b) 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more polyepoxy compound comprising at least two or more epoxy groups; the polyepoxy compound having a epoxide equivalent weight of 43 to 2000 g/equivalent as determined by calculation, or if the polyepoxy compound is an oligomer, by titration using ASTM D1652-11 method; and a number average molecular weight of less than 8000;
wherein the weight percents of components a), b), c), d) e) and f) are based on the total weight of the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition.
Another embodiment is a process for providing a thermoplastic melt-mixed composition comprising:
A) melt-blending:
a) 15 to 89 weight percent semi-crystalline polyamide resin having a melting point;
b) 0.5 to about 5.0 weight percent of one or more polyepoxy compound comprising at least two or more epoxy groups; the polyepoxy compound having a epoxide equivalent weight of 43 to 2000 g/equivalent as determined by calculation, or if the polyepoxy compound is an oligomer, by titration using ASTM D1652-11 method; and a number average molecular weight of less than 8000;
c) about 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more amino compounds selected from the group consisting polyamines, amino alcohols and combinations of these, having a number average molecular weight of up to 3,000,000, with the proviso that the amino compounds do not comprise a secondary aryl amine, or nonaromatic sites of carbon-carbon unsaturation;
d) 0 to 60 weight percent of reinforcing agent;
e) 0 to 30 weight percent polymeric toughener; and
f) 0 to 10 weight percent of further additives;
wherein components b) polyepoxy compound and c) amino compound are added simultaneously during the melt-blending.
Another embodiment is a method for improving tensile strength retention of a thermoplastic melt-mixed composition under air oven ageing (AOA) conditions comprising:
melt-blending:
a) 15 to 89 weight percent of a semi-crystalline polyamide resin having a melting point;
b) 0.5 to about 5.0 weight percent of one or more polyepoxy compound comprising at least two or more epoxy groups; the polyepoxy compound having a epoxide equivalent weight of 43 to 2000 g/equivalent as determined by calculation, or if the polyepoxy compound is an oligomer, by titration using ASTM D1652-11 method; and a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 8000;
c) about 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more amino compounds selected from the group consisting polyamines and amino alcohols, and combinations of these, having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of up to 3,000,000, with the proviso that the amino compounds do not comprise a secondary aryl amine;
d) 10 to 60 weight percent of reinforcing agent;
e) 0 to 30 weight percent polymeric toughener;
f) 0 to 10 weight percent of further additives;
wherein the polyepoxy compound and amino compound react to provide said thermoplastic melt-mixed composition; wherein 2 mm thick test bars, prepared from said melt-mixed composition and tested according to ISO 527-2/1 BA, and exposed at a test temperature of 230° C. for a test period of 1000 hours, in an atmosphere of air, have on average, a retention of tensile strength of at least 40 percent, as compared with that of an unexposed control of identical composition and shape; and wherein the polyamide resin comprises a one or more polyamides selected from the group consisting of Group (IIB) Polyamides, Group (III) Polyamides, Group (IV) Polyamides, Group (V) Polyamides as defined herein.
Herein melting points and glass transitions are as determined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a scan rate of 10° C./min in the first heating scan, wherein the melting point is taken at the maximum of the endothermic peak and the glass transition, if evident, is considered the mid-point of the change in enthalpy.
For the purposes of the description, unless otherwise specified, “high-temperature” means a temperature at or higher than 210° C., and most preferably at or higher than 230° C.
In the present invention, unless otherwise specified, “long-term” refers to an aging period equal or longer than 500 hrs.
As used herein, the term “high heat stability”, as applied to the polyamide composition disclosed herein or to an article made from the composition, refers to the retention of physical properties (for instance, tensile strength) of 2 mm thick molded test bars consisting of the polyamide composition that are exposed to air oven aging (AOA) conditions at a test temperature at 230° C. for a test period of at least 500 h, in an atmosphere of air, and then tested according to ISO 527-2/1 BA method. The physical properties of the test bars are compared to that of unexposed controls that have identical composition and shape, and are expressed in terms of “% retention”. In a preferred embodiment the test temperature is at 230° C., the test period is at 1000 hours and the exposed test bars have at least a 40% retention of tensile strength. Herein “high heat stability” means that said molded test bars, on average, meet or exceed a retention for tensile strength of 40% when exposed at a test temperature at 230° C. for a test period of at least 1000 h. Compositions exhibiting a higher retention of physical properties for a given exposure temperature and time period have better heat stability.
The terms “at 170° C.,” “at 210° C.” and “at 230° C.” refer to the nominal temperature of the environment to which the test bars are exposed; with the understanding that the actual temperature may vary by +/−2° C. from the nominal test temperature.
One embodiment is a thermoplastic melt-mixed composition having a melt viscosity provided by melt-blending components comprising:
a) 15 to 89 weight percent semi-crystalline polyamide resin having a melting point;
b) 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more polyepoxy compound comprising at least two or more epoxy groups; the polyepoxy compound having a epoxide equivalent weight of 43 to 2000 g/equivalent as determined by calculation, or if the polyepoxy compound is an oligomer, by titration using ASTM D1652-11 method; and a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 8000;
c) about 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more amino compounds selected from the group consisting polyamine, amino alcohol, and combinations of these, having a Mn up to 3,000,000, with the proviso that the amino compound does not comprise a secondary aryl amine or a nonaromatic site of carbon-carbon unsaturation;
d) 10 to 60 weight percent of reinforcing agent;
e) 0 to 30 weight percent polymeric toughener;
f) 0 to 10 weight percent of further additives;
wherein the weight percents of components a), b), c), d) e) and f) are based on the total weight of the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition.
The thermoplastic polyamide compositions of various embodiments of the invention comprise a polyamide resin. The polyamide resins are condensation products of one or more dicarboxylic acids and one or more diamines, and/or one or more aminocarboxylic acids, and/or ring-opening polymerization products of one or more cyclic lactams. Suitable cyclic lactams are caprolactam and laurolactam. Polyamides may be fully aliphatic or semi-aromatic.
Fully aliphatic polyamides are formed from aliphatic and alicyclic monomers such as diamines, dicarboxylic acids, lactams, aminocarboxylic acids, and their reactive equivalents. A suitable aminocarboxylic acid is 11-aminododecanoic acid. Suitable lactams are caprolactam and laurolactam. In the context of this invention, the term “fully aliphatic polyamide” also refers to copolymers derived from two or more such monomers and blends of two or more fully aliphatic polyamides. Linear, branched, and cyclic monomers may be used.
Carboxylic acid monomers comprised in the fully aliphatic polyamides include, but are not limited to aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as for example adipic acid (C6), pimelic acid (C7), suberic acid (C8), azelaic acid (C9), decanedioic acid (C10), dodecanedioic acid (C12), tridecanedioic acid (C13), tetradecanedioic acid (C14), pentadecanedioic acid (C15), hexadecanedioic acid (C16) and octadecanedioic acid (C18). Diamines can be chosen among diamines having four or more carbon atoms, including, but not limited to tetramethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, octamethylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, dodecamethylene diamine, 2-methylpentamethylene diamine, 2-ethyltetramethylene diamine, 2-methyloctamethylenediamine; trimethylhexamethylenediamine, meta-xylylene diamine, and/or mixtures thereof.
The semi-aromatic polyamide is a homopolymer, a copolymer, a terpolymer or more advanced polymers formed from monomers containing aromatic groups. One or more aromatic carboxylic acids may be terephthalate or a mixture of terephthalate with one or more other carboxylic acids, such as isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, 2-methyl terephthalic acid and naphthalic acid. In addition, the one or more aromatic carboxylic acids may be mixed with one or more aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, as disclosed above. Alternatively, an aromatic diamine such as meta-xylylene diamine (MXD) can be used to provide a semi-aromatic polyamide, an example of which is MXD6, a homopolymer comprising MXD and adipic acid.
Preferred polyamides disclosed herein are homopolymers or copolymers wherein the term copolymer refers to polyamides that have two or more amide and/or diamide molecular repeat units. The homopolymers and copolymers are identified by their respective repeat units. For copolymers disclosed herein, the repeat units are listed in decreasing order of mole % repeat units present in the copolymer. The following list exemplifies the abbreviations used to identify monomers and repeat units in the homopolymer and copolymer polyamides (PA):
Note that in the art the term “6” when used alone designates a polymer repeat unit formed from ε-caprolactam. Alternatively “6” when used in combination with a diacid such as T, for instance 6T, the “6” refers to HMD. In repeat units comprising a diamine and diacid, the diamine is designated first. Furthermore, when “6” is used in combination with a diamine, for instance 66, the first “6” refers to the diamine HMD, and the second “6” refers to adipic acid. Likewise, repeat units derived from other amino acids or lactams are designated as single numbers designating the number of carbon atoms.
In one embodiment the polyamide composition comprises a one or more polyamides selected from the group consisting of
Group (I) polyamides may have semiaromatic repeat units to the extent that the melting point is less than 210° C. and generally the semiaromatic polyamides of the group have less than 40 mole percent semiaromatic repeat units. Semiaromatic repeat units are defined as those derived from monomers selected from one or more of the group consisting of: aromatic dicarboxylic acids having 8 to 20 carbon atoms and aliphatic diamines having 4 to 20 carbon atoms.
Another embodiment is a molded or extruded thermoplastic article wherein said polyamide resin is selected from Group (III) polyamides selected from the group consisting of poly(tetramethylene hexanediamidenetramethylene terephthalamide) (PA46/4T), poly(tetramethylene hexanediamide/hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA46/6T), poly(tetramethylene hexanediamide/2-methylpentamethylene hexanediamide/decamethylene terephthalamide) (PA46/D6/10T), poly(hexamethylene hexanediamide/hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA66/6T), poly(hexamethylene hexanediamide/hexamethylene isophthalamide/hexamethylene terephthalamide PA66/6I/6T, and poly(hexamethylene hexanediamide/2-methylpentamethylene hexanediamide/hexamethylene terephthalamide (PA66/D6/6T); and a most preferred Group (III) polyamide is PA 66/6T.
Another embodiment is a molded or extruded thermoplastic article wherein said polyamide resin is selected from Group (IV) polyamides selected from the group consisting of poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene hexanediamide) (PA4T/66), poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/ε-caprolactam) (PA4T/6), poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene dodecanediamide) (PA4T/612), poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene hexanediamide/hexamethylene hexanediamide) (PA4T/D6/66), poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene hexanediamide) (PA6T/DT/66), poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene hexanediamide) PA6T/66, poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene decanediamide) (PA6T/610), poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene tetradecanediamide) (PA6T/614), poly(nonamethylene terephthalamide/nonamethylene decanediamide) (PAST/910), poly(nonamethylene terephthalamide/nonamethylene dodecanediamide) (PA9T/912), poly(nonamethylene terephthalamide/11-aminoundecanamide) (PAST/11), poly(nonamethylene terephthalamide/12-aminododecanamide) (PAST/12), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/11-aminoundecanamide) (PA 10T/11), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/12-aminododecanamide) (PA10T/12) poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/decamethylene decanediamide) (PA10T/1010), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/decamethylene dodecanediamide) (PA10T/1012), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/tetramethylene hexanediamide) (PA10T/46), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/E-caprolactam) (PA10T/6), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene hexanediamide) (PA10T/66), poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide/dodecamethylene dodecanediamide) (PA12T/1212), poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide/ε-caprolactam) (PA12T/6), and poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene hexanediamide) (PA12T/66); and a most preferred Group (IV) polyamide is PA6T/66.
Another embodiment is a molded or extruded thermoplastic article wherein said polyamide resin is selected from Group (V) polyamides selected from the group consisting of poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide) PA4T/DT, poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene terephthalamide) PA4T/6T, poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/decamethylene terephthalamide) PA4T/10T, poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/dodecamethylene terephthalamide)PA4T/12T, poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA4T/DT/6T), poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide/hexamethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide) (PA4T/6T/DT), poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide) (PA6T/DT), poly(hexamethylene hexanediamide/hexamethylene isophthalamide) (PA 6T/6I), poly(hexamethylene terephthaiamide/decamethylene terephthalamide) PA6T/10T, poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/dodecamethylene terephthalamide) (PA6T/12T), poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamidelpoly(decamethylene terephthalamide) (PA6T/DT/10T), poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/decamethylene terephthalamide/dodecamethylene terephthalamide) (PA6T/10T/12T), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide) (PA10T), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/tetramethylene terephthalamide) (PA10T/4T), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide) (PA10T/DT), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/dodecamethylene terephthalamide) (PA10T/12T), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide/(decamethylene terephthalamide) (PA10T/DT/12T). poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide) (PA12T), poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide)/tetramethylene terephthalamide) (PA12T/4T), poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide)/hexamethylene terephthalamide) PA12T/6T, poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide)/decamethylene terephthalamide) (PA12T/10T), and poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide)/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide) (PA12T/DT); and a most preferred Group (V) Polyamide is PA6T/DT.
In various embodiments the polyamide is a Group (I) Polyamide, Group (II) Polyamide, Group (III) Polyamide, Group (IV) Polyamide, or Group (V) Polyamide, respectively.
The polyamides may also be blends of two or more polyamides. Preferred blends include those selected from the group consisting of Group (I) and Group (II) Polyamides; Group (I) and Group (III) Polyamide, Group (II) and Group (III) Polyamides, Group (II) and Group (IV) Polyamides, Group (II) and Group (V) Polyamides, and Group (IV) and Group (V) Polyamides.
A preferred blend includes Group (II) and (V) Polyamides, and a specific preferred blend includes poly(hexamethylene hexanediamide) (PA 66) and poly(hexamethylene terephthalamide/2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide) (PA 6T/DT).
Another preferred blend includes Group (II) and Group (III) Polyamides and a specific preferred blend includes poly(ε-caprolactam) (PA6) and poly(hexamethylene hexanediamide/hexamethylene terephthalamide (PA66/6T).
In various embodiments 29 to 89, 49 to 89, or 55 to 89 weight percent of polyamide resin is present in the thermoplastic polyamide composition. In preferred embodiments there is less than 5 weight percent polyphenylene oxide present in the thermoplastic composition, and preferably, no polyphenylene oxide is present.
Preferably the polyamide resin has a number average molecular weight of at least 5000, and preferably at least 10000, as determined with size exclusion chromatography in hexafluoroisopropanol.
Component b) is 0.5 to 5.0, and preferably 0.5 to 4.0, weight percent of one or more polyepoxy compound comprising at least two or more epoxy groups; the polyepoxy compound having a epoxide equivalent weight of 43 to 2000 g/equivalent, and preferably 43 to 1000, 70 to 1000, 70 to 500, and 70 to 200 g/equivalent, as determined by calculation, or if the polyepoxy compound is an oligomer, by titration using ASTM D1652-11 method; and a number average molecular weight (Mn) of less than 8000. In various embodiments the number average molecular weight (Mn) is less than 2000, less than 1000, and less than 400. Preferably the polyepoxy compound has a Mn of less than 1000.
Examples of the polyepoxy compounds useful in the invention include 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDE), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDE), trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TTE), hydrogenated bisphenol A type epoxy resin, brominated epoxy resin, cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, and glycidyl amine type epoxy resin. Further examples of polyepoxides which can be used in the present invention include polyepoxides made by epoxidation of polyenes such as 1,3-butadiene diepoxide (MW 86.09, epoxy equivalent weight=43.05), 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane, 1,2,5,6-diepoxycyclooctane, 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide, and epoxidized polyisoprene copolymers such as commercial resins available from Shell Chemical Company, e.g., EKP 206 and EKP 207 (MW 6,000, epoxy equivalent weight 670). Other useful polyepoxides are the EPON™ Resins, derived from a liquid epoxy resin and bisphenol-A, available from Momentive, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. The epoxy resin is not limited to these, and these may be used singly or in a combination of two or more kinds. In a preferred embodiment the polyepoxy compound is trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TTE).
Component c) is 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more amino compounds selected from the group consisting polyamines, amino alcohols and combinations of these, having a number average molecular weight (Mn) of up to 3,000,000, and preferably up to 1,000,000, 500,000, 100,000, 50,000, 40,000, 20,000, 10,000, 1000, or 500; with the proviso that the amino compounds do not comprise a secondary aryl amine or a nonaromatic site of carbon-carbon unsaturation, e.g., carbon-carbon double bonds.
The amino compounds include polyamines comprising two or more amines, and said two or more amines are selected from the group consisting of primary aliphatic amines, primary aromatic amines, secondary aliphatic amines and combinations of these. Preferably the polyamine has an equivalent weight of 30 to 2000, and more preferably 30 to 1000, 30 to 500, or to 200. The equivalent weight of the polyamine is determined by calculation or if the polyamine is an oligomer or polymer, by titration using ASTM D2074 D-9-J method.
The amino compounds include amino alcohols having one or more amines and one or more hydroxyl groups, wherein the at least one amine is selected from the group consisting of primary aliphatic amine, primary aromatic amine, secondary aliphatic amine and combinations of these. Preferably the amino alcohol has an equivalent weight of 30 to 2000, and more preferably 30 to 1000, 30 to 500, or 30 to 200. The equivalent weight of the amino alcohol is determined by calculation or if the amino alcohol is an oligomer or polymer, by titration using ASTM D2074 D-9-J method. The amino alcohol equivalent weight includes amine and hydroxyl groups and is determined by dividing the mass by the total number of amine and hydroxyl groups.
Preferably the amino compound is present at 0.5 to 4.0 weight percent, 0.5 to 2.0 weight percent and 0.5 to 1.5 weight percent, in the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition.
The term amino compound includes salts of amino compound, for example, polyphosphate salts, hydrochloride salts, acetic acid salts, and cyanurate salts.
The amino groups and hydroxyl groups are linked to one another by linking groups comprising two or more carbon atoms. In one embodiment the linking groups comprise 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In various other embodiments the linking group comprises 2 to 4, 2 to 3, and 2 carbon atoms. Linking groups may include one or more heteroatoms such as tertiary nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The linking group can optionally be substituted with amide, ester, or ether functionality. For instance, the polyamine may comprise a polyamide oligomer having amine ends; or a polyether having amine ends, for example amine capped poly(ethylene glycol). In various embodiments the polyamine is selected from the group consisting of a polyamide oligomer, polyether oligomer or polyester oligomer, said oligomer having a Mn less than 4000, as determined with SEC. Likewise the amino alcohol may comprise an amine and hydroxyl terminated polyamide, polyester or polyether.
The amino compound does not comprise a functional group selected from the group consisting of a secondary aryl amine; carboxylic acid; and nonaromatic sites of carbon-carbon unsaturation. The term “amino compounds” does not encompass compounds that have tertiary amines as the only amino functional group.
Specific polyamines families include those selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyamines, aromatic polyamines, arylalkyl polyamines, and high molecular weight polymeric polyamines, and combinations of these.
Alipahtic polyamines include those selected from the group consisting of ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, hexamethylene diamine.
Aromatic polyamines include those selected from the group consisting of melamine, melamine polyphosphate, 6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, melamine cyanurate, and combinations of these. A preferred aromatic amine is melamine.
High molecular weight polymeric polyamines include those selected from the group consisting of polyethyleneimines homopolymers and copolymers disclosed in US 2008/0262133 A1, herein incorporated by reference, and commercially available from BASF; and poly(4-amino styrene) (MW>150,000) and poly(N-methylvinylamine) (MW=500,000), commercially available from Polysciences, Inc; and the polyetheramines available under the tradename Jeffamine® resins available from Huntsman Chemical, Houston, Tex.
Specific amino alcohol families include those selected from the group consisting of aliphatic amino alcohols, aromatic amino alcohols, arylalkyl polyamines, and high molecular weight polymeric amino alcohols, and combinations of these.
Specific amino alcohols useful in the invention include ethanolamine 2-(methylamino)ethanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, amino-2-propanol, 2-amino-1, -propanol, (±)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-amino-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol, 2-(ethylamino)ethanol, 2-amino-1-butanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 4-amino-1-butanol, 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, 3-methylamino-1,2-propanediol, diethanolamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, 2-(isopropylamino)ethanol, 2-(propylamino)ethanol, 2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol, 5-amino-1-pentanol, DL-2-amino-1-pentanol, 2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanol, 1-amino-1-cyclopentanemethanol, 2-(butylamino)ethanol, 2-(tert-butylamino)ethanol, 6-amino-1-hexanol, DL-2-amino-1-hexanol, bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine, N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, 2-aminobenzyl alcohol, 3-aminobenzyl alcohol, 4-aminobenzyl alcohol, 2-amino-4-methoxyphenol, 5-amino-2,2-dimethylpentanol, 2-amino-1-phenylethanol, 2-amino-3-methylbenzyl alcohol, 2-amino-5-methylbenzyl alcohol, 2-aminophenethyl alcohol, 3-amino-2-methylbenzyl alcohol, 3-amino-4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)aniline, 4-aminophenethyl alcohol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline, 2-benzylaminoethanol, α-(methylaminomethyl)benzyl alcohol, α-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzyl alcohol, 3-amino-1-adamantanol, and 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane.
Melt-blending of the polyepoxy compound and the amino compound in the presence of polyamide resin melt provides the conditions for the polyepoxy compound and the amino compound to react such that one or more amine functionality or hydroxyl functionality reacts with one or more epoxy group of the polyepoxy compound to form an amino (C—N—C) linkage and/or ether linkage (C—O—C) via ring-opening of the epoxy functionality. The ring-opening reaction also provides an equivalent of hydroxyl group, and thus, reaction provides polyamino-polyol and/or polyetherol. The reacting also may be accomplished in the absence of polyamide resin by mixing and heating a combination of polyepoxy and amine compound to a reaction temperature for a reaction period to provide a percent conversion of the polyepoxy to polyamine-poylol and/or polyetherol. The percent epoxy conversion of the polyepoxy compound may be determined in the absence of polyamide resin by measuring the 1H NMR signal of one of the epoxy ring hydrogen diastereomers versus a second internal standard signal that does not change during the reaction. Thus, the reaction of selected polyepoxy and amine compounds in the absence of polyamide resin can be used to empirically determine the propensity for a selected polyepoxy/amine composition to gel. Gelling, that is, cross-linking, is undesirable as the viscosity of the composition increases rapidly to the point where the composition may not be processible.
In a preferred embodiment the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition has a ratio of c) to b) such that, in the absence of other components, c) and b) can react to provide at least 10 percent conversion of epoxy equivalents of component (b) up to, but excluding, the gel point of the components b) and c).
Suitable reaction temperatures in the absence of polyamide resin include the range of 23° C. to 250° C. Suitable reaction periods include the range of 1 minute to about 24 hours. As desired by the artisan, the reaction may be performed: under a range of pressure, for instance 2 atmospheres to about 0.01 mm Hg; in the presence or absence of a catalysis, e.g. acid catalysis or base catalysis; and in the presence or absence of a solvent; in the presence or absence of a plasticizer, or other additive that may be ultimately found desirable in the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition. In one embodiment the reaction is performed in the absence of a catalyst.
Reacting the combination of the polyepoxy compound (b) and the amine compound (c) provides a reaction product having a range of at feast 10 percent conversion of epoxy equivalents of component (b) up to, but excluding, the gel point of the components b) and c). In various embodiments the reaction product has preferred ranges of at least 25 percent conversion, 40 percent conversion, 50 percent conversion, 80 percent conversion and 85 percent conversion, of epoxy equivalents of component (b) up to, but excluding, the gel point of the components b) and c).
Various embodiments include many combinations of polyepoxy compound (b) and amine compound (c) that provide a reaction product that can be taken to 100% epoxy conversion without reaching the gel point.
The upper limit of the extent of reaction of polyepoxy compound (b) and amine compound (c) to provide a useful reaction product is just below the gel point. The gel point is the point wherein the material is crosslinked and can no longer flow and be melt-blended to provide a uniform blend. The gel point can be calculated using a modified Carothers equation (G. Odian, Principles of Polymerization, 1981, ISBN 0-471-05146-2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 117-119) which is a statistical equation for nonequivalent (nonstoichiometric) reactant mixtures for 2 reagents, having at least 2 reactive groups A and B per molecule and at least one having more than 2 groups per molecule:
pc=1/{r[1+(fA−2)][1+(fB−2)]}exp1/2 Eq. (I)
where:
pc=conversion of group A at gel point, conversion of group B is r×pc
r=1 or <1, ratio of A to B groups
f>2 is a functionality of the reagent with functionality>2.
Examples of gel points (G-1-G-6), calculated using Eq (I) for various combinations of reagent functionality are listed in Table A.
In a preferred embodiment the ratio of c) amine compound to b) polyepoxy compound is such that the ratio of amine and hydroxyl groups to epoxy group is in the range of 0.1 to 200, preferably 1.1 to 200, 1.1 to 50, 1.1 to 10, 1.5 to 10 and 1.5 to 5 (excess amine and hydroxyl). The ratio is determined by dividing the amount of each reagent used by the equivalent weight of the polyepoxy compound and the amine compound, respectively.
A preferred embodiment is the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition as disclosed above wherein the amino compound is a polyamine.
The thermoplastic melt-mixed composition comprises 10 to about 60 weight percent, and preferably 12.5 to 55, and 15 to 50 weight percent, of one or more reinforcement agents. The reinforcement agent may be any filler, but is preferably selected from the group consisting calcium carbonate, glass fibers with circular and noncircular cross-section, glass flakes, glass beads, carbon fibers, talc, mica, wollastonite, calcined clay, kaolin, diatomite, magnesium sulfate, magnesium silicate, barium sulfate, titanium dioxide, sodium aluminum carbonate, barium ferrite, potassium titanate and mixtures thereof. In preferred embodiments the reinforcing agent is selected from the group consisting of glass fiber with circular cross-section and glass fiber with noncircular cross-section, and mixtures of these. The glass fiber may have sizing or coupling agents, organic or inorganic materials that improve the bonding between glass and the polyamide resin.
Glass fibers with noncircular cross-section refer to glass fiber having a cross section having a major axis lying perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the glass fiber and corresponding to the longest linear distance in the cross section. The non-circular cross section has a minor axis corresponding to the longest linear distance in the cross section in a direction perpendicular to the major axis. The non-circular cross section of the fiber may have a variety of shapes including a cocoon-type (figure-eight) shape, a rectangular shape; an elliptical shape; a roughly triangular shape; a polygonal shape; and an oblong shape. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the cross section may have other shapes. The ratio of the length of the major axis to that of the minor access is preferably between about 1.5:1 and about 6:1. The ratio is more preferably between about 2:1 and 5:1 and yet more preferably between about 3:1 to about 4:1. Suitable glass fiber are disclosed in EP 0 190 001 and EP 0 196 194.
The thermoplastic melt-mixed composition, optionally, comprises 0 to 30 weight percent of a polymeric toughener comprising a reactive functional group and/or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid. In one embodiment the composition comprises 2 to 20 weight percent polymeric toughener selected from the group consisting of: a copolymer of ethylene, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, and optionally one or more (meth)acrylate esters; an ethylene/α-olefin or ethylene/α-olefin/diene copolymer grafted with an unsaturated carboxylic anhydride; a copolymer of ethylene, 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate, and optionally one or more (meth)acrylate esters; and a copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid reacted with a Zn, Li, Mg or Mn compound to form the corresponding ionomer.
The thermoplastic composition of the present invention may also comprise 0 to 10 weight percent further additives commonly used in the art, such as further heat stabilizers or antioxidants referred to as “co-stabilizers”, antistatic agents, blowing agents, plasticizers, lubricants and colorant and pigments. In one embodiment 0.02 to 0.5 weight percent of one or more lubricants is present. In another embodiment 0.1 to 3.0 weight percent of one or more colorants is present; wherein the weight percent colorant includes the weight of the carrier accompanying the colorant. In one embodiment the colorant is selected from the group of carbon black and nigrosine black pigment.
Co-stabilizers are stabilizers other than the reaction product of amino compounds and polyepoxide disclosed herein, for instance, copper stabilizers, secondary aryl amines, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), hindered phenols, and mixtures thereof, that are disclosed in US patent application publication 2010/0029819, Palmer et al, herein incorporated by reference.
Herein the thermoplastic composition is a mixture by melt-blending, in which all polymeric ingredients are adequately mixed, and all non-polymeric ingredients are adequately dispersed in a polymer matrix. Any melt-blending method may be used for mixing polymeric ingredients and non-polymeric ingredients of the present invention. For example, polymeric ingredients and non-polymeric ingredients may be fed into a melt mixer, such as single screw extruder or twin screw extruder, agitator, single screw or twin screw kneader, or Banbury mixer, and the addition step may be addition of all ingredients at once or gradual addition in batches. When the polymeric ingredient and non-polymeric ingredient are gradually added in batches, a part of the polymeric ingredients and/or non-polymeric ingredients is first added, and then is melt-mixed with the remaining polymeric ingredients and non-polymeric ingredients that are subsequently added, until an adequately mixed composition is obtained. If a reinforcing filler presents a long physical shape (for example, a long glass fiber), drawing extrusion molding may be used to prepare a reinforced composition.
Herein the thermoplastic composition is a mixture by melt-blending, in which all polymeric ingredients are adequately mixed, and all non-polymeric ingredients are adequately dispersed in a polymer matrix. Any melt-blending method may be used for mixing polymeric ingredients and non-polymeric ingredients of the present invention. For example, polymeric ingredients and non-polymeric ingredients may be fed into a melt mixer, such as single screw extruder or twin screw extruder, agitator, single screw or twin screw kneader, or Banbury mixer, and the addition step may be addition of all ingredients at once or gradual addition in batches. When the polymeric ingredient and non-polymeric ingredient are gradually added in batches, a part of the polymeric ingredients and/or non-polymeric ingredients is first added, and then is melt-mixed with the remaining polymeric ingredients and non-polymeric ingredients that are subsequently added, until an adequately mixed composition is obtained. If a reinforcing filler presents a long physical shape (for example, a long glass fiber), drawing extrusion molding may be used to prepare a reinforced composition.
Another embodiment is a sequential process for providing a thermoplastic melt-mixed composition comprising:
A) melt-blending a composition comprising:
a) 15 to 89 weight percent semi-crystalline polyamide resin having a melting point;
c) 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more amino compounds selected from the group consisting polyamines and amino alcohols, and combinations of these, having a number average molecular weight of up to 3,000,000, with the proviso that the amino compound does not comprise a functional group selected from the group consisting of a secondary aryl amine;
d) 0 to 60 weight percent of reinforcing agent;
e) 0 to 30 weight percent polymeric toughener; and
f) 0 to 10 weight percent of further additives; to provide a polyamide-polyamine blend; and
B) melt-blending said polyamide-polyamine blend with
b) 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more polyepoxy compound comprising at least two or more epoxy groups; the polyepoxy compound having a epoxide equivalent weight of 43 to 4000 g/equivalent, and preferably 70 to 4000 g/equivalent, as determined by calculation, or if the polyepoxy compound is an oligomer, by titration using ASTM D1652-11 method; and a number average molecular weight of less than 8000;
wherein the weight percents of components a), b), c), d) e) and f) are based on the total weight of the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition.
In one embodiment of the sequential process one or more of components d), e) and f) are melt-blended with said polyamide-polyamine blend in step B).
Another embodiment of the sequential process is wherein melt-blending said polyamide-polyamine blend with component b) is provided by metering in said one or more polyepoxy compound by pump into said polyamide-polyamine blend.
Another embodiment is a simultaneous process for providing a thermoplastic melt-mixed composition comprising:
A) melt-blending:
a) 15 to 89 weight percent semi-crystalline polyamide resin having a melting point;
b) 0.5 to about 5.0 weight percent, preferably 0.5 to 4.0 weight percent, of a polyepoxy compound comprising at least two or more epoxy groups; the polyepoxy compound having a epoxide equivalent weight of 43 to 4000 g/equivalent, preferably 70 to 4000 g/equivalent, as determined by calculation, or if the polyepoxy compound is an oligomer, by titration using ASTM D1652-11 method; and a number average molecular weight of less than 8000;
c) 0.5 to 5.0 weight percent of one or more amino compounds selected from the group consisting polyamines and amino alcohols, and combinations of these, having a Mn of up to 3,000,000, with the proviso that the amino compound does not comprise a functional group selected from the group consisting of a secondary aryl amine, and nonaromatic carbon-carbon unsaturation;
d) 0 to 60 weight percent, preferably 10 to 60 weight percent, of reinforcing agent;
e) 0 to 30 weight percent polymeric toughener; and
f) 0 to 10 weight percent of further additives;
wherein components b) polyepoxy compound and c) amino compound are added simultaneously during the melt-blending.
All preferred embodiments disclosed above for the thermoplastic melt-mixed compositions are applicable to the processes and methods for preparing the thermoplastic melt-mixed compositions disclosed herein.
In preferred embodiments the thermoplastic melt-mixed compositions disclosed above have a melt viscosity at a hold time of 25 minutes less than 600% and preferably less than 300, 200, and most preferably, less than 130%, of the melt viscosity at a hold time of 5 minutes; as measured at temperature 10° C. to 30° C. above the melting point of the polyamide resin, in a capillary reohmeter at a shear rate of 1000 sec−1 according to ASTM D3835.
The melt-mixed compositions, as disclosed above, are useful in increasing long-term thermal stability at high temperatures of molded or extruded articles made therefrom. The long-term heat stability of the articles can be assessed by exposure (air oven ageing) of 2 mm thick test samples at various test temperatures in an oven for various test periods of time. The oven test temperatures for the compositions disclosed herein may be 170° C. and 500, 1000, or 2000 hours test periods; 210° C. and 500 or 1000 h test periods; and 230° C. and 500 or 1000 h test periods. The test samples, after air oven ageing, are tested for tensile strength and elongation to break, according to ISO 527-2/1 BA test method; and compared with unexposed controls having identical composition and shape, that are dry as molded (DAM). The comparison with the DAM controls provides the retention of tensile strength and/or retention of elongation to break, and thus the various compositions can be assessed as to long-term heat stability performance.
Another embodiment is a method for improving tensile strength retention of a thermoplastic melt-mixed composition under air oven ageing (AOA) conditions comprising:
melt-blending:
One embodiment is a molded or extruded thermoplastic article comprising the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition as disclosed in the above, wherein the polyamide resin comprises one or more Group (I) Polyamides, wherein 2 mm thick test bars, prepared from said melt-mixed composition and tested according to ISO 527-2/1 BA, and exposed at a test temperature of 170° C. for a test period of 500 hours, in an atmosphere of air, have on average, a retention of tensile strength of at least 40 percent, and preferably at least 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%, as compared with that of an unexposed control of identical composition and shape.
One embodiment is a molded or extruded thermoplastic article comprising the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition, as disclosed in the above embodiments, wherein the polyamide resin comprises one or more Group (II) Polyamides, wherein 2 mm thick test bars, prepared from said melt-mixed composition and tested according to ISO 527-2/1 BA, and exposed at a test temperature of 210° C. for a test period of 500 hours, in an atmosphere of air, have on average, a retention of tensile strength of at least 40 percent, and preferably at least 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%, as compared with that of an unexposed control of identical composition and shape.
One embodiment is a molded or extruded thermoplastic article comprising the thermoplastic melt-mixed composition, as disclosed in the above embodiments, wherein the polyamide resin comprises a one or more polyamides selected from the group consisting of Group (IIB) Polyamides, Group (III) Polyamides, Group (IV) Polyamides, Group (V) Polyamides, and Group (VI) Polyamides, wherein 2 mm thick test bars, prepared from said melt-mixed composition and tested according to ISO 527-2/1 BA, and exposed at a test temperature of 230° C. for a test period of 1000 hours, in an atmosphere of air, have on average, a retention of tensile strength of at least 40 percent, and preferably at least 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%, as compared with that of an unexposed control of identical composition and shape.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an article by shaping the thermoplastic polyamide composition disclosed herein. Examples of articles are films or laminates, automotive parts or engine parts or electrical/electronics parts. By “shaping”, it is meant any shaping technique, such as for example extrusion, injection molding, thermoform molding, compression molding or blow molding. Preferably, the article is shaped by injection molding or blow molding.
The molded or extruded thermoplastic articles disclosed herein may have application in many vehicular components that meet one or more of the following requirements: high impact requirements; significant weight reduction (over conventional metals, for instance); resistance to high temperature; resistance to oil environment; resistance to chemical agents such as coolants; and noise reduction allowing more compact and integrated design. Specific molded or extruded thermoplastic articles are selected from the group consisting of charge air coolers (CAC); cylinder head covers (CHC); oil pans; engine cooling systems, including thermostat and heater housings and coolant pumps; exhaust systems including mufflers and housings for catalytic converters; air intake manifolds (AIM); and timing chain belt front covers. As an illustrative example of desired mechanical resistance against long-term high temperature exposure, a charge air cooler can be mentioned. A charge air cooler is a part of the radiator of a vehicle that improves engine combustion efficiency. Charge air coolers reduce the charge air temperature and increase the density of the air after compression in the turbocharger thus allowing more air to enter into the cylinders to improve engine efficiency. Since the temperature of the incoming air can be more than 200° C. when it enters the charge air cooler, it is required that this part be made out of a composition maintaining good mechanical properties under high temperatures for an extended period of time. Also it is very desirable to have a shaped article that exhibits no whitening or very little whitening upon aging.
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples. It should be understood that the following examples are for illustration purposes only, and are not used to limit the present invention thereto.
All Examples and Comparative Examples were prepared by melt blending the ingredients listed in the Tables in a 30 mm twin screw extruder (ZSK 30 by Coperion) operating at about 280° C. for Polyamide B and PA66 compositions and 310° C. barrel setting for Polyamide A (PA 6T/66 55:45) compositions, using a screw speed of about 300 rpm, a throughput of 13.6 kg/hour and a melt temperature measured by hand of about 320-355° C. for the all compositions. The glass fibers were added to the melt through a screw side feeder, all other ingredients were added at the beginning of the extruder except as noted in Methods 1 and 3 below. Ingredient quantities shown in the Tables are given in weight percent on the basis of the total weight of the thermoplastic composition.
The following methods were used to add liquid polyepoxy compound:
Method 1 (used in Tables 1)—The polyepoxide was pre-mixed with the glass fiber and the mixture was added into barrel 5 of the ZSK 30 extruder.
Method 2 (used in Tables 3 and 4)—A fraction (e.g. 500 g) of the polyamide was subjected to cryogenic grinding in a Bantam Micropulverizer to provide about 1 millimeter average particle size particles. The liquid or oil ingredients (for instance TTE), were blended into the ground particles to provide a uniform blend and the uniform blend added to the extruder.
The compounded mixture was extruded in the form of laces or strands, cooled in a water bath, chopped into granules.
Mechanical tensile properties, i.e. E-modulus, stress at break (Tensile strength) and strain at break (elongation at break) were measured according to ISO 527-2/1 BA. Measurements were made on 2 mm thick injection molded ISO tensile bars at a testing speed of 5 mm/min. Mold temperature for PA 6T/66 test specimens was 90-100° C. and mold temperature for PA 66/6T test specimens was 80° C.
The test specimens were heat aged in a re-circulating air ovens (Heraeus type UT6060) according to the procedure detailed in ISO 2578. At various heat aging times, the test specimens were removed from the oven, allowed to cool to room temperature and sealed into aluminum lined bags until ready for testing. The tensile mechanical properties were then measured according to ISO 527 using a Zwick tensile instrument. The average values obtained from 5 specimens are given in the Tables.
Melt viscosity retention was determined at a hold time of 25 minutes as compared to the melt viscosity at a hold time of 5 minutes; as measured at temperature 10° C. to 30° C. above the melting point of the polyamide resin, in a capillary reohmeter (Kayness) at a shear rate of 1000 sec−1 according to ASTM D3835.
The 1H spectra are recorded in CDCl3 on Bruker 500 MHz NMR Spectrometer operating at 500 MHz. The percent conversion of the epoxy functionality in the polyepoxy compound is determined by measuring the 1H NMR signal of one of the epoxy ring hydrogen diastereomers versus a second internal standard signal that does not change during the reaction with polyhydroxy compound. The ratio of the epoxy ring hydrogen signal to the standard signal, adjusted for the moles of epoxy functionality and standard in the starting composition, and number of hydrogens in the standard signal, is used to determine the % conversion. For instance, with trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TTE), the methyl group of the TTE is chosen as the internal standard signal (0.80 ppm) and one of the epoxy hydrogen diastereomers (2.55 ppm) is the epoxy signal measured. The following calculation provides the % conversion:
In this case no adjustment of the ratio is needed as there are three equivalent epoxy groups each having one equivalent diastereomer hydrogen and three equivalent methyl hydrogens in the internal standard.
Two 5 in×3 in plaques were treated by placing in an environmental chamber under conditions of 85% relative humidity and 85° C. After one day one plaque was removed from the chamber and visually inspected. The L value, determined at 110° reflection was measured with a ChromaVision MA100 Multi-Angle Spectrophotometer (manufactured by X-Rite, Incorporated, Grandville, Mich.). Lisa common measure of whiteness on the CIELAB colorspace. The L value was measured at 4 places on the plaque, both front and back and the L values averaged. A determination of L also was performed on an untreated plaque. A ΔL value was determined by subtracting the average of the four L measurements of the untreated plaque from the average of the four measurements from the treated plaque. After 7 days, the second plaque was removed from the chamber and the L value and ΔL value determined.
Low L values correspond to darker plaques and higher L values correspond to lighter plaques. Therefore a positive ΔL means a change from darker to lighter.
A survey found that, by visual observation, those of ordinary skill in the art could identify three levels of whitening, listed in Table B, corresponding to the ΔL values determined by spectroscopic measurements means. Thus, using this relationship in some examples, visual observation was used to evaluate whitening where the L values could not be conveniently measured.
Polyamide A refers Zytel® HTN502HNC010 6T/66 copolyamide, made from terephthalic acid, adipic acid, and hexamethylenediamine; wherein the two acids are used in a 55:45 molar ratio (PA 6T/66); having a melting point of about 310° C. and an inherent viscosity (IV), according to ASTM D2857 method, typically about 1.07, available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., USA.
Polyamide B refers to PA66/6T (75/25 molar ratio repeat units) with amine ends approximately 80 meq/kg, having a typical relative viscosity (RV) of 41, according to ASTM D-789 method, and a typical melt point of 268° C., that was provided according to the following procedure:
Polyamide 66 salt solution (3928 lbs. of a 51.7 percent by weight with a pH of 8.1) and 2926 lbs of a 25.2% by weight of polyamide 6T salt solution with a pH of 7.6 were charged into an autoclave with 100 g of a conventional antifoam agent, 20 g of sodium hypophosphite, 220 g of sodium bicarbonate, 2476 g of 80% HMD solution in water, and 1584 g of glacial acetic. The solution was then heated while the pressure was allowed to rise to 265 psia at which point, steam was vented to maintain the pressure at 265 psia and heating was continued until the temperature of the batch reached 250° C. The pressure was then reduced slowly to 6 psia, while the batch temperature was allowed to further rise to 280-290° C. The pressure was then held at 6 psia and the temperature was held at 280-290° C. for 20 minutes. Finally, the polymer melt was extruded into strands, cooled, and cut into pellets.
PA66 refers to an aliphatic polyamide made of 1,6-hexanedioic acid and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine having a typical relative viscosity of 49 and a melting point of about 263° C., commercially available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., USA under the trademark Zytel® 101NC010 polyamide.
PA 6 refers to Ultramide B27 polyamide 6 resin (polycaprolactam) available from BASF Corporation, Florham Park, N.J., 07932.
Glass fiber B refers to CPIC 301 HP chopped glass fiber available from Chongqing Polycomp International Corp., Chongqing, China.
Black Pigment A refers to ZYTEL® FE3786 BK031C black concentrate, a 40 wt % nigrosine black pigment concentrate in a PA66 carrier.
Black Pigment B refers ZYTEL® FE3779 BK031C black concentrate, a 25 wt % carbon black in a PA6 carrier.
Cu heat stabilizer refers to a mixture of 7 parts of potassium iodide and 1 part of copper iodide in 0.5 part of aluminum stearate wax binder.
Kemamide E180 lubricant is N-stearylerucamide, CAS No. [10094-45-8], available from Chemtura Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.
TRX®301 copolymer refers to a maleic anhydride modified EPDM from available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., USA.
EPON™ Resin 1009F is a high molecular weight solid epoxy resin (2300-3600 equivalent weight epoxy) derived from a liquid epoxy resin and bisphenol-A, available from Momentive, Inc., Columbus, Ohio.
TTE refers to trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether from Sigma-Aldrich.
Melamine refers to 1,3,5 triazine-2,4,6 triamine was supplied by Aldrich Chemical Co.
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane was supplied by Aldrich Chemical Co.
Melapur 200 refers to melamine polyphosphate available from BASF. Melamine Cyanurate was available from ICL Industrial, Beer Sheva 84101, Israel.
6-Phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine was supplied by Aldrich Chemical Co.
Comparative Examples C-4 and C-5 indicate EPON 1009 F, having an equivalent weight of 2300-3600, does not provide significant improvement in tensile strength retention under AOA conditions.
This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/658,950, filed Jun. 13, 2012.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61658950 | Jun 2012 | US |
