Thickeners for products for topical application

Abstract

A thickener for products for topical application such as personal care products for application to the skin or hair, or topically administrable pharmaceutical preparations, comprises a water-in-oil emulsion containing polymeric material, at least 98% of which polymeric material is soluble in the aqueous phase. The polymeric material comprises units derived from (a) acrylamide, (b) 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulphonic acid (AMPS) and (c) a polyfunctional monomer, present in an amount of from 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents per mol of total monomer units. At least some of the AMPS units are in the form of a neutral salt such that the aqueous phase of the water in oil emulsion has a pH of at least 5.5.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to water soluble polymer compositions specifically tailored for use as thickeners/stabilizers for products for topical application such as personal care products for application to the skin or hair, or topically administrable pharmaceutical preparations, where the formulated products are of an anionic or nonionic character.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Personal care products are those applied to the skin and/or hair, examples of which are moisturizers, cleansers, toners, barrier creams, shampoos, and styling and setting gels. Such products are usually formulated as creams (oil in water emulsions), or clear gels which may contain substantial quantities of water miscible alcohols or glycols. All use thickeners/stabilizers to modify rheological properties and to improve stability.

Conventionally both natural and synthetic materials have been used for this purpose. Natural products (eg gum arabic, guar gum or starches) vary in quality and hence performance. They also result in products of only a limited shelf life. Synthetic materials are more commonly used having a more consistent quality giving products of better stability. Currently used synthetics are all solids or powders of polymers having residual acid groups, which have to be dispersed or dissolved in water then neutralised before becoming effective. This is because the thickening capability of such compounds is pH dependent; they will not thicken until the acid groups have been neutralised. Great care is needed to prevent agglomeration and lump formation; hours of mixing may be needed before a stable dispersion is achieved.

A significant advantage for the personal care products and pharmaceuticals industry would be to provide a polymer composition which would serve both as a thickener and as a stabilizer and was also in liquid form to enable easy handling by automatic dispensers, metering pumps etc, and which is readily dispersible.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Surprisingly, we have found that it is possible, by the present invention and using the well known inverse polymerisation technique, to produce polymers that function as both thickeners and stabilizers. They are dispersible in seconds and fully effective without neutralisation, yet still conform to all other stringent conditions ideally required for these specific applications, ie:

1) Do not impede the fully formulated personal care or pharmaceutical product from meeting all statutory safety and toxicological requirements for use. 2) Are highly efficient, ie the maximum addition which would serve both as a thickener and stabilizer should represent .ltoreq.2.0%, preferably .ltoreq.1.5% and most preferably .ltoreq.1.0% (expressed as polymer solids) of the total composition. At room temperature, in de-ionized water at a concentration of 2% by weight, a viscosity equal to or greater than 30,000 mPa.s should be achieved. Viscosity is measured on a UK LVF viscometer spindle 4 speed 6. 3) Are effective thickeners and stabilizers and show minimal viscosity change over a wide pH range of about 4 to 14, especially 5 to 10 and most importantly 5 to 9. This is because personal care products preferably have a pH range of between 5 and 9.0, and most preferably between 5.5 and 7.5. Polymers useful in this invention when measured as a 1% (polymer solids) solution, in de-ionised water, have a pH .gtoreq.5.5 and most preferably .gtoreq.6.0 but .ltoreq.10.0. 4) Have an especially high content of water soluble polymer ie .gtoreq.98.0%, preferably .gtoreq.99.0% and most preferably .gtoreq.99.5%. The solubility assessment is made by vacuum filtering 2 liters of 0.1% aqueous thickener solution (expressed as polymer solids) through a 46 micron screen, washing the residue, then drying at 110.degree. C. to constant weight. This high solubility allows essentially all of the polymer to be dissolved in the liquid phase of the personal care or pharmaceutical product. 5) Once formulated the polymer remains water soluble so that it can easily be washed off the skin. 6) Molecular weight of the polymer should be high enough to prevent the polymer's absorption through the skin (say .gtoreq.500,000), but low enough to maintain high water solubility (say .ltoreq.10M, especially .ltoreq.5M). This is characterised by the polymer viscosity requirement in combination with the toxicological testing of the fully formulated product. 7) Are able to thicken and stabilize aqueous alcohol and/or glycol solutions.. 8) Possess oil emulsification properties as oily substances are often used in cream formulations eg sweet almond oil, paraffin oil and cetearyl octanoate. 9) Be UV and temperature stable under all normal conditions of use; when considering barrier creams for skiers, this extends below 0.degree. C. A suitable accelerated test at higher temperature would be stability of at least 1 month at 50.degree. C. in a fully formulated composition. 10) Formulated products should be smooth and free of lumpy or gritty components. They should be neither sticky nor adhesive in character.

According to a first aspect, the invention provides a water in oil emulsion containing polymeric material, in which at least 98% of the polymeric material in the emulsion is water soluble, and the polymeric material comprises units derived from (a) acrylamide (b) 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid (AMPS which is a registered trade mark of the Lubrizol Corp.), and (c) a polyfunctional monomer in an amount of from 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents inclusive per mole of total monomer units, at least some of the AMPS units being in a neutral salt form, such that the aqueous phase of the water in oil emulsion has a pH of at least 5.5.

According to a second aspect, the invention provides a method of preparing a composition for topical application, which method comprises admixing a topically acceptable, liquid-containing, formulation containing a topically acceptable adjuvant with a water in oil emulsion as defined above. The formulation to which the water in oil, polymer containing, emulsion is added is preferably at least mainly liquid.

The invention additionally provides, according to a third aspect, a composition for topical application comprising

a topically acceptable liquid phase comprising an aqueous medium, a polymeric material at least 98% of which is water soluble, which polymeric material comprises units derived from (a) acrylamide, (b) 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid and (c) a polyfunctional monomer, which polyfunctional monomer is present in an amount of from 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents inclusive per mole of total monomer units, an oil phase, a water in oil emulsifier, an oil in water emulsifier, and a topically acceptable adjuvant, optionally forming part of the liquid phase.

In particular, the invention provides a personal care product in which the topically acceptable liquid phase additionally comprises an aqueous alcohol and/or glycol solution, and also provides a pharmaceutical composition for topical application (which may additionally be a personal care product) in which the above composition for topical application contains additionally a pharmaceutically active component.

The water in oil emulsion may be prepared by a method, according to yet another aspect of the invention, which method comprises forming a water in oil emulsion of a monomer composition, in which the concentration of total monomer by weight of the total water in oil emulsion thereof is at least 30 weight % and which monomer composition comprises (a) acrylamide (b) AMPS and (c) a polyfunctional monomer in an amount of from 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents per mole of total monomer composition, at least some of the AMPS being in a neutral salt form, such that the aqueous phase of the water in oil emulsion has a pH of at least 5.5, and subjecting the monomer composition in the said emulsion to polymerisation.

The water in oil emulsion of the polymer can be obtained by the inverse emulsion polymerisation reaction of the neutralised salt of AMPS with acrylamide. They are reacted simultaneously with a small amount of the crosslinking agent to produce a partially crosslinked structure which is still water soluble. As the copolymers are derived from anionic and nonionic monomers they are compatible, and hence effective, in formulated systems of either anionic or nonionic character.

A similar combination of monomers, using N,N.sup.1 -methylene-bisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinker, is disclosed in GB-B-2007238. Although no method of determining water solubility is given, this combination is said to produce polymeric material which is a mixture of water insoluble (ie swellable) and water soluble polymers, at least 40% of which mixture is water insoluble. This mixture is chosen so as to provide improved rheological properties in the presence of electrolyte. However, such polymeric materials could not be formulated into a cream or gel of equivalent smoothness to that achievable using water soluble polymers of the present invention.

Polymers useful in the present invention can be manufactured by the processes disclosed in GB-B-2206125 and EP-B-0186361. These polymers remain dissolved in the aqueous phase of the inverse emulsion, both during and after polymerisation. In addition, the following conditions apply:

1) The crosslinking monomer must contain 2 or more sites of unsaturation and be sufficiently water soluble to react with aqueous acrylamide and neutralized or partially neutralised AMPS.sup.R monomers to produce a partially crosslinked copolymer that is still water soluble. The water solubility of the crosslinking agent is preferably at least 1% by weight of solution. Preferred cross linking agents are allyl sucrose, allyl pentaerythritol, and MBA. To retain solubility and to achieve optimum thickener/stabilizer efficiency, the molar ratio of crosslinking agent to the monomer mixture is critical; for MBA good results may be achieved within the range 0.06 to 1, preferably 0.08 to 0.7, the optimum being between 0.1 and 0.4 m.moles/mole, inclusive, of the monomer mixture. The precise quantity of crosslinking agent may be selected in dependence upon the proportion of AMPS in the monomer mix, larger proportions of AMPS possibly requiring slightly larger proportions of crosslinking agent. 2.) The ratio, expressed as mole %, between the main monomers in the copolymer composition namely acrylamide/neutralized AMPS may be between 85/15 and 15/85, preferably between 70/30 and 30/70, more preferably between 65/35 and 35/65, especially between 60/40 and 40/60, inclusive. 3) Preferred neutralizing agents for AMPS are sodium or potassium hydroxide or water soluble/miscible amines of low toxicity (eg triethanolamine) or mixtures thereof. 4) Polymerisation may be carried out at a pH .gtoreq.5.5, preferably .gtoreq.6.0 and most preferably .gtoreq.6.5, but .ltoreq.10.0. 5) Oil in water emulsifiers or mixtures of emulsifiers, having an individual or composite HLB value .gtoreq.10, preferably .gtoreq.11 and most preferably .gtoreq.12 and other additives such as inverse emulsion stabilizers, wetting agents, antifoams or combinations or mixtures thereof may be added to the water-in-oil emulsion. In an especially preferred process an inverse monomer emulsion is formed before polymerisation, in which case the oil in water emulsifier and other additives are added after the emulsification of the disperse and continuous phases. However, they then may be added at any time before, during or after the polymerisation process. Preferably, at least some, more preferably all, of the oil in water emulsifier is added after the polymerisation process. 6) The polymer solids content of the water-in-oil emulsion incorporated into the personal care or pharmaceutical preparation is preferably 35-60%, more preferably 40-50% by weight of the total weight of the emulsion.

Compositions embodying the invention may be prepared by incorporating the water in oil emulsion into the remaining components, whereupon the emulsion "inverts" to provide a continuous liquid phase comprising the aqueous medium of the emulsion and any liquid in the composition comprising water or miscible with water. Preferably, essentially all of the polymer is dissolved in the liquid phase. Topically acceptable adjuvants such as the liquid carrier, for example, an alcohol and/or glycol, optionally mixed with water, will then form part of the continuous liquid phase, other topically acceptable adjuvants which are insoluble or only partially soluble in the liquid phase being present in suspension or emulsion. A typical personal care product may contain, by weight of the total composition, up to 50% inclusive of any alcohol or glycol and may contain up to 5%, especially 1-5% inclusive, of a surface active agent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 graphically illustrates viscosity characteristics of various polymer compositions.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Using the method disclosed in Example 1 of EP-B-0186361, a series of polymers were prepared; their composition and properties are given in Table 1.

Experiments 1-7 inclusive, 10 and 12 in Table 1 show the thickening behaviour/solubility of polymer compositions similar to, but outside, the present invention. The thickening efficiency of polymers 1-6, which are homopolymers, is clearly inferior. Polymer 7, which is a copolymer, but contains sodium acrylate in place of the AMPS used in the compositions embodying the invention, meets the required standard of thickening efficiency (see Table 1). However, it gives an unstable solution viscosity over the preferred pH range 5.5 to 9 (see FIG. 1). Polymers 10 and 12 contain too little and too much MBA respectively and neither meets the required standard of thickening efficiency (Table 1). As can be seen from Table 1 and FIG. 1, only polymers 8, 9 and 11, embodying the present invention, meet the required standard of thickening efficiency (Table 1) and give a stable solution viscosity over the preferred pH range 5.5 to 9 (FIG. 1).

A comparison between the same comonomer ratio and the degree of crosslinking can be seen in polymers 10, 11 and 12, in which the respective amounts of MBA in m moles per mole (and ppm by weight) of total monomer mix are 0.05 m moles (50 ppm), 0.22 m moles (248 ppm) and 1.1 m moles (1240 ppm). This comparison indicates that in order to thicken efficiently and retain solubility, the desirable level of MBA addition is above 0.05 and below 1.10 m.moles inclusive per mole of monomer mixture.

It is highly surprising that by controlling the amount of crosslinking agent between the range 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents per mole of total monomer units, an excellent thickening effect can be achieved without unwanted solids being present in the formulation and without incurring a "sticky" sensation to the skin on application, which occurs when too low a proportion of crosslinking agent is present.

TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Viscosity 0.85% Polymer Cross-linking Solution m.moles (m.equivs) (Brookfield % InsolublePolymer MBA per mole of LVF Spindle 4, Material inComposition monomer mix Speed 6) mPa .multidot. s the Polymer__________________________________________________________________________ Sodium Zero (zero) 14,900 <0.1 Polyacrylate Sodium 0.22 (0.44) 22,000 <0.1 Polyacrylate Homopolymer Zero (zero) <1,000 <0.1 of Acrylamide Homopolymer 0.22 (0.44) <1,000 <3.0 of Acrylamide Homopolymer Zero (zero) 1,700 <0.1 of Sodium Salt of AMPS Homopolymer 0.22 (0.44) 13,300 <0.1 of Sodium Salt of AMPS Copolymer of 0.22 (0.44) 53,000 <0.1 50 mole % Acrylamide 50 mole % Sodium Acrylate Copolymer of 0.22 (0.44) 33,000 <0.1 75 mole % Sodium Salt of AMPS 25 mole % Acrylamide Copolymer of 0.22 (0.44) 65,000 <0.5 25 mole % Sodium Salt of AMPS 75 mole % Acrylamide10. Copolymer of 0.05 (0.10) 18,000 <0.01 40 mole % Sodium Salt of AMPS 60 mole % Acrylamide Copolymer of 0.22 (0.44) 76,000 <0.01 40 mole % Sodium Salt of AMPS 60 mole % Acrylamide Copolymer of 1.1 (2.2) 10,000 <0.5 40 mole % Sodium Salt of AMPS 60 mole % Acrylamide__________________________________________________________________________

Polymer 11 of Table 1 corresponds to the copolymer described in Example 1. All viscosity and pH measurements mentioned in the examples were carried out at 25.degree. C.

EXAMPLE 1

Best Method of Preparation

Using the method described in Example 1 of EP-B-0186361 with an ammonium persulphate/sodium metabisulphite redox system a water in oil inverse emulsion was prepared from the sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid and acrylamide, crosslinked with N,N.sup.1 -methylenebisacrylamide. Polymer composition was 60 mole % acrylamide, 40 mole % sodium salt of AMPS, crosslinked with 0.22 m.moles of MBA per mole monomer mixture. The polymerisation was carried out at pH 7.0. To the finished inverse emulsion was added 5% (based on the weight of the total inverse emulsion) of a mixture consisting 20% by weight of an antifoam and 80% by weight of an ethoxylated higher alcohol surfactant having an HLB of 12.5.

The finished inverse emulsion had the following properties:

______________________________________1. Polymer content 41%2. Inverse emulsion viscosity 3,200 mPa .multidot. s3. Inverse emulsion pH 6.94. 0.85% Polymer solution 76,000 mPa .multidot. s viscosity in deionised water5. pH of 1.0% solution 7.36. % insoluble material <0.01______________________________________

USE EXAMPLES

The inverse emulsion from Example 1 was used for the following thickening experiments.

A. EXAMPLES OF PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS

1. Thickening of water alcohol mixtures (necessary for preparation of personal care gels).

______________________________________�a! 1.2% Polymer solution viscosity in 100,000 mPa .multidot. s deionised water�b! 1.2% Polymer solution viscosity in; 100,000 mPa .multidot. s 80% Water 20% Ethanol (90.degree.)�c! 1.2% Polymer solution viscosity in; 100,000 mPa .multidot. s 50% Water 50% Ethanol (90.degree.)______________________________________

2. Thickening of Water Glycol Mixtures

______________________________________�a! 1.2% Polymer solution viscosity in; 100,000 mPa .multidot. s deionised water 1.2% Polymer solution viscosity in; 100,000 mPa .multidot. s 70% Water 30% Propylene glycol______________________________________

3. Emulsion Stabilisation (necessary for the preparation of personal care cream) Formulation:

______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________1. Water 86.52. Inverse emulsion from 3.0 (Polymer 1.23) Example 13. Sepicide C1 0.24. Sepicide HB 0.35. Oil 10.0______________________________________

Procedure: Mixed items 2, 3 and 4 in item 1, using a high speed mixer then mixed item 5.

Results:

______________________________________ Sweet Almond CetearylOil Dimethicone Oil Octanoate______________________________________Initial >100,000 mPa.multidot. s >100,000 mPa.multidot. s >100,000 mPa.multidot. sviscosity1 month @ stable stable stableroom temp.1 month @ stable stable stable50.degree. C.______________________________________

4. Preparation of an After-Shave Lotion

______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________Water 82.80Inverse emulsion from Example 1 1.50 (Polymer 0.62)Ethanol 95.degree. 10.00Micropearl M 100 5.00(Polymethyl methacrylate powder)Sepicide C1 0.50(Preservative)Scala 5610 0.20(Perfume)______________________________________

Procedure: Homogenised all ingredients with a higher shear mixer.

Properties/Characteristics:

______________________________________Appearance Smooth white gel/emulsionpH 6.5Viscosity 12,000 mPa .multidot. sStability Stable at room temp. and at 50.degree. C. for more than four weeks.______________________________________

5. Preparation of Oil in Water Cream

______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________1. Simulsol 165 5.00 (self-emulsifying base for creams)2. Lanol 1688 20.00 (non-greasy ester)3. Lanol P 1.00 (stabilizer)4. Water 71.005. Inverse emulsion from 2.50 (Polymer 1.03) Example 16. Sepicide HB 0.30 (Preservative)7. Sepicide C1 0.20 (Preservative)______________________________________

Procedure: Heated items 1, 2 and 3 to 70.degree. C. and mixed in item 4, preheated to 75.degree. C., using a high speed mixer. Cooled to 55.degree. C. and incorporated item 5 using the high speed mixer. Cooled to 45.degree. C. and incorporated items 6 and 7 using the high speed mixer.

Properties/Characteristics:

______________________________________Appearance Smooth ivory coloured creampH 6.0Viscosity 100,000 mPa .multidot. sStability Stable at room temp. and at 50.degree. C. for more than four weeks.______________________________________

6. Preparation of Massage Gel

______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________1. Inverse emulsion from 3.50 (Polymer 1.44) Example 12. Water 20.003. Blue 512/12 (1%) (Colorant; 2 drops/100 g)4. Water 61.405. Menthol 0.106. Ethanol 95.degree. 10.007. Silicone oil 5.00 (350 CS)______________________________________

Procedure: Using a high speed mixer, mixed item 1 in item 2 and followed by mixing items 3 dissolved in item 4 and item 5 dissolved in item 6. Then mixed in item 7.

Properties/Characteristics

______________________________________Appearance Smooth blue coloured transluscent gelpH 5.5Viscosity 100,000 mPa .multidot. sStability Stable at room temp. and at 50.degree. C. for more than four weeks______________________________________

B. EXAMPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

7. Preparation of Rubefacient Gel

______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________1. Water 62.002. Inverse emulsion from Example 1 2.00 (Polymer 0.82)3. Methyl Nicotinate 0.504. Sepicide CI 0.205. Glycol Salicylate 10.006. Ethanol 95.degree. 25.007. Sepicide HB 0.30______________________________________

Procedure: Dissolved items 3 and 4 in item 1 and mixed in item 2 with a high speed stirrer. Mixed items 5, 6 and 7 together and then added to stirring mixture of item 1-4.

Characteristics:

______________________________________pH about 5.5Viscosity about 11,000 mPa .multidot. sAppearance White gel______________________________________

8. Preparation of Keratosic Skin Treatment Cream

______________________________________1. Montanol 68 Hazelnut oil 5.00 (cetearyl glucoside)2. Wheat germ oil 3.003. Paraffin oil 7.004. Shea Tree Butter 1.005. Lipacid PCO (palmitoyl 2.00 hydrolysed collagen)6. Water 69.507. Inverse emulsion from Example 1 1.00 (Polymer 0.41)8. Sepicide CI 0.209. Sepicide HB 0.3010. Urea 10.0011. Ammonium Chloride 1.0012. Perfume13. Triethanolamine to pH 5.0______________________________________

Procedure: Melted and dissolved items 1-5 at 70.degree. C. Emulsified items 1-5 in 6 at 70.degree. C. Mixed in item 7 at 60.degree. C. with high speed stirring. At 30.degree. C. mixed in items 8-12 with stirring. Adjusted the pH with item 13.

Characteristics:

______________________________________pH 5.0Viscosity about 40,000 mPa .multidot. sAppearance Beige Cream______________________________________

9. Preparation of Antibiotic Gel

______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________1. Water 79.52. Sepicide CI 0.203. Inverse emulsion from Example 1 3.00 (Polymer 1.23)4. Sepicide HB 0.305. Erythromycin 2.006. Ethanol 95.degree. 15.00______________________________________

Procedure: Mix items 1 and 2 and add item 3 with high speed stirring. Add item 4 and 5 dissolved in 6 with high speed stirring.

Characteristics:

______________________________________pH about 9.1Viscosity about 75,000 mPa .multidot. sAppearance White gel______________________________________

10. Preparation of Anti-Acne Gel

______________________________________ Parts by weight______________________________________1. Water 66.4752. Sepicide CI 0.23. Inverse emulsion from Example 1 3.00 (Polymer 1.23)4. Retinoic Acid 0.0255. Sepicide HB 0.306. Ethanol 95.degree. 30.00______________________________________

Procedure: Mix items 1, 2 and 3 with high speed stirring. Add items 4 and 5 dissolved in 6 with high speed stirring.

Characteristics:

______________________________________pH about 6.8Viscosity about 85,000 mPa .multidot. sAppearance Yellow opaque gel______________________________________ ______________________________________SEPICIDE - Registered Trade Mark of SEPPIC ParisMICROPEARL - Registered Trade Mark of MATSUMOTO JapanSIMULSOL - Registered Trade Mark of SEPPIC ParisLANOL - Registered Trade Mark of SEPPIC ParisCOLORANT 512/12, supplied by WACKER FrancePerfume Scala5610, supplied by PFIZER USAMONTANOL - Trade Mark of SEPPIC ParisLIPACID PCO - Trade Mark of GIRAUDAN France______________________________________

Claims

1. A personal care or pharmaceutical composition for topical application comprising

a topically acceptable liquid phase comprising a water phase,

a polymeric material at least 98% of which is water soluble, which polymeric material consists of monomer components (a) acrylamide, (b) 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid and (c) a polyfunctional monomer which is allyl sucrose, allyl pentaerythritol or methylene-bisacrylamide for cross linking with said monomer components (a) and (b), which said monomer components (a) and (b) are present in the polymer material in a molar ratio (a)/(b) of from 85/15 to 15/85 inclusive and which polyfunctional monomer is present in an amount of from 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents inclusive per mole of total monomer units, an oil phase, a water in oil emulsifier, an oil in water emulsifier, and a topically acceptable adjuvant, and whereby said polymeric material serves to thicken the composition and render essentially constant the viscosity of the composition over a pH range of from 5.5 to 9.

2. A personal care product which is a composition according to claim 1, wherein the topically acceptable liquid phase additionally comprises an alcohol.

3. A pharmaceutical composition for topical application which is a composition according to claim 1, which additionally contains a pharmaceutically active component.

4. A composition according to claim 1 which has a pH of at least 5.

5. A composition according to claim 1 which is a cream.

6. A water in oil emulsion containing a polymeric material, at least 98% of the polymeric material in the emulsion being water soluble, which polymeric material consists of monomer components (a) acrylamide, (b) 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propanesulphonic acid and (c) a polyfunctional monomer which is allyl sucrose, allyl pentaerythritol or methylene-bisacrylamide for cross linking with said monomer components (a) and (b), which said monomer components (a) and (b) are present in the polymeric material in a molar ratio (a)/(b) of from 85/15 to 15/85 inclusive and which polyfunctional monomer is present in an amount of from 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents inclusive per mole of total monomer units, at least some of the 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid units being in the form of a neutral salt thereof such that the water phase of the water in oil emulsion has a pH of at least 5.5, which water in oil emulsion is capable, on admixture with a topically acceptable liquid-containing formulation of increasing the viscosity of said formulation to provide a thickened composition having an essentially constant viscosity over a pH range of the composition of from 5.5 to 9.

7. A water in oil emulsion according to claim 6, which has a polymer content and a pH at which at least 98% of the polymeric material is dissolved in the water phase.

8. A water oil emulsion according to claim 6, wherein the polyfunctional monomer is methylene-bisacrylamide.

9. A water in oil emulsion according to claim 8, wherein the methylene-bisacrylamide is present in the water in the oil emulsion in an amount of from 0.08 to 0.7 m.mole per 1 mole of the total of the monomer units (a) and (b).

10. A water in oil emulsion according to claim 9, wherein the methylene-bisacrylamide is present in the water in oil emulsion in an amount of from 0.1 to 0.4 mole per 1 mole of the total of the monomer units (a) and (b).

11. A water in oil emulsion according to claim 6, containing, as a neutralizing agent, at least one of sodium and potassium hydroxides and water soluble and water miscible amines.

12. A water in oil emulsion according to claim 6, which additionally contains an oil in water emulsifying agent comprising at least one emulsifier and having a hydrophile lipophile balance of at least 10.

13. In a personal care or pharmaceutical composition for topical application comprising an active ingredient, a water phase and an oil phase, a water-in-oil emulsifier and an oil-in-water emulsifier and a thickener, the improvement wherein said thickener is a polymeric material which is at least 98% water soluble and consists of monomeric units of monomer components (a) acrylamide, (b) 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonic acid and (c) a polyfunctional monomer which is allyl sucrose, allyl pentaerythritol or methylene-bisacrylamide for cross linking with said monomer components (a) and (b), monomer components (a) and (b) being present in the polymer material in a molar ratio (a)/(b) of from 85/15 to 15/85 inclusive and the polyfunctional monomer (c) being present in an amount of from 0.12 to 2 milliequivalents inclusive per mole of total monomer units, said polymeric material functioning to thicken the composition and render the viscosity thereof essentially constant over a pH range of from 5.5 to 9.