Patent Grant
7881781
This document pertains generally to implantable medical devices and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to congestive heart failure (CHF) thoracic fluid detection and other thoracic impedance systems, devices, or methods that compensate or correct for changes in blood resistivity.
Variations in how much fluid is present in a person's thorax can take various forms and can have different causes. Eating salty foods can result in retaining excessive fluid in the thorax and elsewhere. Posture changes can also affect the amount of thoracic fluid. For example, moving from supine to standing can shift intravascular fluid away from the thorax toward the lower extremities.
Another example is pulmonary edema, which results in buildup of extravascular fluid in the lungs. In pulmonary edema, fluid accumulates in extracellular spaces, such as the spaces between lung tissue cells. One cause of pulmonary edema is congestive heart failure (CHF), which is also sometimes referred to as “chronic heart failure,” or as “heart failure.” CHF can be conceptualized as an enlarged weakened portion of heart muscle. The impaired heart muscle results in poor cardiac output of blood. As a result of such poor blood circulation, blood tends to pool in blood vessels in the lungs. This intravascular fluid buildup, in turn, results in the extravascular fluid buildup mentioned above. In sum, pulmonary edema can be one important condition associated with CHF.
Yet another example of thoracic fluid accumulation is pleural effusion, which is the buildup of extravascular fluid in the space between the lungs and the rib cage. Pleural effusion can also result from CHF because, as discussed above, intravascular fluid buildup can result in the extravascular interstitial fluid buildup. The extravascular fluid buildup of pulmonary edema can, in turn, result in the extravascular fluid buildup of pleural effusion.
CHF may also activate several physiological compensatory mechanisms. Such compensatory mechanisms are aimed at correcting the reduced cardiac output. For example, the heart muscle may stretch to increase its contractile power. Heart muscle mass may also increase. This is referred to as “hypertrophy.” The ventricle may also change its shape as another compensatory response. In another example, a neuro-endocrine response may provide an adrenergic increase in heart rate and contraction force. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS) may be activated to induce vasoconstriction, fluid retention, and redistribution of blood flow. Although the neuro-endocrine response is compensatory, it may overload the cardiovascular system. This may result in myocardial damage, and may exacerbate CHF.
Diagnosing CHF may involve physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), blood tests, chest radiography, or echocardiography. Managing a CHF patient is challenging. CHF may require potent drugs. Moreover, treatment may be thwarted by the compensatory mechanisms, which may recompensate for the presence of the medical treatment. Therefore, treating CHF involves a delicate balance to properly manage the patient's hemodynamic status in a state of proper compensation to avoid further degeneration.
However, this delicate balance between compensation and effective CHF treatment is easily upset, even by seemingly benign factors, such as common medication (e.g., aspirin), physiological factors, excitement, or gradual progression of the disease. This may plunge the patient into a decompensation crisis, which requires immediate corrective action so as to prevent the deterioration of the patient's condition which, if left unchecked, can lead to death. In sum, accurately monitoring the symptoms of CHF, such as thoracic fluid accumulation, is very useful for avoiding such a decompensation crisis and properly managing the CHF patient in a state of relative well-being.
In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes represent different instances of substantially similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.
The following detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments, which are also referred to herein as “examples,” are described in enough detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. The embodiments may be combined, other embodiments may be utilized, or structural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one. In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, unless otherwise indicated. Furthermore, all publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this document are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as though individually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistent usages between this document and those documents so incorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) should be considered supplementary to that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.
In this document, the term intravascular includes the term intracardiac.
In this document, the term cardiovascular includes an association with either the heart or a blood vessel.
In this document, the term “thorax” refers to a human subject's body other than the subject's head, arms, and legs.
One illustrative example of some electrode configurations and circuits for performing thoracic impedance measurements is described in Hartley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,015 entitled RATE ADAPTIVE CARDIAC RHYTHM MANAGEMENT DEVICE USING TRANSTHORACIC IMPEDANCE, which is assigned to Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc., and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, including its description of performing thoracic impedance measurements. The Hartley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,015 uses thoracic impedance to obtain a respiration signal. By contrast, the present patent application uses thoracic impedance to obtain a thoracic fluid status signal. Therefore, the signal of interest in the present patent application would be deemed noise in the Hartley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,015, and vice-versa. However, both thoracic fluid status and respiration are obtainable using the thoracic impedance detection techniques described in the Hartley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,015. The present thoracic fluid status signal of interest is obtained from a lower frequency (i.e., a “near-DC”) portion of the thoracic impedance signal rather than the frequencies of the respiration signal described in the Hartley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,015. In this document, the “near-DC” component of the thoracic impedance signal refers to the frequencies below which respiration and cardiac contractions significantly influence the thoracic impedance signal. This near-DC component of the thoracic impedance signal, therefore, typically refers to signal frequencies below a cutoff frequency having a value of about 0.1 Hz, such as at signal frequencies between about 5×10−7 Hz and 0.05 Hz, because the cardiac stroke and respiration components of the thoracic impedance signal lie at higher frequencies. Fluid accumulation in the thorax corresponds to a decrease in the near-DC thoracic impedance. Conversely, fluid depletion in the thorax corresponds to an increase in the near-DC thoracic impedance. As discussed above, fluid accumulation may result from, among other things, pulmonary edema or pleural effusion, both of which may result from CHF.
In the example of
However, the present inventors have recognized that the near-DC thoracic impedance signal is typically also affected by confounding factors other than the amount of fluid present in the thorax. One such confounding factor is any change in blood resistivity. Blood resistivity changes as a function of hematocrit in the blood. The hematocrit (Ht) or packed cell volume (PCV) is the proportion of blood that is occupied by red blood cells. It is typically between 0.35 and 0.52, and is slightly higher on average in males than in females. For example, when a patient is dehydrated, there will be less fluid in the patient's blood. Therefore, the patient's hematocrit level will increase, that is, the patient's blood will include a higher percentage of other components, such as insulative red blood cells. This will increase the blood resistivity, which, in turn, will affect the thoracic impedance signal even through it is not necessarily associated with the extravascular fluid accumulation of pulmonary edema or pleural effusion. Other factors that are believed to possibly influence blood resistivity include the patient's electrolyte level, certain medications in the blood, proteins in the blood, or blood gas concentrations.
As an illustrative example, the above change in hematocrit percentage from 35% to 52% may correspond to a change in resistivity from about 140 Ω·cm to about 200 Ω·cm. Such changes in blood resistivity will influence the near-DC thoracic impedance measurement. This will confound an extravascular thoracic fluid amount determination using the near-DC thoracic impedance measurement, unless the extravascular thoracic fluid amount determination is corrected for such variations in blood resistivity, if any. Measurement of variations in blood resistivity is typically affected by the frequency of the excitation signal that are used. At higher excitation frequencies, blood cells typically become more resistive.
Accordingly, the system in
In
In one example, thoracic impedance is sensed by delivering a test current between: (1) at least one of the ring electrodes 208 or 210; and (2) the housing electrode 218, and a resulting responsive voltage is measured across the tip electrode 206 and the header electrode 216. Because the IMD 200 is typically pectorally implanted at some distance away from the heart 202, this electrode configuration injects the test current over a substantial portion (but typically not the entire portion) of the patient's thorax, such that when the resulting voltage measurement is divided by the test current magnitude, it yields an indication of thoracic impedance. Using different electrodes for delivering the current and for measuring the responsive voltage reduces the component of the measured impedance signal that results from ohmic losses in the leadwires to the test current delivery electrodes. While such a “four-point” probe is useful, it is not required. In other examples, a “three-point probe” (having three electrodes, with one electrode used for both test current delivery and responsive voltage measurement), or a “two-point probe” (having two electrodes, each electrode used for both test current delivery and responsive voltage measurement) are used. Moreover, other electrode combinations could alternatively be used to implement a four-point probe. The above four-point probe description provides an illustrative example of one suitable four-point probe configuration.
In one example, blood impedance is sensed by delivering a test current between: (1) one of the distal ring electrode 208 or the proximal ring electrode 210; and (2) the housing electrode 218. A resulting responsive voltage is measured between: (1) the other of the distal ring electrode 208 or the proximal ring electrode 210; and (2) the tip electrode 206. In this example, although the test current is injected across a substantial portion of the patient's thorax, as discussed above, the responsive voltage signal of interest is measured across electrodes within the same chamber of the patient's heart (or, alternatively, within the same blood vessel). Therefore, when the responsive voltage measurement is divided by the test current magnitude, it yields an indication of the blood impedance in the heart chamber rather than the thoracic impedance. The measured blood impedance is used to compensate the measured thoracic impedance for changes in the blood impedance.
In the example of
The Hartley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,015 describes an exciter circuit for delivering such a test current stimulus (however, the present system can alternatively use other suitable circuits, including an arbitrary waveform generator that is capable of operating at different frequencies or of mixing different frequencies to generate an arbitrary waveform). It also describes a signal processing circuit for measuring a responsive voltage between a housing electrode 216 and a tip electrode 206. In one example, the signal processing circuit includes a preamplifier, demodulator, and bandpass filter for extracting the thoracic impedance data from the carrier signal, before conversion into digital form by an A/D converter. Further processing is performed digitally, and is performed differently in the present system 100 than in the Hartley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,015.
For example, the Hartley et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,075,015 includes a bandpass filter that receives the output of the A/D converter. The purpose of the highpass portion of the bandpass filter is to attenuate the near-DC portion of the thoracic impedance signal, which is the signal of interest to the present system 100. Therefore, the present system 100 eliminates the highpass filter. The cutoff frequency of the remaining lowpass filter is selected to pass the near-DC portion of the thoracic impedance signal and attenuate higher frequency portions of the thoracic impedance signal, including the respiration and cardiac stroke components of the thoracic impedance signal. In one example, a programmable cutoff frequency lowpass filter is used. In another example, an adaptive cutoff frequency lowpass filter is used, such that the cutoff frequency is moved to a higher frequency for higher values of heart rate and respiration frequency, and the cutoff frequency is moved to a lower frequency for lower values of heart rate and respiration frequency.
At 402 of
At 404, a thoracic fluid amount indication is determined. There are a number of ways in which this can be done. In one example, the thoracic fluid amount indication is given by the value of the near-DC thoracic impedance signal, which may be averaged or otherwise filtered, if desired. In another example, a baseline value of this averaged or otherwise filtered near-DC thoracic impedance signal is obtained from the patient, and the thoracic fluid amount indication is given by the difference of the near-DC thoracic fluid impedance value (with the same or different averaging or filtering) from this baseline value.
At 406, the thoracic fluid amount indication obtained from the near-DC thoracic impedance is adjusted to compensate for changes in blood resistivity. In one example, the adjusted thoracic fluid amount indication is given by: TFAadj=TFAraw·(ρBlood, current)÷(ρBlood, baseline). In this equation, TFAadj is the adjusted value of the thoracic fluid amount, (ρBlood, baseline) is the baseline value of the blood resistivity, and (ρBlood, current) is the current value of the blood resistivity. In the present case, since the same electrodes are used for both the baseline and current blood resistance measurements, the resistivity ratio (ρBlood, current)÷(ρBlood, baseline) is given by the corresponding ratio of the blood resistances, i.e., (ZBlood, current)÷(ZBlood, baseline).
In a further example, such as where the implantable medical device 300 optionally includes a posture sensor or detector 318, a separate baseline impedance or resistivity is provided for different postures, since posture affects thoracic impedance measurements. In one example, a separate baseline impedance or resistivity is stored for upright postures (e.g., sitting or standing) than for recumbent postures (e.g., supine, prone, left lateral decubitus, right lateral decubitus). In a further example, a separate baseline impedance or resistivity is stored for one or more of the different subtypes of upright or recumbent postures. In compensating the thoracic fluid amount indication, the posture compensation module 320 compensates a particular resistivity measurement by using a baseline resistivity that corresponds to the then-current posture indicated by the postures detector 318. One example of a suitable posture detector 318 is a commercially available two-axis accelerometer, such as Model No. ADXL202E, manufactured by Analog Devices, Inc. of Norwood, Mass., USA.
The compensated thoracic fluid amount indication can be stored in the implantable medical device 300 or transmitted to the external device 316. Moreover, in one example, the implantable medical device 300 or external device 316 is capable of storing a history of the values of the thoracic fluid amount indication to assist the physician in managing the CHF state of the patient. In one example, the external device 316 is capable of displaying a graph, histogram or other chart of such thoracic fluid amount values.
In a further example, the implantable medical device 300 or the external device 316 determines whether heart failure decompensation, pulmonary edema, or pleural effusion is present, such as by comparing an increase in the blood-resistivity-compensated thoracic fluid amount indication to a corresponding first threshold value to deem one or more of these conditions to be present.
In yet a further example, the implantable medical device 300 or the external device 316 predicts whether heart failure decompensation, pulmonary edema, or pleural effusion is likely to become present in the future, such as by comparing an increase in the blood-resistivity-compensated thoracic fluid amount indication to a corresponding second threshold value to deem one or more of these conditions to be likely in the future. The second threshold used for the condition prediction may be different from the first threshold used for the condition detection. In one example, the second threshold value reflects a smaller increase in the thoracic fluid amount indication than the first threshold value.
In yet a further example, the implantable medical device 300 adjusts a therapy to the patient using the thoracic fluid amount indication. In one example, an increase in the thoracic fluid amount indication triggers an increase in a rate at which pacing pulses are delivered to the heart. In another example, a change in the thoracic fluid amount indication results in altering another programmable parameter of cardiac pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy, such as, for example, atrioventricular (AV) delay, particular cardiac stimulation sites, interventricular delay, or intraventricular delay. In a further example, a change in the thoracic fluid amount indication triggers the providing of a warning or other indication to the patient to adjust a medication level (for example, a diuretic).
Another application for the present systems, devices, and methods is in anemia detection. Anemia is a pathological condition that is often present in CHF patients. Diagnosing and treating anemia will improve a patient's cardiac function. Therefore, there is a need to detect anemia in CHF patients, for example, to communicate a diagnosis regarding the anemia status to a CHF patient's health care provider.
At 502, a current blood impedance is measured. This near-DC blood impedance measurement is typically performed in the same manner and location as described above for establishing the baseline. At 504, the current blood impedance is compared to the baseline blood impedance. As described above, a higher percentage of red blood cells tends to increase blood impedance. Therefore, when the current blood impedance falls far enough below the baseline blood impedance, then anemia may be indicated. Therefore, in one example, if the current blood impedance falls below the baseline blood impedance by at least an offset threshold value, then anemia is declared to be present at 506. In one example, the offset value is a fixed or programmable percentage of the baseline blood impedance (e.g., 5%, 10%, 20%, etc.). The offset value is typically set to prevent normal physiological variations in blood impedance from triggering an anemia detection. In another example, such as by choosing a different threshold value, the comparison predicts that anemia is likely to occur (e.g., if the blood impedance falls at least 10% below its baseline value, then future anemia is predicted; if the blood impedance then falls at least 20% below its baseline value, then present anemia is declared).
In one further example, if anemia is predicted or declared present, that information is telemetered or otherwise communicated to the patient's health care provider from the implantable medical device, such as by providing such information to an external device for storage or display. In one example, such communication takes place the next time that the implantable medical device is interrogated by a programmer or other external interface. In another example, such the implantable medical device itself initiates a telemetric or other communication of such information to an external device. In yet a further example, an anemia warning is provided to the patient, either directly by the implantable medical device (e.g., an audible warning), or via an external interface device.
In some examples, a method includes detecting a first blood resistivity at a first time using at least one implanted intravascular or intracardiac electrode in a patient. In an example, a second blood resistivity is detected at a second time using the at least one implanted intravascular or intracardiac electrode. In an example, the second blood resistivity is compared to the first blood resistivity. If the second blood resistivity is less than the first blood resistivity by at least a threshold value, then, in some examples, an indication or prediction of anemia is declared to be present in the patient. In an example, the first blood resistivity and the second blood resistivity are detected in the same blood vessel or heart chamber. In an example, the first blood resistivity and the second blood resistivity are detected under like conditions with respect to at least one of a cardiac cycle, a respiratory cycle, a posture, and a circadian cycle. In some examples, an indication of anemia predicted or anemia present is communicated to an external device.
In various examples, a system includes an implantable medical device. In an example, the implantable medical device includes first and second electrodes located within the same blood vessel or heart chamber. The implantable medical device, in an example, includes a blood resistivity measurement circuit configured to provide a blood resistivity signal obtained between the first and second electrodes at different first and second times. In an example, a controller is coupled to the blood resistivity measurement circuit and is configured to determine an indication or prediction of anemia by comparing a current blood resistivity to a stored baseline blood resistivity value. The blood resistivity measurement circuit, in some examples, includes a test current circuit to deliver a test current to first and second implantable electrodes. In further examples, the blood resistivity measurement circuit includes a voltage measurement circuit to measure a resulting voltage between third and fourth implantable electrodes. In an example, the system includes a heart signal sensing circuit configured to synchronize the first and second times to like portions of different cardiac cycles. In another example, the system includes a thoracic impedance measurement circuit configured to synchronize the first and second times to like portions of different respiration cycles. In still another example, the system includes a posture sensor and a posture compensation module configured to store different baseline blood resistivities corresponding to different postures obtained from the posture sensor.
As discussed above, measurement of variations in blood resistivity is typically affected by the frequency of the excitation signal that are used. At higher excitation frequencies, blood cells typically become more resistive. Therefore, to yield a more sensitive measurement of anemia, it may be desirable to use a higher excitation frequency than would be used for detecting thoracic impedance, and for correcting the resulting thoracic impedance measurements for changes in blood resistivity. Alternatively, such as for measuring thoracic fluid status, if a change in blood resistivity exceeds a certain threshold value then, in one example, the system automatically switches to a lower excitation frequency that is affected less by changes in blood resistivity.
Although much of the above discussion has emphasized correcting near-DC thoracic impedance measurements to account for changes in blood resistivity, hematocrit-related blood resistivity changes may also affect higher frequency components of the thoracic impedance signal (e.g., respiration components, cardiac stroke components, etc.), somewhat analogous to the way in which patient posture can affect such higher frequency components of the thoracic impedance signal. Aspects of the present blood resistivity measurement and correction techniques may also be used for correcting such higher-frequency components of the thoracic impedance signal. However, the effects of blood resistivity changes at higher frequency may be nonlinear, making correction with a single multiplicative correction factor difficult or impossible. Therefore, a nonlinear correction function may be used, if needed. Such a nonlinear correction function may be empirically determined. In one example, the nonlinear correction function may be implemented as a lookup table. Moreover, the higher-frequency components of the thoracic impedance signal may be used to infer thoracic fluid status even much of the above discussion focused on particular examples that extract a thoracic fluid status signal from the near-DC component of the thoracic impedance signal.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described embodiments (and/or aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The scope of the invention should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system, device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in this document and in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/139,948, now U.S. Pat. 7,672,718, filed Jun. 16, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. application No. 10/921,503, filed Aug. 19, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,387,610, the specifications of which are herein incorporated by reference.
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