TECHNICAL FIELD
This disclosure relates generally to branchline couplers and more particularly to compact branchline couplers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As is known in the art, one type of analog phase shifter includes a branchline coupler. One such branchline coupler, sometimes also referred to as a reflective coupler or a shunt hybrid combiner, is shown in FIG. 1 to include a pair of main transmission lines and a pair of shunt transmission lines. One analog phase shifter, (FIG. 2) that includes a branchline coupler is described in a paper entitled “Integral analysis of hybrid coupler semiconductor phase shifters” by Kori et al, IEE Proceedings, vol. 134, Pt. H. No. 2. April 1987.
One technique used to adjust phase shift of the branchline coupler type phase shifter is to connect a phase adjusting section connected to each one of the pair of shunt transmission lines as described in a paper entitled “A Low-Loss Voltage-Controlled Analog Phase-Shifter Using Branchline Coupler and Varactor Diodes” by Gupta et al., (Gupta, Nishant, Raghuvir Tomar, and Prakash Bhartia. “A low-loss voltage-controlled analog phase-shifter using branchline coupler and varactor diodes.” Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, 2007. ICMMT07. International Conference on. IEEE, 2007). There a pair of varactor diodes is controlled by voltages to adjust the phase shift provided by the phase shifter. Another branchline coupler type phase shifter having a phase adjusting section connected to each one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is shown in FIG. 3A. Here the phase adjusting sections each includes a pair of conductors separated one from and the other; one of the conductors being connected to a ground plane conductor on the bottom of a substrate. The two conductors are connected by a series of bridging, spaced bond wires, as shown. With an input signal applied, the phase at the output is measured and the bond wires are removed one at a time, as shown in FIG. 3B, to thereby change the electrical length of the path through the phase adjusting sections to ground until the desired phase shift is obtained; FIG. 3B showing several of the bond wires removed from the branchline coupler type phase shifter of FIG. 3A.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with the present disclosure a branchline coupler structure is provided, comprising: a support structure; a pair of main transmission lines disposed on different horizontal levels of the support structure; and a pair of shunt transmission lines, vertically disposed and laterally spaced, and disposed in the support structure. A first one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between: one region of a first one of the pair of main transmission lines and a first end of a second one of the pair of main transmission line. A second one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between a second region of the first one of the pair of main transmission lines, laterally spaced from the first region, and a second end of the second one of the main transmission lines.
In one embodiment, the branchline coupler structure includes: a pair of phase adjusting sections, each one of the pair of phase shifting sections being coupled to a corresponding one of a pair of shunt transmission line sections through a corresponding one of pair phase shifter section transmission lines, the pair phase shifter section transmission lines being disposed on an upper surface of the support structure. A ground pad is disposed on an upper surface of the support structure, separate from the signal strip conductors of the phase shifter section transmission lines by gaps; and a plurality of electrical conductors, bridging the gaps, disposed successive along over the gaps, each one of the plurality of electrical conductors having one end to connect the ground pad and a second end connected to the phase shifter transmission line sections.
In one embodiment, the branchline coupler structure includes: a second ground pad disposed on an upper surface of the support structure, separate from the signal strip conductors of the pair of phase shifter section transmission lines by a pair of gaps; and a second plurality of electrical conductors, bridging the pair of gaps, disposed successive along over the pair of gaps, each one of the second plurality of electrical conductors having one end connect the second ground pad and a second end connected to the corresponding one of the phase shifter transmission line sections.
In one embodiment, the first-mentioned plurality of electrical conductors and the second plurality of electrical conductors are staggered along the first mentioned gap and a corresponding one of the pair of gaps.
In one embodiment, pair of shunt transmission lines propagate energy with the electric field of such energy being disposed vertically.
In one embodiment, the pair of main transmission lines propagate energy with the electric field of such energy being disposed horizontally.
In one embodiment, a branchline coupler structure is proved comprising: a pair of main transmission lines; a pair of shunt transmission lines, a first one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between: one region of a first one of the pair of main transmission lines and a first end of a second one of the pair of main transmission line, a second one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between a second region of the first one of the pair of main transmission lines, laterally spaced from the first region, and a second end of the second one of the main transmission lines; a pair of phase adjusting sections, each one of the pair of phase shifting sections being coupled to a corresponding one of a pair of shunt transmission line sections through a corresponding one of pair phase shifter section transmission lines; a ground pad disposed on an upper surface of the support structure, separate from the signal strip conductors of the phase shifter section transmission lines by gaps; and a plurality of electrical conductors, bridging the gaps, disposed successive along over the gaps, each one of the plurality of electrical conductors having one end to connect the ground pad and a second end connected to one of the phase shifter transmission line sections.
In one embodiment, a second ground pad disposed on an upper surface of the support structure, separate from the signal strip conductors of the pair of phase shifter section transmission lines by a pair of gaps. A second plurality of electrical conductors, bridging the pair of gaps, is disposed successive along over the pair of gaps, each one of the second plurality of electrical conductors having one end connect the second ground pad and a second end connected to the corresponding one of the phase shifter transmission line sections.
In one embodiment, the first-mentioned plurality of electrical conductors and the second plurality of electrical conductors are staggered along the first mentioned gap and a corresponding one of the pair of gaps.
With such an arrangement a compact branchline coupler is provided. Also, the number of phase shifts available is increased by providing the second ground pad.
The details of one or more embodiments of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a branchline coupler according to the PRIOR ART;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a phase shifter using a branchline coupler according to the PRIOR ART;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are perspective views of a phase shifter using a branchline coupler according to the PRIOR ART at various stages in the fabrication thereof according to the PRIOR ART;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view, partially shown in phantom, of a branchline coupler according to the disclosure;
FIG. 4A is the perspective of view, partially shown in phantom, of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 with a portion thereof removed to show inner layers of the branchline coupler according to the disclosure, such inner portion being encircled by an arrow designated 7-7 and shown in FIG. 7;
FIG. 4B shows the signal conductors used in the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure;
FIG. 5 is an exploded, perspective sketch showing each one of a plurality of vertically stacked printed circuit boards of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure;
FIGS. 5A-5M are top views of each one of the printed circuit boards of FIG. 5 used to form the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure;
FIG. 6 is a simplified, exploded, diagrammatic schematic sketch of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 useful in further understanding the arrangement of the printed circuit boards of FIG. 5A-5M of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure; and
FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of the inner portion designated as 7-7 in FIG. 4A of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure.
Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to FIGS. 4, 4A, 4B and 5, a branchline coupler structure 10 is shown. The branchline coupler structure 10 incudes: a support structure 12 (FIG. 4A) here a dielectric structure comprising a plurality of, here thirteen, planar printed circuit boards 121-1213, vertically stacked along the Z-axis, as shown in FIG. 6, the planar surfaces of the boards 121-1213 being disposed in horizontal (X-Y) planes, the top view of each one of the plurality of printed circuit boards 121-1213 being shown in FIGS. 5A-5M, respectively; the top one of the boards 121-1213 being designated as 121 and the bottom one of the boards 121-1213 being labelled 1213. When the plurality of printed circuits boards 121-1213 are bonded together with any conventional dielectric bonding material, not shown, the branchline coupler structure 10 forms, as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5; the signal strip conductors 161,162, inner signal conductors 261,262 and signal strip conductors 381,382, of the branchline coupler 10, to be described in more detail below, being shown in FIG. 4B.
Referring also to FIGS. 5A-5M, a pair of main transmission lines 141, 142, (FIG. 5) here microstrip transmission lines, each one having a signal strip conductor 161, 162, respectively, formed on the upper surface of boards 1211 and 121, respectively, as shown in FIGS. 5K and 5A, respectively, and a corresponding, underlying one a pair of ground plane conductors 181,182, respectively, formed by conductive sheet portions 1213metal/ground plane and 123metal/ground plane on boards 1213 and 123, respectively, as shown in FIGS. 5M and 5C, respectively, disposed in the X-Y horizontal plane to support an electric field along the vertical Z-axis disposed, each one of the main transmission lines 141, 142 being disposed on different horizontal levels of the support structure 12; and a pair of shunt transmission lines, 261, 262, (FIG. 5) here coaxial type transmission lines 221, 222, having: (a) grounded outer conductors formed by conductive sheet 241, 242, 243, respectively, formed by conductive sheet portions 125metal/ground plane, 127metal ground plane, and 129metal ground plane on boards 125, 127 and 129, respectively (FIGS. 5E, 5G and 5I, respectively, the conductive sheets being spaced vertically less than a quarter wavelength at the nominal operating wavelength of the branchline coupler in order to appear electrically as a continuous conductor; and inner signal conductors 261, 262, respectively, formed by conductive signal vias 221, and 222 formed by conductive portions of conductive sheets on boards, respectively, 122-1212 as shown in FIG. 5B through FIG. 5L, the coaxial type transmission lines 221, 222, extending vertically and laterally spaced, and disposed in the support structure 12 to support an electric field along the X-Y horizontal planes.
A first one of the pair of shunt transmission lines 261, 262, (FIG. 5) here shunt transmission line 261 is coupled between: one region 281 on board 1211 (FIG. 5K) of a first one of the pair of main transmission lines 141,142, here main transmission line 141 and a first end 301 on board 121 (FIG. 5A) of a second one of the pair of main transmission lines 141, 142, here main transmission line 142. A second one of the pair of shunt transmission lines 261, 262, here shunt transmission line 26 is coupled between a second region 282 on board 1211 (FIG. 5K) of the first one of the pair of main transmission lines 141,142, here main transmission line 141 has a region 281 laterally spaced from a second region 282 on board 1211.
Here the branchline coupler structure 10 includes: a pair of phase adjusting sections, 321,322, FIG. 5, each one of the pair of phase shifting sections 321, 322 being coupled to a corresponding one of a pair of shunt transmission line sections 261,262, respectively and a corresponding one of the second one of the pair of main transmission lines, respectively, at a corresponding one of the regions 281,282, respectively, as shown, through a corresponding one of pair phase shifter section transmission lines, 341,342, (FIG. 5) respectively, here microstrip transmission lines, as shown. More particularly, phase shifter section transmission lines, 341,342, each has a corresponding of a pair of signal strip conductors 381,382, respectively, disposed on an upper surface of the support structure 10 (board 121, FIG. 5A) and extending along the Y-direction. Each one of the pair of signal strip conductors 381, 382, is disposed above a corresponding one of a pair of ground plane conductors 401,402, respectively, here provided by a common conductor 31 pattern as shown on board 124 as shown in FIG. 5D) and positioned to support a vertical electric field along the Z-axis.
A plurality of, here three electrically connected ground pads 421, 422, and 423, are disposed on an upper surface of the support structure 10 are formed by a patterned electrical conductor 19 formed on board 121 (FIG. 5A), as indicted. The three ground pads 421, 422, and 423, are separate from one another by gaps 441 and 442, as shown, with signal strip conductors 381,382, respectively, being disposed in gaps 441, 442, respectively, as shown. There are two sets 46a1, 46b1 and 46a2, 46b2 of electrical conductors, here bond wires, are staggered across gaps 441,442, respectively, as shown. One portion of set 46a1, 46b1, here set 46a1 has one end connected to ground pad 421 and an opposite end connected to signal strip conductor 381 and here set 46b1 has one end connected to ground pad 422 and an opposite end connected to signal strip conductor 381. It is noted that the electrical conductors in set 46a1 and set 46b1 are disposed successive along over the gap 441 with each one the conductors in set 46a1 being staggered with respect to the each one of the conductors in set 46b1, as shown. To put it another way, each one of the conductors in set 46b1 is disposed between a pair of the conductors in set 46a1, as shown. Likewise, it is noted that the electrical conductors in set 46a2 and set 46b2 are disposed successive along over the gap 442 with each one the conductors in set 46a2 being staggered with respect to the each one of the conductors in set 46b2, as shown. To put it another way, each one of the conductors in set 46b2 is disposed between a pair of the conductors in set 46a2, as shown.
The ground plane conductors on printed circuit boards 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 1211 and 1213—(FIGS. 5A, 5C, 5E, 5G, 5I, 5K and 5M, respectively), and the three ground pads 421, 422, and 423 on board 121 (FIG. 5A), are connected together with conductive ground vias 21, as shown in FIGS. 5A-5M. Boards 122, 124, 126, 128, 1210, 1212 (FIGS. 5B, 5D, 5F, 5H, 5J, and 5L), have conductive vias 21 with boards 124, 126, 128, 1210 and 1212 also having portions of the center signal conductor of the coaxial shunt transmission lines 221, 222 as shown in FIG. 7.
The boards 121-1213 are formed as shown above and described above in FIGS. 5A-M except for the ground vias 21 and inner signal conductors 261, 262. The formed boards 121-1213 are then stacked and bonded together with any conventional dielectric bonding material, not shown. The ground vias 19 and conductive vias of the inner signal conductors 261, 262 are formed by first etching or drilling holes in the bonded structure from the bottom or backside of the bonded structure vertically through such structure starting from the back of board 1213 and then then filling the holes with a suitable electrically conductive material. In order to prevent the conductive material from electrically connecting the inner signal conductors 261, 262. To the ground plane conductor on board 1213, the portion of the inner signal conductors 261, 262, conductive material of the inner signal conductors 261, 262 making such connection are removed by back-drilling or by timed etching for example and removed conductive material is replaced with a dielectric material.
Thus, in FIG. 5A, board 121: numerical designation 19 is conductive sheet patterned to form pads 421, 422 and 423; signal strip conductors 381,382, main transmission line signal 142 strip conductor 162; top portions of inner signal conductors 261, 262; a first and second ends of the main transmission line 1421 signal strip conductors 301, 302; exposed portion of the surface of the dielectric portions of board 121 being designed 121S.
In FIG. 5B, board 122: dielectric surface of board 122S and conductive vias 122signal for center signal conductors of coaxial shunt transmission 221, 222 exposed portions of the dielectric surface being designated 122S.
In FIG. 5C, board 123: patterned conductor 123ground plane serves as a ground plane conductor 182 for signal strip conductor 162 of the main transmission line 142 and as the ground plane conductors 402 for strip conductors 382 of the phase shifter transmission line 342; numerical designation 123S is the dielectric exposed surface portions of the dielectric board 123, numerical designation 123metal/signal designating an outer portion of the inner signal conductors 261, 262.
In FIG. 5D, board 124: numerical designation 124S is the exposed portions of the surface of board 124.
In FIG. 5E, board 125: numerical designation 125ground plane is patterned conductor providing a ground plane with exposed dielectric portions of the dielectric board 125 being designated 125S; numerical designation 125metal/signal designates an outer portion of the inner signal conductors 261, 262.
In FIG. 5F, board 126: numerical designation 126S being portions of the surface of dielectric board 126.
In FIG. 5G, board 127: numerical designation 127ground plane is patterned conductor providing a ground plane with exposed dielectric portions of the dielectric board 127 being designated 127S; numerical designation 127metal/signal designates an outer portion of the inner signal conductors 261, 262.
In FIG. 5H, board 128: numerical designation 128S being portions of the surface of dielectric board 128.
In FIG. 5I, board 129: numerical designation 129ground plane designates patterned conductor providing a ground plane with exposed dielectric portions of the dielectric board 129 being designated 129S; numerical designation 129metal/signal designating an outer portion of the inner signal conductors 261, 262.
In FIG. 5J, board 1210, numerical designation 1210S being portions of the surface of dielectric board 1210.
In FIG. 5K, board 1211, numerical designation 1211ground plane designates patterned conductor providing a ground plane with exposed dielectric portions of the dielectric board 1211 being designated 1211S; numerical designation 121metal/signal designating the signal strip conductor 161 of the main transmission line 141.
In FIG. 5L, board 1212, numerical designation 1212S designates portions of the surface of dielectric board 1212.
In FIG. 5M, board 1213, numerical designation 1213 designating the ground plane conductor 181 of the main transmission line 141.
A number of embodiments of the disclosure have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, the phase shifting section need not use bonding wires but techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,243,246 Issued Mar. 26, 2019, entitled “Phase Shifter Including a Branchline Coupler Having Phase Adjusting Sections Formed By Connectable Conductive Pads”, Inventors Laighton et at., assigned to the same assignee as the present invention may be used. Further, the coaxial, vertical, shunt transmission line may be formed by arranging a plurality of vertical columns of conductor closely spaced circumferentially around a signal center conductor as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,887,195 Issued Feb. 6, 2018, Inventors Drab et al., assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
Patent Grant
11177547
