Patent Grant
9947817
This application generally relates to photovoltaic devices, and more specifically to the methods of manufacturing photovoltaic cells featuring a large number of photovoltaic bristles.
Solar power is a popular clean energy, but it is generally more expensive than its fossil fuel competitors (e.g., oil, coal, and natural gas) and other traditional energy sources (e.g., hydropower). Typically, solar energy is relatively expensive because traditional photovoltaic cells with a planar configuration have generally low total efficiency. Total efficiency is based upon the total power produced from a solar panel throughout the day as the sun transits across the sky. Total efficiency is different from the theoretical efficiency, which is the fraction of light energy converted to electricity by the photovoltaic cells with a zero angle of incidence (e.g., the instant when the sun is directly above the metamaterial). Thus, a high total efficiency photovoltaic cell is needed to make solar energy cost-competitive with fossil fuels and traditional energy sources.
The various embodiment methods of manufacturing and assembling may be used to produce photovoltaic cells formed from a plurality of photovoltaic bristles whose photovoltaic and conductive materials are configured to exhibit a high probability of photon absorption and internal reflection. As a result of the high probability of photon absorption and internal photon reflections, the photovoltaic cells of photovoltaic bristles exhibit high total efficiency in converting light energy into electrical energy. The high total efficiency of the embodiment photovoltaic cells may lead to increased efficiency and more power generation from the photovoltaic cell.
In various embodiments, printing techniques may be used to ensure high throughput and low defects in manufacturing the metamaterial device. The high throughput and low defects may reduce the manufacturing cost to enable the embodiment metamaterial devices to reach grid parity. In various embodiments, arrays of cores or vias may be manufactured from an original master template. An embodiment roll-to-web system and method may create daughter templates or master webs from the original master template to protect the original master template from repeat processing, thereby reducing defects. An embodiment web-to-plate system and method may create an array of cores or vias on a substrate from the master web. The master web, or plate, may be subjected to further processing (depositing photovoltaic layers, conductive layers, etc.) to create the embodiment metamaterial device.
In various embodiments, a system for manufacturing a photovoltaic structure is provided, which may include a web-to-plate system configured to imprint a die including a pattern of protruding structures onto a moldable material layer to generate a pattern of trenches extending downward from a top surface of the moldable material layer. The die may be incorporated into a web. The system may further include a deposition system configured to sequentially deposit a transparent conductive material layer, a photovoltaic material layer, and a core conductive material layer within the pattern of trenches in the moldable material layer.
Various embodiments include a method of manufacturing a metamaterial. In some embodiments a moldable material layer may be provided on, or in, a substrate. A die including a pattern of protruding structures and incorporated into a web may be imprinted onto the moldable material layer to generate a pattern of trenches extending downward from a top surface of the moldable material layer. A transparent conductive material layer, a photovoltaic material layer, and a core conductive material layer may be sequentially deposited within the pattern of trenches in the moldable material layer.
Various embodiments may include a photovoltaic structure. The photovoltaic structure includes a dielectric material layer comprising a planar portion having a uniform thickness and an array of protruding portions extending from a planar surface of the planar portion. The photovoltaic structure further comprises a layer stack located on the dielectric material layer and comprising a core conductive material layer, a photovoltaic material layer, and a transparent conductive material layer. The core conductive material layer is in contact with the planar surface and the protruding portions of the dielectric material layer. The transparent conductive material layer is spaced from the core conductive material layer by the photovoltaic material layer. Each combination of a protruding portion of the dielectric material layer and portions of the layer stack surrounding the protruding portion constitutes a photovoltaic bristle.
Various embodiments may include a method of forming a photovoltaic structure. A top surface of a moldable material layer is patterned with an array pattern. The array pattern includes an array of vertically extending shapes that protrude upward or downward from that top surface of the moldable material layer. A layer stack is deposited over the array pattern. The layer stack comprises a transparent conductive material layer, a photovoltaic material layer, and a core conductive material layer. A dielectric material layer is deposited over the layer stack. A two-dimensional array of photovoltaic bristles is formed. Each photovoltaic bristle comprises a vertically protruding portion of the layer stack and embedding a dielectric core comprising a dielectric material. The dielectric core contacts a sidewall of the core conductive material layer. The transparent conductive material layer is spaced from the core conductive material layer by the photovoltaic material layer.
Various embodiments may include a method for manufacturing a metamaterial including an array of photovoltaic bristles having approximately cylindrical shapes. An array of vias extending into a substrate is formed. Each via within the array has an approximately cylindrical shape and is laterally separated from one another, and is laterally surrounded, by the substrate. A transparent conductive layer is deposited over the array of vias. An absorber layer is deposited over the outer conductive layer. A core conductive material layer is deposited over the absorber layer. Each via is partially filled with the core conductive material layer to form a conductive core of a respective photovoltaic bristle. Cavities are filled within the vias by depositing a dielectric material layer over the core conductive material layer. A base layer is formed over the deposited conductive material. A dielectric core that comprises the dielectric material is formed within each photovoltaic bristle and between the core conductive material layer and the base layer.
Various embodiments may include a photovoltaic structure that may include a layer stack located over a substrate and may include a core conductive material layer, a photovoltaic material layer, and a transparent conductive material layer. The photovoltaic structure may further include a plurality of via cavities located underneath vertically protruding portions of the layer stack and above the substrate and free of any solid phase material therein.
Various embodiments may include a method of forming a photovoltaic structure that includes forming a pattern of trenches extending downward from a top surface of an optically transparent layer. A transparent conductive material layer, a photovoltaic material layer, and a core conductive material layer may be sequentially deposited within the pattern of trenches in the moldable material layer. A via cavity laterally bound by a surface of the core conductive material layer may be formed within, or above, each trench.
Various embodiments may include a method for manufacturing a metamaterial including an array of photovoltaic bristles having approximately cylindrical shapes. An array of vias extending into a substrate may be formed. Each via within the array has an approximately cylindrical shape and is laterally separated from one another, and is laterally surrounded, by the substrate. A transparent conductive layer is deposited over the array of vias. An absorber layer is deposited over the outer conductive layer. A core conductive material layer is deposited over the absorber layer. Each via is partially filled with the core conductive material layer to form a conductive core of a respective photovoltaic bristle. A base layer is formed over the deposited conductive material. A non-solid core that does not include the conductive material or a material of the base layer is formed within each photovoltaic bristle and between the core conductive material layer and the base layer.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention, and together with the general description given above and the detailed description given below, serve to explain the features of the invention.
The various embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. References made to particular examples and implementations are for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention or the claims. Any reference to claim elements in the singular, for example, using the articles “a,” “an,” or “the” is not to be construed as limiting the element to the singular. The terms “example,” “exemplary,” or any term of the like are used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. References to particular examples and implementations are for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention or the claims. Any implementation described herein as an “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over another implementation. The drawings are not drawn to scale. Multiple instances of an element may be duplicated where a single instance of the element is illustrated, unless absence of duplication of elements is expressly described or clearly indicated otherwise.
The various geometrical features of the embodiment photovoltaic structures are described herein with reference to spatial orientations (e.g., top, bottom, horizontal, vertical, etc.) of the photovoltaic structures (such as an upright orientation or an inverted orientation) as illustrated in the figures. Such references to special orientations of the various features described or recited in claims is for ease of description with reference to the figures, and are not intended to impose limits or requirements on the finished product produced by the various embodiment methods. Thus, references to horizontal and vertical are merely with reference to the orientation of structures illustrated in the figures, and not intended to impose limits or restrictions on the manner or orientation in which the structures may be deployed. For example, an embodiment of the structures formed by the embodiment fabrication methods orients the finished product so that the conical shapes described as having a vertical dimension are deployed at an angle to the vertical with respect to the ground.
As used herein, the term “photovoltaic bristle” refers to a three-dimensional structure approximately cylindrical with a height approximately equal to 1-100 microns, a diameter of approximately 0.2-50 microns that includes at least one photovoltaically-active semiconductor layer sandwiched between a conductive inner layer or core and a transparent outer conductive layer (e.g., TCO and a nonconductive outer layer). The term “bristle” is used merely because the structures have a length greater than their diameter, the structures have a generally (on average) circular cross-section, and the overall dimensions of the structures are on the dimensions of sub-microns to tens of microns. In the embodiment illustrated herein the photovoltaic bristles have an approximately cylindrical shape, by which it is meant that a substantial portion of the exterior surface of the structures have a cross-section that is approximately circular or elliptical with both radii being approximately coexistent. Due to manufacturing variability, no single photovoltaic bristle may be exactly cylindrical in profile, but when considered over a large number of photovoltaic bristles the average profile is approximately cylindrical. In another embodiment, the photovoltaic bristles may have a non-circular cross-section, such as hexagonal, octagonal, elliptical, etc. as may facilitate manufacturing.
When the embodiment photovoltaic bristles are arranged on a substrate in an order or disordered array, the resulting structure may form a metamaterial structure. As used herein, the term “metamaterial” or “metamaterial substrate” refers to an array of photovoltaic bristles on a substrate. Metamaterials as used herein are artificial materials that are engineered with metals or polymers that are arranged in a particular structured or non-structured pattern that result in material properties (including light absorption and refraction properties) that are different from the component materials. The cumulative effect of light interacting with the array of photovoltaic bristles may be affected by controlling the shape, geometry, size, orientation, material properties, material thicknesses, and arrangement of the bristles making up the metamaterial as described herein.
As used herein, a “layer” refers to a material portion including a region having a substantially uniform thickness. A layer may extend over the entirety of an underlying or overlying structure, or may have an extent less than the extent of an underlying or overlying structure. Further, a layer may be a region of a homogeneous or inhomogeneous contiguous structure that has a thickness less than the thickness of the contiguous structure. For example, a layer may be located between any pair of horizontal planes between, or at, a top surface and a bottom surface of the contiguous structure.
Traditional planar photovoltaic cells are flat. In traditional planar photovoltaic cells, a limited number of photons are absorbed at any given point in time. Photon absorption occurs through the thickness of the traditional planar photovoltaic cell (e.g., top-to-bottom) from the point of photon entry until the photon is converted to electrical energy. Traditional planar photovoltaic cells convert photons into electrical energy when photons interact with a photovoltaic layer. However, some photons pass through the photovoltaic layer without generating electron-hole pairs, and thus represent lost energy. While the number of photons absorbed may be increased by making the photovoltaic layer thicker, increasing the thickness increases the fraction of electron-hole pairs that recombine, converting their electrical potential into heat. Additionally, thicker photovoltaic films exhibit an exponential attenuation loss, which leads to a decrease in photon conversion. For this reason, traditional planar photovoltaic cells have emphasized thin photovoltaic layers, accepting the reduced photon-absorption rate in favor of increased conversion of electron-hole pairs into electrical current and reduced heating. The theoretical peak efficiency, as well as the total efficiency of traditional planar photovoltaic cells is thus limited by the planar geometry and the unattenuated fraction of photons that may be absorbed in a maximized optical path length through the photovoltaic layer.
Conventional planar photovoltaic cells also suffer from low total efficiency in static deployments (i.e., without sun tracking equipment) since their instantaneous power conversion efficiency decreases significantly when the sun is not directly overhead (i.e., before and after noon). Peak efficiencies of traditional planar photovoltaic cells are affected by their orientation with respect to the sun, which may change depending on the time of day and the season. The standard test conditions for calculating peak efficiencies of solar cells are based on optimum conditions, such as testing the photovoltaic cells at solar noon or with a light source directly above the cells. If light strikes traditional photovoltaic cells at an acute angle to the surface (i.e., other than perpendicular to the surface) the instantaneous power conversion efficiency is much less than the peak efficiency. Traditional planar photovoltaic cells in the northern hemisphere are typically tilted toward the south by an angle based on the latitude in order to improve their efficiency. While such fixed angles may account for the angle of the sun at noon due to latitude, the photovoltaic cells receive sunlight at an angle during the morning and afternoon (i.e., most of the day). Thus, traditional planar photovoltaic cells actually result in a low total efficiency and low total power generation when measured beyond a single moment in time.
The various embodiments include photovoltaic cells that exhibit metamaterial characteristics from regular or irregular arrays of photovoltaic bristles configured so the conversion of light into electricity occurs within layers of the photovoltaic bristles. Since the photovoltaic bristles extend above the surface of the substrate and are spaced apart, the arrays provide the photovoltaic cells of the various embodiments with volumetric photon absorption properties that lead to energy conversion performance that exceeds the levels achievable with traditional planar photovoltaic cells. The volumetric photon absorption properties enable the various embodiment photovoltaic cells to generate more power than traditional planar photovoltaic cells with the same footprint. Due to the small size of the photovoltaic bristles, the photovoltaically-active layers within each bristle are relatively thin, minimizing power losses due to electron-hole recombination. The thin photovoltaically-active layers help reduce attenuation losses normally present in thicker photovoltaic films because the photovoltaic bristles include a thin radial absorption depth and a relatively thicker vertical absorption depth maximizing photon absorption and power generation through the combined long circumferential absorption path length and short radial electron path length. When individual photovoltaic bristles are combined in an array on or within a substrate, a metamaterial structure may be formed that exhibits a high probability of photon absorption and internal reflection that leads to increased energy conversion efficiencies and power generation. Various embodiment structures also provide additional performance-enhancing benefits as will be described in more detail below.
Further performance enhancements may be obtained by positioning the embodiment photovoltaic cells so that the photovoltaic bristles' sidewalls are at an angle to the incident photons. This may improve the probability that photons will be absorbed into the photovoltaic bristles due to wave interactions between photons and the outer conductive layer on each photovoltaic bristle. Orienting the embodiment photovoltaic bristles at an angle to the incident photons also increases the circumferential optical depth of the photovoltaic bristles exposed to the light, because in such an orientation the photons strike the sides of the bristles and not just the tops of the bristles. The off-axis photon absorbing characteristics of the photovoltaic bristles also enables the embodiment photovoltaic cells to exhibit significant total energy conversion efficiency for indirect and scattered light, thereby increasing the number of photons available for absorption compared to a conventional photovoltaic cell.
An embodiment described herein includes photovoltaic cells featuring arrays of photovoltaic bristles on roughly corrugated surfaces in order to present the bristles at an angle to incident sunlight. Further embodiments described herein include methods for manufacturing photovoltaic cells featuring arrays of photovoltaic bristles, as well as assembly of such photovoltaic cells into solar panels.
For purposes of background on the physics and geometries that enable photovoltaic bristles to achieve significant improvements in peak power performance, an overview of embodiment photovoltaic bristles and corresponding photovoltaic cells is now presented. More details on the dimensions, materials and configurations of embodiment photovoltaic bristles are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/751,914 that is incorporated by reference above.
It should be noted that the embodiment shown in
Each photovoltaic bristle 101 is made up of a core 106 that may be conductive or has a conductive outer surface, an absorption layer 111 and an outer conductive layer 103, which will typically be a transparent conductive layer such as a transparent conductive oxide or transparent conductive nitride. Due to the cylindrical form of photovoltaic bristles, the absorption layer 111 surrounds the core 106, and the outer conductive layer 103 surrounds the absorption layer 111. Although, two absorber sublayers 104, 105 are shown, it should be noted that the absorption layer 111 may include any number of absorber sublayers or regions of photovoltaically-active materials or combinations of photovoltaic materials. For example, the absorption layer 111 may include multiple absorber sublayers or regions that form a p-n junction, a p-i-n junction, or multi junction regions, which have a generally circular cross-section as illustrated in
The relative radial positions of the p-type, intrinsic, or n-type sublayers/regions may vary in different embodiments. For example, in an embodiment the p-type semiconductor material may be positioned radially inside the n-type semiconductor material. In another embodiment, the n-type semiconductor material may be positioned radially inside the p-type semiconductor material. In addition, multiple materials may be used to create a sequence of p-n and/or n-p junctions, or p-i-n junctions in the absorption layer. For example, the absorption layer may include an absorber sublayer of p-type cadmium telluride (CdTe) and an absorber sublayer of n-type cadmium sulfide (CdS). In an embodiment, the absorption layer 111 may be fully depleted. For example, the p-type region and the n-type region forming the sublayer or region 104 and the sublayer or region 105 may be fully depleted.
In an example embodiment, the absorption layer 111 may include a p-type semiconductor sublayer 105, such as p-type cadmium telluride, and an n-type semiconductor sublayer of a different material, such as n-type-cadmium sulfide. In another example embodiment, one sublayer 104 may be a p-type region, such as p-type amorphous silicon, and another sublayer 105 may be an n-type region of the same material as the sublayer 104 but doped to form an n-type semiconductor, such as n-type amorphous silicon.
The outer conductive layer 103 has a radial thickness which may be measured radially from the outer surface of the absorption layer 111 to the outer surface of the outer conductive layer 103 (i.e., the outer surface of the photovoltaic bristle). In an embodiment, the outer conductive layer 103 is a transparent conductive oxide (“TCO”), such as a metal oxide. In an embodiment, the outer conductive layer 103 may include a dopant creating a p-type or n-type transparent conductive oxide. For example, the transparent conductive oxide layer 103 may be one of intrinsic zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, and cadmium tin oxide (Cd2SnO4). In an embodiment, the outer conductive layer 103 may include a transparent conductive nitride such as titanium nitride (TiN). In another embodiment, the outer conductive layer 103 may include a buffer with or without the dopant. Some examples of an outer conductive layer 103, which may be a transparent conductive oxide with a dopant, include boron-doped zinc oxide, fluorine doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, and aluminum doped zinc oxide. Some examples of buffers that may be added to a transparent conductive oxide include zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and similar materials well known in the art.
Although not shown in
In an embodiment, the core 106 may be of a variety of conductive materials and non-conductive materials. In an embodiment, the core 106 may be a solid conductive core such as a metal. For example, the solid conductive core may be gold, copper, nickel, molybdenum, iron, aluminum, or silver. In an embodiment, the core 106 may include the same material as the substrate 202 (shown in
Analysis of photon absorption characteristics of the outer conductive layer have revealed that photons striking the surface of the sidewall of the photovoltaic bristle perpendicular to the horizontal component 132 and the vertical component 133 may result in a compound angle of 0 degrees and an increased probability of being reflected off the surface. Similarly, photons striking the surface of the sidewall of the photovoltaic bristle parallel to the vertical and the horizontal component will also have an increased probability of being reflected off the surface. However, photons striking the side surface at a compound angle between 10° and 80° have a high probability of being absorbed into the outer conductive layer 203. Once absorbed, the internal refraction characteristics of the absorber sublayers 104, 105 and outer conductive layer 103 cause the photons to remain within the photovoltaic bristle 101 for an extended time or path length. This characteristic is very different from conventional photovoltaic cells, which exhibit the maximum power conversion efficiency when the angle of incidence of photons is normal to its single planar surface.
The difference between the incident angle corresponding to conventional photovoltaic cells and the photovoltaic bristles is illustrated by angle θp in
Each photovoltaic bristle 201a-201p is characterized by its height “h,” which is the distance that each bristle extends from the substrate 202. Photovoltaic bristles 201a-201p are also characterized by their radius “r”. In an embodiment, all photovoltaic bristles 201a-201p within an array will have approximately the same height h and approximately the same radius r in order to facilitate manufacturing. However, in other embodiments, photovoltaic bristles 201a-201p within the array may be manufactured with different heights and diameters.
In an embodiment, the number of photovoltaic bristles in a photovoltaic cell may depend upon the substrate surface area available within the cell and the packing density or inter-bristle spacing. In an embodiment, photovoltaic bristles may be positioned on the substrate with a packing density or inter-bristle spacing that is determined based upon the bristle dimensions (i.e., h and r dimensions) as well as other parameters, and/or pattern variations. For example, a hexagonal pattern may be used rather than the trigonometric pattern shown in
In the various embodiments, the dimensions and the inter-bristle spacing of photovoltaic bristles may be balanced against the shading of neighboring bristles. In other words, increasing the number of photovoltaic bristles on a plane may increase the surface area available for absorbing photons. However, each photovoltaic bristle casts a small shadow, so increasing the photovoltaic bristle density of a photovoltaic cell beyond a certain point may result in a significant portion of each bristle being shadowed by its neighbors. While such shadowing may not reduce the number of photons that are absorbed within the array, shadowing may decrease the number of photons that are absorbed by each photovoltaic bristle, and thus there may be a plateau in the photon absorption versus packing density of photovoltaic bristles.
A further consideration beyond shadowing is the wave interaction effects of the array of closely packed photovoltaic bristles. The interior-bristle spacing may be adjusted to increase the probability that photons entering the array are absorbed by the photovoltaic bristles' metamaterial properties considering the bulk material properties of the layered films that makeup the array. For example, specific characteristics such as extinction coefficient or absorption path length may predict an optimal dimensional design, although one may choose to deviate from this prediction resulting in a sacrifice in performance.
The metamaterial 200 may include a substrate 202 of any suitable substrate material known to one skilled in the art. For example, the substrate 202 may be glass, doped semiconductor, diamond, metal, a polymer, ceramics, or a variety of composite materials. The substrate 202 material may be used elsewhere in the metamaterial 200, such as a material used in any layer of a photovoltaic bristle 201m-201n. Alternatively, the material used in the substrate 202 may be different from other materials used in the photovoltaic bristles 201m-201n. In an embodiment, the core 106 and the substrate 202 may include a common material. For example, the substrate 202 and the core 106 may include glass, semiconductor material, a polymer, ceramics, or composites. In a further embodiment, the core 106 and substrate 202 may include similar materials, while the inner conductive layer 107 is added over the substrate 202 and surrounding the core 106 creating a conductive core. The inner conductive layer 107 may include metal such as gold, copper, nickel, molybdenum, iron, aluminum, or silver. Alternatively, the inner conductive layer may include any of the materials used for the outer conductive layer 103 which may be used in combination with the previously listed metals.
In an embodiment, the inner conductive layer 107 may also be an inner refraction or reflection layer that is added on top of the core 106 in order to provide an inner reflection interface for photons. In this embodiment, a layer of semi-conductive or insulator material, such as B:ZnO, Al:ZnO, ZnO, or ITO, may be applied over the metal core. This layer may be at least one-half wavelength in thickness, depending on the refractive index of the material. For example, such a layer made of Al:ZnO (AZO) may be approximately 500 angstroms to 1500 angstroms thick over which the absorber layer may be applied. Such an AZO layer has a refractive index that is lower than the absorber layer. This difference in refractive index coupled with the curvature of the interface of these two layers will reflect the photons before they reach the metal core. The reflection induced by this design may exhibit lower losses than the designs in which photons reflect from a metal surface of the core. The use of such a refraction layer may be included in any of the embodiments illustrated and described herein. For example, in the embodiments in which the center of the core is a plastic rod, a metal layer is applied over the plastic core and then the AZO is applied over the metal layer. In further embodiments, this refractive layer forming a reflecting interface may be formed using multiple layers, such as: ITO-AZO; ITO-AZO-ITO; TiO2-TiN—TiO2; ZnO-AZO-ZnO; etc. Such multiple layers may function similar to a Bragg reflector used in fiber optics.
In order to increase the percentage of solar photons striking photovoltaic bristles at the appropriate angle of incidence, one embodiment orients the photovoltaic bristles at an angle on a corrugated substrate. Positioning photovoltaic bristles at an angle to incident light increases the probability of off-axis photon absorption, which may reflect and propagate photons around and within the photovoltaic bristles, thereby developing an equilibrium standing wave and increasing probability of converting photon energy into electrical energy. Consequently, embodiment photovoltaic cells with such a corrugated shape may generate more electrical power than is possible from conventional photovoltaic cells.
In addition to increasing the probability of photon absorption, embodiment corrugated photovoltaic cells provide more surfaces and more photovoltaic bristles for photon absorption within a given planar footprint than a comparable flat substrate configuration. Each corrugated photovoltaic cell may include a large number of angled surfaces with photovoltaic bristles, compared to a conventional flat substrate photovoltaic cell that has only a single flat surface or absorbing photons. The improvements from the corrugated photovoltaic cell results in an increase in optical volume enabling more photon absorption and power generation from such a metamaterial device.
In another embodiment, photovoltaic bristles are positioned only on alternating slanted surfaces of the corrugated substrate, with the opposite surfaces lacking such structures. This embodiment configuration may reduce manufacturing costs while presenting photovoltaic bristles on the surfaces most likely to receive solar radiation when deployed. Additionally, the slanted surfaces that do not include photovoltaic bristles may be coated with a reflective material (e.g., a metal) so that photons striking that surface are reflected at a desirable angle into the photovoltaic bristles on the opposite surface. Such an embodiment is illustrated in
Various embodiment methods of making photovoltaic bristles are now presented.
An embodiment method 800 for manufacturing photovoltaic bristles using a press or stamping process is illustrated in
In method 800 in block 804, a plastic or polymer block or starting material may be processed in order to prepare it for a pressing or forming operation. The methods used for preparing such a polymer for pressing will depend upon the type of plastic or polymer selected. As illustrated in
When using a rolling press or rolling die a separate roll-to-web and web-to-plate sub-process may create the associated rolling stamps and the array of cores on the substrate for use in method 800. The sub-process is discussed in depth later in this application with reference to
In block 810, the newly formed array of cores 106 may be cured or otherwise processed in order to improve the material properties, such as to harden the material. This may involve processing with heat, ultraviolet radiation, and/or chemical vapor exposure, as would be well-known in the polymer arts and depend upon the type of material used. In an embodiment, the material processing in block 810 may be accomplished as part of the stamping operation in block 808, either as part of the stamping operation and as a host stamping process, or entirely as a post-stamping process. For example, a rolling stamp may include an ultraviolet light that is configured so that when the rolling stamp rotates over the unformed substrate 202 the ultraviolet light simultaneously cures or partially cures the newly formed cores 106.
As illustrated in
To form the photovoltaic portion of the photovoltaic bristles, a number of semiconductor layers may be applied to the inner conducting core using well-known semiconductor processing methods. As illustrated in
As illustrated in
With the photon absorber layers formed, an outer conductive layer may be formed in block 848 as illustrated in
Corrugated photovoltaic cells may also be configured using similar processes as illustrated in
To form the embodiment illustrated in
As illustrated in
In a further embodiment method that uses some of the same processes as in method 800, the material forming the cores 106 may be poured and formed in a mold 612 instead of being pressed, as illustrated in
Another embodiment method for forming an array of bristles for a metamaterial device involves plating up metal cores using photolithographic methods to create a template on a substrate. The plating up method is illustrated in
In block 1012 a mask may be applied over the photoresist. As shown in
In block 1016 the method may include developing the photoresist layer to create a template of masked portions. A developer may be used to dissolve only the exposed portions of the photoresist. Assuming the method uses a positive photoresist 189, the exposed photoresist portions 189a are removed creating voids 189b in the photoresist layer that extend to the metal layer 187 as shown in
In block 1018 additional metal may be added to the metal layer through the photoresist layer using electroplating, chemical vapor deposition or plasma deposition methods, forming metal cores. As shown in
In block 1020 the photoresist layer may be removed using conventional methods. As shown in
In block 1040 a first absorber layer (i.e., sublayer) 105 may be deposited over the metal core 106 for metamaterials 200 illustrated in
In block 1042 a second absorber layer 104 may be deposited over the first absorber layer 105 for metamaterial 200 as illustrated in
In some implementation multiple absorber layers may be applied. So in optional block 1046, one, two or more additional absorber layers may be applied over the previous layer in a manner similar to the process steps in blocks 1040 and 1042. As shown in
As illustrated in
In optional block 1056, current conducting traces may be added to the metamaterials 200 and 300. As explained later with reference to
Alternatively, the current conductive traces may be added by etching with laser ablation in combination with a deposition method such as ink jet. Tuned wavelength lasers may etch desired layers by controlling the laser's wavelength for different layers within the metamaterial. Once etching is complete, the method may include adding the electrical connections such as the current conducting traces at the desired positions on the metamaterial by chemical vapor deposition, physical deposition, plating or inkjet deposition.
As a further alternative, the metamaterial may be etched using ink jet technology to apply an acid to precise locations followed by applying the conductive material using the same technology, or any other deposition method known in the art.
Regardless of method used, the current conducting traces may allow for efficient transfer of electricity by adding a lower resistant electrical path within the metamaterials.
In optional block 1058 a transparent coating may be deposited over the bristles. As illustrated in
A further method for forming an array of bristles for metamaterial 200 includes forming bristles by etching vias in a substrate through a photolithographic template. The method includes adding an inner conductive layer 107 and a base layer 202b over the original substrate 202a and in the vias. The method then includes turning the metamaterial device over and depositing absorber layers 104, 105, outer conductive layers 103a, 103b and a transparent coating over the inner conductive layer. This via method is illustrated in
In block 1210 a photoresist layer may be deposited over the substrate. The photoresist layer 189 may be deposited over the substrate 202a by chemical vapor deposition or physical deposition as shown in
In block 1212 a mask may be deposited over the photoresist layer. The mask 195 may be any suitable mask known in the art. As shown in
In block 1214 the method may include exposing an ultraviolet light to the photoresist layer through the mask. The ultraviolet light from the ultraviolet light source 193 passes through the mask holes 195a into the photoresist layer 189 creating exposed portions 189a of the photoresist layer as shown in
In block 1216 the method may include developing the photoresist layer to create a template, such as by using developer to dissolve the exposed portions of the photoresist as shown in
In block 1218 the substrate may be etched through the template creating vias. Etching may include wet etching or dry etching. Regardless of the etching technique, vias 1103 are formed from within the substrate 202a.
In block 1220 the photoresist layer may be removed as shown in
In block 1222 an inner conductive layer may be deposited in the vias. As shown in
As shown in
In block 1226 the device may be turned over, and the substrate etched in block 1228.
In block 1240, a first absorber layer (i.e., sublayer) 105 may be deposited over the inner conductive layer 107 for metamaterial 200 as illustrated in
In block 1242 a second absorber layer may be deposited over the first absorber layer 105 for metamaterial 200 as illustrated in
As mentioned above, in some implementations multiple absorber layers may be applied, so in optional block 1246 such additional absorber layers may be over the previous layer in a manner similar to the process steps in blocks 1240 and 1242. As shown in
In optional block 1256, current conducting traces may be deposited on the metamaterials 200. As explained later with reference to
As illustrated in
A further method for forming an array of bristles for a metamaterial 200 includes forming the bristles by etching vias in a substrate through a photolithographic template. Bristles are formed within the vias by depositing an outer conductive layer, absorber layers, an inner conductive layer, an optional base layer. After forming the bristles, the metamaterial may be turned over where the original substrate is left intact serving as a protective coating and an optical enhancement for the metamaterial 200. This via method is illustrated in
In block 1410 a photoresist may be deposited over the substrate. The photoresist layer 189 may be deposited over the substrate 202a by spin on, spray on, or other controlled flow methods know in the art as shown in
In block 1412 a mask may be positioned over the photoresist layer. The mask 195 may be any suitable mask known in the art. As shown in
In block 1414 the method may include exposing an ultraviolet light to the photoresist layer through the mask. The mask 195 may be any suitable mask known in the art. As shown in
In block 1416 the method may include developing the photoresist layer to dissolve the exposed portions of the photoresist layer. Assuming a positive photoresist layer 189, the exposed portions 189a are removed creating voids 189b in the photoresist layer that extend to the substrate 202a as shown in
In block 1418 the substrate may be etched through the template creating vias. Etching may include wet etching or dry etching. Regardless of the etching technique employed, vias 1103 are formed from within the substrate 192.
In block 1420 the photoresist layer may be removed leaving the substrate 192 with formed vias 1103 as shown in
Since the outside layers of the photovoltaic bristles are laid down first, conductive traces used to draw current from the photovoltaic cells may be laid down as a first step. Thus, in optional block 1421, conductive traces may be applied to the substrate. Vias for such conductive traces may be formed as part of the operations in blocks 1410-1420. Alternatively, conductive traces may be applied to the substrate using dedicated photolithography steps, laser ablation steps, and deposition steps such as those described above and below. In a particular embodiment, the conductive traces may be applied using spray jet techniques. In block 1422 an outer conductive layer may be deposited in the vias, such as by chemical vapor deposition or physical deposition. If conductive traces are prior to the outer conductive layer, the method may include depositing the outer conductive layer 103 over the conductive traces as a conformal film.
Although not shown in
In block 1446 additional absorber layer applied over the previous layer in a manner similar to the process steps in blocks 1440 and 1442. In block 1448, an inner conductive layer 107 may be applied over the last absorber layer (e.g., second absorber layer 105). In an embodiment, the method may include adding only two absorber layers 104, 105 and thus the inner conductive layer 107 is deposited over the last absorber layer 105 by chemical deposition or physical deposition as shown in
In block 1424 a base layer may be deposited. As shown in
In block 1426 the metamaterial may be turned over as shown in
In an alternative embodiment method, lasers 2401 may create vias 1103 out of a substrate or index matched material as illustrated in
Stamps may create vias out of a substrate such as a transparent polymer. When using a polymer, a UV source may cure the stamped vias creating a more rigid structure followed by adding conductive layers, absorber layers, and a base layer. The stamping via method for forming an array of bristles for a metamaterial device is illustrated in
In block 1608 an array of vias may be formed out of the processed polymer. As illustrated in
The stamping process may include a rolling press or rolling die to create vias 1103 on a substrate 192 similar to
Similar to method 1400, the method 1600 includes laying down the outside layers of the photovoltaic bristles are laid down first, so conductive traces used to draw current from the photovoltaic cells may be laid down prior to the outer conductive layer 103. Thus, in optional block 1612, conductive traces may be applied to the substrate. Vias for such conductive traces may be formed as part of the operations in blocks 1608-1610. Alternatively, conductive traces may be applied to the substrate using dedicated photolithography steps, laser ablation steps, and deposition steps such as those described above and below. In particular embodiment, the method may include applying conductive traces using a spray jet techniques. In block 1622 an outer conductive layer may be deposited in the vias. If conductive traces are added prior to the outer conductive layer 103, the method may include depositing the outer conductive layer 103 over the conductive traces as a conformal film. As illustrated in
Although it is not shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
In a further embodiment method that uses some of the same processes as in method 1600, material 1112 in which vias 1103 are poured into a mold 1110 instead of being pressed, as illustrated in
As a further alternative embodiment, vias may be formed by adding an index-matched nano-imprinted layer over a substrate. The nano-imprinted layer includes the vias for methods 1200, 1400, 1600 and may use suitable nano-imprinting techniques known in the art. For example, methods 1200, 1400, and 1600 may include depositing a nano-imprinted layer material with an index of refraction of 1.5 over a glass or polymer substrate.
As mentioned with reference to block 808 of
An embodiment method 3400 for manufacturing an array of cores for photovoltaic bristles using a rolling press or die is illustrated in
Referring to
If using nanoimprint lithography, the process may include imprinting the desired pattern onto the original master 3306 created out of a flexible material such as a polymer or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). In optional block 3404 a suitable metal, such as nickel, may be electroformed over the original master to create a rigid master template or shim. Such metal plating may also be applied after the master is formed into or onto a roller as described below with reference to block 3408. The rigid master template may be used to create flexible master templates such as the master webs described below. Whether created by the rigid master template or formed as the original master, flexible templates such as PDMS may be used to imprint patterns on more rigid materials.
The master template may be formed in one piece, or a large master template may be formed from stitching together the master template in block 3406. Whether the master template is flexible or rigid, multiple masters may be stitched together as illustrated in
The web material may be a polymer or polyester film, such a Dupont's Mylar®. By way of example, the web material may have a thickness of 25 to 250 microns, a length of 100 to 2000 feet, and a width of 0.5 to 6 feet. In block 3410 a first moldable material, such as a lacquer, spin-on-glass coatings, a sol-gel, or PDMS, may be applied to a web to coat a thin layer of the material over the web. Since the web itself is flexible, a flexible material such as PDMS may be less restricting than sol-gel, spin-on-glass coatings when moving through the rollers and subsequent processing.
In block 3412 the first pattern from the large master template may be imprinted to the coated web to create a second imprint pattern on the web as illustrated in
In block 3416 the master web may be installed on rollers in a web-to-plate process. In block 3418 a moldable material may be applied to a substrate or surface on which the solar arrays will be formed. For example, the moldable material may be a polymer that may be cured (e.g., by exposing it to ultra violet radiation) after it is applied to a substrate or support surface and imprinted as described below. As another example, the moldable material may be a flexible thermally curable sol-gel that is applied to a substrate or support surface and imprinted as described below. Alternatively, the substrate itself may be a moldable material and thus the operations in block 3418 may involve creating the substrate of moldable material.
As illustrated in
In block 3422 the cores 3320a (which are the third imprinted pattern) illustrated in
In the embodiment roll-to-web system 3500 illustrated in
The roll-to-web system 3500 may include an unwind roller 3502 that may be driven by an unwind motor 3502a connected to an unwind motor controller 3502b to control the rotation of the unwind roller. An uncoated web 3501a may be installed on the unwind roller 3502 and be unwound throughout the roll-to-web system 3500. From the unwound roller 3502, the uncoated web 3501a may roll over a tension sensor 3312. The tension sensor may provide web-tension information to the unwind motor controller 3502b which may use this information as feedback along with torque sensing feedback from the unwind motor 3502a to control web tension through the roll-to-web system 3500.
The uncoated web 3501a may travel over a tracking roller 3504, which may be adjusted by the control system to control the lateral position of the web in the system in response to signals from an edge sensor 3505. By adjusting the tracking roller 3504, the web's position on the rollers may also be adjusted to an optimum position/orientation to prevent skewing of the pattern on the web. For example, if the web is too far to the left side of the rollers, the tracking roller may be adjusted to move the web back toward the center of the rollers.
The uncoated web 3501a may travel through S-wrap rollers 3506, which control the velocity and tension of the web 3501 as it passes through the roll-to-web system 3500. The S-wrap rollers 3506 may adjust the velocity of the web 3501 traveling through the roll-to-web system 3500 based on data from drum roller speed encoders 3521. In this manner, the S-wrap rollers may serve to synchronize the speed of the web as it meets with the drum roller (which includes the master die) that imprints the pattern on the web 3501. Closely controlling the relative speed of the web and the drum roller reduces the chance for defects to be printed on the daughter dies as well as the chance for damaging the master die on the drum roller.
The uncoated web 3501a may travel between a transfer roller 3507 and a rubber roller 3508. The transfer roller 3507 picks up a layer of moldable material 3509 and applies the layer to the web, while a shear roller 3510 ensures the applied layer is of the desired thickness. As the uncoated web 3501a travels between the rubber roller 3508 and the transfer roller 3507, the transfer roller 3507 collects the moldable material 3509 on the transfer roller 3507. Prior to the transfer roller 3507 applying the first moldable material 3509 to the uncoated web 3501a, the shear roller 3510 removes excess moldable material 3509 from the transfer roller 3507 to ensure a consistent coating on the web 3501a. A rubber roller 3508, potentially made of high durometer ground rubber, may provide support to the web 3501 while the transfer roller 3507 applies the first moldable material 3509.
After the transfer roller 3507 applies the first moldable material 3509 to the uncoated web 3501a, a thickness sensor 3511 may measure the thickness of the first moldable material 3509 on the coated web 3501b. The thickness sensor may be used by a control system that may send a signal to cause the shear roller 3510 shift position in order to maintain a consistent thickness and compensate for any thickness variations in the uncoated web 3501a. For example, if the thickness sensor indicates that the coated web's thickness is higher than a set point, the control system may cause the shear roller 3510 to move closer to the transfer roller 3507, thereby removing more of moldable material 3509 from the transfer roller 3507 prior to its application to the uncoated web 3501a.
The coated web 3501b passes between the drum roller 3512, which includes the master template, and a transfer spacing roller 3513 in order to imprint the daughter die pattern in the moldable material on coated web 3501b. The moldable material on the coated web 3501b accepts the first pattern as the coated web 3501b is pressed against the drum roller 3512 to create a second pattern in the moldable material 3509. The speed of rotation of the drum roller 3512 is closely controlled by a control system so that it spins in conformity with the speed of the moving web 3501 to precisely imprint the first pattern on the web. To do so, the control system may receive signals from speed encoders 3521 coupled to the S-wrap roller(s) 3506 and use this information in a closed-loop control algorithm to ensure that the surface of the drum roller matches the speed of the web 3501 passing beneath or over it. Depending on the type of moldable material, the imprinted web 3501c may be cured/processed (e.g., thermally or with ultra violet light) by a curing mechanism 3514.
The cured web 3501d may travel over a support roller 3515 and a second tension sensor 3516 prior to being collected on a wind roller 3518. The wind roller 3518 may be driven by a wind motor 3518a controlled by a wind motor controller 3518b. The wind motor controller 3518b may adjust the wind up speed of the wind roller 3518 based on the torque of the wind motor 3518a and signals from the second tension sensor 3516 to assist in maintaining proper web tension and a speed of advance.
The roll-to-web system 3500 may also include an inspection camera 3519 that may scan the cured web 3501d for defects. Images from the inspection camera 3519 may be processed by a computer to identify areas of defects, which may be recorded against position on the web in a web-mapping database 3520 that may be used in controlling the final printing process. As described below, a web-to-plate system 3600 may access the web-mapping database 3520 and adjust its system parameters (e.g., web speed, substrate linear speed, sheet gap mechanism) to avoid applying any mapped defects in the web 3501d to substrate being processed in such a system.
The roll-to-web system may also include a moldable material processing system 3522. The moldable material processing system 3522 may be fluidly connected to a moldable material container that houses the moldable material 3509 for the transfer roller 3507. The moldable material processing system 3522 may recirculate the moldable material 3507 through system components (filters, heat exchangers, etc) to ensure the moldable material 3507 is clean and at the proper temperature for applying to the web 3501a. The moldable material processing system 3522 may add moldable material 3509 as needed to ensure ample moldable material for the roll-to-web system 3500.
Various portions of the roll-to-web system 3500 may be subject to humidity and temperature controlled to ensure that the moldable material 3509 adheres to the web 3501 and that the moldable material 3509 accepts the desired pattern from the drum roller 3512 with minimal defects. This may be especially important if the moldable material 3509 is a sol-gel or other thermally cured material.
The web-to-plate system 3600 may process a substrate that moves through the system on a linear drive mechanism by applying a moldable material to the surface of the substrate. As an alternative, if the substrate is the second moldable material, then a moldable material does not need be added to the substrate. The moldable material applied to the substrate in this process may be different from the moldable material that is applied to the web and used to form the daughter die pattern. The web-to-plate system 3600 also passes the daughter die web (which has the second template pattern as described above) through a series of rollers that control its tension and speed of advance, and presses it onto the moldable material on the substrate to create a third pattern, which is the desired cores or vias. The web-to-plate system 3600 has a web subsection and a plate subsection.
The web subsection will be discussed first. The web-to-plate system 3600 may also include a module or apparatus that cures/processes the third pattern in order to produce the substrate with a pattern of cores or vias suitable for the embodiment processes described above with reference to
The web 3501d on the web-to-plate system 3600 is weaved through various rollers to control tension and position, similar to the roll-to-web system 3500. The web-to-plate system 3600 may include an unwind roller 3602 driven/controlled by an unwind motor 3602a connected to an unwind motor controller 3602b configured to control the rotation of the unwind roller 3602. The daughter die web 3501d from the roll-to-web process described above may be installed on the unwind roller 3602. The daughter die web 3501d may travel across a tracking roller 3603 and an edge guide sensor 3604. The edge guide sensor 3604 may collect information regarding the position of the web 3501d on the rollers relative to a set point, and send that data to a controller of the tracking roller 3603. The controller of the tracking roller may use the data to adjust the position/orientation of the tracking roller 3603 in order to correct the orientation of the daughter die web 3501d in the system and prevent web skewing within the rollers.
The web-to-plate system 3600 may include a tension sensor 3606 that provides data to an unwind motor controller 3602b to enable the unwind motor controller 3602b to control the unwind motor 3602a to adjust the speed of the unwind roller 3606 based on tension data. The unwind motor controller 3602b may also use torque data from the unwind motor 3602a. Unlike the roll-to-web system 3500, in the web-to plate system 3600 the same tension sensor 3606 may also be connected to the wind motor controller 3608 to enable the wind motor controller 3608b to control the wind motor 3608a to adjust the speed of the wind roller 3608 based on the same tension data. The tension sensor 3606 may be positioned after the velocity roller 3605.
The web-to-plate system 3600 may not include S-wrap rollers to control the velocity of the web. Instead, the web-to-plate system 3600 may use a velocity roller 3605 to perform a similar function. The velocity roller 3605 may be connected to a velocity roller motor controller 3605a, which may adjust the velocity of the daughter die web 3501d to match the linear speed of the substrate based on data acquired from the linear drive controller 3601a. The velocity roller controller 3605a may also adjust the speed of the web 3501d based on web-mapping data from the web-mapping database 3520. For example, if there is a defect in the daughter die web, the velocity roller 3605 may increase the velocity of the daughter die web 3601d at a certain point in time to ensure that the defected portions are not imprinted on the substrate 3609a. Alternatively or additionally, the linear drive controller 3601a may be controlled to pause the advance of the substrates in order to enable a portion of the daughter die web with a defect to be advanced before imprinting of the next substrate begins.
The daughter die web 3501b may travel around the velocity roller 3605 past the tension sensor 3606 to a transfer gap roller 3607. The transfer gap roller may aid in pressing the daughter die web 3501d against the substrate to imprint the second pattern into moldable material on the substrate 3609a thereby creating the third pattern of cores or vias. Once the daughter die web 3501d imprints the second pattern on the substrate 3609a, the daughter die web 3501d may be wound around the wind roller 3608 and used for future processing.
The plate subsection of the web-to-plate system 3600 includes a linear drive mechanism 3610 configured to control the linear motion and linear velocity of the substrate 3609 through the web-to-plate system 3600. The linear drive mechanism 3610 is connected to a linear drive controller 3610a, which may control the speed of the substrate 3609 in the web-to-plate system 3600 based on data from the sheet gap controller 3611a, the web-mapping database 3520, and the velocity roller motor controller 3605a.
While the pre-imprinting substrate 3609a is traveling across the linear drive mechanism 3610, the sheet gap mechanism 3611 may stop the pre-imprinting substrate 3609a by a vertical actuation synchronized with the movement of the substrate 3609 and the daughter die web 3501d to reduce imprinting defects. For example, the sheet gap controller 3611a may receive web-mapping data regarding a known defect on the daughter die web's pattern from the web-mapping database 3520, and in response control the sheet gap mechanism 3611 to stop the substrate 3609a from moving forward in the system when a defective portion of the daughter die web is present on or near the transfer gap roller 3607 to avoid printing a defect from the daughter die web 3501d on to the substrate 3609a. As another example, the sheet gap mechanism 3611 may prevent the substrate 3609a from moving to the second moldable material applicator 3612, while the moldable material application is adjusted, refilled, etc. When the sheet gap mechanism is actuated, a sheet gap sensor or trigger may act as an input to other controllers in the system.
After passing the sheet gap mechanism 3611, a moldable material applicator 3612 may apply the moldable material 3613 over the substrate to create a coated substrate 3609b. A thickness sensor 3614 may detect the thickness of the moldable material on the coated substrate 3609b and provide feedback to the moldable material applicator 3612 for adjusting the amount of moldable material applied to the substrate 3609a. The coated substrate 3609b contacts the daughter die web 3501d with pressure applied by the transfer gap roller 3607 so that the second pattern from the daughter die web 3501d is imprinted on the coated substrate 3609b to create an imprinted substrate 3609c.
Depending on the type of moldable material, the imprinted substrate 3609c may be cured or processed in a curing mechanism 3615 to increase its material strength, such as via thermal and/or ultraviolet radiation curing. After curing, the final substrate 3609d is ready for further photovoltaic processing according to an embodiment method described above with reference to
A skew actuator controller 3603a illustrated in
In an embodiment, metamaterial 1700 may include current conducting traces 1702, 1703 in different locations than current conducting trace 1701. As with the current conducting trace 1701, metamaterial 1700 may include current conducting trace 1702 on top of the outer conductive layer 103, but positioned at the end of the array of photovoltaic bristles 201. Metamaterial 1700 may include current conducting trace 1703 on top of the substrate 202 or in contact with the inner conductive layer 107 to allow efficient electron flow. Electrons may flow from the absorber sublayer 105 to the outer conductive layer 103 through the current conducting traces 1701, 1702 to the electrical destination (e.g., electrical storage, electrical converter, or motor) and the circuit is completed by connecting current conducting trace 1303 to the inner conductive layer 107 or metal substrate 202. Alternatively, electrons may flow from the absorber layer 105 through the inner conductive layer 107 to the current conducting trace 1303 and then to an electrical destination (e.g., electrical storage, power converter, etc).
Photolithographic techniques may be used to deposit the current conducting traces 1701, 1702, 1703, 1901, and 2101 of
Current conducting traces 1701, 1702, 1901, and 2101 may be formed on metamaterials 200, 300, and/or 400. In block 2302 a photoresist layer may be deposited over the metamaterial. As shown in
As an alternative to photolithographic techniques, a method for depositing the current conductive traces may include an ink jet device 2201 illustrated in
Current conducting trace 1703 may be formed by a different method as illustrated in
In another embodiment method that uses some of the same processes as in method 2500, the steps for etching may include laser ablation using a wavelength-tuned laser to etch only the desired layers, as illustrated in
As an alternative embodiment to the conductive traces described above, high conductive regions may be applied to the various metamaterials though directional deposition such as solid angle physical vapor deposition or ion source deposition. The method may include preferentially coating highly conductive regions with metal while leaving other regions with minimal coating to refrain from blocking entering photons. For example, the method may include coating the area between the vias or bristles ten times as thick as the coating along the sidewalls of the vias or bristles allowing photons to pass through the sidewalls while simultaneously creating a highly conductive region to act as a conductive trace. As another example, the method may include using a thicker conductive coating only on the side of bristles or vias that will receive less exposure to photons during operation of the completed metamaterial. To accomplish the single region deposition, the method may include angling the substrate during the deposition process so that only the desired side receives the highly conductive coating. Regardless of the exact process, the conductive regions may be applied to any of the methods listed above.
Metamaterials 200, 300, 400, 1700, 1900, and 2100 formed by any of the processes above may be assembled into a solar panel. As briefly described above, the corrugated shape may be incorporated into an assembled solar panel as illustrated in
In an embodiment, fasteners 2612 may be used to fasten the panel surfaces 2602, 2604 to the corrugated base 2610 with connectors 2608. The same fastener 2612 may also fasten the rails 2902 (shown in
In an embodiment, the rails 2902 and the buss bars 2606 may be electrically connected to the metamaterials 200, 300, 400, 1700, 1900, and/or 2100 of panel surfaces 2602, 2604. In an embodiment, the rails 2902 may be electrically connected to connectors 2608. The connectors 2608 may be electrically connected to the panel surfaces 2602, 2604 including metamaterials 200, 300, 400, 1700, 1900, and/or 2100. The metamaterials 200, 300, 400, 1700, 1900, and/or 2100 may create electron movement when the photovoltaic bristles 201, 301, 401 are struck by photons. In an embodiment, the outer conductive layer 103 of metamaterials 200, 300, 400 illustrated in
In an embodiment, the top cover 3202 of the solar panel 3100 may be transparent or semitransparent. The top cover 3202 may protect the solar panel section 3100 and their electrical and photovoltaic components. For example, the top cover 3202 may protect the solar panel section 2600 and their electrical and photovoltaic components from oxygen corrosion, wind, water, and dirt or anything else that may reduce the efficiency or life of the metamaterials 200, 300, 400, 1700, 1900, and/or 2100 in solar panel 3100.
In an embodiment, the back cover 3208 of solar panel 3100 may include rounded slots 3212 so that fasteners 3210 may connect the back cover 3208 to the assembled (i.e., combined) solar panel sections 2600. The fasteners 3210 may be any type that may connect the back cover 3208 to the assembled solar panel sections 2600. For example, the fasteners 3210 may fasten similar to the fasteners 2612 as described with reference to
In an embodiment, the back cover 3208 and the top cover 3202 may be sealed within the solar panel 3100 by the frame 3102. In an embodiment, only the back cover 3208 or the top cover 3202 may be sealed within the solar panel 3100 by the frame 3102. The back cover 3208 and the top cover 3202 may provide structural support to the solar panel 3100 and its subparts. In addition, the back cover 3208 and the top cover 3202 may protect the subparts of the solar panel 3100 from any contamination that may reduce the efficiency and life of the metamaterials 200, 300, 400, 1700, 1900, and/or 2100 in solar panel 3100 such as wind, water, dirt, or oxygen, etc.
In another embodiment, the volumetric efficiency gains realized from the solar panel with the corrugated sections may be achieved by mounting completed solar panels in corrugated patterns with respect to each other. Thus, completed solar panels may be mounted in an array of solar panels where the surfaces of each solar panel form an angle of approximately 30 to 60 degrees with a common plane such as a base connecting the solar panels that is perpendicular to the sun. As an alternative embodiment, reflectors may replace some completed solar panels in the corrugated pattern to help maximize efficiency gain of each completed solar panel.
Referring to
The first exemplary in-process photovoltaic structure may include a final substrate 3609d as provided by the processing steps of
The refractive index of the moldable material layer 3720 may be in a range between 1 and 3 between the wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm. In an embodiment, the refractive index of the moldable material layer 3720 may be in a range between 1.2 and 2.4 between the wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm. In another embodiment, the refractive index of the moldable material layer 3720 may be in a range between 1.3 and 2.0 between the wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm. In an embodiment, the refractive index of the moldable material layer 3720 may be in a range between 1.4 and 1.7 between the wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm.
The moldable material layer 3720 may be a dielectric material layer. The resistivity of the moldable material layer 3720 may be greater than 1.0×105 Ohm-cm. In an embodiment, the resistivity of the moldable material layer 3720 may be greater than 1.0×106 Ohm-cm. In another embodiment, the resistivity of the moldable material layer 3720 may be greater than 1.0×107 Ohm-cm.
In an embodiment, the sheet substrate 3710 may be an optically transparent substrate, and may, or may not, be flexible. In an embodiment, the sheet substrate 3710 may include a rigid material such as glass (including doped or undoped silicate glass) or sapphire. In another embodiment, the sheet substrate 3710 may include a transparent flexible material such as transparent polymers (e.g., plastics). The sheet substrate 3710 may be a continuous sheet extending for hundreds of feet and stored in a roll, or may be discrete sheet having lateral dimensions on the order of 1 m and stored, for example, by stacking.
A metamaterial of the present disclosure may be formed by providing a moldable material layer 3720 on, or in, a sheet substrate 3710. In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may be formed on the sheet substrate 3710 by dispensing a moldable material on the sheet substrate 3710. The moldable material may be any optically transparent material that may be molded. The thickness of the moldable material layer 3720, prior to patterning by imprinting or alternative means, may be in a range from 6 microns to 1 mm, and typically in a range from 10 microns to 60 microns, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be employed.
In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may contain a moldable material selected from a lacquer, a silicone precursor material, a gel derived from a sol containing a polymerizable colloid, and a glass transition material. In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may include a polymer resin-based plastic material, an organic material including at least one resin, or a flexible glass material based on silica. The transparent sheet substrate 3710 may include a plastic film or a glass film that is more rigid than the moldable material layer 3720. In one embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may be provided by applying a polymerizable material on a substrate (such as the sheet substrate 3710), and inducing partial polymerization of the polymerizable material.
In embodiments in which the moldable material layer 3720 includes a lacquer, the moldable material may be selected from phenylalkyl catechol-based lacquers, nitrocellulose lacquers, acrylic lacquers, and water-based lacquers. Phenylalkyl catechol-based lacquers include at least one phenylalkyl catechol that includes a long alkyl chain. Examples of such phenylalkyl catechols include urushiol and laccol (also referred to as thitsiol). Urushiol has the formula of C6H3(OH)2R, in which R may be, for example, (CH2)14CH3 or (CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH2CH═CH, or a similar radical. Laccol is a crystalline phenol having the formula of or (CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CH(CH2)2CH3 or (CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)5CH3 or (CH2)7CH═CHCH2CH═CHCH═CHCH3. Laccol has the formula of C17H31C6H3(OH)2 (i.e., C6H3(OH)2R in which R═C17H31) and occurring in the sap of lacquer trees. Phenylalkyl catechol-based lacquers are generally slow-drying, and are set by oxidation and polymerization in addition to evaporation alone. Heat and humidity may be applied to accelerate partial setting of the phenylalkyl catechol-based lacquers prior to imprinting and/or to accelerate full setting of the phenylalkyl catechol-based lacquers after imprinting. The phenols oxidize and polymerize under the action of an enzyme laccase, yielding a substrate that, upon proper evaporation of its water content, is hard.
Nitrocellulose lacquers are fast-drying solvent-based lacquers that contain nitrocellulose, which is a resin obtained from the nitration of a cellulostic material (such as cotton). Nitrocellulose lacquers may be applied by spraying. Nitrocellulose lacquers produce a flexible, hard, and transparent film.
Acrylic lacquers refer to lacquers using acrylic resin (which is a synthetic polymer). Acrylic resin is a transparent thermoplastic that is obtained by the polymerization of derivatives of acrylic acid. Acrylic lacquer has a fast drying time.
Water-based lacquers are less toxic than other types of lacquers, and various types of water-based lacquers are known. An illustrative exemplary composition for water-base lacquer may be acrylic Copolymer Resin 30% in weight percentage, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether at about 5% in weight percentage, propylene glycol monomethyl ether at about 5% in weight percentage, and water in about 60% weight percentage. Other exemplary compositions for water-based lacquer are disclosed, for example, in European Patent Publication No. EP0555830 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,179 A.
In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may include a plastic material prepared from semicrystalline or amorphous polymer resins. Examples of semicrystalline resins that may be employed for the moldable material layer 3720 include, but are not limited to, terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), nylon, polyoxymethylene (POM), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVFD), polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene (PECTFE), polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (PETFE), or similar fluoro-based and non-fluoro-based polymers blended together or copolymerized in one or more mixtures. In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may include terephthalate (PET). Examples of amorphous polymer resins include, but are not limited to, polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polymethacrylate (PMA), cyclic polyolefin (branded under the trade name Topas™), or similar polymers blended together or copolymerized in one or more mixtures.
In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may include a resin material. In an embodiment, the resin material may be selected such that the resin material may be cured with a radiation with wavelengths between 200 nm and 450 nm (such as 365 nm), or may be cured or set thermally with heat treatment at a temperature in a range from 500° C. to 500° C.
In an embodiment, the resin material of the moldable material layer 3720 may be selected from radiation cured organic materials that are cured through radical polymerization of methacrylate and methylmethacrylate monomers, preferably methylmethacrylate monomers and methylmethacrylate derivations. Example of methylmethacrylate derivations include by not limited to methylmethylacrylic acid, hydroxyethylmethylmethacrylate, fluorofunctinoalized methylmethacrylate, and silicone-functionalized methylmethacrylate. These may be mixed in various proportions and blended with oligomers based on urethane acrylate precursors and photoinitiators activated by light in the wavelength range listed above.
In another embodiment, the resin material of the moldable material layer 3720 may be selected from radiation cured organic materials cured through cationic polymerization using a cationic photoinitiators activated by light in the wavelength range above. Monomers are epoxy based with single, double, or multiple functionality. Monomer examples include, but are not limited to, diglycidyl monomers based on bisphenol-A or bisphenol-F, cylic aliphatic monomers and oligomers, and mixtures thereof.
In another embodiment, the resin material of the moldable material layer 3720 may be selected from thermally cured sol-gel based chemistries that undergo hydrolysis and condensation reactions resulting in highly crosslinked inorganic matrices. Examples include but not limited to tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), or organically modified silicates with one or more hydrolyzeable components, or mixtures thereof. These resin materials may be further sintered at an elevated temperature between 300° C. and 500° C. to densify the silicate, evaporate low molecular weight byproducts, and pyrolyze the organic materials to form a high temperature resistant ceramic.
In another embodiment, the resin material of the moldable material layer 3720 may be selected from thermally cured silicates that are crosslinked through hydrosilation addition reactions using platinum catalysts which may be sintered at an elevated temperature between 300° C. and 500° C. to densify silicate and pyrolyze away the organic materials to form a temperature resistant ceramic.
In another embodiment, the resin material of the moldable material layer 3720 may be selected from organic-inorganic hybrid resins based on radiation cured silicates from monomers of acrylate and methacrylate functionality that may be cured with radical polymerization after activation of photoinitiators irradiated with light in the wavelength range above and undergo further densification by sol-gel condensation of hydroxysiloxane groups in the materials. These materials may then be subsequently sintered at an elevated temperature between 300° C. and 500° C. to form a high temperature resistant ceramic.
In another embodiment, the resin material of the moldable material layer 3720 may be selected from a solid deformable material, which may be a thermoset or thermoplastic resin, that may be applied through a solvent cast method and may be laminated as a film. Examples of thermoset resins include, but are not limited to, epoxies, polyurethanes, silicones, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, and nitrile and natural rubbers. Examples of thermoplastic resins include both semi-crytalline and amorphous resins. Semi-crystalline polymer resins include, but are not limited to, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), nylon, polyoxymethylene (POM), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVFD), polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene (PECTFE), polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (PETFE), and similar fluoro-based and non-fluoro-based polymers blended together or copolymerized in one or more mixtures. For films embossed with an imprinting lacquer, PET may be employed. For films embossed with heat and pressure, PE may be employed. Amorphous polymer resins include, but are not limited to, polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polymethacrylate (PMA), cyclic polyolefin (branded under the trade name Topas™), and similar polymers blended together or copolymerized in one or more mixtures.
In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may include a moldable material that may form silicone, i.e., a silicone precursor. Silicones are polymers that include any inert, synthetic compound made up of repeating units of siloxane, which is a functional group of two silicon atoms and one oxygen atom, and may be combined with carbon and/or hydrogen. In an embodiment, the moldable material of the moldable material layer 3720, as applied to the sheet substrate 3710 prior to imprinting, may be selected from polydimethylsiloxane, dimethyldichlorosilane, methyltrichlorosilane, and methyltrimethoxysilane.
In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may be formed by applying a precursor material for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS; CH3[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3) and inducing the polymerization of the precursor material. The number n of repetition of the monomer [SiO(CH3)2] units determines the viscosity and elasticity of the polydimethylsiloxane material. The polymerization reaction evolves hydrogen chloride.
Silane precursors with more acid-forming groups and fewer methyl groups, such as methyltrichlorosilane, may be used to introduce branches or cross-links in the polymer chain, thereby producing hard silicone resins. Alternatively, chlorine atoms in the silane precursor for polydimethylsiloxane may be replaced with acetate groups. In this case, the polymerization produces acetic acid, which is less chemically aggressive than HCl. After polymerization and cross-linking, a silicone precursor material produces an optically transparent layer having a hydrophobic surface.
In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may contain a sol-gel material. As used herein, a sol-gel material refers to a sol material that may be subsequently transformed to a gel material or a gel material that is derived from a sol material, i.e., a material that may go through a sol-gel transition or has gone through a sol-gel transition. The moldable material layer 3720 as applied to the sheet substrate 3710 may be a sol material, which subsequently goes through a sol-gel transition to become a gel material prior to imprinting.
A sol-gel transition or a sol-gel process refers to a process in which a sol (a set of solid nanoparticles and a liquid in a state in which the solid particles are dispersed in the liquid) agglomerate to form a gel (a set of a liquid and a continuous three-dimensional network extending throughout the liquid). A sol is a colloid. A colloid is a mixture in which at least two different phases (such as solid and liquid) are intimately mixed at microscopic level. Solid nanoparticles or macromolecules are dispersed throughout the liquid in a sol. In a gel, the solid network of interconnected nanostructures spans the volume of a liquid medium. In the gel, the continuous phase is a solid network and the dispersed phase is a liquid. A sol may become a gel when the solid nanoparticles dispersed in it may join together to form a network of particles that spans the liquid. As a sol becomes a gel, its viscosity approaches infinity and finally becomes immobile. A sol-gel transition may be triggered with the passage of time, change of pH, addition of a gelation agent, temperature, agitation, and/or catalysts.
In an embodiment, the moldable material of the moldable material layer 3720 as applied to the sheet substrate 3710 may be a sol-gel material selected from a colloid containing a metal alkoxide and a colloid containing silicon alkoxide. In this case, hydrosis and condensation may be employed to form a gel from the sol so that the moldable material layer 3720 as provided for imprinting is in a gel state.
The precursor sol may be either deposited on a substrate to form a film (e.g., by dip coating or spin coating), cast into a suitable container with the desired shape (e.g., to obtain monolithic ceramics, glasses, fibers, membranes, aerogels), or used to synthesize powders (e.g., microspheres, nanospheres).
A typical sol-gel process includes solution, gelation, optional drying, and optional densification operations. In one exemplary embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may include an incompletely dried or incompletely densified silica glass. An alkoxide may be mixed with water and a mutual solvent to form a solution. During gelation, hydrolysis leads to the formation of silanol groups (Si—OH), which are intermediate groups. The moldable material layer 3720 as provided for imprinting may include silanol groups. Optionally, a partial condensation reaction that produces siloxane bonds (Si—O—Si) may be performed prior to imprinting. A second condensation reaction may be performed after imprinting. Alternatively, the condensation reaction may be performed only after imprinting. The silica gel formed by this process leads to an interconnected three-dimensional network including polymeric chains. Thus, drying and densification may be performed after imprinting of the moldable material layer 3720.
If a sol-gel material selected from a colloid containing a metal alkoxide and a colloid containing silicon alkoxide may be applied as the moldable material layer 3720 on the sheet substrate 3710, hydrosis and condensation may be employed to form a gel from the sol so that the moldable material layer 3720 as provided for imprinting is in a gel state. In an embodiment, a silicon alkoxide such as silicon tetraethoxide (Si(OC2H5)4, i.e., tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)) may be employed as the sole material for the moldable material layer 3720. In a subsequent hydrolysis (reaction with water), a hydroxyl ion becomes attached to the silicon atom as follows: Si(OC2H5)4+H2O→HO—Si(OC2H5)3+C2H5—OH
In an embodiment, the amount of water added to silicon tetraethoxide for hydrolysis may be controlled such that hydrolysis proceeds partially, and does not result in 100% conversion of silicon tetraethoxide into silica, but provides a gel including polymer chains of intermediate species a partial hydrolysis reaction such as HO—Si(OC2H5)3 and/or (HO)2—Si(OC2H5)2. The moldable material layer 3720 as provided for imprinting includes such a gel. After imprinting, complete hydrolysis may be performed by providing additional water and optionally employing a hydrolysis catalyst such as acetic acid or hydrochloric acid.
Formation of a metal oxide involves connecting the metal centers with oxo (M-O-M) or hydroxo (M-OH-M) bridges, therefore generating metal-oxo or metal-hydroxo polymers in solution.
In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may include a flexible glass material based on silica (SiO2) manufactured and processed with a roll-to-roll manufacturing method. In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3720 may include glass film commercially available from the glass manufacturer Corning™ and branded as Willow Glass™.
The web-to-plate system may include a first densification device configured to reduce elasticity of the moldable material prior imprinting, and/or a second densification device configured to reduce elasticity of the moldable material after imprinting. In an embodiment, each of the first and second densification devices may include at least one of a fan, a heater, an ultraviolet treatment system, an agitator, and a laser irradiation system. The first and/or second densification device may optionally include a spray device configured to spray a gelation accelerant or a catalyst that accelerates densification of the moldable material at various stages of densification.
In an embodiment, the pattern in the moldable material layer 3720 may be made by embossing the moldable material layer 3720 with a patterned metal plate with heat and pressure in case the moldable material layer 3720 includes a plastic or glass film, or may be made by embossing an imprinting resin on the plastic or glass film and subsequently curing the imprinting resin while in contact with the patterned metal plate in case the moldable material layer 3720 includes the resin.
During the imprinting process, a die (such as a daughter die web 3501d in
In an embodiment, each of the trenches 1103 may have a height h in a range from 3 microns to 100 microns, although lesser and greater depths may also be employed. In an embodiment, each of the trenches 1103 may have a height h in a range from 6 microns to 30 microns. In another embodiment, each of the trenches 1103 may have a height h in a range from 9 microns to 15 microns. In another embodiment, each of the trenches 1103 may have a height h in a range from 10 microns to 12 microns. In another embodiment, the trenches 1103 may have the same depth.
A base lateral dimension bd may be in a range from 0.4 micron to 20 microns at the top portion of each trench 1103, although lesser and greater dimensions may also be employed. As used herein, a base lateral dimension bd refers to the maximum lateral dimension at the topmost portion of a trench 1103. The base lateral dimension becomes the base dimension of an inverted trench after the first exemplary structure is subsequently flipped upside down. The horizontal cross-sectional shape of each trench 1103 may be in a circular shape, an elliptical shape, or a closed curvilinear shape. In an embodiment, the horizontal cross-sectional shape of each trench 1103 may be a circle, and the base lateral dimension bd may be the diameter of each trench 1103 at a topmost portion, i.e., the portion that is most distal from the interface between the moldable material layer 3720 and the transparent sheet substrate 3710. In an embodiment, the base lateral dimension bd may be in a range from 1 micron to 10 microns. In another embodiment, the base lateral dimension bd may be in a range from 2 microns to 9 microns. In yet another embodiment, the base lateral dimension bd may be in a range from 4 microns to 8 microns. In another embodiment, the base lateral dimension bd may be in a range from 5 microns to 7 microns.
A tapered-end lateral dimension td may be in a range from 0.22 micron to 12 microns at the top portion of each trench 1103, although lesser and greater dimensions may also be employed. As used herein, a tapered-end lateral dimension td refers to the maximum lateral dimension at the bottommost portion of a trench 1103. The tapered-end lateral dimension becomes the dimension of the tapered upper portion of an inverted trench after the first exemplary structure is subsequently flipped upside down. In an embodiment, the horizontal cross-sectional shape of each trench 1103 may be a circle, and the tapered-end lateral dimension td may be the diameter of each trench 1103 at a bottommost portion, i.e., the portion that is most proximal to the interface between the moldable material layer 3720 and the transparent sheet substrate 3710. In an embodiment, the tapered-end lateral dimension td may be in a range from 0.6 micron to 6 microns. In another embodiment, the tapered-end lateral dimension td may be in a range from 1.2 microns to 4.8 microns. In another embodiment, the base lateral dimension bd may be in a range from 2.4 microns to 3.6 microns. In another embodiment, the base lateral dimension bd may be in a range from 3 microns to 4.2 microns.
The ratio of the base lateral dimension bd to the height h of the trench 1103 may be in a range from 0.5 to 0.75, although lesser and greater ratios may also be employed. In an embodiment, the ratio of the base lateral dimension bd to the height h of the trench 1103 may be in a range from 0.55 to 0.7. In another embodiment, the ratio of the base lateral dimension bd to the height h of the trench 1103 may be in a range from 0.6 to 0.65.
The horizontal cross-sectional shape of each trench 1103 may be circular, elliptical, polygonal, or of any other closed curvilinear shape. In an embodiment, the horizontal cross-sectional shape of each trench 1103 may be substantially circular. The sidewall of each trench 1103 may be substantially vertical, or may be tapered with a taper angle α in a range from 3 degrees to 15 degrees, although greater taper angles may also be employed. As used herein, a surface is substantially vertical if the angle of the surface with respect to a vertical direction does not exceed 3 degrees. In an embodiment, the taper angle α may be in a range from 6 degrees to 10 degrees. In another embodiment, the taper angle α may be in a range from 7 degrees to 9 degrees.
After imprinting, the material of the moldable material layer 3720 with an imprint pattern thereupon may be densified or otherwise transformed to increase the rigidity. For example, if the moldable material layer 3720 includes a lacquer, a silicone, or a gel, densification or additional transformation of the moldable material layer 3720 may be effected by heat, cold, moisture, agitation, application of a catalyst, irradiation by visible light, ultraviolet light, or infrared light, ventilation, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, if the moldable material layer 3720 is provided by applying a polymerizable material on a substrate (such as the sheet substrate 3710) and subsequently inducing partial polymerization of the polymerizable material, the patterned moldable material layer 3720 may be cured for further polymerization after patterning and prior to depositing a layer stack, or after depositing the layer stack.
In case the moldable material layer 3720 after imprinting includes a gel, further polycondensation process may be performed to enhance mechanical properties and structural stability by application of heat to induce sintering, densification and/or grain growth. Optionally, a drying process may be employed to remove any residual liquid (solvent) in the moldable material layer 3720.
The moldable material layer 3720 after densification or rigidification functions an optically transparent template on which material layers for forming a photovoltaic structure may be sequentially deposited.
Referring to
The outer conductive layer 103 may be deposited, for example, by sputtering (physical vapor deposition), metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), metal organic molecular beam deposition (MOMBD), spray pyrolysis, or pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The thickness of the outer conductive layer 103, as measured on the sidewalls of the trenches 1103, may be in a range from 200 nm to 6 microns, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be employed. In an embodiment, the thickness of the outer conductive layer 103 may be in a range from 400 nm to 3 microns. In another embodiment, the thickness of the outer conductive layer 103 may be in a range from 600 nm to 1.5 microns. In another embodiment, the thickness of the outer conductive layer 103 may be in a range from 700 nm to 1 micron. A cavity 1103′ may be present within each trench 1103 because the trenches 1103 are not completely filled by the outer conductive layer 103.
Subsequently, the outer conductive layer 103 may be patterned, for example, by laser ablation. The pattern of the outer conductive layer 103 may be selected to facilitate electrical wiring of photovoltaic devices to be formed on the transparent sheet substrate 3710. For example, the outer conductive layer 103 may be patterned into a plurality of electrically isolated portions, each of which functions as an electrode of a photovoltaic device that may be connected in a series connection and/or in a parallel connection.
Referring to
The photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may include a second absorber sublayer 104 and a first absorber sublayer 105 as described above. The photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may include a p-n junction or a p-i-n junction or a plurality of p-n junctions or p-i-n junctions provided that the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) is a material stack that generates and separates photogenerated electron-hole pairs in opposite directions, i.e., one of the electron and the hole toward the outer conductive layer 103 and the other of the electron and the hole away from the outer conductive layer 103. The thickness of the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be in a range from 200 nm to 6 microns, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be employed. In an embodiment, the thickness of the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be in a range from 400 nm to 3 microns. In another embodiment, the thickness of the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be in a range from 600 nm to 1.5 microns. In yet another embodiment, the thickness of the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be in a range from 700 nm to 1 micron. The photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be formed by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), or a combination thereof.
Subsequently, the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be patterned, for example, by laser ablation. The pattern of the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be selected to facilitate electrical wiring of photovoltaic devices to be formed on the transparent sheet substrate 3710. For example, the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be patterned into a plurality of electrically isolated portions. In an embodiment, a portion of the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be removed in a boundary region between a photovoltaic region containing the photovoltaic bristles to be formed and a conducting trace region in which a current conducting trace for a portion of the outer conductor layer 103 is to be formed.
Referring to
A conductive core layer 106 may be formed by deposition of a conductive material on the transparent inner conductive layer 107a (if the transparent inner conductive layer 107a is present) or on the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) (if the transparent inner conductive layer 107a is omitted). The conductive core layer 106 may include the same material as the conductive cores 106 described above. The conductive core layer 106 may be a contiguous layer of a conductive material, and may be a metallic conductive layer, i.e., a conductive layer composed of a metallic material. In an embodiment, the conductive core layer 106 may include aluminum, copper, silver, gold, tungsten, nickel, cobalt, and/or any other conductive elemental metal. Further, the conductive core layer 106 may include an alloy of at least two elemental metals and/or a stack of at least two metallic layers each including an elemental metal or an alloy of at least two elemental metals. In an embodiment, the conductive core layer 106 may include a stack of a silver layer that contacts the transparent inner conductive layer 107a or the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105), and an aluminum layer. The thickness of the conductive core layer 106, as measured on the sidewalls of the transparent inner conductive layer 107a or the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) may be in a range from 300 nm to 6 microns. In an embodiment, the thickness of the conductive core layer 106 may be in a range from 500 nm to 3 microns. In another embodiment, the thickness of the conductive core layer 106 may be in a range from 750 nm to 1.5 microns. The conductive core layer 106 includes a core portion of each photovoltaic bristle formed in a respective trench 1103. The core portions of the photovoltaic bristles are electrically shorted together because the conductive core layer 106 is a contiguous material layer.
The conductive core layer 106 may include the same material as the cores 106 described above. The conductive core layer 106 (and the cores 106 described above) may include a reflective metallic material, or a transparent material. The thickness of the conductive core layer 106 may be in a range from 30 nm to 2,000 nm, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be employed.
In an embodiment, the conductive core layer 106 may include a metallic material such as an elemental metal (e.g., aluminum, tungsten, copper, silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, titanium, tantalum, rhodium, iridium, zinc, and vanadium), an intermetallic alloy of at least two elemental metals (e.g., the elemental metals listed above), a conductive metallic nitride (e.g., TiN, TaN, WN), a metal-semiconductor alloy (e.g., a metal silicide, and a metal germanosilicide), and/or a combination or a stack thereof. In an embodiment, the conductive core layer 106 may include an optional diffusion barrier metallic liner such as a conductive metallic nitride and a high conductivity material such as an elemental metal. In an embodiment, the high conductivity material may be aluminum or copper.
In an embodiment, the conductive core layer 106 may employ a transparent conductive material that allows transmission of ambient light from the backside of a photovoltaic device to the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105). The backside of the photovoltaic device corresponds to the upside of the exemplary in-process photovoltaic structure of
The conductive core layer 106 may be formed by sputtering (physical vapor deposition), chemical vapor deposition, or atomic layer deposition. The thickness of the conductive core layer 106 may be selected such that the trenches 1103 are completely filled, or may be selected such that a via cavity 3769 is present within, or over, each trench 1103. As used herein, a via cavity 3769 refers to an unfilled volume (i.e., a volume that is not occupied by any liquid or solid) that extends most along a vertical direction. In other words, the maximum dimension of a via cavity may occur along the vertical direction. In an embodiment, the maximum vertical dimension of each via cavity 3769 may be greater than the maximum lateral dimension of the via cavity 3769. The via cavity 3769 may be formed through many mechanisms.
In an embodiment, the via cavities 3769 may be formed when the amount of the deposited material for the conductive core layer 106 is insufficient to fill the trenches 1103. In this case, the cavities 1103′ within the trenches 1103 do not disappear even after the conductive core layer 106 is formed, and each remaining cavity 1103′ constitutes a via cavity 3769. Such via cavities may also be present in the exemplary structures of
Subsequently, the conductive core layer 106 and the optional transparent inner conductive layer 107a may be patterned, for example, by laser ablation. The pattern of remaining stacks of the conductive core layer 106 and the optional transparent inner conductive layer 107a may be selected to facilitate electrical wiring of photovoltaic devices to be formed on the transparent sheet substrate 3710. For example, the conductive core layer 106 and the optional transparent inner conductive layer 107a may be patterned into a plurality of electrically isolated portions. In an embodiment, a portion of the conductive core layer 106 and the optional transparent inner conductive layer 107a may be removed in a boundary region between a photovoltaic region containing photovoltaic bristles and a conducting trace region in which a current conducting trace 1703 for the outer conductor layer 103 is formed.
Referring to
The outer conductive layer 103, the photovoltaic layer (104, 105), the optional transparent inner conductive layer 107a, and the conductive core layer 106 collectively constitutes a photovoltaic layer stack 3700. The first exemplary photovoltaic structure may be flipped upside down such that a source of radiation (e.g., the sun) may be located within the upper hemisphere, which is defined as the space located above the horizontal interface between the passivation substrate 3770 and the photovoltaic layer stack 3700 after flipping of the first exemplary photovoltaic structure.
Referring to
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As discussed above, the bristles may be arranged in a two-dimensional hexagonal array. A center-to-center dimension ccd may be in a range from 0.5 micron to 25 microns. The center-to-center dimension ccd refers to the lateral distance between the a vertical axis passing through a geometrical center of a bristle (i.e., the geometrical center of the volume of the bristle) and a vertical axis passing through a geometrical center of a nearest neighbor bristle. If the bristles have a cylindrical symmetry, the center-to-center dimension ccd may be the lateral distance between a vertical symmetry axis of a bristle and a vertical symmetry axis of a nearest neighbor bristle. In an embodiment, the ratio between the base lateral dimension bd to the center-to-center dimension ccd may be in a range from 0.75 to 0.99. In another embodiment, the ratio between the base lateral dimension bd to the center-to-center dimension ccd may be in a range from 0.85 to 0.97. In yet another embodiment, the ratio between the base lateral dimension bd to the center-to-center dimension ccd may be in a range from 0.92 to 0.96. In an embodiment, the center-to-center dimension ccd may be in a range from 1.1 micron to 12 microns. In another embodiment, the center-to-center dimension ccd may be in a range from 2.2 microns to 10 microns. In yet another embodiment, the center-to-center dimension ccd may be in a range from 4.4 microns to 8.8 microns. In still another embodiment, the center-to-center dimension ccd may be in a range from 5.5 microns to 7.7 microns.
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In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3820 may include a moldable substrate that includes a glass transition material. As used herein, a “glass transition material” is a material that displays the behavior of glass transition. A “glass transition” refers to a transition from a liquid to a solid-like state that occurs during cooling or compression in which viscosity increases by at least one order of magnitude. Thermal expansion coefficient, heat capacity, shear modulus, and many other properties of inorganic glasses show a relatively sudden change at the glass transition temperature. Any such step or kink may be used to define the glass transition temperature. Glass transition materials include, among others, plastics, resins, and glass materials based on silica.
Silica and many other polymer materials exhibit glass transition. In an embodiment, the glass transition material may be selected from terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), nylon, polyoxymethylene (POM), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVFD), polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene (PECTFE), polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (PETFE), polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polymethacrylate (PMA), cyclic polyolefin, methylmethylacrylic acid, hydroxyethylmethylmethacrylate, fluorofunctinoalized methylmethacrylate, silicone-functionalized methylmethacrylate, soda-lime-silica glass, borophosphosilicate glass, and phosphosilicate glass.
In an embodiment, the glass transition material of the moldable material layer 3820 may be a plastic material prepared from semicrystalline or amorphous polymer resins such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), nylon, polyoxymethylene (POM), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVFD), polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene (PECTFE), polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (PETFE), similar fluoro-based and non-fluoro-based polymers blended together or copolymerized in one or more mixtures, polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polymethacrylate (PMA), cyclic polyolefin (branded under the trade name Topas™), and similar polymers blended together or copolymerized in one or more mixtures.
In an embodiment, the glass transition material of the moldable material layer 3820 may be any of the resin material that may be employed for the moldable material layer 3720 as described above.
In an embodiment, the glass transition material of the moldable material layer 3820 may be a glass-based on silica (SiO2) blended with other non-silicate glasses or elements. Examples of silica-based glasses include, but are not limited, to soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, and borophosphatesilicate glass or similar materials. In an embodiment, the glass transition material may be soda-lime glass.
A web-to-plate system 3500 of
If the moldable material layer 3820 is provided as a moldable substrate or on another substrate, a moldable material applicator 3612 illustrated in
In an embodiment, the pre-treatment device 3980 may be a heater configured to heat the top side of the pre-imprint substrate 3820a (which may be a moldable substrate) during transportation to the imprint location. The amount of the heat transferred from the pre-treatment device 3980 to the pre-implant substrate 3820a may be controlled such that the top surface of the pre-implant substrate 3820 has a suitable level of viscosity. The temperature of the top surface of the pre-implant substrate 3820 at the time of imprinting may be at, above, or below the glass transition temperature of the glass transition material of the moldable material layer 3820 as provided within the pre-implant substrate 3820a.
In an embodiment, the temperature of the linear drive mechanism 3610 (such as rollers) may be controlled to provide a lower temperature to the backside of the pre-imprint substrate 3810a to prevent a lower level of viscosity than the front side of the pre-imprint substrate 3820, and thus, prevent sticking of the pre-imprint substrate 3820a to the linear drive mechanism 3610. The backside of the pre-imprint substrate 3820a may be cooled during transportation to the imprint location (the location of the transfer gap roller 3607). In an illustrative example, the cooling of the linear drive mechanism 3610 may be effected by air cooling effected, for example, by a first fan 3971, or may be effected by a refrigeration system or a cooling system that cools the linear drive mechanism 3610 in any other manner.
The imprinted substrate 3820c may be temperature cooled to prevent loss of the imprinted pattern due to excessive viscous flow of the moldable material layer 3820 within the imprinted substrate 3820c. For example, a second fan 3972 may be employed to circulate air over the imprinted substrate 3820c and to provide cooling of the imprinted substrate 3820c in case cooling of the imprinted substrate 3820c is desired to reduce the viscosity. In an embodiment, a refrigerated air may be circulated by the second fan 3972. In this case, the imprinted substrate 3820c may be placed in a mini-environment to reduce the cost of cooling a large space.
In case the top surface of the pre-imprint substrate 3810a is heated prior to imprinting, the die as incorporated into the web (such as a daughter die web 3501d) may be cooled after imprinting, i.e., after transfer of the pattern of the die into the moldable material layer 3820, to minimize damage to the web. Optionally, a third fan 3973 may be employed to cool the web before the web is wound into a roll.
The imprinted substrate 3820c may be further subjected to an optional densification or rigidification process. For example, a densification device 3990 may be employed to increase the viscosity of the moldable material layer 3820 in the imprinted substrate 3820c to provide a final substrate 3820d, which may be employed to perform the processing step of
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Each of the photovoltaic structures illustrated in
The passivation substrate 3770 having a planar bottom surface may be disposed directly on a physically exposed planar surface of the core conductive material layer 106. A plurality of via cavities 3769 may be laterally surrounded by the core conductive material layer 106, and may be vertically bounded by the passivation substrate 3770. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of via cavities 3769 may be a three-dimensional closed shape defined by a portion of a planar surface of the substrate 3770 and a non-planar portion of a contiguous surface of the core conductive material layer 106.
The contiguous surface of the core conductive material layer 106 may be the bottom surface of the core conductive material layer 106 in the upright position (as illustrated in
The three-dimensional closed shape may have a variable horizontal cross-sectional area that decreases strictly with a vertical distance from a top surface of the substrate 3770 as illustrated in
The moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may be located on the layer stack 3700, and may overlie the layer stack 3700 in the upright orientation. The moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may be an optically transparent layer, and the entirety of the top surface of the moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may be planar in the upright orientation. The moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may include an optically transparent material selected from a material selected from a lacquer, a silicone precursor material, a gel derived from a sol, and a glass transition material. In an embodiment, the optically transparent material may be selected from phenylalkyl catechol-based lacquers, nitrocellulose lacquers, acrylic lacquers, and water-based lacquers. In another embodiment, the optically transparent material may include silicone. In another embodiment, the optically transparent material may be selected from a gel of silicon oxide and a gel of dielectric metal oxide.
In another embodiment, the optically transparent material may be a glass transition material selected from terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), nylon, polyoxymethylene (POM), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVFD), polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene (PECTFE), polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene (PETFE), polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polymethacrylate (PMA), cyclic polyolefin, methylmethylacrylic acid, hydroxyethylmethylmethacrylate, fluorofunctinoalized methylmethacrylate, silicone-functionalized methylmethacrylate, soda-lime-silica glass, borophosphosilicate glass, and phosphosilicate glass.
The moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may be a transparent dielectric layer. The moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may contact a top surface of the transparent conductive layer 103, and may have a top surface having a uniform vertical distance from a horizontal interface between the passivation substrate 3770 and the core conductive material layer 106. The top surface of the moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may be located above a horizontal plane including topmost surfaces of the transparent conductive material layer 103, i.e., the horizontal plane including the topmost surfaces of the photovoltaic bristles.
Each of the exemplary structures of
The metamaterial may be formed by forming an array of vias 1103 extending into a substrate, which may be a combination of a sheet substrate 3710 and a moldable material layer 3720 as illustrated in
A transparent conductive layer 103 (i.e., an outer conductive layer 103) is formed over the array of vias 1103. An absorber layer (104, 105) is formed over the outer conductive layer 103. A core conductive material layer 106 (i.e., the conductive core layer 106 or the core 106) is formed over the absorber layer (104, 105). Each via 1103 is partially filled with the core conductive material layer 106 to form a conductive core of a respective photovoltaic bristle. A base layer 3770 (which may be a passivation substrate 3770) is formed over the deposited conductive material. A non-solid core 3769 (i.e., a via cavity 3769) that does not include the conductive material or a material of the base layer 3770 is formed within each photovoltaic bristle and between the core conductive material layer 106 and the base layer 3770.
In one embodiment, the substrate ((3710, 3720); 3820) comprises a moldable material. Formation of the array of vias 1103 may be is effected by moving the moldable material under a rolling press or under a rolling die that transfers a pattern thereupon on the moldable material. The conductive cores 106 of photovoltaic bristles and the core conductive material layer 106 may be formed as a single contiguous structure in a same deposition process. The transparent conductive layer 103 may comprise transparent conductive oxide or transparent conductive nitride. In one embodiment, the passivation substrate 3770 may comprise a non-conductive transparent layer disposed over the array of vias 1103. In one embodiment, the substrate ((3710, 3720); 3820) comprises a polymer. For example, the substrate ((3710, 3720); 3820) may include a moldable material layer (3720, 3820) comprising a polymer.
Referring to
In an embodiment, the web-to-plate system (3600, 3900) may include a moldable material dispensation subsystem including a moldable material container (such as the container containing the moldable material 3613 illustrated in
Optionally, the web-to-plate system (3600, 3900) may further include a densification device configured to reduce elasticity of the moldable material prior to, or after, imprinting. For example, a curing mechanism 3615 illustrated in
In an embodiment, the moldable material layer 3820 may be a moldable substrate including a glass transition material, and the web-to-plate system 3900 may include a moldable substrate transportation subsystem (such as the linear drive mechanism 3610) configured to transport the moldable substrate to an imprint location. The moldable material layer 3820 may include an optically transparent material that is transparent within the visible wavelength range.
In an embodiment, the web-to-plate system 3900 may include a heating system 3980 configured to heat a top side of the moldable substrate during transportation to the imprint location. In an embodiment, the web-to-plate system 3900 may include a substrate backside cooling system (such as the first fan 3971 or a built-in cooling system within the linear drive mechanism 3600) configured to cool a backside of each moldable substrate during transportation to the imprint location. In an embodiment, a web cooling system (such as the third fan 3973 in
A die including a pattern of protruding structures and incorporated into a web may be imprinted onto the moldable material layer (3720, 3820). The patterned moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may be an optically transparent layer including the pattern of trenches 1103.
After the web-to-plate system (3600, 3900) forms a pattern of trenches 1103 extending downward from a top surface of a moldable material layer (3720, 3820) (which may be an optically transparent layer), a transparent conductive material layer 103, a photovoltaic material layer (104, 105), and a core conductive material layer 106 may be sequentially deposited within the pattern of trenches 1103 in the moldable material layer (3720, 3820) as described above. A via cavity 3769 may be formed within, or above, each trench 1103. In an embodiment, the core conductive material layer 106 may incompletely fill the trenches 1103.
The system 4100 for manufacturing the photovoltaic structure may further include a deposition system 4000 configured to sequentially deposit a transparent conductive material layer 103, a photovoltaic material layer (104, 105), and a core conductive material layer 106 within the pattern of trenches 1103 in the moldable material layer (3720, 3820).
The plurality of process chambers (4010-4080) in the deposition system 4000 may be integrated into an automated deposition system in which the in-process photovoltaic structure is processed step by step employing an integrated robotic transport system or a manual transport system. The plurality of process chambers (4010-4080) may include, for example, a transparent conductive layer deposition module 4010 that deposits a transparent conductive layer 103, a first laser scribing module 4020 that patterns the transparent conductive layer 103, a first photovoltaic material deposition module 4030 that deposits a first absorber sublayer 104 of a first conductivity type, a second photovoltaic material deposition module 4040 that deposits a second absorber sublayer 105 of a second conductivity type (which is the opposite of the first conductivity type), a second laser scribing module 4050 that patterns the first and second absorber sublayers (104, 105) (i.e., the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105)), an optional transparent inner conductive layer deposition module 4060 that deposits a transparent inner conductive layer 107a, a conductive core layer deposition module 4070 that deposits a conductive core layer 106, and a third laser scribing module 4080 that patterns the conductive core layer 106 and the optional transparent inner conductive layer 107a. Optionally, assembly of a passivation substrate 3770 may be automated employing another process module that processes the output substrate from the second conductive trace module 4060.
Referring to
A dielectric material layer 4120 is deposited in each of the cavities that overlying recessed portions (i.e., portions that protrude downward) of the core conductive material layer 106. The dielectric material layer 4120 comprises a dielectric material, i.e., an electrical insulator), and may be deposited by a conformal deposited method (such as chemical vapor deposition), a self-planarizing deposition method (such as spin-coating, spraying, immersion in a bath including the dielectric material, etc. In one embodiment, each via cavity 1103 may be entirely filled with a respective photovoltaic bristle, which includes vertically extending portions of the transparent conductive material layer 103, the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105), the core conductive material layer 106, and the dielectric material layer 4120. Each vertically extending portion of the dielectric material layer 4120 constitutes a dielectric core 4122. Thus, each dielectric core 4122 may be a portion of the dielectric material layer 4120 that protrudes into a respective via cavity.
The polymer material that may be employed for the dielectric material layer 4120 may, or may not, be an optically transparent material. Non-limiting examples of the polymer material that may be employed for the dielectric material layer 4120 include poly(hexafluoropropylene oxide), hydroxypropyl cellulose, poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene), poly(pentadecafluorooctyl acrylate), poly(tetrafluoro-3-(heptafluoropropoxy)propyl acrylate), poly(tetrafluoro-3-(pentafluoroethoxy)propyl acrylate), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), poly(undecafluorohexyl acrylate), poly(nonafluoropentyl acrylate), poly(tetrafluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)propyl acrylate), poly(pentafluorovinyl propionate), poly(heptafluorobutyl acrylate), poly(trifluorovinyl acetate), poly(octafluoropentyl acrylate), poly(methyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl siloxane), poly(pentafluoropropyl acrylate), poly(2-heptafluorobutoxy)ethyl acrylate), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene), poly(2,2,3,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate), poly(methyl hydro siloxane), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(dimethyl siloxane), poly(trifluoroethyl acrylate), poly(2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)ethyl acrylate, poly(trifluoroisopropyl methacrylate), poly(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethyl methacrylate), poly(2-trifluoroethoxyethyl acrylate), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl octadecyl siloxane), poly(methyl hexyl siloxane), poly(methyl octyl siloxane), poly(isobutyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl isobutyl ether), poly(methyl hexadecyl siloxane), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinyl ethyl ether), poly(methyl tetradecyl siloxane), poly(ethylene glycol mono-methyl ether), poly(vinyl n-butyl ether), polypropylene oxide), poly(3-butoxypropylene oxide), poly(3-hexoxypropylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl n-pentyl ether), poly(vinyl n-hexyl ether), poly(4-fluoro-2-trifluoromethylstyrene), poly(vinyl octyl ether), poly(vinyl n-octyl acrylate), poly(vinyl 2-ethylhexyl ether), poly(vinyl n-decyl ether), poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate), poly(acryloxypropyl methyl siloxane), poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), poly(3-methoxypropylene oxide), poly(t-butyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl n-dodecyl ether), poly(3-ethoxypropyl acrylate), poly(vinyl propionate), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl propionate), poly(vinyl methyl ether), poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(vinyl methyl ether) (isotactic), poly(3-methoxypropyl acrylate), poly(l-octadecene), poly(2-ethoxyethyl acrylate), poly(isopropyl acrylate), poly(l-decene), poly(propylene), poly(lauryl methacrylate), poly(vinyl sec-butyl ether), poly(n-butyl acrylate), poly(dodecyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene succinate), poly(tetradecyl methacrylate), poly(hexadecyl methacrylate), cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl formate), poly(2-fluoroethyl methacrylate), poly(octyl methyl silane), ethyl cellulose, poly(methyl acrylate), poly(dicyanopropyl siloxane), poly(oxymethylene), poly(sec-butyl methacrylate), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-alpha-methyl styrene), poly(n-hexyl methacrylate), poly(n-butyl methacrylate), poly(ethylidene dimethacrylate), poly(2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate), poly(n-propyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene maleate), poly(ethyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl butyral), poly(3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(2-nitro-2-methylpropyl methacrylate), poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane), poly(1,1-diethylpropyl methacrylate), poly(triethylcarbinyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(2-decyl-1,4-butadiene), polypropylene, isotactic, poly(mercaptopropyl methyl siloxane), poly(ethyl glycolate methacrylate), poly(3-methylcyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl alpha-ethoxyacrylate), methyl cellulose, poly(4-methylcyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(decamethylene glycol dimethacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl formal), poly(2-bromo-4-trifluoromethyl styrene), poly(1,2-butadiene), poly(sec-butyl alpha-chloroacrylate), poly(2-heptyl-1,4-butadiene), poly(vinyl methyl ketone), poly(ethyl alpha-chloroacrylate), poly(vinyl formal), poly(2-isopropyl-1,4-butadiene), poly(2-methylcyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(bornyl methacrylate), poly(2-t-butyl-1,4-butadiene), poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(cyclohexanediol-1,4-dimethacrylate), butyl rubber, poly(tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate), poly(isobutylene), polyethylene, cellulose nitrate, polyacetal, poly(l-methylcyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(l-butene), poly(vinyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloroacetate), poly(N-butyl methacrylamide), Poly(2-chloroethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl alpha-chloroacrylate), poly(2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate), poly(2-chlorocyclohexyl methacrylate), poly(1,4-butadiene) (35% cis; 56% trans; 7% 1,2-content), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(isoprene), poly(allyl methacrylate), poly(methacrylonitrile), poly(methyl isopropenyl ketone), poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), poly(N-2-methoxyethyl)methacrylamide, poly(2,3-dimethylbutadiene), poly(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl methacrylate), poly(1,3-dichloropropyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), nylon 6 [Poly(caprolactam)], poly(butadiene-co-styrene), poly(cyclohexyl alpha-chloroacrylate), poly(methyl phenyl siloxane), poly(2-chloroethyl alpha-chloroacrylate), poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate), poly(furfuryl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(butylmercaptyl methacrylate), poly(1-phenyl-n-amyl methacrylate), poly(N-methyl methacrylamide), polyethylene, cellulose, poly(cyclohexyl alpha-bromoacrylate), poly(sec-butyl alpha-bromoacrylate), poly(2-bromoethyl methacrylate), poly(dihydroabietic acid), poly(abietic acid), poly(ethylmercaptyl methacrylate), poly(N-allyl methacrylamide), poly(1-phenylethyl methacrylate), poly(2-vinyltetrahydrofuran), poly(vinylfuran), poly(methyl m-chlorophenylethyl siloxane), poly(p-methoxybenzyl methacrylate), poly(isopropyl methacrylate), poly(p-isopropyl styrene), poly(isoprene), poly(p,p′-xylylenyl dimethacrylate), poly(cyclohexyl methyl silane), poly(1-phenylallyl methacrylate), poly(p-cyclohexylphenyl methacrylate), poly(chloroprene), poly(2-phenylethyl methacrylate), poly(methyl m-chlorophenyl siloxane), poly[4,4-heptane bis(4-phenyl)carbonate)], poly[1-(o-chlorophenyl)ethyl methacrylate)], styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer, poly(1-phenylcyclohexyl methacrylate), nylon 6,10 [poly(hexamethylene sebacamide)], nylon 6,6 [poly(hexamethylene adipamide)], nylon 6(3)T [poly(trimethyl hexamethylene terephthalamide)], poly(2,2,2′-trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide), poly(methyl alpha-bromoacrylate), poly(benzyl methacrylate), poly[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl methacrylate], poly(m-cresyl methacrylate), styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer, poly(o-methoxyphenol methacrylate), poly(phenyl methacrylate), poly(o-cresyl methacrylate), poly(diallyl phthalate), poly(2,3-dibromopropyl methacrylate), poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(vinyl benozoate), poly[2,2-propane bis[4-(2-methylphenyl)]carbonate], poly[1,1-butane bis(4-phenyl)carbonate], poly(1,2-diphenylethyl methacrylate), poly(o-chlorobenzyl methacrylate), poly(m-nitrobenzyl methacrylate). poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene-1,4-phenylene), poly[N-(2-phenylethyl)methacrylamide], poly(1,1-cyclohexane bis[4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)]carbonate], polycarbonate resin, bisphenol-A polycarbonate, poly(4-methoxy-2-methylstyrene), poly(o-methyl styrene), polystyrene, poly[2,2-propane bis[4-(2-chlorophenyl)]carbonate], poly[1,1-cyclohexane bis(4-phenyl)carbonate], poly(o-methoxy styrene), poly(diphenylmethyl methacrylate), poly[1,1-ethane bis(4-phenyl)carbonate], poly(propylene sulfide), poly(p-bromophenyl methacrylate), poly(N-benzyl methacrylamide), poly(p-methoxy styrene), poly(4-methoxystyrene), poly[1,1-cyclopentane bis(4-phenyl)carbonate], poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(o-chlorodiphenylmethyl methacrylate), poly[2,2-propane bis[4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)]carbonate], poly(pentachlorophenyl methacrylate), poly(2-chlorostyrene), poly(alpha-methylstyrene), poly(phenyl alpha-bromoacrylate), poly[2,2-propane bis[4-(2,6-dibromophenyl)cabonate], poly(p-divinylbenzene), poly(N-vinyl phthalimide), poly(2,6-dichlorostyrene), poly(chloro-p-xylene), poly(beta-naphthyl methacrylate), poly(alpha-naphthyl carbinyl methacrylate), poly(phenyl methyl silane), poly(sulfone) [Poly[4,4′-isopropylidene diphenoxy di(4-phenylene)sulfone]], polysulfone resin, poly(2-vinylthiophene), poly(2,6-diphenyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), poly(alpha-naphthyl methacrylate), poly(p-phenylene ether-sulphone), poly[diphenylmethane bis(4-phenyl)carbonate], poly(vinyl phenyl sulfide), poly(styrene sulfide), butylphenol formaldehyde resin, polyp-xylylene), poly(2-vinylnaphthalene), poly(N-vinyl carbazole), naphthalene-formaldehyde rubber, phenol-formaldehyde resin, and poly(pentabromophenyl methacrylate). In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer 4120 may include ethylene vinyl acetate.
In one embodiment, the thickness of the deposited dielectric material of the dielectric material layer 4120 may be selected such that all unfilled volumes of the via cavities 1103 are filled with the dielectric material of the dielectric material layer 4120. For example, the thickness of the dielectric material layer 4120 as measured over a topmost surface of the core conductive material layer 107 may be in a range from 200 nm to 10 microns, although lesser and greater thicknesses may also be employed. In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer 4120 comprises a self-planarizing polymer material. In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer 4120 comprises a transparent material. The top surface of the dielectric material 4120 (which is a bottom surface of the dielectric material layer 4120 upon flipping the third exemplary photovoltaic structure) may be a planar surface, i.e., a surface that is within a flat plane.
A two-dimensional array of photovoltaic bristles (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106, 4122) is formed. Each photovoltaic bristle bristles (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106, 4122) comprises a vertically protruding portion of the layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106) and embedding a dielectric core 4122 comprising a dielectric material. The dielectric core 4122 contacts a sidewall of the core conductive material layer 106. The transparent conductive material layer 103 is spaced from the core conductive material layer 106 by the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105).
Referring to
Referring to
Each of the third and fourth exemplary photovoltaic structures may be flipped upside down prior to installation and/or use. In this configuration, each of the third and fourth exemplary photovoltaic structures comprises a dielectric material layer 4120 comprising a planar portion having a uniform thickness and an array of protruding portions 4122 extending from a planar surface of the planar portion; and a layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106) located on the dielectric material layer 4120 and comprising a core conductive material layer 106, a photovoltaic material layer (104, 105), and a transparent conductive material layer 103. The core conductive material layer 106 is in contact with the planar surface and the protruding portions 4122 of the dielectric material layer 4120. The transparent conductive material layer 103 is spaced from the core conductive material layer 106 by the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105). Each combination of a protruding portion 4122 of the dielectric material layer 4120 and portions of the layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106) surrounding the protruding portion 4122 constitutes a photovoltaic bristle (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106, 4122).
In one embodiment, the entirety of the dielectric material layer 4120 may be a single material layer without any interface or seam therein. In one embodiment, the entirety of the dielectric material layer 4120 may have a homogeneous material composition throughout. In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer 4120 comprises an optically transparent material. In one embodiment, each protruding portion 4122 of the dielectric layer 4120 may have a variable horizontal cross-sectional area that decreases strictly with a vertical distance from the planar surface of the planar portion of the dielectric material layer 4120. In one embodiment, each protruding portion 4122 of the dielectric material layer 4120 may have a conical shape.
In one embodiment, a seam 3779 of the core conductive material layer 106 may extend vertically from an apex of each protruding portion 4122 of the dielectric material layer 4120 as illustrated in
In one embodiment, the moldable material layer (3720, 3820) may be an optically transparent layer. In this case, the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) may overlie, and laterally surround protruding portions of, the layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106). The entirety of a top surface of the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) (that does not contact the layer stack) may be planar. In one embodiment, the sheet substrate 3710 may be a transparent substrate, which is located on the top surface of the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820). In one embodiment, the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) may have a refractive index less than the refractive index of the transparent conductive material layer 103 to induce refraction at the interface between the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) and the transparent conductive material layer 103.
The optically transparent material of the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) may be any transparent material that may be employed for the moldable material layer (3720, 3820) of the first exemplary photovoltaic structure, or any transparent material that may be employed for the moldable material layer 3820 of the second exemplary photovoltaic structure. In one embodiment, the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) comprises a polymer material. In one embodiment, the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) comprises a moldable material selected from a lacquer, a silicone precursor material, a gel derived from a sol containing a polymerizable colloid, and a glass transition material. In one embodiment, the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) comprises a moldable material selected from a polymer resin-based plastic material, an organic material including at least one resin, a flexible glass material based on silica, phenylalkyl catechol-based lacquers, nitrocellulose lacquers, acrylic lacquers, water-based lacquers, silicone, a gel of silicon oxide, and a gel of dielectric metal oxide. In one embodiment, the optically transparent layer (3720, 3820) comprises a polymer material.
Referring to
In this case, the array pattern may comprise a pattern of dielectric cores 3722 extending upward from the top surface of the moldable material layer 3720. Each dielectric core 3722 may be a patterned portion of the moldable material layer 3720. The array pattern includes an array of vertically extending shapes 3722 that protrude upward from that top surface of the moldable material layer 3720. Each vertically extending shape 3720 may be a dielectric core 3722 of a respective photovoltaic bristle to be subsequently formed.
Referring to
A two-dimensional array of photovoltaic bristles (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106, 3722) is formed. Each photovoltaic bristle (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106, 3722) comprises a vertically protruding portion of the layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106) and embedding a dielectric core 3722 comprising a dielectric material. The dielectric core 3722 contacts a sidewall of the core conductive material layer 106. The transparent conductive material layer 103 is spaced from the core conductive material layer 106 by the photovoltaic material layer (105, 106).
Referring to
Subsequently, a passivation substrate 4310 having a planar bottom surface may be disposed on a top surface of the dielectric material layer 4320. The passivation substrate 4320 comprises an optically transparent material. The passivation substrate 4320 may include a material such as glass, sapphire, an optically transparent polymer material, or an optically transparent plastic material.
Referring to
Each of the fifth and sixth exemplary photovoltaic structures comprises a dielectric material layer (3720, 3820), which is a moldable material layer. The dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) comprises a planar portion having a uniform thickness and an array of protruding portions 3722 extending from a planar surface of the planar portion; and a layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106) located on the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) and comprising a core conductive material layer 106, a photovoltaic material layer (104, 105), and a transparent conductive material layer 103. The core conductive material layer 106 is in contact with the planar surface and the protruding portions 3722 of the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820). The transparent conductive material layer 103 is spaced from the core conductive material layer 106 by the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105). Each combination of a protruding portion 3722 of the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) and portions of the layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106) surrounding the protruding portion 3722 constitutes a photovoltaic bristle (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106, 3722).
In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) comprises a self-planarizing polymer material, which forms a film of a uniform thickness prior to imprinting, and is subsequently cured to provide the dielectric cores 3722 that do not change shapes. In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) comprises an optically transparent material. The core conductive material layer 106 is deposited on surfaces of the dielectric cores 3722 and the top surface of the planar portion of the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820), i.e., the moldable material layer. The photovoltaic material layer (104, 105) is deposited on the core conductive material layer 106. The transparent conductive material layer 103 is deposited on the photovoltaic material layer (104, 105).
In one embodiment, the entirety of the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) may be a single material layer without any interface or seam therein. In one embodiment, the entirety of the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) may have a homogeneous material composition throughout. In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) comprises an optically transparent material. In one embodiment, each protruding portion (i.e., each dielectric core 3722) of the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) may have a variable horizontal cross-sectional area that decreases strictly with a vertical distance from the planar surface of the planar portion of the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820). In one embodiment, each protruding portion of the dielectric material layer may have a conical shape.
In one embodiment, a substrate (e.g., a sheet substrate 3710) contacting another planar surface of the planar portion of the dielectric material layer 3720 and vertically spaced from the layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106) by the planar portion of the dielectric material layer 3720. In one embodiment, each protruding portion 3722 may have a lateral dimension less than 10 microns and a height less than 100 microns.
In one embodiment, an optically transparent layer 4320 may overlie the layer stack (103, 104, 105, 107a, 106). The entirety of the top surface of the optically transparent layer 4320 may be planar. A transparent substrate (such as a passivation substrate 4310) may be located on the top surface of the optically transparent layer 4320. The optically transparent layer 4320 may have a refractive index less than a refractive index of the transparent conductive material layer 103. In one embodiment, the optically transparent layer 4320 may comprise a polymer material, which may be any transparent material that may be employed for the dielectric material layer 4120 discussed above.
In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) of the fifth or sixth exemplary photovoltaic structure may comprise a moldable material selected from a lacquer, a silicone precursor material, a gel derived from a sol containing a polymerizable colloid, and a glass transition material. In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) comprises a moldable material selected from a polymer resin-based plastic material, an organic material including at least one resin, a flexible glass material based on silica, phenylalkyl catechol-based lacquers, nitrocellulose lacquers, acrylic lacquers, water-based lacquers, silicone, a gel of silicon oxide, and a gel of dielectric metal oxide. In one embodiment, the dielectric material layer (3720, 3820) comprises a polymer material.
The preceding description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the following claims and the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/866,387 entitled “Methods for Manufacturing Three Dimensional Metamaterial Devices with Photovoltaic Bristles” and filed on Apr. 19, 2013, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/830,295 entitled “Methods for Manufacturing Three Dimensional Metamaterial Devices with Photovoltaic Bristles” and filed on Mar. 14, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/751,914, entitled “Three-Dimensional Metamaterial Device with Photovoltaic Bristles” filed Jan. 28, 2013, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for purposes of disclosing dimensions, materials and configurations of photovoltaic bristles that may be manufactured by the embodiment processes disclosed herein.
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| Child | 14872540 | US | |
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| Child | 13866387 | US |
