In the manufacture of high-bulk tissue products, such as facial tissue, bath tissue, paper towels, and the like, it is common to use one or more through-air dryers for partially drying the web or to bring the tissue web to a final dryness or near-final dryness. Generally speaking, through-air dryers typically include a rotating cylinder having an upper deck that supports a drying fabric which, in turn, supports the web being dried. In particular, heated air is passed through the web in order to dry the web. For example, in one embodiment, heated air is provided by a hood above the drying cylinder. Alternatively, heated air is provided to a center area of the drying cylinder and passed through to the hood.
When incorporated into a papermaking system, through-air dryers offer many and various benefits and advantages. For example, through-air dryers are capable of drying tissue webs without compressing the web. Thus, moisture is removed from the webs without the webs losing a substantial amount of bulk or caliber. In fact, through-air dryers, in some applications, may even serve to increase the bulk of the web. Through-air dryers are also known to contribute to various other important properties and characteristics of the webs.
Through-air dryers, however, are typically much more expensive to manufacture and ship in comparison to other drying devices. For instance, many conventional through-air dryers include a rotating cylindrical deck that is made from a single piece construction. In order to permit air flow, the cylindrical deck is porous. Further, in order to support the significant loads that are exerted on the deck during operation, the cylindrical deck has a substantial thickness. In the past, the decks have been made from expensive materials, such as stainless steel, and have been manufactured using expensive procedures. For instance, in order to make the decks porous, the decks are typically configured to have a honeycomb-like structure that requires a substantial amount of labor intensive and critical welding. In order to support the cylindrical deck and to control air flow through the deck, many through-air dryers also include internal baffles and seals that further increase the cost of the equipment.
Further, since the cylindrical deck is a one-piece construction, the shipping costs for through-air dryers are exorbitant. For example, since the decks cannot be disassembled, specially designed shipping arrangements usually are required.
Recently, demands have been made to increase the capacity and efficiency of through-air dryers. As such, gas flow rates through the dryers have increased. In order to shield the bearings that allow the dryers to rotate from the gas flow path, the bearings have been shifted in position. For instance, referring to
The through-air dryer further includes a pair of bearings 4. The bearings 4 allow for the shaft 3 to rotate. In order to prevent the bearings from being exposed to the hot gas flow traveling through the through-air dryer, the bearings are typically spaced a significant distance from the heads 2. Unfortunately, as a result of the placement of the bearings 4, moments represented by the arrows 5 are created when a load 6 is placed on the through-air dryer during operation. The moments need to be supported by the shaft 3, the heads 2, and the cylindrical deck 1. Thus, due to the presence of the moments, even greater deck thicknesses and massive heads are required in designing the through-air dryer, further increasing the cost to manufacture the dryer and the cost to ship the dryer. An added problem with the existing design is that significant stresses are caused by the differential expansion of components during the heating of the through-air dryer and by the differential temperatures of the through-air dryer during steady-state operation. The safest way to start up a traditional through-air dryer is to limit the warm up rate to a few degrees per minute to allow all parts to equilibrate to the same temperature. This subjects the dryer to lowest differential loads, but there are always stresses induced with a rigid design. Another method to limit the effect of differential expansion from temperature is by the use of exotic materials that have different rates of thermal expansion. For example, the deck, which is typically thin and heats up faster than the support structure, can be made from a material that has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion. This net thermal expansion rate between the deck and support structure is more similar reducing stress. While this helps to alleviate the problem, the cost of the through-air dryer is much higher because of the expense of special materials and the special machining and handling necessary to weld them.
As such, a need currently exists for a through-air dryer design that is simple to produce, controls the loads and moment on the structure, is easy to ship and is not practically limited in size. A need also exists for a through-air dryer design that has a lower capital cost and may be disassembled for facilitating construction and shipping of the dryer. A need also exists for a through-air dryer design that does not create high moments that must be supported by the dryer structure.
In general, the present invention is directed to an apparatus for through-air drying webs. The through-air dryer of the present invention is capable of being disassembled and is therefore easy to ship. The through-air dryer is also capable of accommodating all different sizes, and may, for instance, be built to have large diameters. Further, the through-air dryer is configured so that no significant moments are present in the head or shell from outboard placement of bearings and supports, thereby lessening the structural demands of the device. The use of simple plates to form the deck makes it relatively simple to calculate loads that are exerted on the dryer.
For example, in one embodiment, the apparatus of the present invention includes a cylindrical deck having sufficient open space to permit airflow therethrough. A support structure is positioned to support the cylindrical deck. The apparatus further includes a support shaft concentrically positioned with respect to the cylindrical deck. The support structure is configured to rotate on the support shaft. At least one bearing is positioned between the support shaft and the support structure to permit rotation of the support structure. The bearing is located so that there is substantially no moment transfer between the cylindrical deck and the support structure.
The support structure, for example, may comprise a first hub spaced from a second hub. Each hub engages an opposite end of the cylindrical deck. A first bearing is positioned between the first hub and the support shaft and a second bearing is positioned between the second hub and the support shaft. Each bearing is placed substantially in alignment with each end of the cylindrical deck in order to prevent the creation of moment from the offset of the location of the load relative to the location of support. The alignment of the bearing in the support structure eliminates the moment that the deck is required to carry so that the deck can be designed for fabric load, rotational acceleration and pressure differential alone.
In one particular embodiment, the support structure may include a rotating tube surrounding the support shaft. The rotating tube is connected at a first end to the first hub and at a second end to the second hub. The rotating tube may be used to serve as a shield for the bearings so that the hot gas flow traveling through the dryer does not contact the bearings.
It is recognized that temperature-controlled circulating oil will be required to control the temperature of the bearing during operation. Temperature control is commonly done for circulating oil to control the viscosity of the oil to provide the correct hydrodynamic properties to ensure separation of the metallic elements within the bearing. Bearing cooling is similar to that already done for steam-heated Yankee drying cylinders where steam at elevated temperatures is fed through a shaft which in turn is supported by bearings. Temperature rise from heat transfer of the steam to the shaft and ultimately to the bearing is controlled by oil temperature.
The support structure can further include a first internal deck support and a second internal deck support that extend between the rotating tube and the cylindrical deck. A deck support ring supporting the cylindrical deck in between the first end of the deck and the second end of the deck may be connected to each of the internal deck supports.
The deck itself may comprise a plurality of individual deck plates that are attached to the support structure. For instance, the deck plates may be attached to the support structure using a pin attachment structure that permits thermal expansion. If desired, the deck plates may have a cross sectional profile that tapers in a direction opposite the direction of gas flow through the cylindrical deck. A hot gas, for example, may travel from an exterior surface of the cylindrical deck to an interior space of the dryer. In an alternative embodiment, however, the gas may flow from inside the cylindrical deck to outside the cylindrical deck. In either instance, a hood may surround the cylindrical deck for directing the hot gas stream either into the deck or away from the deck.
For gas flow into the dryer it is advantageous to limit the width of the deck plate as it contacts the web to reduce the tendency to cause sheet marking. It has been found that a contact width of less than 3 mm (⅛ inches) is preferable to prevent sheet marking. This thickness is dependent on the thickness of the fabric. For example, thicker more three dimensional fabrics allow flow in the machine direction so marking would be less noticeable. The location of internal supports is also ideally located away from direct contact with the fabric to facilitate air flow.
In order to dry a web, the web may be carried on a throughdrying fabric that is wrapped around the cylindrical deck. The throughdrying fabric may be wrapped around the cylindrical deck from an upstream point to a downstream point leaving an open free end. In this embodiment, the apparatus may further include an external baffle positioned over the open free end of the cylindrical deck for shielding the open free end from external air.
In accordance with the present invention, the cylindrical deck and the support structure may be made from multiple parts that may be easily assembled. For instance, as described above, the cylindrical deck is made from a plurality of plates. In addition, the support structure may include opposing hubs that also may be comprised of multiple parts. In this manner, when the apparatus is being shipped, the shipping volume of the apparatus may have a greatest dimension of no greater than one half the diameter of the cylindrical deck.
Other features and aspects of the present invention are discussed in greater detail below.
A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof to one skilled in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
Repeated use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the invention.
It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present invention.
In general, the present invention is directed to a through-air drying apparatus, which passes a heated gas through a web in order to dry the web. The through-air drying apparatus has multiple and numerous applications. For example, in one embodiment, the apparatus may be used for drying a tissue web. It is also recognized that the same principles of design can be used for smaller rolls typically used for vacuum or pressure transfer of the web between sections of a paper machine.
The through-air dryer of the present invention, in one embodiment, is made from multiple components that may be easily assembled and/or disassembled. In this manner, not only is the through-air dryer relatively inexpensive to manufacture, but also may be shipped without any significant difficulties or added expense.
Of particular advantage, due to the ability to vary the size of the dryer, due to the close spacing of the bearing centers, and due to lower capital costs, the through-air dryer of the present invention is well suited to being incorporated into existing tissue making lines that do not currently include a through-air dryer. For instance, the through-air dryer of the present invention is well suited to replacing a Yankee dryer or other similar drum drying device for improving the properties of tissue webs produced on the line. Machines that currently have a Yankee dryer are generally limited in available room outside the machine frames and machine frames are relatively narrow. The short distance between bearing centers makes a dryer of this design particularly advantageous for this application.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the through-air dryer is made in a manner such that no significant moment transfers occur between major components of the structure of the dryer. For instance, the bearings that support rotation of the dryer may be substantially aligned with each end of a rotating drying cylinder. In this manner, loads applied to the dryer are supported in a more stable manner preventing moment between sections.
Although the through-air dryer may be used in multiple and numerous applications, as described above, in one embodiment, the through-air dryer is particularly well suited for use in the manufacture of tissue webs. It is also recognized that the same principles of design can be used for smaller rolls typically used for vacuum or pressure transfer of the web between sections of a paper machine.
For purposes of illustration, for instance, one embodiment of a papermaking process made in accordance with the present invention is shown in
From the forming fabric 14, the wet web 16 is transferred to a transfer fabric 20. The transfer may be carried out using any suitable mechanism. As shown in
In one embodiment, the web 16 may be transferred from the forming fabric 14 to the transfer fabric 20 while the transfer fabric 20 is traveling at a slower speed than the forming fabric 14. For example, the transfer fabric may be moving at a speed that is at least 5%, at least 8%, or at least 10% slower than the speed of the forming fabric. This process is known as “rush transfer” and may be used in order to impart increased machine direction stretch into the web 16.
From the transfer fabric 20, the tissue web 16 is transferred to a throughdrying fabric 24 and carried around a cylindrical deck 26 of a through-air dryer generally 28 made in accordance with the present invention. As shown, the through-air dryer 28 includes a hood 30. A hot gas, such as air, used to dry the tissue web 16 is created by a burner 32. More particularly, a fan 34 forces hot air created by the burner 32 into the hood 30. Hood 30 directs the hot air through the tissue web 16 carried on the throughdrying fabric 24. The hot air is drawn through the web and through the cylindrical deck 26.
At least a portion of the hot air is re-circulated back to the burner 32 using the fan 34. In one embodiment, in order to avoid the build-up of moisture in the system, a portion of the spent heated air is vented, while a proportionate amount of fresh make-up air is fed to the burner 32.
In the embodiment shown in
While supported by the throughdrying fabric 24, the tissue web 16 is dried to a final consistency of, for instance, about 94% or greater by the through-air dryer 28. The tissue web 16 is then transferred to a second transfer fabric 36. From the second transfer fabric 36, the dried tissue web 16 may be further supported by an optional carrier fabric 38 and transported to a reel 40. Once wound into a roll, the tissue web 16 may then be sent to a converting process for being calendered, embossed, cut and/or packaged as desired.
In the system and process shown in
Referring to
The support structure includes a first hub 52 and a second hub 54. The hubs 52 and 54 support each end of the cylindrical deck 26. As shown in
Referring back to
The internal support members 60 and 62 can be in the shape of plates and, as will be described in more detail below, can assist in directing air flow through the dryer. The internal support members 60 and 62 may be of a single piece construction or may be of a multi-piece construction as desired.
Referring to
In
The actual distance that the deck plates 70 are spaced apart depends on various factors, including the size of the through-air dryer 28, the amount of load being placed upon the through-air dryer and the amount of gas flow through the dryer. In general, the deck plates 70 may be spaced from about 12 millimeters (½ inches) to about 254 millimeters (10 inches) apart, such as from about 1 inch to about 6 inches apart. For example, when the cylindrical deck 26 has a diameter of about 5 meters (16.4 feet) the plates 70 may be spaced apart 75 millimeters (2.95 inches).
In order to facilitate air flow through the cylindrical deck 26, as shown in
In order to prevent wear of the throughdrying fabric 24, the deck plates 70 may be coated with a material that reduces the coefficient of friction. For example, in one embodiment, the deck plates may be coated with a polytetrafluoroethylene coating marketed as Teflon® by the Dupont Company or a low wear ceramic coating as manufactured by Praxair Coatings.
As described above, the cylindrical deck 26 and all of the components that support the deck rotate about the stationary axis 50. In order to permit rotation of the deck, each of the hubs 52 and 54 are in association with a respective bearing 72 and 74. Of particular advantage, the bearings are positioned so as to be in substantial alignment with each end of the cylindrical deck 26. In this manner, no significant moment transfers occur between the deck and the support structure as diagrammatically shown, for instance, in
In past through-air dryer configurations, as shown in
As described above, gas flow direction through the through-air dryer 28 may be either from the hood 30 through the cylindrical deck 26 or through the cylindrical deck 26 and into the hood 30. When gas flow enters the through-air dryer through the cylindrical deck 26, the web being dried may be placed on top of the throughdrying fabric 24 as shown in
As shown in
One further advantage to the through-air dryer of the present invention is that the configuration of the through-air dryer does not require that the baffles be placed inside the cylindrical deck 26. Instead, as shown in
Another advantage to the through-air dryer of the present invention is that the dryer includes many multi-piece components. For example, the cylindrical deck is made from a plurality of deck plates 70. Also, most of the internal support members may be made from multiple parts.
Due to the construction of the through-air dryer 28, the through-air dryer may be manufactured and shipped having a shipping volume that is much less than the assembled volume of the dryer. For instance, in one embodiment, the largest dimension of the shipping volume is no greater than one half the diameter of the cylindrical deck. In this manner, expenses involved in shipping the through-air dryer are drastically reduced in comparison to many conventional dryers. In many locations in the world it is not physically possible or very difficult to ship a fully assembled dryer because of the limits of height, width and weight imposed for normal roadways or railroads.
Still another advantage to the through-air dryer of the present invention is the ability to easily calculate loads that are placed on the dryer during operation. The loads are easily calculated since there is no transfer of moment between the deck and support structure of the through-air dryer and since the deck is made of simple plates rather than a complicated welded structure. Typical decks are welded from a multitude of formed sheet metal components that are too complex to analyze using traditional analytical methods. Finite element analysis (FEA) can be used, but the complexity of the deck is generally beyond computing power except for small sections. To calculate the loads on a welded dryer deck, the properties of a small section are calculated in detail and the results are used as an average to compute the stresses on the entire deck. The stresses on the deck and the stresses caused by thermal expansion must then be used to compute the moment created across the interface between the deck and support structure. A complete explanation of calculating loads for one embodiment of a through-air dryer made in accordance with the present invention is included in the examples below.
One feature of the through-air dryer (“TAD”) design of the present invention is the ability to rapidly calculate loads and deflections analytically using well-established mechanical engineering principles. The purpose of this example is to show analytical methods that may be used to calculate the deflections and loads on support bars for a TAD manufactured using the principles of this invention.
The TAD dryer deck is formed from a multiplicity of individual plates defining a cylinder. Each deck plate comprises a simply supported section bar as shown in
The bar has an axial length (l), a radial width (w) and a thickness (t). For the purposes of this example the thickness and width is fixed as constant. Designs can be adjusted to vary both thickness and width to optimize the use of materials and enhance the process. For example the width can be varied to be larger at the locations of highest stress, generally in the center of an unsupported span. Likewise the thickness can be varied to be thin at the interface with the fabric to minimize wet spots, but be thick away from the fabric to add rigidity.
As shown in
Weight
The weight of the bar per unit length is calculated from the volume multiplied by the density of the material for one unit length. This can be calculated as:
ω=w·t·l·δ Eq. 1
where:
The calculation of fabric tension requires additional information about the relative geometry between bar elements. The fabric tension is the resultant force of tension pulling on the bar because of the change of direction of the fabric across the bar.
Pressure
Gas or air flow is a process parameter that helps to determine the drying capacity of the TAD. Air flow creates differential pressure across the deck of the TAD and creates a load on the bars which comprise the deck. Referring further to
It can be seen by rotational symmetry that the distance (d1) is equivalent to distance (d2) which is the chordal distance between adjacent bars. Using this definition and using (d) as the distance between the bars the distance (d) can be calculated as:
The pressure is applied over an area defined by the length (l) and the distance (d). The force (Fp) generated for each bar can then be defined as:
Fp=ΔP·d·l Eq. 4
Where:
Substituting the value for distance (d) yields the following equation for the force created by differential pressure:
Rotational Force
The rotation of the TAD causes forces to be applied to the bar. Specifically the bar tends to be thrown outward because of its location on the periphery of the TAD. The centripetal acceleration of the bar can be calculated using well-known mechanical principles. The force on the bar is a product of its mass and the acceleration of the bar caused by the constant change of direction of the bar. Centripetal acceleration is defined as the acceleration towards the center of the roll or in the normal direction relative to travel.
As a general case, it is possible to estimate the force created by a bar by using the centroid of the bar as the radius and the tangential velocity of the centroid as the velocity. This is the average centripetal acceleration of the bar. Since this design can be applied to small rolls, such as transfer rolls, as well as TADs and since the width of the bar can be a significant portion of the outside radius of the roll, a better method is to develop a general formula that includes the width of the bar. It can be seen that portions of the bar closer to the center of the roll have a lower velocity and a smaller radius. Since the velocity is squared, portions of the bar closer to the center of the roll contribute less to the force than portions nearer the periphery.
The normal acceleration is:
Therefore the force on the bar from rotation of the dryer can be calculated based on Newton's third law as:
Fn=m·an Eq. 7
Where:
Using the centroid of the bar as shown in
Then an estimate for the normal force on the bar from rotation can be determined as follows:
Or substituting for m the equation becomes:
A more accurate value of the force (Fn) can be calculated by integrating the unit force along the length of the bar along the width from the inside of the bar to the periphery. In
Velocity of the TAD is usually expressed in the velocity of the surface which is designated as the outer velocity (Vo) in
dFn=dm·an Eq. 11
Where:
Using this value it can be seen that the centripetal acceleration is now:
The centripetal acceleration is seen to vary directly with the radius at constant surface speed. Therefore substituting the centripetal acceleration and dm into the equation for dFn, and integrating from ri to ro gives the following result for Fn.
Integrating and substituting the values ri and ro yields the following equation for Fn. Note that the constant is zero because the Fn at zero is zero.
This equation is the more general form used to calculate the force created on the support bars from TAD rotation.
Deflection
The amount of deflection of the bar under load is a consideration for tissue machine design since deflection can have an adverse effect on the ability of the fabric to guide or can cause the fabric to develop wrinkles which make it unusable. The total load on each support bar is the sum of the weight of the bar, force from fabric tension, force from differential pressure and rotational forces. The combination of these forces causes deflection of the bar with the maximum deflection typically near the center of the unsupported span. Note that the load is not constant around the circumference of the TAD since the fabric does not wrap the entire TAD surface. That is, fabric tension forces and differential pressure forces only exist in areas that are wrapped by the TAD fabric. Also, the direction of the force changes with the position of the bar during the rotation of the TAD. For example, the weight of the bar is always directed downwards, rotational forces are directed radially outwards, and fabric tension and differential pressure forces are directed radially inwards towards the center of the TAD. The changes in direction of forces are shown schematically in
Referring to
It is necessary to calculate the load at key positions on the TAD deck to ensure that all potential cases are accounted for. It is also possible to calculate the fluctuation in load at a given speed which is important for the design of the end connections and to analyze potential reduction in life from fatigue loading.
Deflection is a function of the type of loading, type of end connections, load applied and the properties and geometry of the material used. For the case of the support bars, by definition of the invention, no moment is transferred between the support bars and the head so the bars are simply supported. This means that there is a single reaction force at each end of the bar designated as “R” in
For small amounts of deflection, as present in the TAD support bars, it is acceptable to use standard beam deflection equations. The specific equation for a simply support beam with a distributed load is as follows:
Note that for a simply supported beam the deflection is five times as high as the deflection of a fully supported beam. The equation for deflection can be rearranged noting that W=wl as follows. Note that for an equivalent unit load the deflection varies with the fourth power of length showing that the addition of internal supports to the bar is very beneficial to reducing deflection.
It can be seen that standard mechanical engineering techniques permit an analytical solution to the calculation of loads and deflection of the support bars for a TAD deck. The key is to have the bars simply supported so the moment is not transmitted to the heads of the TAD.
The following is a prophetic example using the equations derived in Example 1. Typical dimensions of a through-air dryer (“TAD”) were used. A typical TAD for the manufacture of tissue paper products is about 5 m (16.4 feet) in diameter, has a width of 5.2 m (17.1 feet). A typical maximum operating speed is 1500 m/min (4921 ft/min) at the surface of the deck. Maximum deflection of 3 millimeters (⅛ inch) is allowed although less is preferable to prevent premature wear or wrinkling of the fabric. For the case of this example, the bars are rectangular in shape although there are advantages to reducing the thickness of the bar at the periphery of the TAD where the bars contact the fabric to prevent non-uniform air flow as previously discussed.
Also, a rectangular bar is not the optimum shape for maximizing the rectangular moment of inertia relative to the weight. A manufactured material consisting of a tube with wearing surfaces would provide more rigidity especially to prevent buckling failure in unsupported areas. These types of shapes are readily available and can be readily calculated using the principles discussed in this example.
The spacing of the bars needs to adequately support the fabric and spread the load from differential pressure and fabric tension. A reasonable spacing is 75 millimeters (2.95 inches), but larger spacing can be accommodated if an intermediate support structure is inserted between the support bars to support the fabric and prevent oscillations in fabric tension from the chordal distances between the support bars. Note that the main support remains the axially oriented bars. The selection of the number of bars is generally the maximum possible to minimize overall weight, commensurate shipping costs and handling, and to reduce assembly time at the site of use. Based on a spacing of 75 millimeters and a dryer diameter of 5 meters with a circumference of 15,707 millimeters, the number of bars will be 210, rounded to the nearest whole number. Based on the number of bars, it is possible to calculate that the change in angle between each bar will be 1.71 degrees. This angle is used to determine the forces from tension and differential pressure.
The support bar dimensions ultimately determine the amount of deflection and contribute to the overall weight of the TAD. Another factor determined by bar dimensions is the number of internal supports that will be required to minimize deflection. Deflection varies with the fourth power of length so a support in the center of the dryer will reduce deflection by a factor of sixteen. Additional supports will be required to prevent buckling failure from twisting, or movement in the circumferential direction as a simple bar has little stiffness in this direction. It was determined that a suitable bar dimension for this example is a bar with dimensions of 180 millimeters (7.4 inches) in the radial dimension (width) and 7 millimeters (0.28 inches) in thickness for a bar that is solid and rectangular in cross section.
The thickness of the bar and the number of bars determine the amount of open area of the dryer which is calculated as a percentage of the rotated surface of the dryer that is not blocked by bars relative to the entire surface. For this example the open area is calculated to be 91% which is calculated as the ratio of the area of the outside surface of the through-air dryer less the area of the thickness of the bar to the surface of the through-air dryer. Note that it is advantageous to taper the tip of the support bar to retain the stiffness while increasing the open area of the dryer. It is expected that a final bar design will be optimized to increase open area, minimize stiffness and maximize stiffness in the radial and circumferential directions. A structure such as a hollow could be used to reduce weight while increasing stiffness.
The dimensions of the bar give the weight per unit load based on Equation 1. The material of construction is mild steel. The density of steel is 7756 kg/m2 (0.28 lb/in2) so the load contributed by the bar can be calculated to be 0.10 kN/m (0.57 lb/in). Note that the load contributed by weight is always directed downwards and is present in all locations.
Fabric tension is typically in the range of 1.75 to 10.5 kN/m (10 to 60 lb/in) for all fabrics. TAD fabrics are generally run at a maximum of about 4.4 kN/m (25 lb/in). Therefore this example uses 4.4 kN/m (25 lb/in) as the fabric tension.
The force of the fabric is the resultant force on the bar from fabric tension as determined by Equation 5. The angle is the change in angle between adjacent bars as shown in
Rotational forces are created by a combination of the mass of the bar and the continual acceleration of the bar towards the center of the TAD to maintain its circular path. In general, it is preferable to use Equation 15 to calculate the force from rotational load, although for examples where the radial dimension of the bar is much smaller than the radius of the dryer the results using Equation 10. Based on a speed of 1500 meters/minute (4921 feet/minute) or 25 meters/second, an outer radius of 2.5 meters and a bar dimension of 170 millimeters by 7 millimeters, the force from rotation is 2.36 kN/m. Rotational force is always directed away from the center of the TAD and is always present when the dryer is rotating. The force from rotation is proportional to the square of speed so that load increases parabolically with speed. For this example the load from rotational forces has the highest magnitude of the four forces considered.
Each of the four forces, which are load from weight, fabric tension, differential pressure and rotation create a uniform distributed load on the bar. A feature of beam loading of any type is that it is possible to sum the effect of each component of load to determine the overall load, commonly referred to as the principle of superposition. For the case of the support bar the overall load is a sum of each of the four loads previously mentioned based on the current location of the bar relative to gravity and the fabric loading. As previously mentioned, fabric tension and differential pressure are only present in parts of the circumference of the dryer that are in contact with the fabric. Note that differential pressure is not required to be present for the entire contact surface of the fabric, but this is beneficial and common to maximize the drying capability of the TAD.
Since deflection of the bar relative to the center of the TAD is important for structural reasons, load will be considered in the positive direction away from the center of the TAD and negative towards the center of the TAD. This leads to positive and negative deflection in the same sense as the load. The sum of the loads in the instantaneous position of the bar relative to gravity and the presence or absence of the fabric determine the final load. To help to illustrate this a table of loads has been developed below. It can be seen that the significant load on the dryer is actually away from the center of the dryer at an operating speed of 1500 meters per minute and that the maximum load occurs at the 6 o'clock position where there is no counteracting force from fabric tension and differential pressure but weight and rotational forces are additive.
Also to note is that the weight does not contribute to radial forces in the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions since weight always creates a downward force.
Deflection of the bar is calculated using Equation 18. These equations are developed from four successive integrations of the load on a beam and are accurate for small deflections relative to the length of the beam. Equation 18 is for a simply supported beam which means that the beam is supported at each extremity, but no moment is transferred from the beam to the supports. The deflection of the bar calculates to be 0.837 inches at the 12 o'clock position and 1.307 inches at the 6 o'clock position.
Using a center support changes the load case from a simply supported beam to a beam that is simply supported on one end and cantilevered on the other. A free body diagram of half the bar shows the moment which is symmetrical for each side. Note that the moments now present at the center support are internal to the bar and are not transferred to other TAD components.
The equation for deflection of a beam with a distributed load, simply supported on one end and cantilevered on the other end is as shown in Equation 19 below. There is a reduction of one sixteenth because of the fourth power change from reducing the span by half and an additional 2.4 times reduction from cantilevering the beam at one end for a total reduction in deflection of 38.5 times by installing a support in the center span. The deflection is now reduced to 0.022 inches at the 12 o'clock position and 0.034 inches at the 6 o'clock position.
The maximum stress in the beam occurs in the extreme edges of the widths commonly referred to as the “outer fibers” when discussing stress in beam theory. The maximum stress occurs at a location of maximum moment in the beam, such as at mid-span for a simply supported beam, and at the outermost fiber of the beam. It can be calculated by using the following Equation 20 below:
The distance “c” is the maximum distance from the neutral axis of the cross section of the beam. A simple bar has the neutral axis at the center line of the beam or at 85 millimeters from the edge. Therefore “c” is the same distance of 85 millimeters from the neutral axis to the outer fiber. The maximum moment is calculated from the beam equations as:
for simply support beam, distributed load
from the simply supported end for a simply/cantilevered beam
The maximum moment for the simply supported case with full span can be calculated as 8.28 kNm and as 1.17 kNm for the case with a center support. Note the center support reduces the length “l” in half and also the different load case provides a further reduction in moment. Therefore using Equation 20 it can be seen that the maximum level of stress is 31,412 lb/in2 for the simply supported case and 4,417 lb/in2 for the case with a support. The range of load at operating speed is seen to be varying, but always in the same sense, that is, there is no reversal of stress which greatly reduces the impact of fatigue loading on the bars.
The load on the bar that is not directed radially is also important to note. This occurs with the force from the weight of the bar in the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions. While the load is small, the area moment of inertia of the bar is 660 times lower than the area moment of inertia in the radial direction. Supporting the bars between each other for this design in three locations evenly spaced across the length of the bar will reduce the deflection. Supports do not have to be connected to the center axis of the TAD, but may be between the individual bars themselves.
It is also advantageous to provide additional calculations to test that vibration will not be a concern and to test any stress concentrations that arise from machining of the bar from its standard rectangular profile. This would include, but is not limited to, holes required for mounting the center support and stiffening components and the connection of the bar to the deck.
These and other modifications and variations to the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention so further described in such appended claims.
The present application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/071,744, filed on Mar. 3, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,143,525, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/748,754, filed on Dec. 30, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,877,246.
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Parent | 10748754 | Dec 2003 | US |
Child | 11071744 | US |