Patent Grant
11003984
The present invention generally relates to neuromorphic systems and more particularly to timing sequences for neuromorphic systems that account for Spike Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) synapse and Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) models of neuron activity.
Neuromorphic systems with Spike Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) synapse and Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) neuron models may be simulated in software by describing the system in a mathematical model. However, the computing operation can take a long time in a software model, even when only a few synapses and neurons are modeled, for example, in a recognition of hand-written numbers.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present principles, a method is provided for operating a neuromorphic system for generating neuron activity. The method includes the step of preparing at least one digital timer in the neuromorphic system, each of the at least one digital timers including multi-bit digital values. The method further includes the step of generating time signals using the at least one digital timer, the time signals showing a time that has elapsed since a spike input was provided to a node of a synapse in the neuromorphic system. The method further includes the step of updating parameters of the neuromorphic system using the time signals. The method further includes the step of presetting, using a processor, the digital values of the at least one digital timer to initial values when the spike input is provided to the node. The method further includes the step of updating, using the processor, the digital values of the at least one digital timer with a specified amount when there is an absence of a spike input to the node.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present principles, a system is provided. The system includes a memory. The system further includes at least one hardware-based one digital timer, each of the at least one digital timers including multi-bit digital values. The system further includes a hardware-based processor configured to generate time signals using the at least one digital timer, the time signals showing a time that has elapsed since a spike input was provided to a node of a synapse in the neuromorphic system, update, in the memory, parameters of the neuromorphic system using the time signals, preset the digital values of the digital timers to initial values when the spike input is provided to the node, and update the digital values of the digital timers with a specified amount when there is an absence of a spike input to the node.
In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present principles, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising a computer readable program for operating a neuromorphic system for generating neuron activity is provided. The computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to perform the step of preparing at least one digital timer in the neuromorphic system, each of the at least one digital timers including multi-bit digital values. The computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to further perform the step of generating time signals using the at least one digital timer, the time signals showing a time that has elapsed since a spike input was provided to a node of a synapse in the neuromorphic system. The computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to further perform the step of updating parameters of the neuromorphic system using the time signals. The computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to further perform the step of presetting, using a processor, the digital values of the at least one digital timer to initial values when the spike input is provided to the node. The computer readable program when executed on a computer causes the computer to further perform the step of updating, using the processor, the digital values of the at least one digital timer with a specified amount when there is an absence of a spike input to the node.
These and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
The disclosure will provide details in the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the following figures wherein:
In accordance with present principles, the described digital neuromorphic system mimics behaviors of biological nerve cells through the accounting for Spike Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) synapse behavior and Leaky Integrate and Fire (LIF) neuron activity. The aspects are implemented in system hardware to provide a system that can engage in on-system learning.
With STDP, repeated pre-synaptic neuron (pre-neuron) spike arrival a few milliseconds before post-synaptic neuron (post-neuron) action potentials leads in many synapse types to long-term potentiation (LTP) of the synapses, whereas repeated spike arrival after post-neuron spikes leads to long-term depression (LTD) of the same synapse. The change of the Synapse Weight (SW) plotted as a function of the relative timing of pre- and post-neuron action potentials is called the STDP function or learning window and varies between synapse types.
In the neuromorphic system according to present principles, each of the synapses of the network, which again are located between the axons of pre-neurons and the dendrites of post-neurons, has its own SW that is indicative of the strength of the connection between the axon and dendrite. Using the STDP model, SW is updated with timing between (1) an axon spike from a pre-neuron and (2) a dendrite spike from a post-neuron.
For on-system learning, the timing sequence greatly affects the performance of the neuromorphic system. This is due to the nature of a digital neuromorphic system. In a digital neuromorphic system, large parallel operations are converted into serial operations and several important parameters are time-dependent, e.g., the spike timing data at an axon and at a dendrite. In one embodiment, digital timers are introduced into the neuromorphic system to minimize errors in spike shape emulation. The digital Axon Timer (AT) and the digital Dendrite Timer (DT) are multi-bit digital timers and are able to emulate the shape of a neuron spike.
In one embodiment, the neuromorphic system is a hardware implementation in which the SWs are stored in a memory chip, e.g., in random access memory (RAM), in a digital circuitry which generates Neuron membrane Potentials (NPs) and SWs, modeling these effects with the LIF model of neuron and the STDP model of SW update.
According to present principles, implementation of the system in hardware improves the speed of operations by approximately by 103 times or more. Hardware implementation enables significantly more learning cycles to be computable within a practical operation timeframe and on a real-time on-system learning, e.g., an on-chip for neuromorphic chip. Hardware implementation based on a digital system makes the operation stable and free of fluctuations of device characteristics.
Referring to
A first storage device 122 and a second storage device 124 are operatively coupled to system bus 102 by the I/O adapter 120. The storage devices 122 and 124 can be any of a disk storage device (e.g., a magnetic or optical disk storage device), a solid state magnetic device, and so forth. The storage devices 122 and 124 can be the same type of storage device or different types of storage devices.
A speaker 132 is operatively coupled to system bus 102 by the sound adapter 130. A transceiver 142 is operatively coupled to system bus 102 by network adapter 140. A display device 162 is operatively coupled to system bus 102 by display adapter 160.
A first user interface device 152, a second user interface device 154, and a third user interface device 156 are operatively coupled to system bus 102 by user interface adapter 150. The user interface devices 152, 154 and 156 can be any of a keyboard, a mouse, a keypad, an image capture device, a motion sensing device, a microphone, a device incorporating the functionality of at least two of the preceding devices, and so forth. Of course, other types of interface devices can also be used, while maintaining the spirit of the present principles. The user interface devices 152, 154, and 156 can be the same type of user interface device or different types of user interface devices. The user interface devices 152, 154, and 156 are used to input and output information to and from system 100.
The processing system 100 may also include other elements (not shown), as readily contemplated by one of skill in the art, as well as omit certain elements. For example, various other interface devices and/or output devices can be included in processing system 100, depending upon the particular implementation of the same, as readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, various types of wireless and/or wired input and/or output devices can be used. Moreover, additional processors, controllers, memories, and so forth, in various configurations can also be utilized as readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. It is to be appreciated that the terms processors and controllers can be used interchangeably herein. These and other variations of the processing system 100 are readily contemplated by one of ordinary skill in the art given the teachings of the present principles provided herein.
The synapse is shown in detail in
Each synapse has a characteristic SW reflective of the strength of the connection. SW refers to the strength or amplitude of a connection between two nodes, corresponding in biology to the amount of influence the firing of one neuron has on another. According to present principles, SW is updated according to the period between an axon spike of a pre-neuron and the dendrite spike of a post-neuron in following the STDP synapse model.
In a neuromorphic system modeled according to present principles, the synapses are arranged in a crossbar structure 200, as depicted in
The synapses 220 are aligned in an array, at the intersections of axon paths 205 of pre-neurons which extend horizontally, and the dendrite paths of post-neurons 210 which extend vertically. The synapses 220 are arranged as in the row and column lines of a memory array.
In this model, a post-neuron receives stimulus through a dendrite connected to a synapse, which raises the NP by a certain amount. On the other hand, leaky decay lowers the NP gradually. A modeling based on the LIF model accounts for this effect.
Referring to
As shown, the system is configured to include a Neuron membrane Potential Register (NPR) 310 and Synapse Weight MEMory (SW MEM) 315. Neuron membrane Potential Update block (NPU) 320 updates the data of the NPR 310 with information provided by AT 330, SW MEM 315 and current data of the NPR 310. For this update, the data is transferred in serial manner. Synapse Weight Update block (SWU) 325 updates the data of the SW MEM 315 with information provided by the AT 330, DT 335 and current data of the SW MEM 315. For this update, the data is processed and transferred in a serial manner. An AT 330 and a DT 335 are provided to monitor the elapsed times since the occurrences of axon input spikes and a dendrite output spikes, respectively. In an embodiment of the present principles, the AT 330 and the DT 335 perform as digital timers. External signals are provided in parallel to the AT 330, while its output processed in serial. A parallel signal from a Dendrite Output Register (DOR) 340 arrives at the DT 335. Output signals from the DT 335 are processed in serial. The DOR 340 converts the internal serial data 355 into the external parallel data 360.
In one embodiment of the present principles, the digital timers in the AT 330 and the DT 335 are multi-bit digital timers and emulate the shape of a neuron spike. The values of these digital timers represent the duration of time that has elapsed since spikes were given to both nodes of a synapse. According to the STDP rule, the values of the digital timers are used to update parameters of the neuromorphic system 300. These parameters include, e.g., SW and NP.
In one embodiment of the present principles, values of the digital timers in the AT 330 and the DT 335 are preset to initial (or maximum) values when an axon spike and a dendrite spike are given, respectively. Otherwise (i.e., with there are no axon spikes or dendrite spikes), the values of the digital timers are updated (decreased) by a certain amount. This update of the digital timers in the AT 330 and the DT 335 is performed once for each timer in every evaluation cycle.
In one embodiment of the present principles, at least two simultaneous operations performed by the neuromorphic system are separated into multiple independent operation steps, such as, e.g., a SW decrement step, a NP update step, a SW increment step, etc., in order to avoid any parameter update conflicts. During the operation of each of these steps, only a target parameter update is performed, and update operations for other parameters are not processed. The NPR 310 stores the NP. The NPR 310 can be included in a digital processor, such as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computing device. In one embodiment, a register is employed for the NPR 310 in neuromorphic system with a large number of neurons. In another embodiment, where the system has a small number of neurons, a memory element such as latch or flip flop can be employed for the NPR 310.
The SW MEM 315 stores the SW. Any kind of rewritable memory, without regard to whether it is volatile or non-volatile memory, can be employed in the SW MEM 315. In one embodiment, memory with both row only access and column only access may be employed.
The NPU 320 updates NP values, employing the elapsed time information from the AT 330, SW values from the SW MEM 315, and the current NP values from the NPR 310. The NPU 320 also determines whether the NP reaches a certain threshold value in order to generate a neuron fire signal. Since NPs exhibit leaky decay as a result of the “calm down” of a neuron, the NPU 320 makes updates of the NP values based on the LIF model. A write operation is preformed to update the NP values in NPR 310, e.g., updated NP values determined in the NPU 320 are written to the NPR 310.
The SWU 325 updates the SW values with the elapsed time information provided by the AT 330 and the DT 335 together with the current SW values obtained from the SW MEM 315. The elapsed time represents the time between an axon input spike and a dendrite output spike. SW values in the SW MEM 315 are updated in a write operation. The update values are determined by the SWU 325.
The SWU 325 includes two independent blocks, which are shown as a synapse weight increment block (SWI) 345 and a synapse weight decrement block (SWD) 350. The SWU 325 runs an algorithm based on the STDP rule. The SWU 325, the SWI 345, and the SWD 350 implement STDP-based on-system learning.
In an exemplary STDP protocol, the SW is updated (modified) by receiving a neuron fire spike of a pre-neuron (an input spike) at an axon node shortly before or shortly after receiving a neuron fire spike of a post-neuron (an output spike) at a dendrite node. For example, injecting at least two spike pulses to the nodes of the synapse within a certain short period will cause a change in SW, e.g., a SW update event. In a real biological neural network, the neuron fire event occurs once in several milliseconds asynchronously and concurrently in parallel for all neurons. The SW update occurs not so rapidly in response to these neuron fire events (event driven base). In the proposed neuromorphic system 300, however, the NP and the SW updates are processed serially. The detailed update scheme and amount of the SW may be implemented inside the SWI 345 and SWD 350, in consideration of the device performance measurement or simulation results. The update amount (change in SW) can be plotted as a function of the relative arrival time difference of a pre-neuron fire spike and a post-neuron fire spike.
The AT 330 includes the timers for all axons in the system. The AT 330 measures the elapsed time since axon input signals have been received from outside of the system. The DT 335 includes the timers for all dendrites in the system. The DT 335 measures the elapsed time since dendrite output signals, e.g., neuron fire signals, generated by the NPU 320 for the post-neuron.
The DOR 340 provides serial to parallel conversion of dendrite output, e.g., neuron fire signals. Whereas internal signals are processed serially, the external interface is in a parallel arrangement.
The above-described system components allow for quick verification and the debugging of complicated STDP-based on-system learning and LIF neuron functions prior to manufacturing system-based hardware in silicon. For example, the system can be entirely simulated in hardware. Also, hardware can be implemented with reconfigurable logic circuits, for example field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
The SW data for the synapses are stored in the SW RAM 405. For example, the SW data can be stored in eight (8) bit length each. The rows and columns of the SW RAM 405 correspond to axons of pre-neurons and dendrites of post-neurons, respectively. By way of example, SW RAM (i, j) 405 respectively represents the SW of a synapse between axon i and neuron body j (or dendrite j).
Spike timing is one of the parameters accounted for in STDP model. The AT 410 and the DT 415 respectively determine the elapsed time since a spike appears in the axon and in the dendrite nodes of the synapses. These data are independently stored in 4 bit for the (256) axons and the (256) dendrites. The spike time data are read out and utilized one by one sequentially as instructed by the Sequencer for block control signals and Address Generator for the synapse weight RAM (SAG) unit 455. For the AT 410 and the DT 415 to determine elapsed times, data is accessed by an AT access signal (at_acs) and a DT access signal (dt_acs) generated by the SAG 455. The timing data is stored in 4 bit lengths for all axons and dendrites, but bit lengths can be selected based on the application of the system. In order to select one AT and one DT data out of 256 AT data and 256 DT data, respectively at a given time, the 8-bit select signals at_sel<0:7> and dt_sel<0:7> are, for example, incremented from 0 to 255 according to the operation state. Axon input spike signals ax_ini (i=0 to 255) are provided to the AT 410 and SAG 455 as an external system signal that is processed in parallel. In an embodiment of the present principles, the AT 410 and the DT 415 are digital timers.
The Neuron membrane Potential Register (NPR) 420 stores the NP for each neuron and shows the status of the neuron as digital quantized value. In an excitatory neuron, the NP increases every time the neuron receives a spike, e.g., a stimulus from axons, e.g., the axons ax_ini (for i=0 to 255), through connected synapses 220, as shown in
The NP is read out from the NPR 420 and updated in the Neuron membrane Potential Update block (NPU) 425. The updated value is written back into the NPR 420. The updated amount of the NP is determined by the corresponding AT 410 value and the corresponding SW amount. Thus the greater the AT 410 value or the SW value are, the greater the NP is increased. This process is repeated in implementing the integration function of the NP value. Once the NP reaches the threshold level, the NP is reset (or preset) to its initialization level. If the NP value should be initialized to a certain level (yet avoiding GND or zero potential level) as a result of timing, the user can specify the preset level by way of an instruction given from outside of the system. The timing values obtained from the AT 410 and SW values for the corresponding synapses are used by the NPU 425 to determine the incremental change in the NP. The NPU 425 implements this operation while accounting for the leaky decay of the NP by implementing the LIF model. Of note, the leaky decay effect of the LIF model is implemented inside the NPU 425 after the integration operation, with data concerning AT 410 values, SW values, and current NP values.
In implementing the LIF function, the NPU 425 receives the current AT 410 value, ax_tmr(t)<0:3>, from the AT 410, the current SW value, sw(t)<0:7>, from the SW RAM 405, and the current NP value, np(t)<0:7>, from the NPR 420. The access control and trigger signals at_acs, at_sel<0:7>, sw_ram_row_adr<0:7>, sw_ram_col_adr<0:7> and np_reg_trg as well as npu_lut_trg<1:2> are generated by the SAG 455 to supply input signals for the NPU 425. The NPU 425 includes the leaky decay effect and generates a next NP value as output data.
The NPR 420 is updated with updated NP value, (np(t+1)<0:7>), generated by the NPU 425. The sequence and data flow is controlled by the SAG 455.
The STDP model uses spike timing information for the SW update operation. STDP is a temporally asymmetric form of Hebbian learning induced by tight temporal correlations between the spikes of pre- and post-neurons. As with other forms of synaptic plasticity, it is widely believed that it underlies learning and information storage in the brain, as well as the development and refinement of neural circuits during brain development.
The SWI 430 and the SWD 435 respectively perform increments and decrements in SW values. The amount of change in SW value, e.g., the amount of increment or the amount of decrement in SW value, is determined with the current 256 AT values obtained from the AT 410, (ax_tmr(t)<0:3>), current 256 DT values obtained from the DT 415, (dr_tmr(t)<0:3>), and the current SW values obtained from the SW RAM 405, (sw_read<0:7>). The SW update is triggered by any one of axon input spike signals ax_ini (for i=0 to 255) or any one of dendrite output spike signals dr_outj (for j=0 to 255). For example, if one axon input spike occurs on ax_ini, a SW decrement calculation is performed for the synapse only in row “i” (SWij; for j=0 to 255). A 256 to 1 multiplexor (MUX) 466 selects one of the DT values, dr_tmr(t)<0:3>, out of the 256 DT values (dr_tmr(t)<0:3>×256) for dendrite0 to dendrite255 (or for neuron0 to neuron255). The selection changes with the dt_sel<0:7> signals from dendrite0 to dendrite255 (or from neuron0 to neuron255) for sequential process in SWD 435. On the other hand, if there is one dendrite output spike only on dr_outj a SW increment calculation is performed for the synapses in column “j” (SWij; for i=0 to 255). A 256 to 1 multiplexor (MUX) 465 selects one of the AT values, ax_tmr(t)<0:3> out of 256 AT values (ax_tmr(t)<0:3>×256) for axon0 to axon255. The selection changes with the at_sel<0:7> signals from axon0 to axon255 for sequential process in the SWI 430. Output values from the SWI 430 (sw_inc(t+1)<0:7>) and from the SWD 435 (sw_dec(t+1)<0:7>) are triggered by signals sw_inc_trg and sw_dec_trg, respectively. These trigger signals are generated by the SAG 455. The values are processed by a 2 to 1 multiplexor (MUX) 460, selecting either the sw_inc(t+1)<0:7> value or sw_dec(t+1)<0:7> value as an updated SW value, sw(t+1)<0:7>, to synapse write port (sw_write<0:7>) in 8 bit. Thus updated SW value is written to the SW RAM 405.
Row Address Decoder (RAD) 440 and Column Address Decoder (CAD) 445 decode row and column addresses of the SW RAM 405 (sw_ram_row_adr<0:7> and sw_ram_col_adr<0:7>, respectively). The addresses, generated by SAG 455, are used for read and write access to the SW RAM 405. The read access is performed to obtain current SW value sw(t)<0:7> from the read data output port sw_read<0:7>. For write access, the updated SW value sw(t+1)<0:7> is given to the write data input ports, sw_write<0:7>, replacing the current value sw(t)<0:7> in write access. As indicated, the timing of the sequences for these operations is generated by SAG 455.
The neuromorphic system 400 in
Referring to
Referring to
Inside a core, the post-neuron output signals dr_outj (for j=0 to 255) are generated as the “neuron fire” signals (e.g., dr_out (neuron fire)). Referring to
The DOR 450 converts the serial dr_out (neuron fire) signal to parallel signals dorj (for j=0 to 255) to provide parallel input to the synapse and core output dr_outj (for j=0 to 255). These core output signals are system external output for single-core system without a feedback connection. For other cases, one or some of these output signals are connected to ax_ini (for i=0 to 255) of other core or itself. In this way the system with a feedback connection or the multi-core system can be implemented by appropriate connections between dr_outj of one core to ax_ini of the same, or another, core.
According to present principles, the system described herein provides a design platform of a neuromorphic system for STDP synapse and LIF neuron based neuromorphic system. The system, which employs several function blocks as described (e.g., SW RAM 405, AT 410, DT 415, NPR 420, NPU 425, SWI 430, SWD 435, RAD 440, CAD 445, DOR 450 and SAG 455) is implemented in hardware, which provides for faster design speeds and more efficient uses of system resources. The function of all of the function blocks and the various interfaces between the blocks are also described. The circuitry of the blocks can be freely implemented by the system designer freely and easily. Further by making this structure as a neuromorphic function unit core, multi-core system as well as single-core system with or without feedback paths can be implemented effectively with the simple definition of external connections.
Referring now to
In block 482, neuron activity and synapse activity are generated between neurons in a network. e.g., the crossbar network of axons, dendrites and synapses as depicted in crossbar network 200 of
In block 484, the elapsed times since axon spikes occur at corresponding synapses are timed and stored. As indicated, an AT 410 may be used to measure time that has elapsed since the occurrence of an axon spike.
In block 486, the elapsed times since dendrite spikes occur at corresponding synapses are timed and stored. As indicated, a DT 415 may be used to measure time that has elapsed since the occurrence of a dendrite spike.
In block 488, the current SW values of the synapses are obtained and stored, for example, in an SW RAM 405.
In block 490, the current NPs of neurons is obtained and stored, for example, in a NPR 420.
In block 492, the NP values are updated based on data stored in accordance with the above-mentioned block activities, namely storing the elapsed time since the occurrence of axon spikes in block 484, storing the current SW values of the synapses in accordance with block 488, and storing the current NP of the neurons in accordance with block 490. The update of NP values is determined using the LIF model of NP behavior.
In block 494, the SW values of the synapses are updated based on data stored in accordance with the above-mentioned block activities, namely storing the elapsed times since the occurrence of axon spikes in block 484, storing the elapsed times since the occurrence of dendrite spikes in block 486, and storing the current SW values of the synapses in block 488, the update of SW values being based on the STDP rule.
In block 496, neuron firing of the dendrites is monitored by comparing the NP with the neuron fire threshold value. The NP is reset or preset to a certain value at the neuron firing.
In block 498, serial neuron firing data is converted to parallel data, and the parallel neuron firing data is sent to the DT 415, SWI 430, SAG 455 and system output.
It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed.
Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models.
Characteristics are as follows:
On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service's provider.
Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).
Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).
Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
Service Models are as follows:
Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
Deployment Models are as follows:
Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.
Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.
Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.
Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).
A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Hardware and software layer 1060 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 1061; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 1062; servers 1063; blade servers 1064; storage devices 1065; and networks and networking components 1066. In some embodiments, software components include network application server software 1067 and database software 1068.
Virtualization layer 1070 provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers 1071; virtual storage 1072; virtual networks 1073, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems 1074; and virtual clients 1075.
In one example, management layer 1080 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning 1081 provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 1082 provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may include application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal 1083 provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management 1084 provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 1085 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.
Workloads layer 1090 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation 1091; software development and lifecycle management 1092; virtual classroom education delivery 1093; data analytics processing 94; transaction processing 1095; and neuromorphic systems 1096.
Referring to
A spike trigger signal 1110 is supplied as a square wave pulse, in accordance with the present principles. A virtual analog spike 1120 is input to the system from an axon. The virtual analog spike 1120 is triggered using the spike trigger signal 1110. The virtual analog spike 1120 is based on an STDP model and it affects a neuron cell body through a connected synapse in order to update NP values. As the shape of this waveform is fixed, it can be converted with a fixed set of digital data 1130. Further, the effect of the spike input is implemented with the AT and DT, with approximation. The AT's and DT's behavior is denoted by the reference varying values shown with the height of the bars 1140. The individual ATs and DTs are prepared for all axons and dendrites and they operate independently.
The individual ATi (for i=0 to 255) and DTj (for j=0 to 255) are prepared for individual axoni (for i=0 to 255) and individual dendritej (for j=0 to 255), respectively. Individual ATi and DTj (for i, j=0 to 255) operate independently because update and reset/preset timing for them are independent. When a spike trigger signal is supplied to a certain axoni (or dendrite), the corresponding ATi (or DTj) value is preset to a certain maximum value. While no spike trigger signal is supplied to the axoni (or dendrite), however, the corresponding ATi (or DTj) value decreases by certain amount at every evaluation time cycle. When there is no spike trigger signal for longer than a certain duration of time, the corresponding ATi (or DTj) value decreases until it is equal to zero, and the ATi (or DTj) value stays at zero. As explained before, the ATi and DTj values are preset to their initial values when corresponding axon input (ax_ini) or dendrite output (dr_outj) signals are given or generated during their evaluation time cycle. In a neuromorphic system, axon input signals ax_ini (for i=0 to 255) are supplied from outside or from pre-neurons as system input signals. These signals trigger virtual analog spikes, which are supplied to the axon of the synapse. The system output signals dr_outj (for j=0 to 255) are generated as the fire signals of the neurons (or post neurons). The latter signals trigger virtual analog spikes, which are also supplied to the dendrite of the synapse. Because these analog signals cannot be processed in digital circuits, digital approximation is performed by using ATi and DTj values for calculation in the NPU 425, SWI 430 and SWD 435. The SWI 430 and SWD 435 are activated in the learning mode only. The SWI 430, SWD 435 and SAG 455 update SW with the following sequence.
Referring now to
At step 1210, a spike is input from the pre-neuron or from an external input and is supplied to the AT 410, SWD 435 and SAG 455.
At step 1220, the AT is updated, during which all AT values are decremented by 1 or a certain amount and the AT is preset for axons with input spikes only. In one embodiment of the present principles, the amount by which the AT values are decremented is determined using the time decay shapes in 1140 of
At step 1230, the SWD 435 decrements the SW values. In one embodiment of the present principles, SWij values are updated (decremented) with the current DTj values and the SWij values only when spike input is given at ax_ini. In one embodiment of the present principles, the decrement amount is determined using the DT and SW values updated at step 1260 and step 1270 in Teval k−1 cycle, respectively.
At step 1240, the NP is updated while incorporating the leak effect. During this step, the NPU receives input signals for the AT values updated at step 1220, the SW values updated at the step 1230 and the current NP values. The NPU then applies the leaky decay effect and generates the output data for the next NP value.
At step 1250, all of the neurons are checked in order to determine whether each of the neurons fires or not. In an embodiment of the present principles, the NPU checks whether the NP reaches a certain threshold level (fire_th<0:7>) to generate a fire signal. The result of this check is shown with output signals dr_outj (for j=0 to 255). In one embodiment of the present principles, NPj values are updated with the ATi values updated at step 1220, the fixed SWij values updated at the step 1230, and current NPj values, considering the leak decay effect. In one embodiment, this update occurs even when there is no spike input at ax_ini or no spike output at dr_outj.
At step 1260, the DT is updated, during which all DT times are decremented by 1 or a certain amount and the DT is preset for dendrites with fired neurons only. In one embodiment of the present principles, the amount by which the DT values are decremented is determined using the time decay shapes in 1140 of
At step 1270, the SWI 430 increments the SW values. In one embodiment of the present principles, SWij values are updated (incremented) with the ATi values and the SWij values only when spike output is generated at dr_outj. In one embodiment of the present principles, the increment amount is determined using the AT and SW values updated at step 1220 and step 1230 in Teval k cycle, respectively.
In one embodiment, there is only one 8-bit write port for SW RAM 405. The sw_inc_dec_sel signal selects an updated (incremented) SW value, sw_inc(t+1)<0:7>, or an updated (decremented) SW value, sw_dec(t+1)<0:7>, to be written into the SW RAM 405. If the system is on step 1230, the sw_inc_dec_sel signal is Low. If the system is on step 1270, the sw_inc_dec_sel signal is High.
At step 1280, a spike is output from the post-neuron and is supplied to the DT 415, SWI 430, SAG 455 and an external output.
In one embodiment of the present principles, in steps 1230 and 1270, SWij is updated in the manner of the STDP rules.
According to the present principles, there are several different kinds of cycle times used to update SW and NP. These cycle times have a hierarchy. Referring now to
The following definitions apply regarding at least
Teval k: k-th evaluation cycle which includes update cycles for the NP, SW, AT, DT values as well as spike input and output and neuron status check cycles.
Teval_np_upd k: NP update cycle for all neurons, included in Teval k cycle.
Teval_sw_dec k: SW decrement cycle for target synapses in Teval k cycle.
Teval_sw_inc k: SW increment cycle for target synapses in Teval k cycle.
Tcal_np_upd j: NPj update cycle for neuron j.
Tcal_sw_dec i: SWij decrement cycle in row i (for j=0 to 255).
Tcal_sw_inc j: SWij increment cycle in column j (for i=0 to 255).
Tclk i or j: NPj updiNPj update partial cycle with SWij and ATi
The ATi, DTj, NPj and SWij are updated every Teval k cycle. There are one Teval_sw_dec k cycle, one Teval_np_upd k cycle, and one Teval_sw_inc k cycle in one Teval k cycle. The Teval_sw_dec k cycle, Teval_np_upd k cycle, and Teval_sw_inc k cycle correspond to steps 1230, 1240, and 1270 of
For the NPj update, the procedure completed in one Teval_np_upd k cycle is always (regardless of axon or dendrite spike existence) triggered once in one Teval k cycle. There are a total of 256 (total number of neurons) Tcal_np_upd j (for j=0 to 255) cycles in one Teval_np_upd k cycle. The Tcal_np_upd j (j=0 to 255) cycles correspond to update cycles for NP of neuronj(NPj) (j=0 to 255), respectively. Furthermore, there are a total of 256 Tclk i j (for i=0 to 255) cycles in one Tcal_np_upd j cycle. Those correspond to NPj updi (for i=0 to 255) cycles. The one NPj updi corresponds to a certain intermediate NPj updated value with ATi, SWij and NPj at that period.
For the SWij decrement update, the procedure is triggered only when the axon input spikes are supplied. If there is at least one ax_ini (for i=0 to 255) with spike input, the procedure goes into Teval_sw_dec k cycle. Although there are a total of 256 (total number of synapse rows in a crossbar array) Tcal_sw_dec i (for i=0 to 255) cycles in one Teval_sw_dec k cycle, only the Tcal_sw_dec i cycles which correspond to ax_ini with spike input are processed (cycles for other rows are skipped). Furthermore, there are a total of 256 Tclk j (for j=0 to 255) cycles in each Tcal_sw_dec i cycle. Those correspond to SWij dec (for j=0 to 255) cycles. The one SWij dec corresponds to the cycle for SWij decrement update with DTj and SWij at that period.
For the SWij increment update, the procedure is triggered only when the dendrite output spikes are generated. If there is at least one dr_outj(for j=0 to 255) with spike output, the procedure goes into Teval_sw_inc k cycle. Although there are a total of 256 (total number of synapse columns in a crossbar array) Tcal_sw_inc j (for j=0 to 255) cycles in one Teval_sw_inc k cycle, only the Tcal_sw_inc j cycles for columns j which correspond to dr_outj with spike output are processed (cycles for other columns are skipped). Furthermore, there are a total of 256 Tclk i (for i=0 to 255) cycles in each Tcal_sw_inc j cycle. Those correspond to SWij inc (for i=0 to 255) cycles. The one SWij inc corresponds to the cycle for SWij increment update with ATi and SWij at that period.
The calculation time cycles Tcal_np_upd j (j=0 to 255) correspond to column level operations. That is, in the Tcal_np_upd j cycle, the next NPj values for 256 neurons are calculated with all 256 ATi (for i=0 to 255), SWij (for i=0 to 255), and current NPj values. These partial calculation cycles in the Tcal_np_upd j cycle are defined as NPj updi (=Tclk i) (for i=0 to 255) cycles.
The calculation time cycles Tcal_sw_dec i(i=0 to 255) correspond to axon input row level operations. That is, in the Tcal_sw_dec i cycle, next SWij (for j=0 to 255) values for 256 synapses in the row i are calculated with all 256 DTj(for j=0 to 255) and 256 SWij (for j=0 to 255). The sub-cycles which calculate SWij (for j=0 to 255) are defined as SWij dec (=Tclkj) (for j=0 to 255) cycles. These SW decrement cycle and sub-cycles are triggered only when the axon input spikes for the corresponding rows are supplied.
The calculation time cycles Tcal_sw_inc j (j=0 to 255) correspond to dendrite output column level operations. That is, in the Tcal_sw_inc j cycle, next SWij (for i=0 to 255) values for 256 synapses in the column j are calculated with all 256 ATi (for i=0 to 255) and 256 SWij (for i=0 to 255). The sub-cycles which calculate SWij (for i=0 to 255) are defined as SWij inc (=Tclki) (for i=0 to 255) cycles. These SW increment cycle and sub-cycles are triggered only when the dendrite output spikes for the corresponding columns are generated.
Tclk j (for j=0 to 255) cycles are time cycles used to decrement one “SWij” value for column j in row i. There are a total of 256 columns (the number of dendrites and the number of columns in SW RAM 405). Therefore, there are a total of 256 Tclk j (for j=0 to 255) cycles included in each Tcal_sw_dec i (for i=0 to 255) cycle.
Tclk i (for i=0 to 255) cycles are time cycles used to calculate an “intermediate NPj”. There are a total of 256 rows (the number of axons and the number of row in SW RAM 405). Therefore, there are a total of 256 Tclk i (for i=0 to 255) cycles included in each Tcal_np_upd j (for j=0 to 255) cycle.
Tclk i (for i=0 to 255) cycles are time cycles also used to increment one “SWij” value for row i in column j. There are a total of 256 rows (the number of axons and the number of rows in SW RAM 405). Therefore, there are total of 256 Tclk i (for i=0 to 255) cycles included in each Tcal_sw_inc j (for j=0 to 255) cycle.
Referring to
Referring now to
In block 1510, system input is checked whether any spike exists or not.
In block 1520, in case any input spike exists, the corresponding digital AT value is preset to a certain value.
In block 1525, in case an input spike does not exist, the corresponding digital AT value is updated (decremented) by a certain amount.
In block 1530, in case any input spike exists, the SW parameter values of synapses for axon input spike are updated (decremented) according to the DT and current SW parameter values.
In block 1540, NP parameter values are updated according to the AT values, SW parameter values and current NP parameter values.
In block 1550, a serial to parallel conversion of post-neuron output signal is performed.
In block 1560, statuses of the neurons are checked whether they fire or not.
In block 1570, in case any neuron fires, the corresponding digital DT value is preset to a certain value.
In block 1575, in case a neuron does not fire, the corresponding digital DT value is updated (decremented) by a certain amount.
In block 1580, in case any neuron fires, the SW parameter values of synapses for fired neuron are updated (incremented) according to the AT and current SW parameter values.
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present principles, as well as other variations thereof, means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, and so forth described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present principles. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment”, as well any other variations, appearing in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
It is to be appreciated that the use of any of the following “/”, “and/or”, and “at least one of”, for example, in the cases of “A/B”, “A and/or B” and “at least one of A and B”, is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of both options (A and B). As a further example, in the cases of “A, B, and/or C” and “at least one of A, B, and C”, such phrasing is intended to encompass the selection of the first listed option (A) only, or the selection of the second listed option (B) only, or the selection of the third listed option (C) only, or the selection of the first and the second listed options (A and B) only, or the selection of the first and third listed options (A and C) only, or the selection of the second and third listed options (B and C) only, or the selection of all three options (A and B and C). This may be extended, as readily apparent by one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, for as many items listed.
Having described preferred embodiments of a system and method (which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting), it is noted that modifications and variations can be made by persons skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments disclosed which are within the scope of the invention as outlined by the appended claims. Having thus described aspects of the invention, with the details and particularity required by the patent laws, what is claimed and desired protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims.
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