Patent Application
20050171267
The Applicants hereby incorporate by reference prior U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/540,235, filed on Jan. 29, 2004.
The invention relates to a tire having at least one component (e.g. tread) of a rubber composition comprised of a functionalized styrene/butadiene elastomer containing internal silanol and/or siloxy group(s) therein with pendent silanol and/or alkoxy groups of a polymodal (e.g. bimodal) molecular weight distribution and a dispersion therein of a synthetic amorphous silica (e.g. aggregates of precipitated silica) and styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin. In one aspect, said rubber composition may contain at least one additional diene-based elastomer. In another aspect, at least a portion of said synthetic amorphous silica may be in a form of pre-treated precipitated silica aggregates which have been pre-treated to reduce hydroxyl groups on their surface prior to blending with said functionalized styrene/butadiene elastomer.
Tires are historically prepared with treads of a rubber composition which is comprised of various elastomers which are often a combination of cis 1,4-polybutadiene and styrene/butadiene copolymer elastomers, although minor amounts of other elastomers, including, for example, cis 1,4-polyisoprene, isoprene/butadiene and 3,4-polyisoprene, may also be present.
Tire tread rubber compositions conventionally contain particulate reinforcing fillers which are normally carbon black and/or aggregates of a synthetic silica such as a precipitated silica. Such reinforcement fillers for various rubber compositions, including tire treads, are well known to those having skill in such art.
Historically, U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,249 relates to as tire with a tread of a rubber composition composed of a diene-based elastomer, such as for example a styrene/butadiene elastomer, which is reinforced with carbon black and precipitated silica, in which the carbon black and silica were illustrated as being used in relatively equal amounts with a significant carbon black content of about 20 to about 60 phr, together with a styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin. Use of a functionalized styrene/butadiene elastomer is not taught or suggested.
Sometimes, various functionalized elastomers are taught for use with precipitated silicas. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,718, it was proposed to provide a rubber composition including a functionalized diene polymer and silica in which the functionalized diene polymer bears a chain end as a silanol functional group or a polysiloxane block which has a silanol end. For an additional example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,995 it was proposed to use a carbon black having silica fixed to its surface is suggested for use with a functionalized diene polymer. However, the use of a styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin with such functionalized diene polymers is not taught or suggested.
In the description of the invention, the term “phr” relates to parts by weight of a particular ingredient per 100 parts by weight of rubber contained in a rubber composition. The terms “rubber” and “elastomer” are used interchangeably unless otherwise indicated, and the terms “cure” and vulcanize” may be used interchangeably unless otherwise indicated.
In accordance with this invention, a tire is provided having at least one component of a rubber composition comprised of, based upon 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr),
(A) 100 phr of elastomers comprised of:
(B) about 35 to about 100, alternately about 50 to about 100, phr of particulate reinforcement comprised of:
(C) about 5 to about 12 phr of a styrene/alpha methylstyrene copolymer resin composed of about 40 to about 70 percent units derived from styrene and, correspondingly, about 60 to about 30 percent units derived from alpha methylstyrene, and
(D) a coupling agent as:
(E) optionally, about 1 to about 10 phr of a starch/plasticizer composite comprised of starch and plasticizer therefor of a weight ratio in a range of about 0.5/1 to about 5/1, wherein said starch/plasticizer has a softening point in a range of about 110° C. to about 170° C.
In practice, the elastomers of said SBR composite, (SBR-1) and (SBR-2), may have a weight average molecular weight to number average molecular weight ratio (Mw/Mn) of not more than 2 and preferably in a range of about 1.01 to about 1.15,
In one aspect of the invention, said (SBR-2) functionalized styrene/butadiene elastomer may of the general Formula (I):
wherein said [SBR-2A] and [SBR-2B] are individual elastomer segments each having a bound styrene content in a range of from about 25 to about 35 percent, a vinyl 1,2-content in a range of about 50 to about 70 percent based on the butadiene component of the respective styrene/butadiene (SBR-2) copolymer, a Tg in a range of about −15° C. to about −30° C.; wherein the silicon (Si) atom is attached to a butadiene moiety of the respective (SBR-2A) and (SBR-2B); R1 is selected from selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and phenyl groups, preferably from hydrogen (thereby forming a pendent silanol group) or as a methyl or ethyl group (and therefore forming a pendent alkoxy group); and Z2 is selected from an additional SBR segment of said styrene content and said Tg, an alkyl radical containing from 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, or an aromatic radical containing from 6 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from said alkyl radials and said aromatic radicals thereby yielding a substantially linear silicon coupled elastomer; and where n is a value in a range of from zero to 2, alternately from 1 to 2, preferably about 2.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, it is considered herein that said Formula (I) may be represented as a substantially linear silicon coupled elastomer (SBR-2) as Formula (IA) or (IB):
wherein R1 is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and phenyl radicals, preferably an ethyl radical, and n is a value in a range of from zero to 2.
Representative examples of R2 radicals are radicals selected from, for example, isopropyl, t-butyl, phenyl and tolyl radicals.
In practice, it is considered that said (SBR-2A) and SBR-2B) are substantially equal in their individual physical characteristics.
Representative examples of such high structure carbon black reinforcement may be found, for example, in The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook, 13th Edition, (1990), Pages 416 and 417. Representative of such carbon black reinforcement, according to ASTM designations are, for example, N220, N234, N299, N115, N110 and N134, although the N134 carbon black itself is not recited in The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook reference which reportedly has an Iodine absorption value of about 142 g/kg and a DBP adsorption value of about 130 cc/100 g.
Said styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin is an important aspect of this invention. In practice, the resin may have a glass transition temperature (Tg) in a range of from about 30° C. to about 80° C. It may have a softening point (ASTM E-28) within a range of from about 75° C. to about 110° C., alternately from about 80° C. to about 90° C.
The resin may have a molecular weight distribution, namely a ratio of its weight average molecular weight (Mw) to number average molecular weight (Mn), or (Mw/Mn) in a range of about 1.5/1 to about 2.5/1 which is considered herein as being a relatively narrow range. This is believed herein to be advantageous because it has been observed to promote compatibility with the SBR Composite/polybutadiene rubber matrix to thereby increase the composition's hysteresis over a wider temperature range which is considered herein as being important for promoting wet and dry traction for a tire tread over a wider range of conditions.
Such resin is considered herein to be a relatively short chain copolymer of styrene and alpha methylstyrene with a styrene/alpha methylstyrene molar ratio desirably being in a range of from about 0.4/1 to about 1.5/1. In one aspect, such resin may suitably be prepared, for example, by cationic copolymerization of styrene and alphamethyl styrene in a hydrocarbon solvent.
A significant aspect of this invention is the inclusion of a combination of the styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin together with the aforesaid functionalized styrene/butadiene elastomer. This is considered herein to be significant because it has been observed to promote an increase in hysteresis at low temperature (e.g.0° C.) which is indicative of increased wet traction for a tire with a tread of such combination.
A further significant aspect of this invention is the use of a high structure carbon black having the aforesaid Iodine and DBP values. This is considered herein to be significant, particularly when used in combination with the aforesaid styrene/alpha methyl styrene resin, because it has been observed to promote an increase in moduli which is indicative of enhanced tire cornering ability for a tire with a tread which contains such combination and because it has been observed to promote resistance to abrasion which is indicative of increased wear resistance for a tire tread which contains such combination. Therefore, use of the high structure carbon black reinforcement is considered herein to be an important part of this invention to promote both the durability of the tread rubber composition and cornering ability of the tire under extreme vehicle maneuvering conditions.
Another significant aspect of the invention is the optional inclusion of said starch/plasticizer composite and/or said combination of said bis-(3-ethoxysilylpropyl) polysulfide coupling agents.
In on aspect of the invention, the functionalized styrene/butadiene elastomer (SBR-2) and the bimodal weight distribution characteristic of the (SBR-1) and SBR-2) BR-1) and said (SBR-2), with said silicon atom of said functionalized (SBR-2 ) having a pendent hydroxyl or alkoxy group thereon, A representative example of said (SBR) composite of styrene/butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR-1) and silicon coupled, silanol and /or siloxane containing, styrene/butadiene elastomer (SBR-2) is considered herein to be T596™ from the Japan Synthetic Rubber Company (JSR).
In one aspect of the invention, it may be desirable for said rubber composition to be comprised of at least one of said starch/plasticizer composite and said combination of bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) polysulfide coupling agents.
In one aspect of the invention said coupling agent may be an organosulfur silane of the general formula (II):
(R4O)3—Si—R5—Sx—R5—Si—(R4O)3 (II)
wherein R4 is an alkyl radical selected from at least one of methyl and ethyl radicals, preferably an ethyl radical, R5 is an alkylene radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 through 4 carbon atoms, and x is a value in a range of 2 to 8, with an average of from 2 to about 2.6 or from about 3.5 to about 4, preferably from 2 to 2.6;
In one aspect of the invention, the precipitated silica may be, prior to blending with said elastomer(s):
(A) pre-treated with an with an alkylsilane of the general Formula (III) prior to blending with said elastomer(s) and said coupling agent;
(B) pre-treated with said coupling agent of formula (II);
(C) pre-treated with an organomercaptosilane of formula (IV), or
(D) pre-treated with a combination of said alkylsilane of Formula (III) with
A significant consideration for said pre-treatment of said silica is to reduce, or eliminate, evolution of alcohol in situ within the rubber composition during the mixing of the silica with said elastomer such as may be caused, for example, by reaction of a coupling agent of Formula (II) contained within the elastomer composition with hydroxy groups (e.g. silanol groups) contained on the surface of the silica.
Therefore it is considered, in accordance with this aspect of this invention, that a tire is thereby comprised of a component (e.g. a tire tread) of a rubber composition exclusive of any appreciable content of in situ formed alcohol.
A significant consideration of use of the said functionalized diene-based elastomer of formula (I) as tire tread rubber composition, particularly where said precipitated silica is pre-treated with said organosulfursilane of formula (II) and/or said with said alkylsilane of formula (III), is a reduction, or eliminating, of evolution of alcohol during the mixing of the precipitated silica with said coupling agent (formula II) with the diene-based elastomer and functionalized elastomer insofar as the coupling agent is concerned which may be a consideration where it is desired that an alcohol is not released when mixing the respective ingredients with the respective elastomers, such as for example where it might be desired that alcohol is not thereby released into the atmosphere in a rubber product manufacturing facility such as, for example, a tire manufacturing plant. Thus the alcohol byproduct may be limited to and contained at a silica manufacturing, or a silica treatment, facility exclusive of the mixing thereof with a rubber composition and thereby exclusive of a rubber product manufacturing facility.
Representative alkylsilanes of formula (III) for use in the practice of this invention are, for example, trichloromethylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane, chlorotrimethylsilane, trimethoxymethylsilane, dimethoxydimethylsilane, methoxytrimethylsilane, trimethoxypropylsilane, trimethoxyoctylsilane, trimethoxyhexadecylsilane, dimethoxydipropylsilane, triethoxymethylsilane and diethoxydimethylsilane. Preferable organosilanes are dichlorodimethylsilane, chlorotrimethylsilane and hexamethyldisilazane.
Representative of organomercaptosilanes of formula (IV) for use in the practice of this invention are, for example organomercaptosilanes as, for example, mercaptomethyltrimethoxysilane, mercaptoethyltrimethoxysilane, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, mercaptomethyltriethoxysilane, mercaptoethyltripropoxysilane and mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane. Preferable organomercaptosilanes of formula (IV) are mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane and mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane.
Representative of organosulfursilanes of formula (II) are, for example, bis (3-alkoxysilylalkyl) polysulfides having from 2 to about 6, with an average of 2 to 2.6 or from 3.5 to 4 connecting sulfur atoms in its polysulfidic bridge. For example, such materials might be selected from at least one of a bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide material with an average of from 2 to 2.6 connecting sulfur atoms in its polysulfidic bridge, and a bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide material with an average of from 3.5 to 4 connecting sulfur atoms in its polysulfidic bridge.
In one aspect of the invention, as hereinbefore discussed, the precipitated silica may be treated with both an alkylsilane, as a hydrophobating agent, represented by formula (III) optionally with a coupling agent represented by formula (II) and alternatively with the organomercaptosilane of formula (IV) whether by itself or in combination with said alkylsilane and/or coupling agent.
In practice of the invention, various diene-based elastomers (in addition to said functionalized diene-based elastomer) may be used for tire tread rubber composition.
Such diene based elastomers may be, for example, homopolymers and copolymers of conjugated dienes such as for example isoprene and 1,3-butadiene and copolymers of such dienes with a vinyl aromatic compound such as styrene or alphamethyl styrene, preferably styrene.
Representative of such additional elastomers are, for example, cis 1,4-polyisoprene rubber (natural and synthetic), cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber, styrene/butadiene copolymer rubber (prepared by aqueous emulsion of organic solvent polymerization), styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymer rubber, butadiene/acrylonitrile rubber, 3,4-polyisoprene rubber and isoprene/butadiene copolymer rubber.
In practice, the rubber composition may contain a tin and/or silicon coupled, preferably tin coupled, diene-based elastomer prepared by organic solvent polymerization in the presence of a suitable tin-based catalyst complex of at least one of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene monomers or of styrene together with at least one of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene monomers. Said tin and/or silicon coupled elastomers may be selected from, for example, styrene/butadiene copolymers, isoprene/butadiene copolymers, styrene/isoprene copolymers and styrene/isoprene/butadiene terpolymers. The preparation of tin and silicon coupled elastomers via organic solvent polymerization is well known to those having skill in such art.
In practice, the rubber composition may contain a functionalized diene-based elastomer. For example, a functionalized elastomer may be provided as a diene-based elastomer as described above which contains one or more functional groups such as, for example, one or more hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, silanol groups, amine groups and epoxy groups, which are available to participate in reactions with, for example rubber reinforcing fillers such as, for example, carbon black (actually moieties such as for example minor amounts of carboxyl groups on the surface of carbon black), carbon black which contains domains of silica on its surface, amorphous silica, clay (particularly water swellable clay such as for example montmorillonite clay), and starch-based reinforcement. Such functionalized diene-based elastomers, and their preparation, are well known to those having skill in such art.
In practice, a starch/plasticizer composite for use in this invention is a composite of starch and plasticizer therefore. Such starch may be comprised of amylose units and amylopectin units in a ratio of, for example, about 10/90 to about 35/65, alternatively about 20/80 to about 30/70, and has a softening point according to ASTM No. D1228 in a range of about 180° C. to about 220° C.; and the starch/plasticizer composite itself having a softening point in a range of about 110° C. to about 170° C. according to ASTM No. D1228.
In practice, the starch/plasticizer composite may be desired to be used, for example, as a free flowing, dry powder or in a free flowing, dry pelletized form. In practice, it is desired that the synthetic plasticizer itself is compatible with the starch, and has a softening point lower than the softening point of the starch so that it causes the softening of the blend of the plasticizer and the starch to be lower than that of the starch alone.
For the purposes of this invention, the plasticizer effect for the starch/plasticizer composite, (meaning a softening point of the composite being lower than the softening point of the starch), can be obtained through use of a polymeric plasticizer such as, for example, poly(ethylenevinyl alcohol) with a softening point of less than 160° C. Other plasticizers, and their mixtures, are contemplated for use in this invention, provided that they have softening points of less than the softening point of the starch, and preferably less than 160° C., which might be, for example, one or more copolymers and hydrolyzed copolymers thereof selected from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers having a vinyl acetate molar content of from about 5 to about 90, alternatively about 20 to about 70, percent, ethylene-glycidal acrylate copolymers and ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymers. As hereinbefore stated hydrolysed forms of copolymers are also contemplated. For example, the corresponding ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, and ethylene-acetate vinyl alcohol terpolymers may be contemplated so long as they have a softening point lower than that of the starch and preferably lower than 160° C.
In general, the blending of the starch and plasticizer involves what are considered or believed herein to be relatively strong chemical and/or physical interactions between the starch and the plasticizer.
In general, the starch/plasticizer composite has a desired starch to plasticizer weight ratio in a range of about 0.5/1 to about 4/1, alternatively about 1/1 to about 2/1, so long as the starch/plasticizer composition has the required softening point range, and preferably, is capable of being a free flowing, dry powder or extruded pellets, before it is mixed with the elastomer(s).
The synthetic plasticizer(s) may be of a viscous nature at room temperature, or at about 23° C. and, thus, considered to be a liquid for the purposes of this description, although the plasticizer may actually be in a form of a viscous liquid at room temperature since it is to be appreciated that many plasticizers are polymeric in nature.
Representative examples of synthetic plasticizers are, for example, poly(ethylenevinyl alcohol), cellulose acetate and diesters of dibasic organic acids, so long as they have a softening point sufficiently below the softening point of the starch with which they are being combined so that the starch/plasticizer composite has the required softening point range.
Preferably, the synthetic plasticizer is selected from at least one of poly(ethylenevinyl alcohol) and cellulose acetate.
For example, the aforesaid poly(ethylenevinyl alcohol) might be prepared by polymerizing vinyl acetate to form a poly(vinylacetate) which is then hydrolyzed (acid or base catalyzed) to form the poly(ethylenevinyl alcohol). Such reaction of vinyl acetate and hydrolyzing of the resulting product is well known those skilled in such art.
For example, vinylalcohol/ethylene (60/40 mole ratio) copolymers can be obtained in powder forms at different molecular weights and crystallinities such as, for example, a molecular weight of about 11700 with an average particle size of about 11.5 microns or a molecular weight (weight average) of about 60,000 with an average particle diameter of less than 50 microns.
Various blends of starch and ethylenevinyl alcohol copolymers can then be prepared according to mixing procedures well known to those having skill in such art. For example, a procedure might be utilized according to a recitation in the patent publication by Bastioli, Bellotti and Del Trediu entitled A Polymer Composition Including Destructured Starch An Ethylene Copolymer, U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,374.
Other plasticizers might be prepared, for example and so long as they have the appropriate Tg and starch compatibility requirements, by reacting one or more appropriate organic dibasic acids with aliphatic or aromatic diol(s) in a reaction which might sometimes be referred to as an esterification condensation reaction. Such esterification reactions are well known to those skilled in such art.
It is readily understood by those having skill in the art that the rubber composition of the tire component for this invention would be compounded by methods generally known in the rubber compounding art, such as mixing the various sulfur-vulcanizable constituent rubbers with various commonly used additive materials such as, for example, curing aids, such as sulfur, activators, retarders and accelerators, processing additives, such as oils, resins, in addition to the aforesaid styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin, including tackifying resins, silicas, and plasticizers, fillers, pigments, fatty acid, zinc oxide, waxes, antioxidants and antiozonants, peptizing agents and the high structure reinforcing carbon black. As known to those skilled in the art, depending on the intended use of the sulfur vulcanizable and sulfur vulcanized material (rubbers), the additives mentioned above are selected and commonly used in conventional amounts.
The presence and relative amounts of the above additives, other than the styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin and high structure carbon black, are not considered to be an aspect of the present invention which is more primarily directed to the utilization of the aforesaid functionalized elastomer and specialized aggregates of precipitated silica for a tire tread rubber composition.
The tires can be built, shaped, molded and cured by various methods which will be readily apparent to those having skill in such art.
The invention may be better understood by reference to the following example in which the parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Samples of diene rubber-based compositions were prepared.
Sample A is referred to herein as a Comparative Sample A which was composed of a combination of cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber and emulsion polymerization prepared styrene/butadiene rubber, precipitated silica and silica coupler.
Samples B is referred to herein as Comparative Sample B and was comprised of a blend of cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber and solvent solution polymerization prepared functionalized styrene/butadiene rubber which contained internal, pendent siloxane groups together with a precipitated silica and silica coupler.
Sample C was similar to Comparative Sample B except that it contained a styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin which is observed herein to promote wet traction for a tire tread of a rubber composition of Sample C.
The ingredients were mixed in one non-productive mixing stage (without sulfur and sulfur cure accelerators) in an internal rubber mixer for about three minutes to a temperature of about 165° C., the resulting batch of rubber composition dumped from the mixer and cooled to below 40° C., followed by mixing the batch in a productive mixing stage (where sulfur and sulfur cure accelerators are added) in an internal rubber mixer for about two minutes to a cooler mixing temperature of about 115° C. The preparation of rubber mixtures by sequential mixing in at least one non-productive mixing stage followed by a productive mixing stage, in an internal rubber mixer is, in general, well known to those having skill in such art.
The rubber blends are exemplified in the following Table 1.
1An emulsion polymerization prepared styrene/butadiene copolymer elastomer having a bound styrene content of about 40 percent and a Tg of about −30° C. obtained as Se 1721S ™ from the Dow Chemical Company, Netherlands. The elastomer was oil extended by containing about 37.5 parts weight rubber processing oil per 100 parts by weight of the elastomer and is reported in Table as its dry weight without the extender oil.
2Functionalized solution polymerization prepared styrene/butadiene copolymer rubber which contains internal pendent siloxy groups in its polymeric chain, is considered herein as being representative by the general Formula (I), has a bound styrene content of about 25 weight percent and has a vinyl content, based upon butadiene derived portion of the rubber of about 47 percent
3Cis 1,4-polybutadiene rubber obtained as Budene ™ 1207 from The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
4Styrene/alpha methyl styrene resin composed of about 60 percent units derived from styrene, having a Tg of about 40° C. and a softening point of about 85° C., having been prepared by cationic polymerization of styrene and alpha methylstyrene, as Resin 2336 ™ from the Eastman Chemical Company
5Aromatic rubber processing oil and microcrystalline and paraffinic waxes
6N134 (an ASTM designation) carbon black having an Iodine absorption value of about 142 g/kg and a DBP adsorption value of about 130 cc/100 g as Vulcan 10H ™ from the Cabot Corporation.
7Synthetic, amorphous precipitated silica as Zeosil 1165MPTM from Rhodia
8Coupling agent as X266S ™ as a bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyl) polysulfide containing from about 2 to about 2.6 sulfur atoms in its polysulfidic bridge as a composite on a carbon carrier in a 50/50 weight ratio from Degussa-Huls and reported in Table 1 as the composite and therefore as being 50 percent active as the coupling agent
9Accelerators as a sulfenamide together with diphenyl guanidine
The prepared rubber Samples of Example I were cured at a temperature of about 160° C. for about 14 minutes and the various physical properties, cured and uncured, (many of the values are reported as rounded numbers) are shown in the following Table 2.
The MDR instrument (Moving Die Rheometer) was model MDR-2000 by Alpha Technologies. Such instrument may be used, for example, for determining cure characteristics of elastomeric materials, such as for example, the T90 property.
1T90 is the time determined by the MDR analytical instrument to be the time to 90 percent of cure of the rubber sample.
2An RPA (Rubber Process Analyzer) instrument which measures the dynamic strain sweep at a selected temperature (e.g. from 40° C. to 100° C.) at a selected frequency (e.g. one Hertz or ten Hertz) over a range of, for example, 1 to 50 percent strain, with the one percent strain
Such method of determining the storage modulus G′ is believed to be well known by those having skill in such art.
From Table 2 it is seen that Sample C has the lowest Rebound value at 0° C. and 23° C. which is indicative of improved wet traction and has the lowest tan delta at 100° C. which is indicative improved rolling resistance (less resistance to rolling) for a tire having a tread of such rubber composition.
Tires of size 205/55R16 were prepared having treads of the rubber compositions identified in Examples I and II as Control Sample A, Control Sample B and Sample C and correspondingly referenced in the following Table 3 as Control Tire A, Control Tire B and Tire C.
The tread rubber compositions were mixed in a large internal (Banbury-type) rubber mixer using a step-wise mixing process composed of four sequential non-productive mixing stages followed by a productive mixing stage. The rubber mixture was mixed in the first three of the non-productive mixing stages to a temperature of about 165° C. and the last non-productive mixing stage to a temperature of about 135° C.
The tires were mounted on metal rims and inflated. A resulting tire/rim assembly was mounted on a laboratory resiliometer wheel having a diameter of 170.2 cm (67 inches) to evaluate the respective tires for rolling resistance. Other resulting tire/rim assemblies were mounted on a vehicle for wet handling, dry handling and for braking evaluations.
The results of the tests are summarized in the following Table 3 with the values for Control Tire A normalized to a value of 100 the respective tests for Control Tire B and Tire C simply presented as being comparative to the value of 100 presented for Tire Control A.
A higher value for the indicated rolling resistance, wet handling, dry handling and dry braking in Table 3 represents better tire performance.
1Rolling resistance is a measure of resistance to rolling. A higher number (e.g. 102) means a lower resistance to rolling, as compared to the normalized value of 100 for Control Tire A and therefore a promotion of improved vehicular fuel economy.
2Wet braking is a measure of distance of travel upon braking the vehicle on a wet road surface. A higher number, relative to the normalized value of 100 for Control Tire A means a shorter distance until the associated vehicle stops on the wet road after applying the brakes and therefore a promotion of better traction of the respective tire tread on the wet road.
3Wet handling is a measure of vehicle steering and cornering stability and tire grip for the driving surface for wet surface conditions and while operating under a relatively high speed for the driving conditions. A higher number means better stability and control and therefore a promotion of better grip and cornering stability provided for a tire tread of such rubber composition.
4Dry handling is a measure of vehicle steering and cornering stability and tire grip for the driving surface for dry surface conditions and while operating under a relatively high speed for the driving conditions. A higher number means better stability and control and therefore a promotion of better grip and cornering stability provided for a tire tread of such rubber composition.
5Dry braking is a measure of distance of travel upon braking the vehicle on a dry road surface. A higher number, relative to the normalized value of 100 for Control Tire A means a shorter distance until the associated vehicle stops on the dry road after applying the brakes and therefore a promotion of better traction of the respective tire tread on the dry road.
From Table 3 it can be seen that the rolling resistance for Tires B and C, for which the treads contain the styrene/butadiene rubber, including the tread of Tire C which contains both the styrene/butadiene rubber and the styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin was improved as compared to Control Tire A. This is considered herein as being significant for improved vehicular fuel economy.
From Table 3 it can be seen that wet braking for Tire C, as compared to Control Tires A and B was significantly improved. This is considered herein as being significant because a vehicle with such tires would be expected to be able to stop quicker (a shorter period of time), or over shorter stopping distance, in wet conditions.
It is important to appreciate that the observed improved rolling resistance together with the significant improvement in wet braking is an unexpected combination. This combination of respective properties is unexpected because it is considered herein that it would more conventionally be expected that these properties would be contradictory in that an improvement obtained for one of the properties would be expected to compromise the other property.
From Table 3 it can be seen that wet handling for Tire C as compared to Control Tire A is improved. This is considered herein as being significant because it is predictive of improved vehicle steering cornering stability, or control, on wet road conditions.
From Table 3 it can be seen that dry handling for Tire C as compared to Control Tires A and B is improved. This is considered herein as being significant because it is predictive of improved vehicle steering cornering stability, or control, on dry road conditions. This is a desirable feature for a high performance tire.
From Table 3 it can be seen that dry braking for Tire C as compared to Control Tire A is improved. This is considered herein as being significant because a vehicle with such tires would be expected to be able to stop quicker (a shorter period of time), or over shorter stopping distance, in dry conditions and therefore considered to be an increased safety feature for such tire.
Overall, the balance of the above tire properties is significantly improved for the tire with tread composition C which contains the functionalized styrene/butadiene elastomer, styrene/alpha methylstyrene resin together with the indicated particulate reinforcement of greater than 85 phr of precipitated silica (together with the coupling agent) and about 10 phr of high structure carbon black.
While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in this art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60540235 | Jan 2004 | US |
