Patent Application
20140360647
1. Field
The present disclosure relates to passenger vehicle tires.
2. Description of Related Art
Most passenger vehicle tires comprise:
Recently, there have been proposals to improve the rolling resistance of passenger vehicle tires by optimizing the beads thereof. Document WO 2010/072736 notably teaches the use of special rubber compounds. The outer strip and possibly the apex are made using rubber compounds that have an elastic modulus G′ less than or equal to 15 MPa and a viscous modulus G″ such that:
G″ [MPa]≦0.2·G′ [MPa]−0.2 MPa,
the elastic and viscous moduli being measured at 23° C.
That document also recommends further reducing the rolling resistance by optimizing the geometry of that or those portions of the tire that have these moduli: the portion of rubber compound having an elastic modulus G′ less than or equal to 15 MPa and a viscous modulus G″ such that:
G″ [MPa]≦0.2·G′ [MPa]−0.2 MPa,
has, in any radial cross section, a thickness E(r), this thickness corresponding to the length of the intersection of the direction perpendicular to the main portion of the carcass reinforcement with the said portion of rubber composition, r denoting the distance separating the intersection of the said direction perpendicular to the main portion of the carcass reinforcement from the radially innermost point of the annular reinforcing structure. The thickness E(r) varies such that, in the range of distances r comprised between 20 and 50 mm, the variation in thickness
is less than or equal to −0.25 mm/mm (and preferably less than or equal to −0.3 mm/mm) over at least 5 mm. In other words, it is advantageous to ensure that the entity formed by the apex and the outer strip is “squat”, that is to say shorter and wider than in conventional tires.
When implementing this teaching in tires which traditionally have very stiff (in excess of 50 MPa) apexes, it has been found that the incorporation of thick outer strips presents a problem of industrial robustness. Because the quantities of rubber compound involved are fairly great, it is difficult to prevent rubber from moving while the tires are being cured. As a result, the proportion of tires that fail to meet the specifications increases significantly and the movements of the rubber impair the compromise between rolling distance and cornering stiffness.
One of the objects of embodiments of the present invention is to define a tire that has low rolling resistance and high cornering stiffness without impairing industrial robustness.
This object is achieved by a careful choice of external strip geometry.
More specifically this object is achieved by a tire comprising:
two beads intended to come into contact with a mounting rim, each bead comprising at least one annular reinforcing structure;
two sidewalls extending the beads radially outwards, the two sidewalls meeting in a crown comprising a crown reinforcement surmounted by a tread;
at least one carcass reinforcement extending from the beads through the sidewalls as far as the crown, the carcass reinforcement comprising a plurality of carcass reinforcing elements and being anchored in the two beads by being wrapped around the annular reinforcing structure so as to form, within each bead, a main portion and a wrapped-around portion, each wrapped-around portion extending radially outwards as far as an end situated a radial distance DRR from the innermost point of the annular reinforcing structure of the bead, the radial distance DRR being greater than or equal to 10%, (and preferably less than or equal to 20%), of the radial height H of the tire;
in which each bead comprises an apex, the apex being situated radially on the outside of the annular reinforcing structure and at least partially between the main portion and the wrapped-around portion of the carcass reinforcement, the apex extending radially outwards from the radially innermost point of the annular reinforcing structure of the bead as far as radial distance DRB from the said point, the radial distance DRB being greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 30% of the radial height H of the tire,
in which each bead further comprises an outer strip positioned axially on the outside of the carcass reinforcement and of the apex, each outer strip extending radially between a radially inner end of the outer strip and a radially outer end of the outer strip, the radially inner end of the outer strip being situated at a radial distance DRI from the radially innermost point of the annular reinforcing structure of the bead, the radial distance DRI being less than or equal to 20% of the radial height H of the tire, the radially outer end of the outer strip being situated at a distance DRL from the radially innermost point of the annular reinforcing structure of the bead, the radial distance DRL being greater than or equal to 25% (and preferably greater than or equal to 30% and less than or equal to 45%) of the radial height H of the tire,
in which the outer strip (and preferably also the apex) is made of a rubber compound that has an elastic modulus G′ less than or equal to 15 MPa and a viscous modulus G″ such that:
G″ [MPa]≧0.2·G′ [MPa]−0.2 MPa,
the elastic and viscous moduli being measured at 23° C.;
in which the entity formed by the apex and the outer strip has a thickness E(r), this thickness corresponding to the length of the intersection of the direction perpendicular to the main portion of the carcass reinforcement with the said entity, r denoting the distance separating the intersection of the said direction perpendicular to the main portion of the carcass reinforcement from the radially innermost point of the annular reinforcing structure, the thickness E(r) varying such that,
(1) in the range of distances r comprised between 25 and 45% of the height H of the tire, the variation in thickness
is less than or equal to −0.25 mm/mm (and preferably less than or equal to −0.3 mm/mm) over at least 4% of the height H of the tire,
(2) in the range of distances r comprised between 15 and 35% of the height H of the tire, the variation in thickness
is greater than or equal to 0.20 mm/mm over at least 2% of the height H of the tire, and
(3) in the range of distances r comprised between 10 and 20% of the height H of the tire, the variation in thickness
is greater than or equal to −0.10 mm/mm and less than or equal to 0.0 mm/mm over at least 5% of the height H of the tire.
According to a preferred embodiment, the portion of the tire that is axially outside the outer strip is made of a rubber compound that is different from the rubber compound of which the outer strip is made and has a substantially constant thickness. In other words, the portion of the tire that is axially outside the outer strip has a thickness EE(r) varying such that the variation in thickness
is greater than or equal to −0.20 mm/mm and less than or equal to 0.20 mm/mm for r values that are comprised between r=ri+0.20·(re−ri) and r=ri+0.85·(re−ri), where “ri” designates the r value of the radially inner end of the outer strip and “re” designates the r value of the radially outer end of the outer strip.
It is appropriate to distinguish several different uses of the term “radial” by those skilled in the art. Firstly the expression refers to a radius of the tire. It is in this sense that a point P1 is said to be “radially inside” a point P2 (or “radially on the inside of” the point P2) if it is closer to the axis of rotation of the tire than is the point P2. Conversely, a point P3 is said to be “radially outside” a point P4 (or “radially on the outside of” the point P4) if it is further away from the axis of rotation of the tire than is the point P4. Progress is said to be made “radially inwards (or outwards)” when progressing towards smaller (or larger) radii. Where radial distances are involved, it is this sense of the term that applies also.
By contrast, a thread or reinforcement is said to be “radial” when the thread or the reinforcing elements of the reinforcement make an angle greater than or equal to 80° and less than or equal to 90° with the circumferential direction. Let us specify that in this document, the term “thread” is to be understood in an entirely general sense and encompasses threads in the form of monofilaments, multifilaments, cords, folded yarns or equivalent assemblies, that being the case irrespective of the material of which the thread is made or the surface treatment it may have received to enhance its bonding to the rubber.
Finally, a “radial section” or “radial cross section” means a section or cross section on a plane containing the axis of rotation of the tire.
An “axial” direction is a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire. A point P5 is said to be “axially inside” a point P6 (or “axially on the inside of” the point P6) if it is closer to the median plane of the tire than is the point P6. Conversely, a point P7 is said to be “axially outside” a point P8 (or “axially on the outside of” the point P8) if it is further away from the median plane of the tire than is the point P8. The “median plane” of the tire is the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire and which lies equidistant between the annular reinforcing structures of each bead.
A “circumferential” direction is a direction perpendicular both to a radius of the tire and to the axial direction.
Within the context of this document, the expression “rubber compound” denotes a rubber compound containing at least an elastomer and a filler.
The tire 10 further comprises a carcass reinforcement 60 which extends from the beads 20 through the sidewalls 30 as far as the crown 25. This carcass reinforcement 60 here comprises thread-like reinforcements directed substantially radially, that is to say making an angle greater than or equal to 65° and less than or equal to 90° with the circumferential direction.
The carcass reinforcement 60 comprises a plurality of carcass reinforcing elements and is anchored in the two beads 20 by being wrapped around the bead wire, so as to form, in each bead, a main portion 62 and a wrapped-around portion 63. The wrapped-around portion extends radially outwards as far as an end 64 situated a radial distance DRR from the radially innermost point 71 of the annular reinforcing structure the bead, the radial distance DRR here being equal to 22% of the radial height H of the tire.
The “radial height” H of a tire is defined as being the radial distance between the radially innermost point 71 of the annular reinforcing structure 70 of the bead 20 and the radially outermost point 41 (
Each bead comprises an apex 110, the apex being situated radially on the outside of the bead wire 70 and, for a good proportion, between the main portion 62 and the wrapped-around portion 63 of the carcass reinforcement 60.
The apex 110 extends radially outwards from the radially innermost point 71 of the annular reinforcement structure of the bead as far as a radial distance DRB from said point, the radial distance DRB being greater than or equal to 20% of the radial height H of the tire. In this particular instance, the apex 110 extends as far as the equator of the tire. What is meant, in the context of the present document, by the “equator” of the tire is the radial height of the point of greatest axial extension of the carcass reinforcement. In a radial section through the tire, the equator appears as the axial straight line passing through the points at which the carcass reinforcement has its greatest axial width when the tire is mounted on the rim and inflated. When the carcass reinforcement reaches this greatest axial width at a number of points, it is the radial height of the point closest to the mid-height H/2 of the tire that is considered to be the equator of the tire. The equator thus defined should not be confused with the median plane 160 of the tire which is also sometimes known as the “equator” in documents of the prior art.
The interior surface of the tire 10 is covered with an inner liner 50.
It is also a known practice to provide an outer strip 120 placed axially on the outside of the carcass reinforcement and of the apex, as in the tire depicted in
Traditionally, in order to form the apex 110 and the outer strip 120 use was made of rubber compounds that have an elastic modulus G′ greater than or equal to 40 MPa and a viscous modulus G″ comprised between 9 and 10 MPa.
In this document, the terms “elastic modulus G′” and “viscous modulus G″” denote dynamic properties well known to those skilled in the art. These properties are measured on a viscoanalyzer of the Metravib VA4000 type on test specimens moulded from raw compounds or on test specimens bonded together from cured compounds. Test specimens such as those described in the standard ASTM D 5992-96 (the version published in September 2006 but initially approved in 1996) in Figure X2.1 (a circular method) are used. The diameter “d” of the test specimen is 10 mm (so the test specimen therefore has a circular cross section of 78.5 mm2), the thickness “L” of each of the portions of rubber compound is 2 mm, giving a “d/L” ratio of 5 (in contrast with standard ISO 2856, mentioned at paragraph X2.4 of the ASTM standard, which recommends a d/L value of 2).
The response of a test specimen of vulcanized rubber compound subjected to simple alternating sinusoidal shear loading at a frequency of 10 Hz and at a stabilized temperature of 23° C. is recorded. The test specimen is loaded symmetrically about its equilibrium position. The amplitude of deformation sweep ranges from 0.1% to 50% (on the outbound cycle), and then from 50% to 0.1% (on the return cycle). The result used is the dynamic shear elastic modulus (G′) and the viscous shear modulus (G″) at 10% deformation on the return cycle.
In order to reduce the rolling resistance, document WO 2010/072736 teaches the production of the outer strip, and possibly also of the apex, from a rubber compound that has an elastic modulus G′ less than or equal to 15 MPa and a viscous modulus G″ such that: G″ [MPa]≦0.2·G′ [MPa]−0.2 MPa.
Table I gives two examples of such rubber compounds. The composition is given in phr (“per hundred rubber”), that is to say in part by weight per 100 parts by weight of rubber. The corresponding dynamic moduli are also indicated.
The rubber compound is preferably based on at least one diene elastomer, a reinforcing filler and a cross-linking system.
What is meant by a “diene” elastomer (interchangeable with rubber) is, in the known way, an elastomer derived at least in part (i.e. a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers, i.e. monomers which have two carbon-carbon double bonds, which may or may not be conjugated bonds. The diene elastomer used is preferably chosen from the group consisting of polybutadienes (BR), natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBR), isoprene-butadiene copolymers (BIR), isoprene styrene copolymers (SIR), butadiene-styrene-isoprene copolymers (SBIR) and compounds of these elastomers.
One preferred embodiment uses an “isoprene” elastomer, that is to say a homopolymer or a copolymer of isoprene, or in other words a diene elastomer chosen from the group consisting of natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), the various copolymers of isoprene and compounds of these elastomers.
The isoprene elastomer is preferably natural rubber or synthetic polyisoprene of the cis-1,4 type. Of the synthetic polyisoprenes, those used for preference are polyisoprenes that have a ratio (molar %) of cis-1,4 bonds in excess of 90%, more preferably still in excess of 98%. According to other preferred embodiments, the diene elastomer may consist, fully or in part, of some other diene elastomer such as, for example, SBR elastomer (E-SBR or S-SBR) used either cut with some other elastomer, for example of the BR type, or uncut.
The rubber compound may also contain all or some of the additives customarily used in rubber matrices intended for the manufacture of tires, such as, for example, reinforcing fillers such as carbon black or inorganic fillers such as silica, coupling agents for inorganic fillers, anti-aging agents, antioxidants, plasticizers or extension oils, whether the latter be of the aromatic or non-aromatic kind (notably oils that are very weakly aromatic or non-aromatic, for example of the napthene or paraffin type, with a high or preferably a low viscosity, MES or TDAE oils, plasticizing resins with a high Tg in excess of 30° C.), processability agents that make the compounds easier to process in the raw state, tackifying resins, a cross-linking system based either on sulphur or on sulphur donors, and/or on peroxide, accelerators, vulcanization activators or retarders, anti-reversion agents, methylene acceptors and donors such as HMT (hexamethylenetetramine) or H3M (hexamethoxymethylmelamine) for example, reinforcing resins (such as resorcinol or bismaleimide), known adhesion promoting systems of the metallic salts type for example, notably cobalt or nickel salts.
The compounds are manufactured in suitable mixing mills using two successive phases of preparation well known to those skilled in the art: a first phase of thermomechanical kneading or work (the so-called “non-productive” phase) carried out at high temperature, up to a maximum temperature comprised between 110° C. and 190° C., preferably between 130° C. and 180° C., followed by a second phase of mechanical work (the so-called “productive” phase) up to a lower temperature, typically below 110° C., during which finishing phase the cross-linking system is incorporated.
By way of example, the non-productive phase is carried out in a single thermomechanical step lasting a few minutes (for example between 2 and 10 min) during which all the basic components needed together with other additives with the exception of the cross-linking or vulcanizing system are introduced into an appropriate mixing mill such as a customary internal mixing mill. Once the compound thus obtained has cooled, the vulcanizing system is then incorporated in an external mixing mill such as an open mill kept at low temperature (for example between 30° C. and 100° C.). Everything is then kneaded (productive phase) for a few minutes (for example between 5 and 15 min).
The final compound thus obtained is then calendered, for example rolled into the form of a sheet or slab for characterizing, or alternatively is extruded to form the outer strip used in a tire according to the invention.
Vulcanizing (or curing) can then take place in the known manner at a temperature generally comprised between 130° C. and 200° C., preferably under pressure, for a long enough length of time that may vary for example between 5 and 90 min notably according to the curing temperature, to the vulcanizing system adopted and to the vulcanizing dynamics of the compound in question.
The formulation of the rubber compound used for the apex may be identical to that of the rubber compound that forms the outer strip, with the exception of the addition of cobalt salts to encourage adhesion between the apex and the bead wire, as is well known to those skilled in the art.
Document WO 2010/072736 also teaches an advantageous bead geometry. Consider the thickness E(r), in a radial cross section, of the entity formed by the apex and the outer strip.
where DE is the maximum axial width of the bead wire 70 (see
These tires comprise two beads 20 adapted to come into contact with a mounting rim (not depicted), each bead comprising at least one annular reinforcing structure, in this instance a bead wire 70. They further comprise two sidewalls 30 extending the beads radially outwards, the two sidewalls meeting in a crown (not depicted) comprising a crown reinforcement, surmounted by a tread, and a carcass reinforcement 60 extending from the beads through the sidewalls into the crown. The carcass reinforcement 60 comprises a plurality of carcass reinforcing elements. It is anchored into the two beads 20 by wrapping around the annular reinforcing structure 70 so as to form, within each bead 20, a main portion 62 and a wrapped around portion 63. Each wrapped around portion 63 extends radially outwards as far as an end 64 situated a radial distance DRR from the radially innermost point 71 of the annular reinforcing structure of the bead, the radial distance DRR being greater than or equal to 10% of the radial height H of the tire. DRR is equal to 19% of the radial height H for the tires depicted in
Each bead comprises an apex 110, situated radially on the outside of the annular reinforcing structure 70 and at least partially between the main portion 62 and the wrapped around portion 63 of the carcass reinforcement 60. The apex extends radially outside the radially innermost point 71 of the annular reinforcing structure of the bead as far as a radial distance DRB from the said point, the radial distance DRB being greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 30% of the radial height H of the tire. For the tires depicted in
Each bead further comprises an outer strip 120 positioned axially on the outside of the carcass reinforcement 60 and of the apex 110, each outer strip 120 extending radially between a radially inner end 121 of the outer strip 120 and a radially outer end 122 of the outer strip 120. The radially inner end 121 is situated a distance DRI from the radially innermost point 71 of the annular reinforcing structure of the bead 20. The radial distance DRI is less than or equal to 20% of the radial height H of the tire. For the tires depicted in
The radially outer end 122 of the outer strip is situated a distance DRL from the radially innermost point 71 of the annular reinforcing structure of the bead 20. The radial distance DRL is greater than or equal to 25% of the radial height H of the tire. It is equal to 35% of the radial height H for the tire in
The outer strip 120 is made of a rubber compound that has an elastic modulus G′ less than or equal to 15 MPa and a viscous modulus G″ such that: G″ [MPa]≦0.2·G′ [MPa]−0.2 MPa, the elastic and viscous modulus values being measured at 23° C.
The entity formed by the apex 110 and the outer strip 120 has a thickness E(r), this thickness being defined as explained above.
The reference tire depicted in
as a function of the radius r, is depicted in
is less than or equal to −0.25 mm/mm over a first range of distances r of at least 4% of the height H of the tire. Values for such first range of 9% may be seen for the tire of
is greater than or equal to 0.20 mm/mm over a second range of distances r of at least 2% of the height H of the tire. Values for such second range of 2.5% are found for the tire of
is greater than or equal to −0.10 mm/mm and less than or equal to 0.0 mm/mm over at least 5% of the height H of the tire. Values for such third range of 8% are found for the tire of
is greater than or equal to −0.20 mm/mm and less than or equal to 0.20 mm/mm for r values that are comprised between r=ri+0.20·(re−ri) and r=ri+0.85·(re−ri), where “ri” designates the r value of the radially inner end 121 of the outer strip 120 and “re” designates the r value of the radially outer end 122 of the outer strip 120. This is the case for the tires shown in
The tires of
Comparative tests were conducted on tires of dimension 205/55 R16. A tire with a bead as depicted in
As Table II shows, reducing the height of the outer strip (by switching from alternative “I2” to “I1”) lowers the rolling resistance. The choice between the alternatives “I1” and “I2” will be made on the basis of cornering stiffness requirements. If lower stiffness is sought then alternative “I1” will be chosen. By contrast, if high cornering stiffness is desired, alternative “I2” is preferable.
More importantly still, the tire according to embodiments of the invention allowed an improvement in manufacturing productivity (number of compliant tires produced per unit time) of around 15% over the tire according to the prior art. No difference in terms of tire endurance was noted.
Furthermore, it will be noted that the special geometry of the outer strip of the tires according to the invention has the effect that these tires are provided with a protective strip that protects the bead against kerbing, etc. without in any way increasing the mass of the tire.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1160908 | Nov 2011 | FR | national |
This application is a 371 national phase entry of PCT/EP2012/073834, filed 28 Nov. 2012, which claims benefit of FR 1160908, filed 29 Nov. 2011 and of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/595,476, filed 6 Feb. 2012, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/073834 | 11/28/2012 | WO | 00 | 5/29/2014 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61595476 | Feb 2012 | US |
