The present disclosure generally relates to compositions comprising extracellular matrix (ECM) material and methods of use thereof.
Biomaterials have been used in a variety of medical applications as alternative to, or in conjunction with, conventional materials in order to assist with healing, tissue repair, and other forms of medical treatment. Such biomaterials include ECM, a complex structural material found within tissues that surround and support cells. The ECM is generally made up of three major classes of biomolecules: structural proteins such as collagen and elastin; other proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, and various growth factors; and proteoglycans. ECM is derived from collageneous tissue and processed for application at the site of bodily injury. While ECM materials can be used for certain medical applications, current ECM materials often fail to provide sufficient structural integrity and bioactivity.
The present disclosure includes a composition comprising a first extracellular matrix material derived from spleen tissue; and a second extracellular matrix material derived from at least one mammalian tissue chosen from lung tissue, gall bladder tissue, bone marrow tissue, pancreatic tissue, or liver tissue, the second extracellular matrix material being at least partially integrated into the first extracellular matrix material, wherein at least a portion of the composition is in particulate form, and wherein the composition is configured for administration to a patient. Embodiments of the present disclosure may include one or more of the following features: the first and/or second extracellular matrix material may be in particulate form; the second extracellular matrix material may be derived from lung tissue; one of the first extracellular matrix material or the second extracellular matrix material may be in particulate form, and the other of the first extracellular matrix and the second extracellular matrix may be in gel form; one of the first extracellular matrix material or the second extracellular matrix material may be in particulate form, and the other of the first extracellular matrix material or the second extracellular matrix material may be in sheet form; the composition may be configured for application to native tissue of the patient for repairing the native tissue; the composition may have a rod-like shape or a tubular shape; at least a portion of the second extracellular matrix material may be in particulate form, such that the second extracellular matrix particulate material may be incorporated into the first extracellular matrix material, wherein the second extracellular matrix material may be derived from lung tissue; the composition may include at least two layers, wherein at least one of the layers comprises the second extracellular matrix particulate material integrated into the first extracellular matrix material; the composition may further comprise at least one antimicrobial agent such as ionic silver; the first extracellular matrix material may have a concentration of at least one growth factor higher than a concentration of the at least one growth factor of the second extracellular matrix material; and/or the at least one growth factor may be chosen from vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), or epidermal growth factor (EGF).
The present disclosure further includes a composition comprising a first extracellular matrix material derived from spleen tissue, and a second extracellular matrix material derived from at least one mammalian tissue chosen from lung tissue, gall bladder tissue, bone marrow tissue, pancreatic tissue, or liver tissue, the second extracellular matrix material being at least partially integrated into the first extracellular matrix material, wherein the first extracellular matrix material has a higher growth factor content than the second extracellular matrix material, and the second extracellular matrix material is at least partially integrated into the first extracellular matrix material, wherein the first extracellular matrix material is in a form different from a form of the second extracellular matrix material, and wherein the composition is configured for application to native tissue of a patient for repairing the native tissue. Embodiments of the present disclosure may include one or more of the following features: one of the first extracellular matrix material or the second extracellular matrix material may be in particulate form, and the other of the first extracellular matrix material and the second extracellular matrix material may be in gel form; the first extracellular matrix material may have a higher concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than the second extracellular matrix material, and the second extracellular matrix material may have a higher concentration of elastin than the first extracellular matrix material; the first extracellular matrix material may have a higher concentration of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) than the second extracellular matrix material, and the second extracellular matrix material may have a higher concentration of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) than the first extracellular matrix material; and/or the first extracellular matrix material may have a higher concentration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) than the second extracellular matrix material, and the second extracellular matrix material may have a higher concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than the first extracellular matrix material.
The present disclosure further includes a composition comprising a first extracellular matrix material derived from spleen tissue, and a second extracellular matrix material derived from lung tissue, wherein the composition includes at least two layers, at least one of the layers comprising the second extracellular matrix material at least partially integrated into the first extracellular matrix material, and wherein the composition is configured for application to native tissue of a patient for repairing the native tissue. Embodiments of the present disclosure may include one or more of the following features: the first extracellular matrix material may be derived from a reticular portion of the spleen tissue, such that the first extracellular matrix material may be at least partially porous; the first extracellular matrix material also may be derived from an outer membrane of the spleen tissue, such that the first extracellular matrix material may have a sheet-like portion and a porous portion, the second extracellular matrix material being integrated into the porous portion of the first extracellular matrix material; the second extracellular matrix material may be in particulate form, gel form, or liquid form; the composition may have a rod-like shape configured for implantation into the patient; the composition may further comprise a third extracellular matrix material, wherein at least one of the layers of the composition may comprise the third extracellular matrix material in sheet form, wherein the third extracellular matrix material may be derived from lung tissue or spleen tissue; and/or the composition may have a rod-like shape or a tubular shape.
The present disclosure further includes a composition comprising a first extracellular matrix material derived from spleen tissue, and a second extracellular matrix material derived from lung tissue, the second extracellular matrix material being in particulate form, gel form, or liquid form, wherein the first extracellular matrix material is in a form different from the form of the second extracellular matrix material, and wherein the composition is configured for application to native tissue of a patient for repairing the native tissue. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the first extracellular matrix material may be in sheet form; and/or the first extracellular matrix material may be derived from a reticular portion of the spleen tissue and an outer membrane of the spleen tissue, such that the first extracellular matrix material may have a sheet-like portion and a porous portion, wherein the second extracellular matrix material may be integrated into the porous portion of the first extracellular matrix material.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate various exemplary embodiments and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed embodiments. Any features of an embodiment described herein (e.g., composition, medical device, method of treatment, etc.) may be combined with any other embodiment, and are encompassed by the present disclosure.
The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context dictates otherwise.
The terms “approximately” and “about” refer to being nearly the same as a referenced number or value. As used herein, the terms “approximately” and “about” generally should be understood to encompass ±10% of a specified amount or value.
As used herein, the term “therapeutically-effective amount” relates to an amount of a substance (e.g., an agent, compound, material, etc.) that leads to the desired therapeutic effect(s), and the term “pharmaceutically-effective amount” relates to an amount of a substance (e.g., an agent compound, material, etc.) that leads to the desired pharmacological effect(s). While individual patient needs may vary, determination of optimal ranges for effective amounts of the substances described herein (e.g., ECM materials, growth factors, structural proteins, therapeutic agents, pharmaceutical agents, antimicrobial agents, etc.) is within the skill of the art. For example, suitable amounts or dosages of the substances herein may be selected in accordance with a variety of factors, including the type, age, weight, sex, diet, medical condition, and/or medical history of the patient.
Wound healing and tissue regeneration is a complex multi-stage process within the body. Various and multiple components are involved in different stages. Injured or damaged tissue requires multiple components, e.g., structural proteins and signaling factors, to complete healing at the site of injury. Many of these components have been identified in ECM materials, including fibrous proteins such as different collagen types, elastin, fibronectin, and laminin. ECM also may comprise glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin sulfate, and various growth factors. During tissue healing/repair/regeneration, these components play various roles, including, but not limited to, up-regulating and/or down-regulating different stages of the healing process. Rather than one single biomolecule, a number of different components work together to facilitate healing and repair at each stage. Several types of signaling factors are often needed for a specific stage of the healing process to occur. For example, a growth factor may signal a stem cell from the host to migrate to the site of injury. The host cell may need a substrate or structural protein (e.g., a specific collagen type, laminin, or elastin) for attachment or binding to the site, and a different growth factor for signaling in order to differentiate into site-specific tissue.
The present disclosure may address one or more of these challenges, e.g., by combining structural proteins and growth factors or other signaling or structural molecules from different types and/or sources of tissue in order to facilitate tissue repair at a specific injury site.
Types of Materials
The present disclosure includes compositions comprising ECM materials or other collagen-based materials for promoting tissue repair, augmentation, and/or regeneration. For example, the ECM materials may serve as a support structure and/or provide signaling factors to facilitate tissue growth. Materials suitable for the present disclosure may be derived from any mammalian source tissue comprising ECM or other collagen-based materials, including, but not limited to, tissues of the spleen, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, gall bladder, stomach, pericardium, lymph node, bone marrow, dermis, placenta, amniotic sac, dura mater, and any combinations thereof. ECM source material may be used in whole or in part.
The ECM materials may be obtained from tissue by removing the entirety of the tissue (e.g., an organ) or a portion thereof from the desired mammalian source, and devitalizing the tissue by removing the cellular content of the tissue. The ECM source material may comprise all layers of a type of tissue or an entire organ, for example, or may comprise only one or more portions of tissue such as the submucosa, the basement membrane, a tunica layer, the reticular ECM, or the outer membrane of the source tissue such as the pleura of the lung or the capsule of the kidney. The ECM materials of the present disclosure may comprise any combination of these different portions or layers of tissue. Examples of types of native tissues suitable for the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, porcine, bovine, ovine, and human tissue. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise one or more non-mammalian tissues such as fish tissue, e.g., fish skin, optionally in combination with one or more mammalian tissues.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise ECM materials derived from two or more different tissue sources and/or two or more different native tissues. For example, the tissue sources can be from the same species (e.g., ECM materials derived from different types of tissues of the same mammal), from different species (e.g., ECM materials derived from the same type of tissue of different types of mammals), or both (e.g., ECM materials derived from different types of tissues of different types of mammals). In some embodiments, the composition may comprise spleen ECM and/or lung ECM from the same species or different species. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure may include, but are not limited to, compositions comprising the following:
In addition to ECM materials, the compositions may comprise one or more other compounds or materials, such as resorbable synthetic or natural materials, non-resorbable synthetic or natural materials, polymers, metals, bone material, allograft tissues or bones, antimicrobial agents, therapeutic agents, pharmaceutical agents (drugs), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition may be formulated for administration to patient and/or configured as a medical device or component thereof for application or implantation into a patient.
In some embodiments, for example, the composition may comprise spleen and lung ECM, optionally in combination with one or more other types of ECM materials and/or one or more non-ECM components. For example, a composition of spleen and lung ECM may comprise one or more other types of ECM materials including, but not limited to, heart membrane ECM, pericardium ECM, pancreas ECM, fascia ECM, dura mater ECM, omentum ECM, gall bladder ECM, amniotic sac ECM, kidney capsule ECM, liver ECM, or bone marrow ECM. In at least one embodiment, the composition may comprise spleen ECM, lung ECM, and one or more non-ECM components chosen from polymers, hydrogels, or hyaluronic acid.
Preparation/Treatment of ECM Materials
Methods of preparing devitalized or acellular tissue may include physical, chemical, and/or biological processes. For example, mammalian tissue may be harvested and subjected to a physical cleaning process to remove fat, muscle, and other cellular material extraneous to the ECM. Such physical processes may include machine-based mechanical actions and/or force applied manually. In addition or alternatively, the tissue may be subjected to chemical and/or biological processes to rupture cells and remove cellular material. For example, the tissue may be exposed to one or more chemical or biological agents including, but not limited to, an acid (e.g., HCl, acetic acid, peracetic acid), a base (e.g., NaOH), a chelating agent (e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA)), a detergent (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton-X, CHAPS), and/or an enzyme (e.g., nuclease, trypsin, collagenase). Further examples of decellularization processes include high pressure homogenization, and hypotonic or hypertonic washes for rupturing cells in ECM materials and washing away the cellular material. The ECM materials may be dried, e.g., at ambient temperature and pressure or in vacuum, frozen, and/or stored prior to use. Methods of drying ECM materials suitable for the present disclosure include desiccation chambers, controlled humidity chambers, forced air flow drying, and lyophilization (freeze-drying).
The process(es) involved in decellularization may be selected to preserve one or more biological materials of interest. Decellularization may be different for each type of tissue, based on the desired components and/or structure to be retained, and the treatment suitable for retaining those components and/or structure. Embodiments of the present disclosure may comprise ECM materials derived from at least two different types of tissue, each tissue subjected to one or more decellularization processes selected to retain particular characteristics of the tissue.
In some embodiments, for example, lung tissue may be decellularized with detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate or Triton-X to retain as much elastin from the material as possible while sacrificing some of the growth factor content. In addition to elasticity, other benefits to using lung ECM may include liquid impermeability, e.g., to prevent fluid within the composition from leaking out and/or to prevent bodily fluids from permeating into or through the composition. In addition, lung ECM may be processed in such a way to provide one relatively smooth surface that discourages the attachment of patient tissue to the composition, while the opposite surface may have a more porous structure that facilitates cell attachment. Lung ECM also may be particularly suitable for applications that require materials with stretch and/or rebound properties, such as bladder augmentation, vascular graft, or vascular patch applications. Further, lung ECM may be relatively thin (e.g., derived from lung tissue that is relatively thin in comparison to other types of tissues), which may provide for a beneficial strength-to-weight ratio in comparison to other types of ECM materials.
Spleen tissue, on the other hand, may be decellularized to preserve as much growth factor content as possible by treating the tissue with a more gentle acid wash, such as peracetic acid having a concentration ranging from about 0.01% to about 5.00%, such as about 0.1%. The decellularized spleen tissue may be rinsed with buffered saline and/or water to retain a maximum amount of growth factor. The reticular structure of spleen ECM may provide interstitial spaces suitable for accommodating other types of ECM materials (e.g., in particulate, gel, or paste form), biomolecules, antimicrobial agents (see discussion below), and/or pharmaceutical agents. Further, the reticular structure of spleen ECM, e.g., in combination with the growth factors retained in the matrix, may foster and support the growth of new cells within the matrix to promote tissue grafting. For example, spleen ECM may be particularly suitable for hemostasis and reconstructive surgery applications.
In some embodiments, spleen tissue may be processed to generate ECM material comprising only a portion, e.g., a fibrous portion, of the native tissue. For example, only the outer membrane of the spleen may be used to generate spleen ECM in sheet form. Further, for example, only the reticular ECM of the spleen may be used to generate an open structure fibrous ECM sheet. In yet another example, both the outer membrane and the reticular ECM component of the spleen may be used such that they remain intact, e.g., to generate an ECM material having a relatively more dense, sheet-like structure on one side with a relatively more porous or fibrous sponge-like structure on the other side.
During processing, ECM materials may shrink when dried and then expand to some degree when they are rehydrated, e.g., as they absorb fluid. For example, an ECM material in sheet form may be about 200 μm thick when dry, and may increase to a thickness from about 300 μm to about 500 μm when rehydrated. The natural fibrous architecture of tissues such as the spleen may allow for more expansion, e.g., since the naturally-occurring reticular ECM component generally has “dead space” to allow for compression and expansion when rehydrated. ECM materials may be processed to adjust for compression/rehydration/expansion characteristics of the native tissue.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a plurality of ECM materials, wherein at least one of the ECM materials comprises a different variety of components and/or a different amount or concentration of a given component than another ECM material in the composition. Further, in some embodiments, the composition may comprise two or more ECM materials that comprise some or all of the same variety of components, but different amounts or concentrations of those components. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise two or more ECM materials that comprise some or all of the same variety of components and/or substantially the same amount or concentration (or a similar amount or concentration) of a given component as another ECM material in the composition. These components may include proteins, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, cytokines, and/or growth factors. For example, the composition may comprise ECM materials having substantially the same, similar, or different amounts of one or more of the following components: collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, heparin sulfate, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factors alpha (TGF-α), transforming growth factors beta (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), epidermal growth factor (EGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), skeletal growth factor (SGF), osteoblast-derived growth factor (BDGF), cytokine growth factors (CGF), stem cell derived factor (SDF), stem cell factor (SCF), placental growth factor (PGF), and/or interleukins of any type and within any family (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, etc.).
Biological components may be detected and quantified in the ECM materials and/or in the native tissues via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), or any other suitable technique. Table 1 lists growth factors measured in different porcine ECM materials: small intestine submucosa (SIS), urinary bladder submucosa (UBS), stomach submucosa (SS), spleen, and lung. The SS, spleen, and lung measurements are described in Example 1.
1Hodde et al., Endothelium, vol. 8, pp. 11-24 (2001); McDevitt et al., J.Biomed.Mater.Res., vol. 67A, pp. 637-640 (2003); Hodde et al., Wounds, vol. 13, pp. 195-201 (2001).
2Chun et al., Biomaterials, vol. 28, pp. 4251-4256 (2007).
3Highest value measured of any extraction liquid.
4Values (ng/mg) with PBS extraction, VEGF = 8.7 ± 0.4, PDGF = 6.1, EGF = 3.5 ± 2.4; with RIPA buffer extraction, VEGF = 6.3 ± 0.2, IGF = 0.1, EGF = 1.9 ± 0.7; with acetic acid extraction, VEGF = 10.5 ± 1.6, FGF = 0.6, PDGF = 3.4, IGF = 0.4, EGF = 2.2 ± 0.8.
5Values (ng/mg) with PBS extraction: VEGF = 8.2 ± 0.1, PDGF = 6.5, IGF = 0.1, EGF = 5.2 ± 0.6; with RIPA buffer extraction: VEGF = 6.6 ± 0.4, IGF = 0.2, EGF = 5.0 ± 0.6; with acetic acid extraction: VEGF = 8.7 ± 1.2, FGF = 1.0, PDGF = 6.4, IGF = 1.6, EGF = 4.1 ± 0.5.
6Values (ng/mg) with PBS extraction: VEGF = 3.8 ± 0.2, PDGF = 6.1, IGF = 0.03, EGF = 5.1 ± 1.6; with RIPA buffer extraction: VEGF = 3.2 ± 0.1, IGF = 0.1, EGF = 3.6 ± 0.8; with acetic acid extraction: VEGF = 11.4 ± 2.7, FGF = 1.1, PDGF = 4.9, IGF = 2.8, EGF = 3.5 ± 1.0.
The growth factor content measured may vary according to the type of extraction liquid and/or method used. For example, in some embodiments, the content of different growth factors in stomach submucosa ECM may range from about 6.3±0.2 ng/mg to about 10.5±1.6 ng/mg of VEGF, from about 3.4 ng/mg to about 6.1 ng/mg of PDGF, from about 0.1 ng/mg to about 0.4 ng/mg of IGF, and/or from about 1.9±0.7 ng/mg to about 3.5±2.4 ng/mg of EGF. In some embodiments, the content of different growth factors in spleen ECM may range from about 6.6±0.4 ng/mg to about 8.7±1.2 ng/mg of VEGF, from about 6.4 ng/mg to about 6.5 ng/mg of PDGF, from about 0.1 ng/mg to about 1.6 ng/mg of IGF, and/or from about 4.1±0.5 ng/mg to about 5.2±0.6 ng/mg of EGF. In some embodiments, the content of different growth factors in lung ECM may range from about 3.2±0.1 ng/mg to about 11.4±2.7 ng/mg of VEGF, from about 4.9 ng/mg to about 6.1 ng/mg of PDGF, from about 0.03 ng/mg to about 2.8 ng/mg of IGF, and/or from about 3.5±1.0 ng/mg to about 5.1±1.6 ng/mg of EGF.
Spleen and lung ECM each generally have greater growth factor content than SIS, UBS (or urinary bladder matrix, UBM), and SS ECM. While each of these five types of ECM materials comprises multiple collagen types, lung ECM generally has the greatest quantity of elastin. Elastin may provide better clinical results when used in applications requiring stretch and rebound, such as compliance in a vascular graft or vascular patch application. SIS, UBS/UBM, SS, and lung pleura ECM all naturally occur in sheet form, whereas the spleen can be processed to retain much of the reticular ECM component. The reticular structure provides for a natural three-dimensional ECM with a macroscopic fibrous ECM network. This natural macro-fibrous spleen reticular ECM may be beneficial for a variety of medical applications, such as repair of defects in plastic and reconstructive surgery, use as a layer in a surgical graft such as hernia repair to facilitate better tissue ingrowth, as a hemostasis device, or as a natural scaffold for better incorporation of other ECM or non-ECM components, such as particulates, gels, and polymers.
Compositions according to the present disclosure may comprise the same or different amounts of each ECM material. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise two different ECM materials, e.g., in a ratio ranging from about 50:50 (i.e., 1:1) to about 5:95 (i.e., 1:19). For example, the composition may comprise a 50:50 ratio of two different ECM materials (e.g., spleen ECM and lung ECM), or a ratio of 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 10:90, or any other ratios in between. For example, the composition may comprise lung and spleen tissues in a 1:3 ratio (e.g., about 25% lung ECM and about 75% spleen ECM, or about 25% spleen ECM and about 75% lung ECM). In some embodiments, the composition may comprise more than two different ECM materials, e.g., three, four, five or more ECM materials, in equal or unequal amounts. For example, the composition may comprise three different ECM materials having a ratio of 40:40:20, 30:30:40, or 20:20:60, among other possible ratios. In some embodiments, for example, the composition may comprise about 25% spleen ECM, about 25% lung ECM, and about 50% gall bladder ECM. Any desired ratio may be selected based on the desired final composition.
The ratios of ECM materials in the composition may be chosen based on the individual characteristics of the ECM materials and desired application for the composition. Regenerative medicine applications for which the ratios of ECM materials can be adjusted, e.g., to take advantage of the physical, mechanical, and/or biological characteristics of each ECM material include, but are not limited to, wound dressings, dura repair, fistula plugs, myocardial patches, myocardial injections, heart valve repair, tympanoplasty grafts, nasal septal defect repair, hernia or body wall repair, hemostasis grafts, urology slings, tracheal grafts, esophageal grafts, lung patches, small bowel grafts, staple bolsters, nerve grafts, spinal cord repair, nerve cuff, nerve guide, pelvic floor grafts, amniotic sac patches, cornea repair, cartilage repair, bone repair, tendon/ligament repair, muscle repair, plastic and reconstructive surgery applications, lip augmentation, facial augmentation, nipple reconstruction, bile duct repair, ureter repair, urethra repair, and vascular access graft. By varying the ratio and types of ECM materials applied in a medical application, higher levels of signaling factors and/or other components needed for each specific tissue repair type may be provided.
In wound care applications, for example, a higher ratio of spleen ECM to lung ECM may be desired to utilize a relatively higher EGF content in spleen tissue while also taking advantage of a relatively higher VEGF content in lung tissue. For vascular graft applications, a higher ratio of lung ECM to spleen ECM may be desired to take advantage of higher elastin content and lower gas/liquid permeability of lung tissue, while utilizing a relatively higher PDGF content in spleen tissue. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a tissue graft composition comprising a plurality of ECM materials, wherein at least two of the ECM materials are derived from different tissue sources and have different growth factor content or protein content.
Forms of Materials
The compositions may comprise ECM materials or collagen-based materials in a variety of different forms, and may be administered to a patient as a formulation (e.g., a liquid for injection or powder for inhalation), or delivered as part of a medical device (e.g., a topical bandage or implantable medical device). For example, the ECM materials or collagen-based materials may be formed into a sheet, rod, tube, three-dimensional construct, mesh, sponge, liquid, gel, hydrogel, emulsion, particles, powder (e.g., fine particles) suspension, paste, putty, dispersion, foam, or any combination thereof, among other possible forms. The composition may comprise a combination of ECM materials or collagen-based materials in different forms, such as sheet and powder, powder and gel, sheet and gel, sponge and liquid, sponge and gel, sheet/powder/gel, sheet/powder/sheet, sheet/gel/sheet, sheet/gel/powder/sheet, sponge/sheet, sponge/gel, sponge/powder, sponge/powder/sheet, sponge/gel/sheet, sponge/powder/gel/sheet, foam/powder, foam/gel, foam/sheet, foam/powder/sheet, and foam/powder/gel/sheet, among other combinations.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a multilayer ECM material, e.g., two or more layers of ECM materials coupled together, wherein each layer may comprise ECM materials in the same or different forms, and/or from the same or different sources. The layers may be bonded together or crosslinked, such as crosslinking multiple sheet layers together via a chemical process. Crosslinking can be achieved through various methods and processes generally known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including chemical and/or biochemical processes, temperature-based methods, pressure-based methods, processes that include exposure to light, and energy-based methods. Crosslinking may be achieved via differential crosslinking, e.g., by performing targeted crosslinking to achieve bonding of different tissue layers or ECM components at specific locations or regions. Crosslinking may be used to generate different elasticity properties and/or other mechanical properties at the crosslinked sites or regions, this allowing the composition to be tailored for a specific application, or to generate a desired size and/or shape for a specific application.
In some embodiments, the ECM materials may retain the structure of the native tissue. For example, a sheet may be produced by decellularizing native tissue that has a sheet-like structure, such as membrane layers (e.g., fascia or dermis) or submucosa, while a sponge or scaffold-like structure may be produced by decellularizing native tissue that has interstitial structure, e.g., organs such as the spleen, kidney, pancreas, or liver. Further, for example, rod-like ECM materials may be produced from native tissues having a generally rod-like or cylindrical structure such as tendons and nerves; and tubular ECM materials may be produced from native tissues have a tubular structure, such as blood vessels, the trachea, or the esophagus.
In some embodiments, the ECM materials or collagen-based materials may be manipulated or chemically altered into a form substantially different from the form of the native tissue. For example, the composition may comprise one or more ECM materials or collagen-based reduced to particulate form via grinding, crushing, milling, or other mechanical process. The particles may be used in the composition directly, or may be combined with a suitable liquid or gel to form a paste or dispersion for administration. Further, for example, one or more ECM materials may be dissolved into a liquid or gel, e.g., via enzymatic digestion or other biological or chemical process. The liquid or gel may be used in the composition directly, or may be combined with a suitable liquid or gel to form an emulsion for administration. In some embodiments, the structure of the ECM material(s) may be modified, e.g., via a chemical process to denature proteins of the ECM, to provide for increased porosity.
For particulate compositions (also referred to as powders herein), the particles may range from about 100 nm to about 2000 μm in diameter. The particle size distribution of a composition may be selected based on the desired application. For example, particles ranging from about 100 nm to about 5 μm in diameter, e.g., from about 1 μm to about 5 μm in diameter, may be suitable for administration via inhalation, while particles ranging from about 1000 μm to about 2000 μm in diameter may be suitable for use in filling voids or augmentation applications. Further, for example, particles ranging from about 50 μm to about 100 μm in diameter may be suitable for a variety of therapeutic injection applications, while particles ranging from about 100 μm to about 1000 μm in diameter may be suitable for topical wound applications, and particles ranging from about 10 μm to about 50 μm may be suitable for corneal repair applications (e.g., the particles being combined with a suitable liquid and delivered to the eye via a suspension, such as with eye drops). These size ranges are intended as general guidelines only, and may vary according to the medical application and/or particular needs of a patient.
In some embodiments, combinations of ECM materials may be manipulated into single composite form or construct. For example, pieces or strips of different ECM sheet materials coupled together to form a composite ECM material sheet. The pieces or strips of different ECM materials may be stitched, stapled, or coupled together with a suitable adhesive, or chemically cross-linked or bonded together. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise portions of sheet-like spleen ECM coupled to portions of sheet-like lung ECM, e.g., to form a composite ECM sheet. Similarly, portions of different ECM materials may be coupled together to form a single rod, tube, three-dimensional construct, mesh, sponge, or other suitable form of ECM material.
As mentioned above, the structures and components of different ECM materials may provide different benefits, such that combining two or more types of ECM materials may provide compositions uniquely tailored to the specific needs of a patient. The compositions may be designed to take advantage of the signaling components naturally occurring in the tissues from which the ECM materials are derived, including, but not limited to, VEGF, FGF, EGF, TGF-β, PDGF, and/or IGF.
For example, the composition may comprise two or more ECM materials in particulate form, with the ratios of the ECM materials adjusted to provide a composition with a desired content of desired components, including, but not limited to, growth factor and/or other signaling components. The composition may be applied in particulate form to a site in need of repair, or may be injected/applied as a suspension or particulates in combination with a carrier (e.g., liquid solution). Applications for particulate compositions include, but are not limited to, nerve repair, spinal disc repair, arthritis treatment, hair restoration, bone regeneration, bone augmentation, cartilage repair, tendon repair, ligament repair, burn treatment, myelin sheath regeneration, cornea repair, and lung repair.
Antimicrobial Agent(s)
In some embodiments, the composition may have antimicrobial properties, e.g., to reduce, eliminate, prevent, or otherwise control microbial activity upon application of the composition to a patient. For example, the composition may comprise one or more antimicrobial agents. Suitable antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to, silver and compounds and alloys thereof (e.g., silver, silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver sulfazidine, silver-imidazolate, silver phosphate), zinc and compounds and alloys thereof (e.g., zinc, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, zinc sulfate monohydrate, zinc-hydroxyapatite, brass), copper and compounds and alloys thereof (e.g., copper, brass, bronze), bismuth and compounds and alloys thereof, biguanide compounds (e.g., polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorhexadine, polyaminopropyl biguanide, alexidine), berizalkonium chloride, triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol), antibiotic drugs such as neomycin and bacitracin, honey, coconut, coconut-based products, essential oils, and plant extracts. In some embodiments, a combination of agents may be used, e.g., to provide a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. For example, the antimicrobial agent(s) may be effective against bacteria, yeast, fungi, and/or extracellular viruses. e.g., by inhibiting microbial cell activities, transport and/or reproduction. The antimicrobial agent(s) may be selected based on compatibility with other components of the composition and/or the medical needs of the patient. In some embodiments, the amount of antimicrobial agent(s) in the composition may be chosen based on the desired antimicrobial effect on the patient to be treated with the composition.
Antimicrobial agents may be applied to any surface of, or otherwise incorporated into, one or more ECM materials of the composition or the composition as a whole. While the following discussion will refer to deposition of antimicrobial agents on ECM materials generally, it is understood that the antimicrobial agents may be applied alternatively or additionally to multiple types of ECM materials simultaneously, such as application to a composition comprising different types of ECM materials.
The antimicrobial agent may comprise a solid, a liquid, a solution (e.g., a solid dissolved or dispersed in a liquid solvent), or a vapor. To deposit antimicrobial agents in liquid form, or a solid in solution, the ECM materials may be immersed in the liquid/solution or the liquid/solution applied to various portions of the ECM materials. The ECM materials may be dried, e.g., via evaporation, upon heating, under reduced pressure, in controlled humidity conditions or desiccation chambers, or under forced airflow. In the case of a solution, for example, evaporating the solvent may leave behind the solid antimicrobial agent as a deposit or thin layer on the ECM materials. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial-coated ECM materials may be broken down into smaller pieces or particles to be incorporated into a composition and/or for administration to a patient in particulate form. The antimicrobial agent may be chemically and/or biochemically bound to the ECM substrate.
The method of applying the antimicrobial agent(s) may be selected based on the form of the ECM materials or composition. In the case of a sheet, for example, an antimicrobial agent may be applied to either or both sides of the sheet. For a multilayer structure (see, e.g.,
In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent may be deposited from the vapor phase. For example, the antimicrobial material to be deposited may comprise crystals having a crystalline lattice structure generated in the vapor phase, e.g., via evaporation or sputtering, and transported into a volume in which the temperature is controlled. Atoms of the antimicrobial material may collide with the working gas, causing them to lose energy, such that the antimicrobial material is condensed from the vapor phase onto a cooled substrate, such as a liquid nitrogen-cooled finger. For silver, deposition may be conducted at low substrate temperatures, e.g., ranging from about −10° C. to about 100° C.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise silver particles (microparticles and/or nanoparticles). The silver may be in ionic form, e.g., particles comprising a silver salt. The silver may be applied as a spray coating or added as a solution to the ECM materials and then dried. For example, the silver particles may be dispersed in water or other solvent to form a solution, the solution applied to one or more surfaces of the ECM materials, and the solvent allowed to evaporate such that the silver particles remain as an antimicrobial coating on the ECM materials. Further, for example, the particles may be embedded directly within an ECM matrix without dispersing the particles in solution. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise silver-coated ECM particles, e.g., produced by coating ECM particles or reducing coated-ECM materials to particulate form. In some embodiments, silver can be applied by other coating methods such as ion beam deposition. The silver can be incorporated before or after the ECM materials are dried (e.g., following a decellularization process), or may be incorporated into a particulate, liquid, emulsion, or gel form of the ECM materials.
In some embodiments, the silver content of the ECM materials (surface concentration) may range from about 1 mg/100 cm2 to about 1000 mg/100 cm2, such as from about 1 mg/100 cm2 to about 100 mg/100 cm2. In some embodiments, the silver content of the ECM materials (mass concentration) may range from about 1 mg/g to 100 mg/g, such as from about 1 mg/g to about 20 mg/g. In some embodiments, the silver may provide a coating on the ECM materials, wherein the thickness of the silver coating may range from about 100 Å to about 5 μm, such as from about 500 Å to about 2 μm.
Compositions according to the present disclosure may be designed for external and/or internal administration to a patient. The compositions may be applied to an anatomical site other than that of the ECM source material(s), or to the same anatomical site(s). The patient tissue in need of repair, augmentation, or regeneration may include, but is not limited to, skin, muscle, tendon, ligament, nerve, vascular, dura mater, cornea, bone, heart, liver, lung, spleen, pancreas, stomach, intestine, or brain tissue. The ECM materials may be derived from tissue that is allogeneic, autologous, or xenogeneic to the patient being treated.
In some embodiments, at least a portion or the entire composition may be biodegradable/resorbable, e.g., such that the composition need not be removed after application or implantation into a patient. For example, at least a portion of the composition may be configured to be absorbed or resorbed, to dissolve, or to degrade within about 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, or 6 months of application or implantation. The ECM materials may be entirely resorbable, only partially resorbable, or non-resorbable. For example, the ECM materials may be processed to modify their absorption characteristics, such as via crosslinking with glutaraldehyde or other suitable crosslinking agent. In addition to ECM materials, which may be resorbable or non-resorbable, the composition may comprise one or more natural or synthetic resorbable/biodegradable materials, such as collagen, hydroxylapatite, polylactides, polyglycolides, polycaprolactones, hyaluranic acid, gelatin, bioactive glass, tricalcium phosphate, soft tissue allografts, or hard tissue allografts.
The composition may be configured for temporary application, e.g., a temporary bandage or implantable medical device, to be removed after a certain amount of time, such as after about 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, or 1 year. For example, the composition may comprise a hemostasis bandage to help stop bleeding of a wound, such that the bandage may be removed once bleeding has stopped and/or for surgical repair of the wound. Further, for example, the composition may comprise a coating on a medical device configured for temporary implantation in the body, such as a stent or a catheter, or a pacemaker lead intended to be removed at a later date. The ECM materials of the coating may help to prevent infection (e.g., in conjunction with an antimicrobial agent of the composition), and/or may facilitate contact between the medical device and the native tissue of the patient.
In some embodiments, the composition may be configured for permanent implantation, not to be removed from the patient, and/or may comprise a coating of a medical device configured for permanent implantation. Similar to the above, coatings used for permanent implantation of a medical device may help to prevent infection and/or facilitate contact with native tissue of the patient.
Embodiments of the present disclosure include identifying a site of defect or wound, e.g., in mammalian tissue, such as in a patient, providing a composition comprising two or more ECM materials (e.g., spleen ECM in combination with one or more of lung ECM, gall bladder ECM, bone marrow ECM, pancreas ECM, or liver ECM), contacting the site with a therapeutically-effective amount of the composition, and healing or regenerating tissue at the site. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise an antimicrobial agent such as ionic silver.
Compositions according to the present disclosure may include one or more therapeutic agents and/or one or more pharmaceutical agents. The types and amounts of therapeutic agents and/or pharmaceutical agents may be chosen based on the desired therapeutic or pharmacological effect(s) on a patient to be treated with the composition. Exemplary therapeutic agents may include, but are not limited to, moisturizing agents, drying agents, and soothing agents. Exemplary pharmaceutical agents include, but are not limited to, steroids, hormones, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and chemotherapy drugs. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic agents may be chosen based on the intended application of the composition. For example, the composition may comprise a pharmaceutical agent to help prevent narrowing (stenosis) of blood vessels for vascular applications, or to help prevent cell adhesion, e.g., by serving as an adhesion barrier for hernia repair or other internal body cavity repair applications. The compositions may be used for drug delivery, to deliver one or more pharmaceutical agents to a specific anatomical site or area. For example, the compositions may be tailored to dissolve, degrade, or be absorbed by the body at a rate that allows for elution of one or more pharmaceutical agents at a controlled or desired rate, e.g., to deliver a pharmaceutically-effective amount of the pharmaceutical agent(s). In some embodiments, the composition may comprise small “pellets” or dense cylinders of ECM dosed with one or more chemotherapy drug(s). The composition may be formulated for injection or to be surgically implanted at a tumor site, such that the composition releases the drug(s) at the desired site, while limiting or minimizing trauma due to exposure to other tissues and/or body-system-wide side effects.
The following describes various exemplary compositions, including different forms and combinations of ECM materials, and methods of use thereof. While some of the examples describe combinations of specific types of ECM materials (e.g., spleen and lung ECM), other combinations of ECM materials are likewise possible and encompassed herein.
The composition may comprise one or more ECM materials in sheet form, including sheets with particular texture or structure to promote tissue growth, such as a mesh-like or scaffold-like structure. For example, the composition may include a scaffold-like structure for promoting restoration of tissue when implanted at anatomical site in a patient. The composition may have a multilayer configuration (e.g., two or more sheet layers bonded, crosslinked, or otherwise coupled together), and/or a sandwich configuration (e.g., two or more sheets bordering or enclosing a material therebetween, or a single sheet folded over on itself to encase a material). The composition may be designed for external application, internal application, or both. In some embodiments, the sheets may be treated with an antimicrobial agent as discussed above to provide the composition with antimicrobial properties.
In some embodiments, for example, the composition may comprise a tissue graft or wound dressing (e.g., a bandage, patch, pad, compress, medical tape, etc.) that includes an outer sheet layer of lung ECM and inner matrix layer of spleen ECM, thus combining outer liquid impermeability from the lung ECM with an inner intricate network from the spleen ECM capable of accommodating materials to promote cell regeneration.
Compositions comprising sheet-like ECM materials (optionally in combination with other forms of ECM materials) may be used in a variety of applications. For example, a composition suitable for treating burns or skin lesions may comprise two or more layers of different ECM sheet-like materials (e.g., spleen ECM and lung ECM in sheet form), for example, wherein the sheets may be meshed or unmeshed. Silver (e.g., elemental or ionic silver) may be added as a coating or incorporated into the sheets to provide antimicrobial properties.
Further, for example, the composition may comprise a vascular patch or graft comprising one or more inner layers of lung ECM in sheet form, and one or more outer layers of spleen ECM in sheet form. For example, lung ECM may comprise the innermost 1-3 layers to provide a less permeable barrier and allow for faster endothelial cell migration across the inner portion of the patch/graft, while also utilizing the elastin in the lung ECM for better compliance matching of the patch/graft to the native blood vessel wall. Spleen ECM may comprise the outermost 1-3 layers to provide additional growth factors and a more porous outer layer to allow for faster host tissue incorporation.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a dura mater repair patch, comprising one or more inner layers of lung ECM in sheet form, and an outer layer of spleen ECM in particulate or gel form coated onto the sheet. The lung ECM sheet(s) may provide a relatively smooth and less porous surface adjacent to the cerebral spinal fluid, while the spleen ECM particulate or gel may provide more growth factor content for signaling.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a cornea repair patch, comprising one or more layers of lung ECM (e.g., in thin sheet form) combined with spleen ECM particulates. The lung ECM component may act as a patch while the particulate spleen ECM component may degrade more rapidly to provide a bolus of growth factor or other signaling components released at the injury/repair site.
The composition may comprise a guided bone regeneration (GBR) graft or guided tissue regeneration (GTR) graft. For example, the composition may comprise lung and spleen ECM in sheet form, the lung ECM placed adjacent to the bone to provide a less permeable barrier maintaining space for the bone to grow, and the spleen ECM comprising outer layers to provide a more porous ECM scaffold that allows for faster tissue ingrowth.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a hernia repair graft comprising multiple layers of both lung and spleen ECM materials in sheet form to provide sufficient strength for the specific hernia repair. Inguinal, hiatal, and ventral hernias each have different strength requirements due to the stresses at those particular anatomical sites. More strength is typically required for a ventral hernia repair device than a hiatal hernia repair device, for example. One side of the composition may comprise multiple layers of lung ECM sheet material to provide a less porous surface to minimize adhesion formation, while the opposite side may comprise multiple layers of spleen ECM sheet material to provide a more porous interface for rapid tissue ingrowth into the graft. The composition may comprise silver (e.g., elemental or ionic silver) and/or one or more other antimicrobial agents to provide antimicrobial properties.
In some embodiments, the composition may have a tubular or rod-like shape. For example, sheet-like ECM materials may be rolled or otherwise manipulated into a tubular configuration or rod-like shape. Tubular and/or rod-like ECM compositions may be tailored for a variety of anatomical applications.
For example, the composition may comprise a tubular nerve guide/graft including one or more inner layers of lung ECM sheet material and one or more outer layers of spleen ECM sheet material. The smoother surface of the inner lung ECM portion may provide a conduit suitable for the nerve to grow together, for example, while the outer spleen ECM portion may allow for incorporation of the graft into surrounding tissue. In some embodiments, the tubular ECM composition may further comprise one or more ECM materials inside the tubular surface (e.g., an ECM particulate material, ECM gel, or combination ECM particulate/gel), e.g., wherein the inside ECM material may degrade over time to release growth factors to stimulate tissue growth, such as new nerve growth. Exemplary applications for tubular ECM compositions include, but are not limited to, vascular grafts, vascular access devices, nerve guides, bile duct repair, ureter repair, urethra repair, and fallopian tube repair.
As mentioned above, the composition may comprise ECM sheet material rolled up into cylindrical shape, or twisted or braided into a strand or rod-like shape. In some embodiments, compressed ECM particulate, particulate/gel, or other suspension, dispersion, or fluidized ECM material may be placed into a mold and compressed into a rod-like shape or other three dimensional shape. The rod-like ECM material may include one or more other components, such as additional bioactive components, pharmaceutical agents, other ECM materials, polymers, hydrogels, hyaluronic acid, or allograft materials. Exemplary applications for rod-like ECM compositions include, but are not limited to, tissue grafts, tissue augmentation, and tissue reconstruction.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise ECM materials in a rod-like shape, e.g., for use as a nerve graft or other tissue graft. An exemplary rod-like or cylindrical composition 30 is illustrated in
In some embodiments, for example, spleen ECM in sheet form may be rolled into a cylinder, with lung ECM in sheet form forming one or more outer layers surrounding the spleen ECM. This configuration is illustrated in
Rod-like compositions also may be used in tissue augmentation, e.g., during plastic surgery or reconstructive surgery. For example, the composition may be used in lip augmentation. Lung ECM may be used as the interior layers of a rod-shaped composition to form a less compressible core of the rod, allowing it to keep its shape and bulk, while spleen ECM may be used on the outside, so that the more porous spleen ECM surface faces outwards. The porous spleen ECM may allow for rapid tissue integration into the graft, resulting in less migration of the graft and faster healing.
Further, for example, the composition may have a cylindrical or rod-like shape used for nipple reconstruction. Depending on the surgical procedure used, the composition may be constructed with lung ECM on the interior to provide a less porous core, and spleen ECM on the outside to provide a more porous surface that can integrate with host tissue to keep the graft in place and maintain a protruding shape. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise spleen ECM on the inside, e.g., for tissue integration into the center of the composition to provide stability, and lung ECM on the outside, e.g., to provide for less host tissue invasion and better preserve the shape and volume of the protrusion. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a twisted or braided strand of both lung ECM and spleen ECM.
In some embodiments, rod-like ECM material may be used as a tendon or ligament graft. For example, the composition may comprise spleen ECM and lung ECM in different amount, such as a spleen:lung ratio of about 70:30, 80:20, or 90:10, wherein spleen ECM comprises the inside layers, and lung ECM comprises the outer layers. As mentioned above, lung ECM generally has a higher elastin content and stretches more than spleen ECM. A tendon or ligament graft typically requires minimal stretching to prevent the joint from becoming “loose” over time due to the tendon or ligament stretching after implantation of the graft. However, during healing, ECM grafts often shrink slightly. An amount of stretching therefore may be desired, e.g., by incorporating lung ECM within the outer layers of the graft. The amount of lung ECM incorporated into the graft may be adjusted to achieve the degree of stretching desired. In some embodiments, the graft composition may comprise allograft tendon or ligament. Incorporating ECM materials, e.g., in sheet, particulate, and/or gel forms, into the tendon or ligament graft composition may provide additional scaffolding and signaling components for incorporation of the tendon/ligament into the host tissue and for cell migration and proliferation in the composite graft material.
The composition may comprise a compressible or expandable, rod-like shape, e.g., for implantation as a medical device, e.g., for vascular access site repair. Typically, compression is applied to vascular access sites to prevent bleeding and close the site. A rod-like or cylindrical composition comprising spleen and lung ECM (and/or other types of ECM materials) may be inserted into the access site, e.g., to fill and/or seal an incision in a blood vessel and stop any bleeding, while also providing a scaffold and biological signaling components to heal the incision into the blood vessel. For example, the composition may comprise a rolled cylinder with one or more inner layers of lung ECM (e.g., rolled sheets of lung ECM) to provide a less compressible or non-compressible core, and one or more outer layers comprising more porous spleen ECM in sheet form. The composition may be compressed into a cylindrical shape configured to expand when wetted with blood at the site, thus sealing the incision. Further, for example, lung and spleen ECM in gel form may be dried and/or crosslinked into a cylindrical shape, wetted, compressed, and dried again to produce an expandable sponge having a generally cylindrical or rod-like shape.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a medical device that includes one or more features configured to anchor the device upon implantation in the body, e.g., as a fistula plug. For example, high output fistula defects can cause fistula plugs or other materials/devices to dislodge from the defect. To address this problem, the device may comprise a combination of spleen and lung ECM materials in a cylindrical or rod-shaped body portion with protrusions along the length of the cylindrical/rod-shaped body to anchor the device against the walls of the fistula and prevent the device from becoming dislodged. This anchoring may also provide for close tissue approximation to allow for tissue ingrowth into the ECM materials (e.g., ECM matrix) via the scaffolding structure and the biological signaling components.
In some embodiments, for example, the device may have an “umbrella” shape formed by expandable arms at one or both ends of the device. When inserted into the fistula and deployed, the “umbrella” end may open into a disc or similar shape coupled to the cylindrical/rod-shaped body portion in order to seal one end of the fistula and anchor the device, e.g., to repair a defect. This configuration is illustrated in
Each of the body portion 41 and the anchoring portion 43 may comprise one or more ECM materials and/or one or more non-ECM materials. Non-ECM materials may include, but are not limited to, biocompatible metals, metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, or combinations thereof. Suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The body portion 41 may comprise the same or different materials as the anchoring portion 43. For example, the body portion 41 may comprise a combination of two or more different ECM materials, and the anchoring portion 43 may comprise at least one non-ECM material, such as a polymer or combination of polymers. In some embodiments, the body portion 41 and the anchoring portion 43 both may comprise at least two different ECM materials. Any of the ECM materials, combinations of ECM materials, and non-ECM materials (including antimicrobial agents) as discussed above may be used for the medical device 40.
When the device 40 is in a compressed configuration, as shown in
Further, for example, the composition may comprise a medical device with a cylindrical or rod-like body portion that includes flanges, “wings,” or protruding edges along at least a portion of the length of the body.
Inhalation
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise ECM materials in particulate form, e.g., for administration via inhalation. The particles may range from about 100 nm to about 5 μm in diameter, such as from about 1 μm to about 5 μm in diameter, or from about 100 nm to about 2.5 μm in diameter. In some embodiments, for example, the composition may comprise particles having substantially the same size, e.g., a particle diameter of about 100 nm, about 300 nm, about 500 nm, about 1 μm, about 2.5 μm, or about 5 μm. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise particles having a size distribution with an average or median diameter ranging from about 300 nm to about 5 μm, e.g., about 300 nm, about 500 nm, about 1 μm, about 2.5 μm, or about 5 μm. The size distribution may be unimodal or bimodal.
The composition may comprise two or more ECM materials in particulate form. For example, the composition may comprise a first set of particles of a first ECM material, and a second set of particles of a second ECM material, wherein the first and second sets of particles may have the same or different diameters or size distributions. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise particles of lung and spleen ECM ranging from about 1 μm to about 5 μm in diameter for delivery to the lungs of a patient via inhalation.
The particulate composition may be used to treat the respiratory system, to treat a respiratory disorder, and/or to deliver a pharmaceutical agent such as a steroid for uptake via the respiratory system. In some embodiments, for example, the composition may be used to treat asthma, lung infections, or a lung injury, such as damage to the lungs from inhalation of damaging gases, smoke, or chemical or biological agents. The composition may be inhaled after exposure to toxins and harmful substances to help heal damaged tissue in the lungs, and to minimize and/or prevent lung fibrosis. In some embodiments, the composition may be administered to mitigate the effects of diseases that cause damage to the lungs, e.g., as part of a routine dosing regimen.
In some embodiments, the composition may serve as a delivery vehicle for a pharmaceutical or therapeutic agent. For example, the pharmaceutical or therapeutic agent may be incorporated into the ECM material during processing such that the agent is associated with the particles, such as a coating. In at least one embodiment, the composition may comprise at least one ECM material in combination with fluticasone propionate and salmeterol, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutical agent such as a steroid, formulated for administration via inhalation.
Injection
The composition may be formulated for injection, e.g., in liquid or gel form. ECM particulates, gels, and/or particulate and gel combinations may be used as an injectable for a variety of applications, including, but not limited to arthritis (e.g., joint injections to treat arthritis), tendon/ligament partial tears, cartilage tears or damage, nerve tears or damage, myelin sheath regeneration, hair restoration, and in plastic and reconstructive surgery (e.g., as a void filler or bulking agent). As mentioned above, ECM gels may be produced by digesting (e.g., via digestive enzymes) or chemically processing ECM materials into gel form, which may be combined with ECM particles or other additional ECM materials.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise a 50-50 ratio of particulate lung ECM and particulate spleen ECM suspended within an ECM gel as a carrier (e.g., a lung ECM gel, spleen ECM gel, or lung/spleen mixture ECM gel). The lung/spleen composition may be injected at one or more sites along a nerve that has been damaged or sustained loss of the myelin sheath, such as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease or multiple sclerosis. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that growth factors and other signaling components within the ECM composition may signal mesenchymal stem cells to migrate to the site of injection and induce formation of new myelin sheath or nerve tissue.
Three-Dimensional Constructs
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise ECM materials formed into a three-dimensional construct, e.g., to fill or repair large defects, or in patient-specific reconstruction of lost or damaged tissue. Such constructs may be useful in reconstructive surgery, wherein there may be a need to fill a void, or to regenerate tissue in a specific area, e.g., having a particular shape.
In some embodiments, for example, the ECM constructs may have three-dimensional shapes obtained via specialized forms or molds, or by cutting, trimming, or otherwise manipulating larger, standardized shapes such as blocks or rods into the desired form, e.g., to match the size and shape of the void or defect to be filled. The construct may vary in composition, e.g., comprising a composite of two or more ECM materials, and may vary in porosity. The construct may comprise one or more non-ECM components, including, but not limited to, cells, pharmaceutical agents, polymers, or demineralized bone.
In some embodiments, scanning, imaging techniques, and/or 3D computer modeling may be used to prepare a replica of the void/defect or otherwise obtain the dimensions of the ECM construct needed for repair. In this way, a three dimensional construct may be made according to the exact dimensions needed for a given patient. The mold may be filled with different types of ECM materials and non-ECM materials to obtain a patient-specific implant.
For example, a patient with oral cancer may require surgical intervention to remove bone and soft tissue at the site of the cancer. To repair the affected area after surgery, e.g., by implanting replacement tissue or a tissue graft, a mold may be designed by imaging the removal site. A combination of lung ECM and spleen ECM in particulate and gel form may be added to the mold, e.g., to comprise the soft tissue portion, along with demineralized bone, e.g., to comprise the replacement jaw bone.
Additional combinations of ECM materials may include ECM sheets combined with one or more other ECM materials in particulate, gel, foam, and/or sponge form to create “sheet-like” constructs with varying densities and compressibility. The constructs may be tailored for specific applications, including, but not limited to, cartilage repair grafts and spinal disc grafts. In some embodiments, for example, the composition may comprise circular sheets of lung and/or spleen ECM materials with other forms of ECM materials (e.g., in particulate, gel, particulate plus gel, foam, or sponge form, or similar materials) that provide an inner circular portion that is more compressible than the outer “ring” of the lung/spleen ECM material. This configuration may simulate the annulus on the outside (e.g., the anlus fibrosus) and the nucleus on the inside (e.g., the nucleus pulposus). In some embodiments, the composition may be a hemostasis device comprising an outer layer of lung ECM (e.g., to provide liquid impermeability), an inner layer of spleen ECM (e.g., processed to maintain the unique architecture of the reticular spleen ECM structure), and a coating of lung/spleen ECM particulate mix incorporated into the inner spleen ECM layer. The ratio of the particulate may be about 50:50 lung-spleen.
Further, the composition may be used as a bone graft material. For example, the composition may comprise a particulate mix of two or more ECM materials (e.g., spleen and lung ECM) in various ratios, or a mix of an ECM material in particulate form and an ECM material in gel form (e.g., spleen ECM particulate and lung ECM gel, or lung ECM particulate and spleen ECM gel). The composition may include more or more additional agents or materials such as, e.g., tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, mineralized bone, demineralized bone, or another mineral component. In some embodiments, the composition may include one or more antimicrobial agents such as, e.g., ionic silver or elemental silver, for use in bone infection healing applications.
The ECM materials may be combined or incorporated into each other and/or combined with non-ECM materials via any suitable method, and may be physically attached and/or chemically bonded together. For example, an adhesive such as fibrin glue, cyanoacrylate, thrombin/gelatin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), or a solder such as albumin (e.g., applied with laser energy or heat to weld tissues together) may be used to incorporate ECM materials into each other. Further, cross-linking agents such as, e.g., glutaraldehyde, dendrimers, or methylene blue, may be used to form bonds between different ECM materials. Additionally or alternatively, ECM materials may be combined in a composition via thermal energy, ultra-violet light, and/or chemical cross-linking. For example, sugar-based molecules such as a saccharide (e.g. glucose or galactose) or a disaccharide (e.g. lactose or sucrose) and/or peptide-based molecules may be used to combine different ECM materials. In some embodiments, different ECM materials may be combined into a three-dimensional construct form by exposing the materials to heat (e.g., a temperature ranging from about 50° C. to 250° C.) while they are compressed or in close proximity to each other. The heat may generate bonds (crosslinks) between collagens in the different ECM materials.
In some embodiments, the composition may be prepared by combining an ECM materials in gel form with an ECM material in particulate form, e.g., to produce a particulate wafer or cake. For example, the ECM gel may be introduced into a mold with the ECM particulate, compressed and/or cross-linked together, and dried in a mold to form the composition in a particulate wafer or cake. In some embodiments, the ECM gel may be introduced into a mold without ECM particulate, and compressed and/or cross-linked to form the composition.
Compositions according to the present disclosure may be prepared by mixing different ECM materials together in particulate form. ECM particulates may be prepared by chopping, cutting, pulverizing, milling, or grinding the ECM material with a suitable device such as a blender, a hammer mill, a knife mill, a centrifugal mill, or a roller crusher, for example, to form particles. In some embodiments, two or more ECM materials in particulate form may be mixed together in a gel (e.g., an ECM material in gel form, which may be the same or different type of ECM material as the ECM particulates) or a liquid carrier. Examples of suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, lecithin, collagen gel, and saline.
Further, compositions according to the present disclosure may be prepared by coating one type of ECM material onto a different type of ECM material. For example, a first ECM material (e.g., an ECM core) may be coated with a second ECM material (e.g., an ECM coating). For example, the composition may comprise ECM particles having a core of one type of ECM material and a coating of a different type of ECM material. Coating the ECM core may be performed, for example, by precipitating the second ECM material onto the first ECM material from a solution, by a roll coater, or by a granulator. The second ECM material used as the coating may be in a liquid or gel form. Other materials suitable coating ECM materials may include, but are not limited to, PLGA, hyaluronic acid, collagen, or a mixture thereof.
In some embodiments, the composition may comprise ECM materials in gel form, wherein the gel may change in response to a stimulus. For example, the gel may expand in vivo when injected into a target site and/or may polymerize in vivo, and thus may stay fixed into position when polymerized. The stimulus may be, e.g., a change in temperature and/or pH. In some embodiments, for example, the gel may comprise two or more different ECM materials and at least one temperature-responsive polymer, copolymer, or block copolymer. For example, the gel may polymerize after a change in pH, wherein the pH may be altered by adding an acid or base such that the gel polymerizes in vivo at the application site. In some embodiments, the gel may be designed to polymerize at body pH after application to the desired site. Different ECM materials may be delivered to the target site concurrently in gel form, in solution, or as particulates suspended in a carrier, such that once the ECM materials are mixed together at the target site, they polymerize and/or expand.
Other embodiments of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. While various examples provided herein illustrate specific types of ECM materials and combinations thereof, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other types of ECM materials from any tissue source and combinations of ECM materials also may be used. Further, any features of an embodiment disclosed herein may incorporated into any other embodiment.
The following examples are intended to illustrate the present disclosure without, however, being limiting in nature. It is understood that the present disclosure encompasses additional embodiments consistent with the foregoing description and following examples.
Samples of porcine tissues were extracted to measure growth factor content. Dried micronized matrix material sampled from pig stomach, spleen, and lung tissues were extracted for 72 hours at 4° C. Three different buffers were used in the extractions: phosphate buffered saline (PBS), RIPA buffer, and 0.5 M acetic acid (AA). Each extraction included a 20:1 extraction volume to tissue weight ratio (6.0 ml extraction buffer for 300 mg matrix material). Extracts were analyzed for VEGF-A, EGF, bFGF, PDGF, IGF1, and TGFβ by ELISA using the individual ELISA instruction manual. In order to assay acetic acid extracted samples using ELISA, acetic acid extracts were neutralized by adding 219 μl of 2.5 M Tris base per 1.0 ml of acetic acid extract. Results are shown in Table 2.
It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the present disclosure being indicated by the following claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/963,571, filed on Dec. 9, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/582,288, filed on Dec. 24, 2014, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,238,090, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
4587268 | Pfirrmann | May 1986 | A |
4599226 | Fox, Jr. et al. | Jul 1986 | A |
4801299 | Brendel et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
4847049 | Yamamoto | Jul 1989 | A |
4880429 | Stone | Nov 1989 | A |
4902508 | Badylak et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
4925924 | Silver et al. | May 1990 | A |
4956178 | Badylak et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
5081106 | Bentley et al. | Jan 1992 | A |
5162430 | Rhee et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
5196185 | Silver et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
5197977 | Hoffman, Jr. et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
5275826 | Badylak et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
5281422 | Badylak et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
5290763 | Poser et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
5294446 | Schlameus et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
5300306 | Alvarado et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
5326357 | Kandel | Jul 1994 | A |
5352463 | Badylak et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
5372821 | Badylak et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
5374515 | Parenteau et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
5445833 | Badylak et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
5456693 | Conston et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
5460962 | Kemp | Oct 1995 | A |
5466462 | Rosenthal et al. | Nov 1995 | A |
5510263 | Quaranta et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5554389 | Badylak et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
5573784 | Badylak et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
5595571 | Jaffe et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
5641518 | Badylak et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
5645860 | Knapp, Jr. et al. | Jul 1997 | A |
5665114 | Weadock et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5693085 | Buirge et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5700477 | Rosenthal et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5709934 | Bell et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5711969 | Patel et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5723010 | Yui et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
5733337 | Carr, Jr. et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
5755791 | Whitson et al. | May 1998 | A |
5800537 | Bell | Sep 1998 | A |
5804213 | Rolf | Sep 1998 | A |
5819748 | Pfirrmann | Oct 1998 | A |
5873904 | Ragheb et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
5876451 | Yui et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5885619 | Patel et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5893888 | Bell | Apr 1999 | A |
5895419 | Tweden et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
5902228 | Schulsinger et al. | May 1999 | A |
5922028 | Plouhar et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
5948429 | Bell et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
5955110 | Patel et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
5965125 | Mineau-Hanschke | Oct 1999 | A |
5968096 | Whitson et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
5993844 | Abraham et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
5997575 | Whitson et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6022557 | Maser | Feb 2000 | A |
6051750 | Bell | Apr 2000 | A |
6054122 | MacPhee et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6087549 | Flick | Jul 2000 | A |
6099567 | Badylak et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6110208 | Soranzo et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6113636 | Ogle | Sep 2000 | A |
6124273 | Drohan et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6129757 | Weadock | Oct 2000 | A |
6152964 | Van Blitterswijk et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
6153292 | Bell et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
6171344 | Atala | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6179872 | Bell et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6197935 | Doillon et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6206931 | Cook et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6281007 | Fofonoff et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
6334872 | Termin et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
6358284 | Fearnot et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
6368859 | Atala | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6376244 | Atala | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6398819 | Bell | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6432436 | Gertzman et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
6458889 | Trollsas et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
6485723 | Badylak et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6485969 | Asem et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6503539 | Gestrelius et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
6509145 | Torrianni | Jan 2003 | B1 |
6511958 | Atkinson et al. | Jan 2003 | B1 |
6530951 | Bates et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
6576015 | Geistlich et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
6576265 | Spievack | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6579538 | Spievack | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6585754 | Wallace et al. | Jul 2003 | B2 |
6592794 | Bachrach | Jul 2003 | B1 |
6599690 | Abraham et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
6638312 | Plouhar et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
6666892 | Hiles et al. | Dec 2003 | B2 |
6673339 | Atala et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
6719987 | Burrell et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
6753181 | Atala | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6783776 | Spievack | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6812217 | Hendriks | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6849273 | Spievack | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6852339 | Spievack | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6861074 | Spievack | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6869619 | Spievack | Mar 2005 | B2 |
6881766 | Hain | Apr 2005 | B2 |
6882880 | Treppo et al. | Apr 2005 | B2 |
6887495 | Spievack | May 2005 | B2 |
6890351 | Termin et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
6890562 | Spievack | May 2005 | B2 |
6890563 | Spievack | May 2005 | B2 |
6890564 | Spievack | May 2005 | B2 |
6893666 | Spievack | May 2005 | B2 |
6918396 | Badylak et al. | Jul 2005 | B1 |
6933326 | Griffey et al. | Aug 2005 | B1 |
6939369 | Osborne et al. | Sep 2005 | B2 |
6974474 | Pavcnik et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
7056337 | Boatman | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7056533 | Chudzik et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7060103 | Carr, Jr. et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7087089 | Patel et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7105001 | Mandelbaum | Sep 2006 | B2 |
7121999 | Abraham et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7153324 | Case et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
7153518 | Wironen et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
7160333 | Plouhar et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7163563 | Schwartz et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7175841 | Badylak et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7201917 | Malaviya et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
7211275 | Ying et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
7238198 | Hartley et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7244444 | Bates | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7252832 | Stone et al. | Aug 2007 | B1 |
7316822 | Binette et al. | Jan 2008 | B2 |
7326571 | Freyman | Feb 2008 | B2 |
7335228 | Schaeffer | Feb 2008 | B2 |
7354627 | Pedrozo et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
7410502 | Ellingsen et al. | Aug 2008 | B2 |
7458987 | Case et al. | Dec 2008 | B2 |
7524332 | Osborne et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
7569233 | Malaviya et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7579189 | Freyman et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
7595062 | Pedrozo et al. | Sep 2009 | B2 |
7597712 | Parenteau et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7615373 | Simpson et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7622129 | Haberstroh et al. | Nov 2009 | B1 |
7666829 | Mitts et al. | Feb 2010 | B2 |
7691140 | Bates et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
7744621 | Paul et al. | Jun 2010 | B2 |
7753955 | Wuh | Jul 2010 | B2 |
7763270 | Hellerbrand et al. | Jul 2010 | B2 |
7776596 | Badylak | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7795022 | Badylak | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7795027 | Hiles | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7799089 | Plouhar et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7815923 | Johnson et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7820172 | Zamora et al. | Oct 2010 | B1 |
7833267 | Flagle et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7851445 | Stupp et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
7857825 | Moran et al. | Dec 2010 | B2 |
7914567 | Pavcnik et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7914808 | Malaviya et al. | Mar 2011 | B2 |
7919112 | Pathak et al. | Apr 2011 | B2 |
7959554 | McAlexander et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
7959683 | Semler et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
8003131 | Badylak | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8025896 | Malaviya et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
8029532 | Sirota | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8049059 | Bleyer et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8057528 | Parker | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8066733 | Paul et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8067149 | Livesey et al. | Nov 2011 | B2 |
8076137 | McAllister et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
8076294 | Kinney et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
8084048 | Badylak | Dec 2011 | B2 |
8128682 | Case et al. | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8142475 | Viola | Mar 2012 | B2 |
8211165 | McIntosh et al. | Jul 2012 | B1 |
8216299 | Paul, Jr. et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8257434 | Matheny | Sep 2012 | B2 |
8263101 | Owens et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
8288344 | DePaula | Oct 2012 | B2 |
8298586 | Bosley, Jr. et al. | Oct 2012 | B2 |
8303647 | Case | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8303648 | Grewe et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8317823 | Pavcnik et al. | Nov 2012 | B2 |
8329202 | Venu et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
8329219 | Farrell et al. | Dec 2012 | B2 |
8337873 | Mao | Dec 2012 | B2 |
8343535 | Burd et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
8343536 | Bates et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
8348988 | Lad et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
8354501 | Kaplan et al. | Jan 2013 | B2 |
8366787 | Brown et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
8372140 | Hoffman et al. | Feb 2013 | B2 |
8415159 | Ward et al. | Apr 2013 | B2 |
8431148 | McKay | Apr 2013 | B2 |
8445016 | Santerre et al. | May 2013 | B2 |
8454678 | Hiles | Jun 2013 | B2 |
8455008 | Johnson | Jun 2013 | B2 |
8465516 | Pavcnik et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
8470356 | Patel et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
8475512 | Hunt | Jul 2013 | B2 |
8529951 | Ramamurthi et al. | Sep 2013 | B1 |
8535349 | Chen et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
8535719 | Badylak et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
8540760 | Paul, Jr. et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
8541032 | Bosley, Jr. et al. | Sep 2013 | B2 |
8556960 | Agnew et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8557277 | Virkler et al. | Oct 2013 | B2 |
8591930 | Hiles et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
8603982 | Ooya et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
8613937 | Boyden et al. | Dec 2013 | B2 |
8628787 | Soldani et al. | Jan 2014 | B2 |
8637067 | Sun et al. | Jan 2014 | B1 |
8641776 | Case et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8647677 | Badylak et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8652191 | Fearnot et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8652216 | Chen et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8658196 | Janis | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8673019 | McKay | Mar 2014 | B2 |
8685432 | Evans et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8695530 | Sun | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8696744 | Matheny et al. | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8709076 | Matheny et al. | Apr 2014 | B1 |
8709401 | Song | Apr 2014 | B2 |
8728463 | Atala et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
8734501 | Hartley et al. | May 2014 | B2 |
8741352 | Hodde et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8741354 | Johnson et al. | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8758448 | Matheny | Jun 2014 | B2 |
8778012 | Matheny | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8778362 | Suckow et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8784499 | Owens et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8784889 | Hodde et al. | Jul 2014 | B2 |
8785198 | Matheny | Jul 2014 | B1 |
9056078 | Bosley, Jr. et al. | Jun 2015 | B2 |
20010014667 | Chen et al. | Aug 2001 | A1 |
20010020188 | Sander | Sep 2001 | A1 |
20010044650 | Simso et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
20010048949 | Atala | Dec 2001 | A1 |
20020001623 | Yamashita et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020038151 | Plouhar et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
20020055143 | Bell et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
20020082697 | Damien | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020122816 | Sung et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020128722 | Jefferies | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020150603 | Dionne et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20030004568 | Ken et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030007991 | Masters | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030023316 | Brown et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030026770 | Szymaitis | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030032961 | Pelo et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030044444 | Malaviya et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030049299 | Malaviya et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030049839 | Romero-Ortega et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030143207 | Livesey et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030175410 | Campbell et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
20030194444 | Burrell et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20030211601 | Atala | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20040054414 | Trieu et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040059431 | Plouhar et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040082063 | Deshpande et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
20040083006 | Ellingsen et al. | Apr 2004 | A1 |
20040131678 | Burger | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040138758 | Evans et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
20040166169 | Malaviya et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040167634 | Atala et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040175366 | Badylak | Sep 2004 | A1 |
20040220574 | Pelo et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040229333 | Bowlin et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040267362 | Hwang et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050025838 | Badylak | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050079200 | Rathenow et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050085924 | Darois et al. | Apr 2005 | A1 |
20050129730 | Pang et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050131517 | Hartley et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050163825 | Naidu | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050201989 | Geliebter et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050249771 | Malaviya et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050249772 | Malaviya et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050260612 | Padmini et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20060015052 | Crisp | Jan 2006 | A1 |
20060051396 | Hamilton et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060068032 | Zhao et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
20060074447 | Armstrong | Apr 2006 | A2 |
20060134079 | Sih et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060136027 | Westlund et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060136028 | Ross et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060136047 | Obermiller et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
20060147491 | DeWitt et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060155384 | Ellingsen et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060159664 | Pandit et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060198868 | DeWitt et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060201996 | Hodde | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060216324 | Stucke et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20060222635 | Centanni et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060240014 | Sukhatme | Oct 2006 | A1 |
20060246033 | Ninan | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060263335 | France et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20060275270 | Warren et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20060293760 | DeDeyne | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20070009586 | Cohen et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070014755 | Beckman et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070015685 | Balaban | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070098755 | Patel et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070112411 | Obermiller et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070128723 | Cottone et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070184122 | Johnson et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070196380 | Firestone | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070213805 | Schaeffer et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070218038 | Nataraj et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070225663 | Watt et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20070232561 | Leung et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
20070265346 | Mehta | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070274962 | Lui | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070276509 | Ratcliffe et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
20070299517 | Davisson et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20080003330 | Rueda et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080038352 | Simpson et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080039927 | Barr | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080081362 | Keeley et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080118551 | Wadia | May 2008 | A1 |
20080147038 | Hoffman | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080147197 | McKay | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080181951 | Holladay et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080243243 | Williams et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080248079 | Dempsey et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080260831 | Badylak et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080260853 | Firestone | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20080274184 | Hunt | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080279939 | Firestone | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080281418 | Firestone | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20080286329 | Campbell et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20090017093 | Springer et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
20090035289 | Wagner et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090035356 | Bui-Khac et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
20090074871 | Sunwoo et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
20090130068 | Eklund | May 2009 | A1 |
20090142409 | Firestone et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090163936 | Yang et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090163990 | Yang et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090169593 | Gregory et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090175922 | Voytik-Harbin | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090186332 | Manders et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090202434 | Da Cruz | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090204228 | Hiles | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090215009 | Noishiki et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090216336 | Springer et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090238853 | Liu et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090254104 | Murray | Oct 2009 | A1 |
20090311298 | Nixon et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20090317441 | Bilbo et al. | Dec 2009 | A1 |
20100010627 | Matheny | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100016872 | Bayon et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100021519 | Shenoy | Jan 2010 | A1 |
20100042091 | Shadduck | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100047308 | Kim et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100047309 | Lu et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
20100080788 | Barnett et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100104652 | Biris et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100143490 | Roberts et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20100172889 | Catchmark et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100189721 | L'Heureux et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
20100233140 | Just et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100239560 | Hassingboe et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100249830 | Nelson | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100249927 | Yang et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
20100266654 | Hodde et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
20100268227 | Tong et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
20100272779 | Jackson | Oct 2010 | A1 |
20100291180 | Uhrich | Nov 2010 | A1 |
20100303722 | Jin et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20100318193 | Desai et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20100329995 | Deeter et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
20110020418 | Bosley, Jr. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
20110038921 | Wen et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110054520 | Deal et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110060362 | Patel et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110070282 | Nugent et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110070284 | Depaula et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
20110098799 | Treacy et al. | Apr 2011 | A1 |
20110104279 | Marraccini et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
20110135703 | Shipp | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110150918 | Foster et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110166673 | Patel et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110171285 | Hook et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110182963 | McKay | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110190679 | Humes et al. | Aug 2011 | A1 |
20110245905 | Weber et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110264190 | McClain et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110264236 | Bassett et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
20110293666 | Wang et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20110305745 | Gurtner et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
20120034191 | Matheny | Feb 2012 | A1 |
20120052124 | Kaplan et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
20120100225 | McKay | Apr 2012 | A1 |
20120135045 | Nixon et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
20120156164 | Park et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120156255 | Singh et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120171769 | McGonigle et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
20120209403 | Morrison et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20120258174 | Prior | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20120282228 | Bhasin | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20120282320 | Scherr | Nov 2012 | A1 |
20130005829 | Jamiolkowski et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130028984 | Xu et al. | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130052254 | Arinzeh et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130052712 | Cha et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130053665 | Hughes et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
20130071447 | Farrell et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
20130079811 | Agnew et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
20130084320 | Story et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
20130105348 | Koob | May 2013 | A1 |
20130110254 | Osborne | May 2013 | A1 |
20130123920 | Sun et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
20130131621 | Van Holten et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
20130144356 | Horn et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
20130150883 | Fette et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
20130175729 | Hassingboe et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
20130183352 | Xie | Jul 2013 | A1 |
20130197660 | Bollati et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130202563 | Badylak et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130209571 | Du et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130211249 | Barnett et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130211543 | Chen et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130218201 | Obermiller et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20130230601 | Itskovitz-Eldor et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130237816 | Armstrong | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130243738 | Griffiths et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130245528 | Harrell | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130253663 | Amoroso et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
20130259902 | Fan et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130280223 | Owens et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130280303 | Drapeau et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130280801 | Sun | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130288375 | Zhang et al. | Oct 2013 | A1 |
20130304119 | Armstrong et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130304229 | Biris | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130309295 | Gatenholm | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130316454 | Lu et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
20130330417 | Dong et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
20140030315 | Johnson | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140065121 | Suggs et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140067046 | Perry et al. | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140088339 | Matheny | Mar 2014 | A1 |
20140094671 | Boock et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140099256 | Zheng et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140099352 | Matheny | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140100648 | Matheny | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140107555 | Patel | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140113967 | Neas et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
20140121750 | Hadley et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140141054 | Bosley, Jr. et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140142200 | Duan et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140148914 | Mohan et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
20140170117 | Ling et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140178450 | Christman | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140180399 | Alavi et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
20140188250 | Fearnot et al. | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140205648 | Maccecchini | Jul 2014 | A1 |
20140343673 | Matheny | Nov 2014 | A1 |
20140345118 | Rolle et al. | Nov 2014 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
0773033 | May 1997 | EP |
0781564 | Jul 1997 | EP |
1261365 | Mar 2001 | EP |
1610728 | Apr 2004 | EP |
0792125 | Nov 2004 | EP |
0741785 | Aug 2005 | EP |
1674116 | Jun 2006 | EP |
1056486 | Oct 2006 | EP |
0769961 | Nov 2006 | EP |
1203075 | Sep 2007 | EP |
1216296 | Apr 2009 | EP |
1706070 | Feb 2011 | EP |
1691720 | Jun 2011 | EP |
2478872 | Jul 2012 | EP |
1404390 | Aug 2012 | EP |
1942960 | Aug 2012 | EP |
1612265 | Jan 2013 | EP |
2043531 | Jan 2013 | EP |
2561831 | Feb 2013 | EP |
2596762 | May 2013 | EP |
2606917 | Jun 2013 | EP |
2634251 | Sep 2013 | EP |
2644620 | Oct 2013 | EP |
2644692 | Oct 2013 | EP |
2187983 | Apr 2014 | EP |
1501444 | May 2014 | EP |
2324867 | Jun 2014 | EP |
2117611 | Jul 2014 | EP |
WO 9639203 | Dec 1996 | WO |
WO 9639430 | Dec 1996 | WO |
WO 9730662 | Aug 1997 | WO |
WO 0047130 | Aug 2000 | WO |
WO 0053795 | Sep 2000 | WO |
WO 0056375 | Sep 2000 | WO |
WO 01012106 | Feb 2001 | WO |
WO 01054619 | Aug 2001 | WO |
WO 01066472 | Sep 2001 | WO |
WO 03007795 | Jan 2003 | WO |
WO 03030956 | Apr 2003 | WO |
WO 03092471 | Nov 2003 | WO |
WO 2004073616 | Sep 2004 | WO |
WO 2004098671 | Nov 2004 | WO |
WO 2005034789 | Apr 2005 | WO |
WO 2005034852 | Apr 2005 | WO |
WO 2005042046 | May 2005 | WO |
WO 2005042048 | May 2005 | WO |
WO 2005046327 | May 2005 | WO |
WO 2005046445 | May 2005 | WO |
WO 2005062868 | Jul 2005 | WO |
WO 2005073365 | Aug 2005 | WO |
WO 2005079388 | Sep 2005 | WO |
WO 2005079675 | Sep 2005 | WO |
WO 2005096954 | Oct 2005 | WO |
WO 2005096993 | Oct 2005 | WO |
WO 2005097219 | Oct 2005 | WO |
WO 2005112821 | Dec 2005 | WO |
WO 2005121316 | Dec 2005 | WO |
WO 2006026325 | Mar 2006 | WO |
WO 2006050091 | May 2006 | WO |
WO 2006056984 | Jun 2006 | WO |
WO 2006060546 | Jun 2006 | WO |
WO 2006066327 | Jun 2006 | WO |
WO 2006121887 | Nov 2006 | WO |
WO 2006124021 | Nov 2006 | WO |
WO 2007011443 | Jan 2007 | WO |
WO 2007035791 | Mar 2007 | WO |
WO 2007059497 | May 2007 | WO |
WO 2007084609 | Jul 2007 | WO |
WO 2007090150 | Aug 2007 | WO |
WO 2007090155 | Aug 2007 | WO |
WO 2007098484 | Aug 2007 | WO |
WO 2007120840 | Oct 2007 | WO |
WO 2007144644 | Dec 2007 | WO |
WO 2007149989 | Dec 2007 | WO |
WO 2008003320 | Jan 2008 | WO |
WO 2008032928 | Mar 2008 | WO |
WO 2008045638 | Apr 2008 | WO |
WO 2008075206 | Jun 2008 | WO |
WO 2008100967 | Aug 2008 | WO |
WO 2008105791 | Sep 2008 | WO |
WO 2008122595 | Oct 2008 | WO |
WO 2008124361 | Oct 2008 | WO |
WO 2008134541 | Nov 2008 | WO |
WO 2008144476 | Nov 2008 | WO |
WO 2008151040 | Dec 2008 | WO |
WO 2009020650 | Feb 2009 | WO |
WO 2009025970 | Feb 2009 | WO |
WO 2009027814 | Mar 2009 | WO |
WO 2009035779 | Mar 2009 | WO |
WO 2009042514 | Apr 2009 | WO |
WO 2009042768 | Apr 2009 | WO |
WO 2009045824 | Apr 2009 | WO |
WO 2009048314 | Apr 2009 | WO |
WO 2009064839 | May 2009 | WO |
WO 2009111306 | Sep 2009 | WO |
WO 2010019753 | Feb 2010 | WO |
WO 2010027898 | Mar 2010 | WO |
WO 2010059389 | May 2010 | WO |
WO 2010065843 | Jun 2010 | WO |
WO 2010072417 | Jul 2010 | WO |
WO 2010078478 | Jul 2010 | WO |
WO 2010086856 | Aug 2010 | WO |
WO 2010088678 | Aug 2010 | WO |
WO 2010088735 | Aug 2010 | WO |
WO 2010096458 | Aug 2010 | WO |
WO 2010099463 | Sep 2010 | WO |
WO 2011042794 | Apr 2011 | WO |
WO 2011113507 | Sep 2011 | WO |
WO 2011150055 | Dec 2011 | WO |
WO 2011150482 | Dec 2011 | WO |
WO 2011154687 | Dec 2011 | WO |
WO 2011161180 | Dec 2011 | WO |
WO 2012003377 | Jan 2012 | WO |
WO 2012018680 | Feb 2012 | WO |
WO 2012034110 | Mar 2012 | WO |
WO 2012050836 | Apr 2012 | WO |
WO 2012094611 | Jul 2012 | WO |
WO-2012099703 | Jul 2012 | WO |
WO 2012124353 | Sep 2012 | WO |
WO 2012145756 | Oct 2012 | WO |
WO 2012158169 | Nov 2012 | WO |
WO 2012162753 | Dec 2012 | WO |
WO 2012170538 | Dec 2012 | WO |
WO 2013174234 | Dec 2012 | WO |
WO 2013003229 | Jan 2013 | WO |
WO 2013010169 | Jan 2013 | WO |
WO 2013045689 | Apr 2013 | WO |
WO 2013059745 | Apr 2013 | WO |
WO 2013086149 | Jun 2013 | WO |
WO 2013096255 | Jun 2013 | WO |
WO 2013119551 | Aug 2013 | WO |
WO 2013134009 | Sep 2013 | WO |
WO 2013188449 | Dec 2013 | WO |
WO 2014026052 | Feb 2014 | WO |
WO 2014040026 | Mar 2014 | WO |
WO 2014047246 | Mar 2014 | WO |
WO 2014047287 | Mar 2014 | WO |
WO 2014058587 | Apr 2014 | WO |
WO 2014058589 | Apr 2014 | WO |
WO 2014066297 | May 2014 | WO |
WO 2014066724 | May 2014 | WO |
WO 2014099323 | Jun 2014 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Bhan, C. et al., “Adsorption-Desorption Study of BSA Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles (Ag/BSA NPs) on Collagen Immobilized Substrates,” Langmuir, vol. 28, No. 49, pp. 17043-17052 (2012) (abstract only). |
Chun, S. et al., “Identification and Characterization of Bioactive Factors in Bladder Submucosa Matrix,” Biomaterials, vol. 28, pp. 4251-4256 (2007). |
Crapo, P. et al., “An Overview of Tissue and Whole Organ Decellularization Processes,” Biomaterials, vol. 32, No. 12, pp. 3233-3243 (2011). |
De Mello, M. F. V. et al., Distribution of Collagen Types I, III, and IV in Gastric Tissue of Marmosets (Callithrix spp., Callitrichidae: Primates), Pesq. Vet. Bras., vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 317-320 (2010). |
Gibson, M. et al., “Tissue Extracellular Matrix Nanoparticle Presentation in Electrospun Nanofibers,” Biomed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 469120, pp. 1-13 (2014). |
Gumati, M. K. et al., “Extracellular Matrix of Different Composition Supports the Various Splenic Compartments of Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris),” Cell Tissue Res., vol. 312, pp. 333-343 (2003). |
Hodde, J.P. et al., “Bioactive FGF-2 in Sterilized Extracellular Matrix,” Wounds, vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 195-201 (2001) (abstract only). |
Hodde, J.P. et al., “Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Porcine-Derived Extracellular Matrix,” Endothelium, vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 11-24 (2001). |
Lokmic, Z. et al., “The Extracellular Matrix of the Spleen as a Potential Organizer of Immune Cell Compartments,” Seminars in Immunology, vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 4-13 (2008). |
Mandlewala, R. et al., “Adsorption-Desorption Study of BSA Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles on Collagen Immobilized Substrates,” retrieved from http://www.coassymposium.com/sampleabstracts/richa_mandlewala8246.pdf . . . . |
McDevitt, C.A. et al., “Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in a Sterilized Tissue Derived from the Pig Small Intestine Submucosa,” J. Biomed. Res., vol. 67A, pp. 637-640 (2003). |
Mohiti-Asli, M. et al., “Novel, Silver-Ion-Releasing Nanofibrous Scaffolds Exhibit Excellent Antibacterial Efficacy Without the Use of Silver Nanoparticles,” Acta Biomater., vol. 10, pp. 2096-2104 (2014). |
Nichols, J.E. et al., “Production and Assessment of Decellularized Pig and Human Lung Scaffolds,” Tissue Eng.; Part A, vol. 19, Nos. 17-18, pp. 2045-2062 (2013). |
O'Neill, J. et al., “Decellularization of Human and Porcine Lung Tissues for Pulmonary Tissue Engineering,” Ann. Thorac. Surg., vol. 96, No. 3, pp. 1046-1056 (2013). |
Parsons, D. et al., “Silver Antimicrobial Dressings in Wound Management: A Comparison of Antibacterial, Physical, and Chemical Characteristics,” Wounds, vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 222-232 (2005). |
Percival et al., “Bacterial resistance to silver in wound care,” Journal of Hospital Infection, vol. 60, pp. 1-7 (2005). |
Petersen T. et al., “In Vitro Development of Engineered Lung Tissue,” Dissertation, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University (2009) (283 pages). |
Petersen, T. et al., “Matrix Composition and Mechanics of Decellularized Lung Scaffolds”, Cells Tissues Organs, vol. 195, pp. 222-231 (2012). |
Pouliot, R. et al., “Lung Tissue Derived Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels Promote Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation, Attachment and Differentiation,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Meeting Abstracts, vol. 187, pp. A4991-A4991 (2013), available at http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2013.187.1_MeetingAbstracts.A4991. |
Wang, L. et al., “Decellularized Musculofascial Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering,” Biomaterials, vol. 11, pp. 2641-2654 (2013) (abstract only). |
Zhou, H.Y. et al., “Improving the Antibacterial Property of Porcine Small Intestinal Submucosa by Nano-Silver Supplementation,” Ann Surg., vol. 253, No. 5, pp. 1033-1041 (2011). |
International Search Report for PCT/US2015/065436 dated Jun. 27, 2016 (7 pages). |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20210308328 A1 | Oct 2021 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
Parent | 14963571 | Dec 2015 | US |
Child | 17144739 | US | |
Parent | 14582288 | Dec 2014 | US |
Child | 14963571 | US |