Patent Application
20150055456
In the last few years, queue management systems have been proposed for distributing incoming and outgoing traffic to and from a host through a network interface card (NIC) with multiple queues.
The queue management system of
First, since the current implementation chooses a non-default queue without considering the VM's traffic type, VMs with special requirements might be interfered by other VMs. For example, if a special VM that transmits and receives latency-sensitive traffic, shares the same queue with several other VMs running less latency-sensitive, throughput-intensive workloads, the latency and jitter of the special VM will certainly be affected. Queue 150 in
The second problem with this implementation is that it statically assigns fixed number of queues to one of the three different non-default pools of queues, which are non-default queues 115, LRO (large receive offload) queues 120 and RSS (receive side scaling) queues 125. In this approach, each pool has all of its queues assigned and allocated during the driver initialization. By default, each pool will get the same amount of queues, even if the pool is in fact not in use. This results in a performance issue when a pool needs more queues to sustain the traffic as the overloaded pool will never be able to take over free queues from other pools and thus can never grow further, even if the system has the capacity.
The third problem is that queue assignment for a VM is one-time, i.e., once the VM moves to a queue, it will never be moved to another non-default queue. This causes two issues. First, because the assignment is one-time, if a VM later needs more resources to grow the traffic, it might end up being limited by the utilization of its current queue. Even if there is a less-busy queue that has more room to grow, this prior approach does not allow the VM to take the chance. In addition, this approach tries to statically keep all queues busy, even if not so many queues are needed to serve the traffic. Since this approach has a dedicated kernel context for each queue, having unnecessary number of active queues results in more active contexts. These active contexts will inevitably halt other contexts (such as vCPU) when an interrupt arrives. Therefore, the host ends up spending more cycles doing context switches, which hurts VM consolidation ratio.
Some embodiments provide a queue management system that efficiently and dynamically manages multiple queues that process traffic to and from multiple virtual machines (VMs) executing on a host. This system manages the queues by (1) breaking up the queues into different priority pools with the higher priority pools reserved for particular types of traffic or VM (e.g., traffic for VMs that need low latency), (2) dynamically adjusting the number of queues in each pool (i.e., dynamically adjusting the size of the pools), (3) dynamically reassigning a VM to a new queue based on one or more optimization criteria (e.g., criteria relating to the underutilization or overutilization of the queue).
In some embodiments, the queue management system initially has a newly initialized VM in an unassigned, default pool. When a VM's traffic exceeds a pre-set threshold, the system determines if there is a pool matching the VM's traffic requirement, and if so, assigns the VM to that pool. If there is no matching pool, the system creates a new pool and assigns the VM to that pool. In situations where there are no free queues for creating new pools, the queue management system preempts one or more assigned queues (i.e., queues assigned to previously created pools) and assigns the preempted queue(s) to the newly created pool. This preemption rebalances queues amongst existing pools to free up one or more queue(s) for the new pool. In some embodiments, the rebalancing process across pools can be controlled by resource allocation criteria such as minimum and maximum size of a pool, relative priorities of the pools, etc.
Also, the queue management system can rebalance traffic within a pool based on one or more criteria, such as CPU load of the associated management thread (e.g., kernel context), traffic type, traffic load, other real-time load metrics of the queues, etc. In some embodiments, the system uses different rebalancing criteria for different pools. For instance, the system might want to pack VMs on a few queues in some pools, while for other pools, it might want to distribute VMs across the queues as much as possible. In some embodiments, the queue management system has a load balancer that performs the rebalancing process periodically and/or on special events.
When the VM's traffic falls below a threshold, the queue management system of some embodiments moves the VM back to a default queue. When the VM is the last VM that is using a queue in a non-default queue, then the system moves the last-used queue to the pool of free queues, so that it can later be reallocated to any pools.
In addition to the VM data traffic or instead of VM data traffic, the queue management system of some embodiments dynamically defines pools, uniquely manages each pool, dynamically modifies the queues within the pools, and dynamically re-assigns data traffic to and from non-VM addressable nodes (e.g., source end nodes or destination end nodes) that execute on a host. Specifically, the system of some embodiments monitors data traffic for a set of VM and/or non-VM addressable nodes (e.g., data end nodes) through the NIC of a host device. Based on this monitoring, the system specifies a pool for at least a set of the addressable nodes, and assigns a set of the queues to the pool. The system then uses destination or source media access control (MAC) filter, or five-tuple filtering, to direct to the assigned set of queues the data traffic that is received by, or transmitted from, the host device for the set of non-VM addressable nodes.
Alternatively, or conjunctively, based on the monitoring, the system of some embodiments can modify the set of queues assigned to a pool for the set of the VM and non-VM addressable nodes. As mentioned above, examples of such modifications include adding or removing a queue from the pool when one or more of the queues of the pool are overutilized or underutilized. In some embodiments, the system adds a queue to the pool by preempting a queue from another pool, e.g., by using one of the above-described preemption methodologies.
Also, alternatively or conjunctively to the above-described operations, the system can re-assign the data traffic for a VM or a non-VM addressable node (e.g., data end node) from a first queue in the pool to a second queue in the pool, based on the monitoring. For instance, based on the monitoring, the system of some embodiments detects that the traffic for the VM or non-VM addressable node through the first queue falls below a minimum threshold amount of traffic (e.g., for a duration of time). Because of this underutilization, the system switches this traffic to the second queue. Before making this switch, the system of some embodiments determines that the traffic through the second queue does not exceed a maximum threshold amount of traffic.
Based on the monitoring, the system of some embodiments detects that the traffic through the first queue exceeds a maximum threshold amount of traffic (e.g., for a duration of time). Because of this overutilization, the system switches the traffic for a VM or a non-VM addressable node (e.g., data end node) from the first queue to the second queue. Again, before making this switch, the system of some embodiments determines that the traffic through the second queue does not exceed a maximum threshold amount of traffic.
The preceding Summary is intended to serve as a brief introduction to some embodiments of the invention. It is not meant to be an introduction or overview of all inventive subject matter disclosed in this document. The Detailed Description that follows and the Drawings that are referred to in the Detailed Description will further describe the embodiments described in the Summary as well as other embodiments. Accordingly, to understand all the embodiments described by this document, a full review of the Summary, Detailed Description and the Drawings is needed. Moreover, the claimed subject matters are not to be limited by the illustrative details in the Summary, Detailed Description and the Drawing.
The novel features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. However, for purposes of explanation, several embodiments of the invention are set forth in the following figures.
In the following detailed description of the invention, numerous details, examples, and embodiments of the invention are set forth and described. However, it will be clear and apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the embodiments set forth and that the invention may be practiced without some of the specific details and examples discussed.
Some embodiments provide a queue management system that efficiently and dynamically manages multiple queues that process traffic to and from multiple virtual machines (VMs) executing on a host. This system manages the queues by (1) breaking up the queues into different priority pools with the higher priority pools reserved for particular types of traffic or VMs (e.g., traffic for VMs that need low latency), (2) dynamically adjusting the number of queues in each pool (i.e., dynamically adjusting the size of the pools), (3) dynamically reassigning a VM to a new queue based on one or more optimization criteria (e.g., criteria relating to the underutilization or overutilization of the queue).
In some embodiments, the queue management system groups the queues into four types of pools. These are:
In some of these embodiments, the queue management system initially has all the queues in an unassigned, free pool, except for one default queue that is in the default pool. Some embodiments do not allocate the default queue until the first VM is initialized, while other embodiments specify the default queue even before the first VM is initialized.
When a VM's traffic exceeds a pre-set threshold, the system determines if there is a pool matching VM's traffic requirement (e.g., if there is an LLR pool for an LLR VM that is exceeding its threshold), and if so, the system assigns the VM to that pool. If there is no matching pool, the system creates a new pool and assigns the VM to that pool. When there are no free queues for creating new pools, the queue management system preempts one or more assigned queues (i.e., queues assigned to previously specified pools) and assigns the preempted queue(s) to the newly created pool. This preemption rebalances queues amongst existing pools to free up one or more queue(s) for the new pool. In some embodiments, the rebalancing process across pools is based on one or more resource allocation criteria, such as minimum and maximum size of a pool, relative priorities of the pools, etc.
In addition to balancing queues across pools, the queue management system of some embodiments rebalances traffic within a pool. This system uses different criteria in different embodiments to rebalance traffic within a pool. Examples of such criteria include CPU load of the associated management thread, traffic type, traffic load, other real-time load metrics of the queues, etc. In some embodiments, the system uses different rebalancing criteria for different pools. For instance, the system tries to pack VMs on fewer queues in some pools, while for other pools, it tries to distribute VMs across the queues as much as possible. In some embodiments, the queue management system has a load balancer that performs the rebalancing process periodically and/or on special events.
When the VM's traffic falls below a threshold, the queue management system of some embodiments moves the VM back to a default queue. When the VM is the last VM that is using a queue in a non-default queue, then the last-used queue is moved to the free pool of unassigned queues, so that it can later be reallocated to any pool. Thus, under this approach, a queue is assigned to one of the non-default pools as soon as the queue gets assigned a VM, and it is assigned back to the free pool as soon as its last VM is reassigned or is shut off.
In addition to the VM data traffic or instead of VM data traffic, the queue management system of some embodiments dynamically defines pools, uniquely manages each pool, dynamically modifies the queues within the pools, and dynamically re-assigns data traffic to and from non-VM addressable nodes (e.g., source end nodes or destination end nodes) that execute on a host. Performing these operations for VMs is first described below. This discussion is then followed by a discussion of performing these operations for non-VM addressable nodes.
I. Different Pools for VMs with Different Requirements
As mentioned above, the queue management system of some embodiments breaks up the queues into different priority pools with the higher priority pools reserved for particular types of traffic or VMs (e.g., traffic for VMs that need low latency).
In some NICs, each receive side set of buffers 204 is its own standalone queue in the NIC. Likewise, in these NICs, each transmit-side set of buffers 206 is its own standalone queue in the NIC. However, even though the receive side queues are separate and independent from the transmit side queues in these NIC, the queue management system of some embodiments pairs one receive side queue with one transmit side queue so that the queue pair can be used as one queue construct for a VM. Other embodiments, however, do not “pair” the queues. Specifically, these other embodiments do not require all the VMs that use a receive side queue to use the same transmit side queue; two VM can use the same receive side queue, but different transmit side queues. However, in order to keep the illustrations simple, each queue that is shown in
In
In some ways, the default queue 207 can be viewed as not belonging to any pool, since from hardware point of view, this queue just serves all the VMs that do not have a matching filters that direct their routing of incoming and outgoing traffic to another queue. The queue management system of some embodiments starts each VM on the default queue until the VM's traffic exceeds the threshold. Once the VM's traffic exceeds the threshold, the system selects a non-default queue for the VM, and then directs the PNIC to allocate a filter for the VM's inbound traffic, and the virtualization layer to allocate filter for the VM's outbound traffic. In some embodiments, the filter on the outbound traffic is based on the source MAC address, while the filter on the inbound traffic is based on the destination MAC address. These filters direct modules in the PNIC and the virtualization layer to route incoming and outgoing traffic to the selected queue. It should be noted that the filters can be based on other identifiers. For instance, the filter on the outbound traffic in some embodiments is based on the software forwarding element port ID.
The allocation of the filters allows a queue that is conceptually assigned to a non-default pool to serve the traffic of a VM. In other words, by specifying the filter, the system links a VM's traffic with a queue. Moreover, by associating a queue with a conceptual “pool” that it maintains, the queue management system can apply different management processes to differently manage the queues in the different pools and thereby to manage the different VMs with the different requirements. This is further described below in Section II.
When the pool does not exist for a queue that is to be allocated to the pool, the queue management system first defines the pool and then allocates the queue to it, as further described below. The LLR and HLT pools 210 and 215 are two pools that are created to address specific VM requirements. The LLR pool 210 includes the queues that are meant to serve the LLR VMs while the HLT pool 215 includes the queues that are meant to serve the HLT VMs. As shown in
In some embodiments, the queue management system conceptually defines these pools by particularly allocating the filters (on both the transmit and receive sides), so that the LLR VM traffic goes through one set of the queues, while the HLT VMs go through another set of queues. For the LLR VMs, the queue management system of some embodiments optimizes the allocation of the LLR queues to ensure that the VM traffic is as spread out as possible across the LLR queues so that the LLR VMs are minimally impacted by traffic of other VMs. On the other hand, for the HLT VMs, the system of some embodiments optimizes the allocation of the HLT queues by trying to reduce the number of HLT queues that are used by the HLT VMs, in order to keep more of the free queues available for new allocations.
By separating the queues for the LLR VMs from the queues for the HLT VMs, the queue management system of some embodiments allows the traffic to and from the LLR VMs to go through the less congested LLR queues. As such, the LLR VMs can have lower latency in sending and receiving their packets.
Even though the example illustrated in
In addition to the LLR pool and/or HLT pool, the queue management system of some embodiments also defines LRO and RSS pools (like those illustrated in
Also, instead of defining an LLR or an HLT pool or in conjunction with defining such a pool, the queue management system of some embodiments defines a high interrupt (HI) pool or a low interrupt (LI) pool. In this context, interrupts refer to signals generated by the PNIC to threads in the network virtualization layer (NVL) that are responsible for the queues in the PNIC.
Each thread manages its associated queue. Each time a queue is being filled up with received packets, the PNIC's queue monitor 410 detects this and directs the PNIC's interrupt generator 430 to generate an interrupt for the core that executes the queue's thread 425, in order to direct the thread to retrieve the packets from the queue. The generator sends this interrupt through an API of a PNIC driver 435, which in turn generates an interrupt for the core. Each time a queue's thread is invoked for this operation, the core that manages the queue and executes its thread has to interrupt another task that it is performing, in order to execute the thread so that it can retrieve the packets from the queue. Such interruptions affect the processor's operational efficiency.
Accordingly, to increase the processor's operational efficiency and/or reduce latency for critical VMs, the queue management system of some embodiments defines an HI pool or an LI pool. A HI pool is a pool that contains queues that carry traffic that needs to be delivered with lower latency, while a LI pool is a pool that contains queues that carry traffic that can tolerate more latency.
In some embodiments, a thread that manages a HI pool will receive more interrupts than a thread that manages a LI pool, and as such it is operated in some embodiments by a processor core that has less load on it than the core that operates a LI pool. Specifically, to account for the desired low latency of LLR VMs, the queue management system of some embodiments designates a queue that handles traffic for a LLR VM as a queue in a HI pool. Based on this designation, it then can perform a variety of tasks to optimize the management of this queue and the management of the core that executes this queue's thread. For instance, the queue management system in some embodiments reduces the number of VMs that are assigned to this HI queue or only assigns to this queue VMs that also are critical and need as low a latency. In conjunction or instead of this, the queue management system of some embodiments can also direct the processor's scheduler to reduce the load on the core that executes the thread for this HI queue, and/or can direct the PNIC to generate interrupts sooner for this queue.
To account for the higher acceptable latency of HLT VMs, the queue management system of some embodiments designates a queue that handles traffic for an HLT VM as a LPQ in a LI pool. Based on this designation, it then can perform a variety of tasks to optimize the management of this queue and the management of the core that executes this queue's thread. For instance, the queue management system in some embodiments may assign more VMs to this queue. In conjunction or instead of this, the queue management system of some embodiments also notifies the processor's scheduler that it can schedule additional threads onto the core that executes the thread for this queue, and/or directs the PNIC to generate less interrupts for this queue (i.e., to allow this queue to fill up more before generating the interrupts).
The HI pool and/or LI pool designations are used in conjunction with the LLR pool and/or HLT pool designations in some embodiments, while they are used in place of the LLR pool and/or HLT pool designations in other embodiments. A queue may be designated as both LLR and HI queue in some embodiments. Alternatively, an LLR VM might be included with HLT VMs in a queue, but the queue might be designated as a HI queue, so that its core is not as heavily loaded and can therefore be interrupted frequently to empty out the queue.
II. Queue Management System
The queue management system of some embodiments will now be described by reference to
The PNIC 515 has several queues 517. These queues include receive side queues for storing incoming data received by the host and transmit side queues for storing outgoing data transmitted from the VMs. In some embodiments, each queue includes a set of buffers for storing incoming or outgoing data. In some embodiments, the receive side queues are separate and independent from the transmit side queues, but the virtualization layer pairs one receive side queue with one transmit side queue so that the queue pair can be used as one queue construct for a VM. Other embodiments, however, do not “pair” the queues. In other words, these embodiments do not require all the VMs that use a receive side queue to use the same transmit side queue; two VM can use the same receive side queue, but different transmit side queues.
The PNIC also has a receive (RX) side processing engine 511 for receiving incoming packets from a wired or wireless link. The RX processing engine has a MAC filter 514, which is configured to associate each VM's incoming traffic to one queue pair based on the destination MAC. The virtualization layer maintains an analogous filter 516 for outgoing packets, and a queue selector 518 in this layer uses the data in this filter to configure each VM's outgoing traffic to use the same queue pair as the incoming traffic. In some embodiments, the filter 516 specifies a VM in terms of the VM's or its VNIC's source MAC address, while in other embodiments it specifies a VM in terms of the port ID of a software forwarding element to which the VM's VNIC connects. In some embodiments, the PNIC also includes circuitry for monitoring the queues and generating interrupts, as described above by reference to
The VMs executes on top of a hypervisor (not shown), which, in some embodiments, includes the network virtualization layer 510.
Each network stack connects to its VM through its VNIC emulator and connects to the software forwarding element 535, which is shared by all the network stacks of all the VMs. Each network stack connects to the software forwarding element through a port (not shown) of the switch. In some embodiments, the software forwarding element maintains a single port for each VNIC. The software forwarding element 535 performs packet-processing operations to forward packets that it receives on one of its ports to another one of its ports, or to one of the ports of another software forwarding element that executes on another host. For example, in some embodiments, the software forwarding element tries to use data in the packet (e.g., data in the packet header) to match a packet to flow based rules, and upon finding a match, performs the action specified by the matching rule.
In some embodiments, software forwarding elements executing on different host devices (e.g., different computers) are configured to implement different logical forwarding elements (LFEs) for different logical networks of different tenants, users, departments, etc. that use the same shared compute and networking resources. For instance, two software forwarding elements executing on two host devices can perform L2 switch functionality. Each of these software switches can in part implement two different logical L2 switches, with each logical L2 switch connecting the VMs of one entity. In some embodiments, the software forwarding elements provide L3 routing functionality, and can be configured to implement different logical routers with the software L3 routers executing on other hosts.
In the virtualization field, some refer to software switches as virtual switches as these are software elements. However, in this document, the software forwarding elements are referred to as physical forwarding elements (PFEs), in order to distinguish them from logical forwarding elements, which are logical constructs that are not tied to the physical world. In other words, the software forwarding elements are referred to as PFEs because they exist and operate in the physical world, whereas logical forwarding elements are simply a logical representation of a forwarding element that is presented to a user. Examples of logical forwarding elements are logical forwarding elements, such as logical switches, logical routers, etc. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/070,360 provides additional examples of PFEs and LFEs, and is incorporated herein by reference.
The software forwarding element 535 connects to the PNIC to send outgoing packets and to receive incoming packets. In some embodiments, the software forwarding element is defined to include a port through which it connects to the PNIC to send and receive packets. As mentioned above, the queue selector 518 is interposed between the software forwarding element 535 and the PNIC in some embodiments. The queue selector selects the receive side queues for retrieving incoming packets and transmit side queues for supplying outgoing packets. As mentioned above, the queue selector uses the data in the filter 516 to identify the transmit side queue for supplying a particular VMs outgoing traffic. The selector does not use the data in the filter to select a queue and retrieve its packets for a RX thread of a VM. In some embodiments, the queue selector is part of the receive/transmit threads 531 of the network stacks, as further described below. As such, for these embodiments, the queue selector 518 is a conceptual representation of the queue selection operation that the receive/transmit threads 531 perform in some embodiments.
Each VNIC in the VM is responsible for exchanging packets between the VM and the network virtualization layer through its associated VNIC emulator 527. Each VNIC emulator interacts with NIC drivers in the VMs to send and receive data to and from VMs. In some embodiments, the VNICs are software abstractions of physical NICs implemented by virtual NIC emulators. For instance, the code for requesting and obtaining a connection ID reside in components of virtual NIC emulators in some embodiments. In other words, the VNIC state is implemented and maintained by each VNIC emulator in some embodiments. Virtual devices such as VNICs are software abstractions that are convenient to discuss as though part of VMs, but are actually implemented by virtualization software using emulators. The state of each VM, however, includes the state of its virtual devices, which is controlled and maintained by the underlying virtualization software. Even though
The I/O chain in each network stack includes a series of modules that perform a series of tasks on each packet. As described in the above-incorporated U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/070,360, two examples of I/O chain modules are an ARP and DHCP proxy modules that resolve ARP and DHCP broadcast messages without resorting to broadcasting these messages. Other examples of the processes performed by the modules in the I/O chain include firewall and traffic tunneling operations. The input/output of the I/O chain goes to one of the ports of the software forwarding element.
In some embodiments, the receive/transmit threads 531 of each network stack 550 are kernel-level threads that manage the modules in the network stack. These threads also manage the PNIC queue 517 that is associated with the stack's VM. Specifically, in some embodiments, the receive side of each queue has a dedicated RX kernel thread to handle interrupts and poll packets from the receive side of the queue. Also, each VM has a dedicated TX kernel thread to handle packets sent from the VM. In some embodiments, each pair of receive/transmit threads are executed by one of the cores of a multi-core processor(s) of the host, as the recommended number of queues in these embodiments equals the numbers of the cores of the multi-core processor(s) of the host. Even through separate receive and transmit threads are used for separately managing the receive and transmit operations of the stack and its associated queue in
As mentioned above, the network virtualization layer also includes the statistics (stat) gathering engine 540, the stat storage 545 and the dynamic load balancer 555. The stat gathering engine 540, load balancer 555 and the RX/TX threads 531 form in part the queue management system of some embodiments. The statistics that are gathered by the stat gathering engine 540 provide the load balancer with the information that it needs to determine when to assign queues to pools and when to adjust pools.
The stat gathering engine gets stats from different sources in different embodiments. For instance, in some embodiments, this engine pulls stats or receives pushed stats from either the CPU scheduler 525 (for CPU utilizations) and the RX/TX threads (for network traffic). For the network traffic, the network virtualization layer has stats (such as throughput, packet rate, packet drops, etc) gathered from a variety of sources, including each layer of the network stacks (i.e., each module managed by the RX/TX threads).
In some embodiments, the stats gathering engine gathers the following network stats for the load balancer: PNIC packet rate, PNIC throughput, and the CPU utilization for each of RX/TX threads. In some embodiments, the CPU scheduler 525 updates the CPU utilization data, while the RX/TX threads update the PNIC packet rate and throughput, since they are the threads that actually communicate with the PNIC and have the exact counts. In some embodiments, a PNIC driver module is below the queue selector, and this PNIC driver is the module that communicates with the PNIC and updates the PNIC load statistics. Also, in some embodiments, the stats gathering engine not only gathers the PNIC statistics for the load balancer, but also gathers VNIC stats collected by the VNIC emulator.
By relying on VNIC stats, the load balancer can decide to move a latency-sensitive VM to an exclusive queue when its VNIC packet rate is above some threshold that might start hurting whichever VMs sharing the same queue with it. More generally, the load balancer 555 uses the gathered stats to determine which queues to assign to which VMs, when to dynamically assign queues to pools and when to dynamically adjust pools.
In some embodiments, the load balancer periodically (e.g., every few seconds, few milliseconds, few micro-seconds, etc.) runs a load balancing process. This process pulls stats from the “load stats” data storage 545 that the stat gathering engine maintains, and based on these stats, determines whether it needs to allocate pools, to de-allocate pools, to assign VMs to queues, to resize pools, and/or to preempt queues. In some embodiments, the load balancer assigns VMs to queues by configuring the filters of the PNIC and the virtualization layer to associate a particular queue identifier with a particular source MAC address for outgoing traffic and a particular destination MAC for incoming traffic. To configure the MAC filters of the PNIC, the load balancer uses APIs of the PNIC driver to program filters and hardware features for each queue.
As shown in
By applying different processes to manage queues in different pools, the load balancer can optimize the allocation of queues and the resizing of the pools differently for different pools. The pool rebalancer 557 resizes each pool based on the pool's resource allocation criteria and preempts queues from other pools when necessary. Example of such resource allocation criteria include max/min number of queues of the pool, total CPU utilization of the pool, network traffic of the pool, quality of service (QoS) constraints of the pool, etc. The queue rebalancer 559 rebalances the queues in the same pool based on the pool's rebalancing criteria. Example of such pool rebalancing criteria include packing VMs on as few queues as possible (e.g., for an HLT pool), distributing the VMs across as many queues as possible (e.g., for an LLR pool), etc. In some embodiments, two different processes that manage two different pools specify different resource allocation criteria, different preemption criteria, different rebalancing criteria, etc.
III. Adjusting VM Allocations and Adjusting Pools
In some embodiments, the process 600 starts when a timer (e.g., an N second timer) expires. As shown in
After 605, the process 600 invokes (at 610) a pool adjustment process to rebalance queues within each pool. In some embodiments, the pool adjustment process examines each pool to determine whether it has to move one or more VMs between queues in the pool or to new queues in the pool based on one or more optimization criteria for the pool. The pool adjustment process of some embodiments uses different optimization criteria for different pools. For instance, in some embodiments, the optimization criteria for an LLR pool biases the process to distribute the VMs between the queues of the LLR pool, while the optimization criteria for an HLT pool biases the process to aggregate the VMs onto fewer queues in the HLT pool. Based on these criteria and its determinations at 610, the process 600 re-assigns (at 610) VMs between queues in a pool or to a new queue in the pool. The pool adjustment process of some embodiments is further described below.
Next, at 615, the process 600 invokes a pool balancing process that maintains the desired balance across the pools. In some embodiments, the pool balancing process examines the utilization of queues across the various pools. Based on this examination, the balancing process may allocate one or more queues to one pool. It may also de-allocate one or more queues from another pool based on this examination. In one invocation, this process may allocate more queues to more than one pool, or it might de-allocate queues in more than one pool. The rebalancing process across pools is further described below.
One or ordinary skill will realize that the load balancing process 600 is different in other embodiments. For instance, in some embodiments, the process 600 does not have a separate rebalancing operation 615, but rather performs this operation implicitly or explicitly as part of the operations 605 and 610. Also, while certain sub-operations are explained above and below as being part of one of the operations 605, 610, and 615, one of ordinary skill will realize that these sub-operation can be performed in different ones of these operations 605, 610, or 615, or as different operations on their own or as sub-operations of different operations.
After 615, the process 600 ends.
Next, based on the retrieved statistics, the process identifies (at 710) any VM that uses the default queue in the default pool that is currently exceeding a threshold usage level for the default queue or for the VM's use of the default queue (e.g., when different VMs have different threshold usage levels for the default queue). As mentioned above, some embodiments assign each VM to the default queue when the VM is initialized, but monitor each VM's usage of the default queue and move the VM to a non-default queue when the VM's usage exceeds a threshold value.
At 715, the process determines whether it was able to identify any VM at 710. If not, the process transitions to 765, which will be further described below. Otherwise, the process transitions to 720 to select one of the VMs identified at 710 and to identify the selected VM's requirements for joining a queue of a pool. As mentioned above, some embodiments of the invention define one or more non-default pools of queues that meet one or more differing requirements of different sets of VMs.
Next, at 725, the process determines whether it has previously defined a pool for the selected VM's requirements. For instance, assuming that the selected VM is an LLR VM, the process determines (at 725) whether it has previously defined an LLR pool to assign LLR VMs to this pool's queues. When the process determines (at 725) that it has previously defined the pool for the VM's requirements, it then determines (at 730) whether it can assign the selected VM to one of the queues in this previously defined pool. In other words, at 730, the process determines whether the existing queues of the pool have sufficient available capacity for the VM selected at 720.
When a queue in the pool has sufficient capacity, the process assigns (at 735) the VM to this queue and to this queue's pool, and then transitions to 740, which will be described below. As mentioned above, some embodiments create the association between a VM and a queue through filtering, which uses source MAC address to tie a VM's outgoing traffic to a particular queue and destination MAC address to tie incoming traffic to the particular queue. Some embodiments explicitly specify the association between the VM and the pool, while other embodiments implicitly specify this association through the association between the VM's associated queue and the pool. The association between the VM and the pool that is created at 735 allows the load balancer to apply a common set of processes to manage the VM on its queue with other VMs on this and other queues in the same pool. As mentioned above, these set of processes are different from the set of processes used to manage other VMs in other pools of queue in some embodiments.
When the process determines (at 725) that a pool does not exist for the selected VM's requirement (e.g., an LLR requirement), the process specifies (at 745) a pool for the selected VM's requirement (e.g., specifies an LLR pool), and then transitions to 750. The process also transitions to 750 when it determines (at 730) that the previously specified pool for the VM's requirement does not have any queue that has sufficient capacity for the selected VM.
At 750, the process determines whether there is any PNIC queue that is currently unassigned to any VM (i.e., whether there is any queue in the free pool of queues). If so, the process (at 755) selects one of the free queues, assigns it to the pool, assigns the selected VM to this queue and the pool, and then transitions to 740, which will be described below. Otherwise, the process preempts (at 760) one of the queues used by another one of the non-free pools. Preemption involves first reassigning the VMs that are using the preempted queue to other queues in the pool that includes the preempted queue. In some embodiments, the process will not be able to preempt a queue from another pool in some cases because the current non-default pool of the VM has a lower priority than the other non-default pools. Once all the VMs have been reassigned and the queue has processed all of the traffic for such VMs, the process assigns (760) the preempted queue to the pool for the selected VM's requirement. The process also assigns (at 760) the selected VM to this queue and the pool, and then transitions to 740.
At 740, the process determines whether it has processed all of the VMs identified at 710. If not, the process returns to 720 to select another identified VM. Otherwise, after the process has assigned each VM identified at 710 to a pool and queue, the process determines (at 765) whether any VM that is in a non-default queue should be moved back to the default pool, based on the statistics retrieved at 705. In some embodiments, the process moves a VM back to a default queue when the VM's usage of a non-default queue falls below a threshold usage level for the non-default queue or for the VM's use of the non-default queue. The process in some of these embodiments only moves the VM when its usage has been below the threshold usage level for a sufficiently long period of time. When the process identifies any VM at 765, it moves the identified VM back to a default queue of the default pool, and removes this VM from the pool of its previously assigned non-default queue. When no other VM uses the previously assigned non-default queue after this re-assignment, the process 700 also re-allocates (at 765) the non-default queue to the pool of free queues. When this re-allocated queue is the last queue of a pool, the process 700 of some embodiments also de-allocates the pool as it no longer contains any queues. Other embodiments, however, do not de-allocate the pool in such circumstances. After 765, the process ends.
As shown in
After 815, the process identifies (at 820) any queue that is being overutilized in the selected pool. The process then determines (at 825) whether the selected pool has any queue with excess capacity to handle the traffic of one or more of the VMs that are currently assigned to the identified overutilized queue. When the process identifies (at 825) one or more queues with excess capacity, the process assigns (at 830) one or more of the VMs that are currently assigned to the identified overutilized queue to one or more queues with excess capacity, and then transitions to 835, which will be described below.
On the other hand, when the process determines (at 825) that the selected pool does not have any excess capacity queues to handle some of the traffic that is currently going through the overutilized queue, the process determines (at 840) whether there are any free queues (e.g., whether the free pool has any queues). If so, the process allocates (at 845) one or more of the free queues to the selected pool (i.e., the pool selected at 810). At 845, the process also assigns one or more of the VMs that are currently assigned to the identified overutilized queue to the newly allocate queue(s), and then transitions to 835, which will be described below
When the process determines (at 840) that there are no free queues, the process determines (at 850) whether it can preempt a queue from another pool. In some embodiment, not all pools can preempt queues from other pools; only some pools (e.g., LLR pool) can preempt queues from other pools (e.g., HLT pool). Also, in some embodiments, some pools can preempt queues from other pools only under certain circumstances (e.g., when the other pool is not heavily overloaded itself).
When the process determines (at 850) that it cannot preempt a queue from another pool, it transitions to 835. On the other hand, when the process determines (at 850) that it can preempt a queue from another pool, the process assigns (at 855) all the VMs that are currently using the preempted queue to new queues within the same pool as the preempted pool. After re-assigning all of the VMs, the process then allocates (at 855) the preempted queue to the selected pool (i.e., the pool selected at 810) and assigns one or more of the VMs that are currently assigned to the identified overutilized queue to the newly allocate queue(s), and then transitions to 835.
At 835, the process determines whether it has examined all the non-default pools that it should examine. If so, it ends. Otherwise, the process returns to 810 to select another non-default pool. The process uses different criteria to assess underutlization and overutilization of queues for different pools. For instance, for an LLR pool, the overutilization threshold might be a 50% load and the underutilization threshold might be a 5%, while for an HLT pool, the overutilization threshold might be 90% and the underutilization threshold might be 75%.
Also, as mentioned above, some embodiments resize different pools based on different pool resource allocation criteria, such as max/min number of queues of the pool, total CPU utilization of the pool, network traffic of the pool, quality of service (QoS) constraints of the pool, etc. Similarly, some embodiments rebalance the queues in the different pools based on different rebalancing criteria, such as packing VMs on as few queues as possible (e.g., for an HLT pool), distributing VMs across as many queues as possible (e.g., for an LLR pool), etc.
In some embodiments, the process 800 of
As shown in this figure, the process 900 starts by selecting (at 905) a VM of a non-default queue. Next, at 910, the process determines whether the VM is underutilizing its queue. For instance, in some embodiments, a VM is deemed to underutilize its queue when only 1% of the traffic through the queue is attributed to the VM.
When the process determines (at 910) that the VM is not underutilizing its queue, the process ends. Otherwise, the process determines (at 915) whether another queue in the same pool as the current queue of the VM has capacity for the selected VM. If not, the process ends. Otherwise, the process (at 920) assigns the VM to a new queue in the same pool as the current queue of the VM. The process then de-allocates (at 925) the previous queue of the VM if the previous queue does not have any other VM assigned to it.
At some later point in time, the load balancer 555 retrieves statistics regarding the various VMs use of various queues. Based on these statistics, the load balancer detects that the VM 1020 uses less than 1% of the capacity of the queue 1030. As this VM is underutilizing its queue, the load balancer then defines filters in network virtualization layer and in the PNIC that re-assign the VM 1020 and its network stack 1010 from the queue 1030 to the queue 1025. If no other VM is using the queue 1030, the load balancer will also re-allocate the queue 1030 to the free pool of queues. In some embodiments, the load balancer would re-assign VM 1020 to the queue 1025 only if it determines that upon this re-assignment (and the re-assignment of any other VMs that are concurrently using the queue 1030), the queue 1030 could be freed from any VM traffic and hence re-allocated to the free pool. In other embodiments, however, the load balancer makes its re-allocation decision solely on the VM's own usage of its queue.
As mentioned above, the load balancer in some embodiments is a pool balancing process that maintains the desired balance across the pools. In some embodiments, the pool balancing process examines the utilization of queues across the various pools. Based on this examination, the balancing process may allocate one or more queues to one pool. It may also de-allocate one or more queues from another pool based on this examination. In one invocation, this process may allocate more queues to more than one pool, or it might de-allocate queues in more than one pool.
As some embodiments want the load through the high priority queues to be substantially less than the load through the low priority queues, the load balancer sets the filters so that a queue 1250 from the low priority pool is removed from this pool and added to the high priority pool. Before the queue 1250 can switch to the high priority pool, the VMs that were using the queue 1250 in the low priority pool have to be assigned to different queues in this pool.
IV. Non-VM Addressable Nodes and Other Filtering
Several embodiments have been described above that, for data traffic to or from one or more VMs executing on a host device, dynamically define pools of queues, uniquely manage each pool, dynamically modify queues within a pool, and dynamically re-assign a VM's traffic to a new queue. Many of these embodiments use the destination or source MAC addresses of the packets received or transmitted by the host device to assign the VM data traffic packets to the different pools and the different queues within the pools.
However, not all embodiments use MAC addresses to assign data traffic to pools and queues within pools. Also, the queue management methods and apparatuses of some embodiments are used for data traffic other than VM data traffic. Specifically, in addition to the VM data traffic or instead of VM data traffic, some embodiments dynamically define pools, uniquely manage each pool, dynamically modify the queues within the pools, and dynamically re-assign data traffic to and from non-VM addressable nodes (e.g., source end nodes or destination end nodes) that execute on a host. The methods and apparatuses of some embodiments are used to perform these operations to differentiate the routing of different types of data traffic through the queues.
Several such embodiments are further described below. Specifically, sub-section A describes several embodiments that use MAC address filtering to route non-VM traffic data to different queues of different pools. Sub-section B then describes several embodiments that use five-tuple IP filtering to route different types of data traffic to different queues of different pools.
A. MAC Filtering for Non-VM Traffic
Some embodiments use MAC address filtering to route data traffic of non-VM data addressable nodes executing on a host device to different pools of queues, and different queues within the pools. For instance, the method of some embodiments monitors data traffic for a set of non-VM addressable nodes (e.g., data end nodes) through the physical NIC of a host device. Based on this monitoring, the method specifies a pool for at least a set of the non-VM addressable nodes, and assigns a set of the queues to the pool. The method then uses destination or source MAC filtering to direct to the assigned set of queues the data traffic that is received by, or transmitted from, the host device for the set of non-VM addressable nodes.
Alternatively, or conjunctively, based on the monitoring, the method can modify the set of queues assigned to a pool for the set of the non-VM addressable nodes. Examples of such modifications include adding or removing a queue from the pool when one or more of the queues of the pool are overutilized or underutilized. In some embodiments, the method adds a queue to the pool by preempting a queue from another pool, e.g., by using one of the above-described preemption methodologies.
Also, alternatively or conjunctively to the above-described operations, the method can re-assign the data traffic for a non-VM addressable node (e.g., data end node) from a first queue in the pool to a second queue in the pool, based on the monitoring. For instance, based on the monitoring, the method of some embodiments detects that the traffic for the non-VM addressable node through the first queue falls below a minimum threshold amount of traffic (e.g., for a duration of time). Because of this underutilization, the method switches this traffic to the second queue. Before making this switch, the method of some embodiments determines that the traffic through the second queue does not exceed a maximum threshold amount of traffic.
Based on the monitoring, the method of some embodiments detects that the traffic through the first queue exceeds a maximum threshold amount of traffic (e.g., for a duration of time). Because of this overutilization, the method switches the traffic for a non-VM addressable node (e.g., data end node) from the first queue to the second queue. Again, before making this switch, the method of some embodiments determines that the traffic through the second queue does not exceed a maximum threshold amount of traffic.
In some embodiments, the PNIC 515 of
The VM and non-VM addressable nodes executes on top of a hypervisor (not shown), which, in some embodiments, includes the virtualization layer 1310. The VM and non-VM addressable nodes can be source and destination end nodes for packets that are transmitted through the network. As mentioned above, these nodes include the VMs 505, the volume mounters 1305 and 1307, and the VM migrator 1309. The iSCSI mounter 1305 mounts a storage volume 1320 on the host. This storage volume 1320 is some or all of an external storage (i.e., a storage external to the host, such as a storage server) that is accessible through the iSCSI protocol. Similarly, the NFS mounter 1307 mounts a storage volume 1325 on the host. This storage volume 1325 is some or all of an external storage (e.g., a storage server) that is accessible through the NFS protocol. The mounted volumes can then be accessed by the modules (e.g., VMs) executing on the host or other devices, as if the external storages reside on the host. The VM migrator 1309 gathers data about each VM executing on the host to facilitate the live migration of a VM from one host to another. One example of such a VM migrator is the vMotion module used in the ESX hypervisor of VMware Inc.
Each addressable node connects to the software forwarding element 535 through a network stack and a port (not shown) of the forwarding element. In some embodiments, each VM's network stack includes a VNIC emulator 527 and an I/O chain 529, and is managed by receive/transmit threads 531, as described above by reference to
In some embodiments, the hypervisor kernel network interface of a non-VM addressable node (e.g., the VM migrator 1309) does not include a TCP/IP stack, but rather includes other packet processing modules, such an RDMA (remote direct memory access) packet processing module. Also, in some embodiments, the network stack of a non-VM addressable node includes other I/O chain modules for performing other transform operations on the packets sent by and received for their corresponding volumes or data stores. Like the receive/transmit threads 531 of
As mentioned above, the virtualization layer also includes the statistics (stat) gathering engine 540, the stat storage 545 and the dynamic load balancer 555. The stat gathering engine 540, load balancer 555 and the RX/TX threads (not shown) form in part the queue management system of some embodiments. The statistics that are gathered by the stat gathering engine 540 provide the load balancer with the information that it needs to determine when to assign queues to pools and when to adjust pools.
The stat gathering engine gets stats from different sources in different embodiments. For instance, in some embodiments, this engine pulls stats or receives pushed stats from either the CPU scheduler 525 (for CPU utilizations) and the RX/TX threads (for network traffic). For the network traffic, the virtualization layer has stats (such as throughput, packet rate, packet drops, etc) gathered from a variety of sources, including each layer of the network stacks (i.e., each module managed by the RX/TX threads).
In some embodiments, the stats gathering engine gathers the following network stats for the load balancer: PNIC packet rate, PNIC throughput, and the CPU utilization for each of RX/TX threads. In some embodiments, the CPU scheduler updates the CPU utilization data, while the RX/TX threads update the PNIC packet rate and throughput, since they are the threads that actually communicate with the PNIC and have the exact counts. In some embodiments, a PNIC driver module is below the queue selector, and this PNIC driver is the module that communicates with the PNIC and updates the PNIC load statistics. Also, in some embodiments, the stats gathering engine not only gathers the PNIC statistics for the load balancer, but also gathers VNIC stats or stats that are gathered by the non-VM addressable node.
By relying on the gathered stats, load balancer can decide to move a latency-sensitive (VM or non-VM) addressable node to an exclusive queue or higher priority pool when its packet rate is above some threshold, or it is being hurt by the throughput of one or more other nodes that share the same queue with it. More generally, the load balancer 555 uses the gathered stats to determine which queues to assign to which addressable node, when to dynamically assign queues to pools and when to dynamically adjust pools.
In some embodiments, the load balancer periodically (e.g., every few seconds, few milliseconds, few microseconds, etc.) runs a load balancing process. This process pulls stats from the “load stats” data storage 545 that the stat gathering engine maintains, and based on these stats, determines whether it needs to assign addressable nodes to queues, to resize pools, and/or to preempt queues. The load balancer assigns nodes to queues by configuring the filters of the PNIC and the virtualization layer to associate a particular queue identifier with a particular source MAC address for outgoing traffic and a particular destination MAC for incoming traffic. To configure the MAC filters of the PNIC, the load balancer uses APIs of the PNIC driver to program filters and hardware features for each queue.
As shown in
By applying different processes to manage queues in different pools, the load balancer can optimize the allocation of queues and the resizing of the pools differently for different pools. The pool rebalancer 557 resizes each pool based on the pool's resource allocation criteria and preempts queues from other pools when necessary. Example of such resource allocation criteria include max/min number of queues of the pool, total CPU utilization of the pool, network traffic of the pool, quality of service (QoS) constraints of the pool, etc. The queue rebalancer 559 rebalances the queues in the same pool based on the pool's rebalancing criteria. Example of such pool rebalancing criteria include packing addressable nodes on as few queues as possible (e.g., for an HLT pool), distributing addressable nodes across as many queues as possible (e.g., for an LLR pool), etc. In some embodiments, the load balancer 555 manages the PNIC queues to process VM and non-VM addressable nodes by using the processes like those described above by reference to
B. Alternative Filtering to Differentiate Different Types of Packets
Instead of MAC address filtering, some embodiments use other filtering techniques to treat differently different types of packets, e.g., to define different pools for different sets of packet types, to manage differently each pool, to modify dynamically the queues within the pools, and to re-assign dynamically different types of data traffic. For instance, based on non-MAC packet identifiers, the method of some embodiments identifies and monitors a first type of data traffic through the NIC of a host device. Based on the monitoring, the method specifies a pool for the first type of data traffic, and assigns a set of the queues to the pool. The method then uses non-MAC address filtering to direct the first type of data traffic to the assigned set of queues.
Alternatively, or conjunctively, based on the monitoring, the method can modify the set of queues assigned to a pool for the first type of data traffic that is identified through the non-MAC packet identifiers. Examples of such modifications include adding or removing a queue from the pool when one or more of the queues of the pool are overutilized or underutilized. In some embodiments, the method adds a queue to the pool by preempting a queue from another pool, e.g., by using one of the above-described preemption methodologies.
Also, alternatively or conjunctively to the above-described operations, the method can re-assign the first type of data traffic from a first queue in the pool to a second queue in the pool, based on the monitoring. For instance, based on the monitoring, the method of some embodiments detects that the first type of data traffic through the first queue falls below a minimum threshold amount of traffic (e.g., for a duration of time). Because of this underutilization, the method switches this traffic to the second queue. Before making this switch, the method of some embodiments determines that the traffic through the second queue does not exceed a maximum threshold amount of traffic.
Alternatively, based on the monitoring, the method of some embodiments might detect that the first type of data traffic through the first queue exceeds a maximum threshold amount of traffic (e.g., for a duration of time). Because of this overutilization, the method switches the first type of data traffic from the first queue to the second queue. Again, before making this switch, the method of some embodiments determines that the traffic through the second queue does not exceed a maximum threshold amount of traffic.
Different embodiments use different non-MAC filtering. Some embodiments use the packet header data to classify the packet payload to be one of several types. For instance, some embodiments use the five-tuple IP data in the L3 and L4 packet header to classify the packet payload. The five-tuple data include source port identifier, destination port identifier, source IP address, destination IP address, and the protocol. Using these five identifiers, the filters of some embodiments can designate the IP packets to be any number of different types, such as VOIP packet, video packet, audio packet, FTP packet, HTTP packet, HTTPS packet, Remote Desktop packet (PCoIP, VNC, RDP), management packet (authentication, server health monitoring, time synchronization), E-mail packet (POP3, SMTP), etc. Since all of these protocols have different traffic pattern, some embodiments separate one or more of them into different pools of queues, and use different optimization criteria to allocate the data traffic to the queues in each pool.
The list provided below illustrates how the five tuples can be used to differentiate web traffic, VoIP, video streaming, remote desktop, management, e-mails, by using the following notation: Protocol-src_ip-dst_ip-src_port-dest_port, with * denoting wildcard match. In this list, it is assumed that that a VM is the client that requests the service/data/service from the server.
The load balancer 555 sets the five-tuple filters in order to group queues into pools, which it then manages based on different criteria. Specifically, by relying on the gathered statistics in the stats storage 545, the load balancer 555 can determine which addressable nodes to assign to which queues, when to dynamically assign queues to pools, when to dynamically remove queues from pools, and when to dynamically re-assign addressable nodes to new queues.
In some embodiments, the load balancer periodically (e.g., every few seconds, few milliseconds, few microseconds, etc.) runs a load balancing process. This process pulls stats from the “load stats” data storage 545 that the stat gathering engine maintains, and based on these stats, determines whether it needs to assign addressable nodes to queues, to resize pools, and/or to preempt queues. The load balancer assigns nodes to queues by configuring the five-tuple filters of the PNIC and the virtualization layer to associate a particular queue identifier with a particular five-tuple filter. To configure the filters of the PNIC, the load balancer uses APIs of the PNIC driver to program filters and hardware features for each queue.
As described above by reference to
The load balancer 555 of
The queue rebalancer rebalances the queues in the same pool based on the pool's rebalancing criteria, such as packing addressable nodes on as few queues as possible (e.g., for an HLT pool), distributing addressable nodes across as many queues as possible (e.g., for an LLR pool), etc. In some embodiments, the load balancer 555 of
V. Electronic System
Many of the above-described features and applications are implemented as software processes that are specified as a set of instructions recorded on a computer readable storage medium (also referred to as computer readable medium). When these instructions are executed by one or more processing unit(s) (e.g., one or more processors, cores of processors, or other processing units), they cause the processing unit(s) to perform the actions indicated in the instructions. Examples of computer readable media include, but are not limited to, CD-ROMs, flash drives, RAM chips, hard drives, EPROMs, etc. The computer readable media does not include carrier waves and electronic signals passing wirelessly or over wired connections.
In this specification, the term “software” is meant to include firmware residing in read-only memory or applications stored in magnetic storage, which can be read into memory for processing by a processor. Also, in some embodiments, multiple software inventions can be implemented as sub-parts of a larger program while remaining distinct software inventions. In some embodiments, multiple software inventions can also be implemented as separate programs. Finally, any combination of separate programs that together implement the processes described herein is within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments, the programs, when installed to operate on one or more electronic systems, define one or more specific machine implementations that execute and perform the operations of the software programs.
The bus 1605 collectively represents all system, peripheral, and chipset buses that communicatively connect the numerous internal devices of the electronic system 1600. For instance, the bus 1605 communicatively connects the processing unit(s) 1610 with the read-only memory 1630, the system memory 1625, and the permanent storage device 1635.
From these various memory units, the processing unit(s) 1610 retrieve instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of the invention. The processing unit(s) may be a single processor or a multi-core processor in different embodiments.
The read-only-memory (ROM) 1630 stores static data and instructions that are needed by the processing unit(s) 1610 and other modules of the electronic system. The permanent storage device 1635, on the other hand, is a read-and-write memory device. This device is a non-volatile memory unit that stores instructions and data even when the electronic system 1600 is off. Some embodiments of the invention use a mass-storage device (such as a magnetic or optical disk and its corresponding disk drive) as the permanent storage device 1635.
Other embodiments use a removable storage device (such as a floppy disk, flash drive, etc.) as the permanent storage device. Like the permanent storage device 1635, the system memory 1625 is a read-and-write memory device. However, unlike storage device 1635, the system memory is a volatile read-and-write memory, such a random access memory. The system memory stores some of the instructions and data that the processor needs at runtime. In some embodiments, the invention's processes are stored in the system memory 1625, the permanent storage device 1635, and/or the read-only memory 1630. From these various memory units, the processing unit(s) 1610 retrieve instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of some embodiments.
The bus 1605 also connects to the input and output devices 1640 and 1645. The input devices enable the user to communicate information and select commands to the electronic system. The input devices 1640 include alphanumeric keyboards and pointing devices (also called “cursor control devices”). The output devices 1645 display images generated by the electronic system. The output devices include printers and display devices, such as cathode ray tubes (CRT) or liquid crystal displays (LCD). Some embodiments include devices such as a touchscreen that function as both input and output devices.
Finally, as shown in
Some embodiments include electronic components, such as microprocessors, storage and memory that store computer program instructions in a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (alternatively referred to as computer-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or machine-readable storage media). Some examples of such computer-readable media include RAM, ROM, read-only compact discs (CD-ROM), recordable compact discs (CD-R), rewritable compact discs (CD-RW), read-only digital versatile discs (e.g., DVD-ROM, dual-layer DVD-ROM), a variety of recordable/rewritable DVDs (e.g., DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, etc.), flash memory (e.g., SD cards, mini-SD cards, micro-SD cards, etc.), magnetic and/or solid state hard drives, read-only and recordable Blu-Ray® discs, ultra density optical discs, any other optical or magnetic media, and floppy disks. The computer-readable media may store a computer program that is executable by at least one processing unit and includes sets of instructions for performing various operations. Examples of computer programs or computer code include machine code, such as is produced by a compiler, and files including higher-level code that are executed by a computer, an electronic component, or a microprocessor using an interpreter.
While the above discussion primarily refers to microprocessor or multi-core processors that execute software, some embodiments are performed by one or more integrated circuits, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In some embodiments, such integrated circuits execute instructions that are stored on the circuit itself
As used in this specification, the terms “computer”, “server”, “processor”, and “memory” all refer to electronic or other technological devices. These terms exclude people or groups of people. For the purposes of the specification, the terms display or displaying means displaying on an electronic device. As used in this specification, the terms “computer readable medium,” “computer readable media,” and “machine readable medium” are entirely restricted to tangible, physical objects that store information in a form that is readable by a computer. These terms exclude any wireless signals, wired download signals, and any other ephemeral or transitory signals.
While the invention has been described with reference to numerous specific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the invention. In addition, a number of the figures (including
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61870201 | Aug 2013 | US |
