Patent Application
20110262570
The present invention relates gene panels, biomarkers, DNA microarrays, and transcriptional profiling technologies relating to intrinsic and extrinsic aging-based oxidative stress of skin. More particularly, the invention provides methods for identifying and evaluating agents for antioxidant efficacy in skin cells and cosmetic compositions comprising safe and effective amounts of identified agents formulated for application to the skin.
The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the mammalian organism. The signs of aging are therefore most readily apparent in skin and result from a complex process involving various genetic, environmental and hormonal mechanisms. One can differentiate generally between intrinsic, chronological aging and extrinsic, “environmental” aging; both processes occur in conjunction with the effects superimposed on one another. Free radicals play a central role in the course of both intrinsic and extrinsic aging. In chronological aging, free radicals derive from normal human metabolism, while in extrinsic aging; free radicals are produced by environmental insults/stress such as UV-radiation exposure, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and air pollution. Indeed, it is estimated that over half of UV radiation-induced damage to skin is attributable to the UV-induced formation of free radicals. The free radicals known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a significant role in skin photo-aging and melanogenesis. The “free radical theory of aging” was first proposed by Harman et al. in 1956 and an imbalance between formation and neutralization of free radicals remains the most widely accepted theory to account for the effects of aging on skin.
Oxidative stress is caused by an excess in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in comparison with the ability of the cellular response to detoxify, repair and defend. The cell seeks to maintain a reducing environment which is preserved by enzymes that maintain the desired reduced state through a constant input of metabolic energy. Disturbances in this normal redox state cause toxic effects through production of free radicals including ROS such as peroxides and superoxides. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons that can damage various cellular structural membranes, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Free radicals also lead to inflammation, which is considered to play an additional role in skin aging. The production of free radicals increases with age, while the integrity and ability of endogenous defense mechanisms to counter them decreases. An imbalance leads to progressive and cumulative damage to cellular structures resulting in aging and accelerated aging where environmental aging is superimposed on the natural aging process.
Antioxidants are substances which provide protection from both endogenous and exogenous oxidative stress. It seems intuitive that topical application of antioxidants to skin may neutralize or detoxify free radicals and ameliorate or prevent some of their aging effects. Cosmetic compositions comprising antioxidants and intended for topical administration to the skin have been used for centuries and formulations have been found in preserved states among relics of ancient cultures. Traditionally, however, the cosmetic industry has focused on the provision of antioxidants that act by free-radical scavenging and neutralizing, such as Vitamins C and E. Cosmetic formulations comprising direct-acting antioxidants suffer from the fact that such agents are naturally unstable and easily oxidized in an oxidizing environment so that they may be rendered inactive by the same environmental insult causing the free radical imbalance sought to be treated. Further, absorption into the skin is difficult to assess and overall ability to evaluate efficacy has been fraught with subjectivity and reliance based generally on presumptions of a nexus between measurement of in vitro scavenging potential effectuated scavenging in the skin, and on visual inspection of skin across treatment regimens and on consumer self-report.
Hence, the cosmetic industry is in need of antioxidant agents and cosmetic formulations comprising them which act through mechanisms other than direct scavenging, and is further in need of improved objective methods for evaluating the antioxidant efficacy of proposed agents and cosmetic treatment regimens.
Accordingly, the present invention addresses the deficiencies in the art by providing methods for identifying and objectively evaluating cosmetic agents which are effective for reversing or preventing oxidative stress in skin cells or tissue, or which are effective for restoring the skin to a desirable redox state. Methods are provided which enable identification and evaluation of agents which act to maintain or restore oxidative balance to the skin through multiple internal and external antioxidant mechanisms. Cosmetic agents and compositions are provided which are confirmed to provide antioxidant benefit by inducement of an internal antioxidant response or defense, augmentation of an internal antioxidant response or defense, and/or by direct scavenging of free radicals in order to achieve a more robust antioxidant effect.
Technologies relating to DNA microarray transcriptional analysis and specific bioinformatic and statistical treatments were employed to discover a unique set of 22 genes, wherein inspection of the transcription profiles of these genes and the expression profiles of the expression products of these genes provides information about redox status of skin and response of skin cells to proposed antioxidant agents.
One embodiment of the invention is directed to a gene panel comprising genes which are transcriptionally regulated in human skin as a function of oxidative stress, the panel comprising two or more genes selected from the group consisting of the genes set forth in Table 1 as
Several screening methods for identifying effective cosmetic agents are provided. One embodiment is directed to an inventive screening method for identifying an agent effective in preventing or reversing age-related oxidative damage to skin. The method comprises (a) providing a reference transcriptional profile for young skin, skin cells or a skin equivalent; (b) providing a reference transcriptional profile for aged skin, skin cells or a skin equivalent; (c) contacting the aged skin, skin cells or skin equivalent with a proposed agent and generating a test transcriptional profile; (d) comparing the test transcriptional profile to the reference profiles and identifying the proposed agent as effective in preventing or reversing age-related oxidative damage to skin if the test transcriptional profile is directionally shifted toward the young reference profile and/or away from the aged reference profile, wherein transcriptional profiles are generated with a microarray according to the invention. In particular aspects compositions comprising agents identified as effective and methods of treating skin with the compositions are also provided. A further embodiment is directed to screening methods for identifying or evaluating an agent effective for restoring a desired redox balance in skin under oxidative stress. The method comprises providing a reference transcriptional profile or biomarker profile for skin under oxidative stress; contacting test skin, skin cells or a skin equivalent with a proposed agent for a time period; generating a test transcriptional profile or biomarker profile for the test skin; comparing the test profile to the reference profile; determining that a proposed agent is effective for restoring a desired redox balance if the test profile substantially mimics the reference profile; wherein the transcriptional profile is derived from a microarray according to the invention.
According to a further embodiment, a screening assay for identifying a cosmetic agent as an Nrf2 activator capable of inducing or augmenting an endogenous cellular response to oxidative stress in skin, skin cells, or a skin equivalent is provided, wherein the endogenous cellular response is an up-regulation in transcription off the antioxidant response element (ARE). The assay comprises: providing an ARE reporter cell line having an ARE linked to a signaling gene wherein the signaling gene encodes a Phase 2 enzyme; contacting the ARE reporter cells with a cosmetic agent proposed as an Nrf2 activator; measuring transcription off the ARE of the signaling gene by measuring signal; and determining that the cosmetic agent is an Nrf2 activator capable of inducing or augmenting the endogenous cellular response if signal is detected. Aspects include compositions formulated for topical application to skin comprising at least one agent that provides an antioxidant benefit to the skin by regulating Nfr2-mediated transcription of an antioxidant response element (ARE).
Features and benefits of the various embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, which includes figures and examples of specific embodiments intended to give a broad representation of the invention. Various modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this description and from practice of the invention. The scope is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed and the invention covers all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
The accompanying Figures, which are incorporated into and constitute part of specification, illustrate specific embodiments of the invention and together with the general and detailed descriptions, serve to explain the principles of aspects of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
Optimum health of cells, including skin cells, requires maintenance of a delicate balance of oxidants and antioxidants. When this balance is disturbed so that oxidants overwhelm the antioxidant capacity of the cell, significant damage can occur. This damage affects the function of cellular proteins, membrane lipids, and DNA and if unchecked will result in impaired health of the organism. Damaging effects of oxidative stress are seen most readily in skin, oral and respiratory cells.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are particularly destructive free radicals generated in skin cells from environmental insults such as UV radiation skin or from internal processes such as metabolism and inflammation. ROS are a major factor in the process of photo-aging resulting in hyper-pigmented spots, wrinkles, and DNA damage and account for much of the damage seen in and associated with photo-aged skin. The ROS theory of aging was first proposed in the late 1950s and remains the most widely accepted theory of aging today. According to the ROS theory, accumulated environmental and metabolic processes lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induces inflammation characterized by MMP upregulation and breakdown of the dermal matrix, reduction in repair functioning capacity characterized by lowered enzyme function and protein crosslinking. These manifest in skin by decreased collagen content, decreased GAGs and increased elastosis of the skin. The initial phase 1 cellular response to oxidative stress is provided by reducing vitamins such as vitamins A, C and E and metabolites. Upon continuous assault, however, these may be depleted and a second phase cellular response ensues which includes up-regulation and increased expression and secretion of an endogenous system of defensive proteins, the Phase 2 enzymes. A schematic of the Cellular Detox System, including the initial phase 1 response and the heightened Phase 2 response, is set forth as
The cosmetic industry provides numerous skin care products aimed at reducing, preventing or reversing the visible signs of aging. With the insights gained from the growth of the sciences of genomics and proteomics, the industry's underpinning focus on improving appearance has shifted from one of the addressing effects of aging to addressing the processes which are reflected by those effects. The present inventors sought to apply genomic technology to cull a focused panel of genes related to oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses that are differentially expressed between young, aged, and photo-aged skin. The resulting panel of 22 genes (
One embodiment of the invention therefore provides a gene panel comprising genes which are regulated in human skin as a function of age-related oxidative stress. The panel comprises two or more genes selected from the group consisting of the genes set forth in Table 1,
The genes set forth in Table 1 each encode a particular protein implicated in age-related oxidative stress. Measurement of expression of the gene products in skin cells or skin tissue also provides information about the redox status of the skin. The gene products form a clinically relevant biomarker panel. The present inventors discovered that genes which encode certain markers for oxidative stress, such as CP (ceruloplasmin) and CLU (clusterin) are substantially up-regulated in aging skin.
Clinical utility of the gene panel includes use of standard molecular biological techniques, such as RT-PCR, and provision of a low density DNA chip designed for high throughput transcriptional profiling of an entire 22 gene panel or some relevant subset thereof. Hence, the invention provides a set of specific oligonucleotide primers for RT-PCR analysis of the gene panel and a microarray comprising immobilized oligonucleotides which hybridize specifically to nucleic acids corresponding to the genes constituting any of the gene panels according to the invention. Production of a low density DNA microarray/chip capable of profiling a given set of genes is well-within the capability of a person of skill in the art using methods known in the art. This panel can also be utilized by screening at the level of protein expression by standard immunochemical methods, such a ELISA, bead-based assays with immobilized antibodies and Western blotting, as well as proteomic analysis with mass spectroscopic detection.
The invention further provides a screening method for identifying an agent effective in preventing or reversing age-related oxidative damage to skin. The method comprises (a) providing a reference transcriptional profile for young skin, skin cells or a skin equivalent; (b) providing a reference transcriptional profile for aged skin, skin cells or a skin equivalent; (c) contacting the aged skin, skin cells or skin equivalent with a proposed agent and generating a test transcriptional profile; (d) comparing the test transcriptional profile to the reference profiles and identifying the proposed agent as effective in preventing or reversing age-related oxidative damage to skin if the test transcriptional profile is directionally shifted toward the young reference profile and/or away from the aged reference profile. Transcriptional profiling necessary to effectuate the method may be undertaken by a DNA chip comprising a microarray according to the invention, RT-PCR, or other standard methods for transcriptional analysis. Expressional profiling of gene products and measuring protein expression may be undertaken by many well-known proteomic methods in the art including but not limited to ELISA and other immunoassays, Western blotting and mass spectroscopy.
Agents identified as effective in reducing age-related oxidative damage may be formulated into a cosmetic composition for topical application to skin. Such compositions may be utilized by the consumer to treat skin to prevent or reduce the visible signs of aging due to oxidative stress.
The invention further provides a screening method for identifying or evaluating an agent effective for restoring a desired redox balance in skin under oxidative stress, the method comprising providing a reference transcriptional profile or biomarker profile for skin under oxidative stress; contacting test skin, skin cells or a skin equivalent with a proposed agent for a time period; generating a test transcriptional profile or biomarker profile for the test skin; comparing the test profile to the reference profile; determining that a proposed agent is effective for restoring a desired redox balance if the test profile substantially overlays the reference profile. In this case agents which mimic the cellular detoxification and defense/repair response are sought and identified. Cosmetic compositions comprising the identified agents or those evaluated as efficacious may be formulated for topical application to the skin.
Increased expression of the Phase 2 enzymes in response to a continued presence of electrophiles and reactive oxygen species is driven by transcription off the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) which is common to this family of proteins. The transcriptional up-regulation results in increased numbers of antioxidant-implicated proteins such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and heme-oxigenase (HO-1). These enzymes catalyze reduction of oxidative intermediates such as O2— and H2O2 to less harmful end products such as H2O. In addition to those responsible for metabolizing the damaging toxins, other proteins are up-regulated that actually identify and repair the damage caused by the ROS.
The ARE is a unique cis-acting regulatory element activated by redox-cycling phenols and electrophiles. Recent studies suggest that the DNA-binding protein Nrf2 is the principal transcription factor necessary for ARE activation even though many other transcription factors bind to the ARE sequence. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, also known as NFE2L2 or Nrf2, is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the NFR2 gene. Nrf2 is therefore a master regulator of the antioxidant response and oxidative stress is the main driving force for ARE activation.
Up-regulation of transcription off the ARE results in expression of Phase 2 enzymes which catalyze generation of over 30 proteins that detoxify electrophiles and oxidants into harmless metabolites, build up the store of glutathione, a major antioxidant in the cell, and repair damage by increasing breakdown of damaged proteins and identifying and treating DNA damage. Accordingly, an active identified as an Nrf2 activator may be considered as capable of boosting the cell's own defense mechanisms to provide the tissue with an increased endogenous antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, direct antioxidant agents which work via ROS-scavenging provide a direct but more transient benefit by directly reducing oxidants in the cell and cellular environment.
An ARE reporter cell line may be developed and used to screen for compounds that increase transcription off the ARE in response to oxidative stress, resulting in an increase in cellular antioxidant defense proteins. An ARE32 reporter cell line was adapted to provide an assay for cosmetic agents which may increase transcription off the ARE and increase expression of Phase 2 enzymes, thus augmenting the body's own antioxidant response. ARE32 is a stable reporter cell line produced by CXR Biosciences by transfecting MCF7 cells with pGL8x-ARE (8 copies of the rat GST ARE linked to the luciferase gene) and pCDNA3.1 which contains the neomycin selectable marker. Selection is performed in the presence of G418 and resistant clones are isolated and screened for induction of luciferase. An exemplary standard is tert-butyl hydroquinone (tBHQ), a known activator of Nrf2.
A cosmetic composition may be formulated for topical application to skin to deliver at least one agent that provides an antioxidant benefit to the skin by regulating Nrf2-mediated transcription off an antioxidant response element (ARE). The composition may further comprise at least one additional agent that provides an antioxidant benefit to the skin at least partially through inducing an internal cellular antioxidant response mechanism independent of ARE regulation, wherein efficacy of a combined antioxidant effect is synergistic, and/or may comprise at least one additional agent that provides a direct antioxidant benefit to the skin by direct scavenging of free radicals. Non-limiting examples of agents which are free radical scavengers include vitamins A, E and C.
Non-limiting examples of other skin care actives which may be included in the compositions of the present invention are amino sugars, vitamin B3, retinoids, peptides, phytosterols, hexamidine, dialkanoyl hydroxyproline compounds, salicylic acid compounds, N-acyl amino acid compounds, sunscreen actives, water-soluble vitamins, oil-soluble vitamins, and dermatologically acceptable carriers.
Hexamidine in accordance with the instant invention is understood to include isomers, tautomers, salts and derivatives including but not limited to organic acids such as carboxylic acids and mineral acids such sulfonic acid. A technical name for Hexamidine is 4,4′-(hexamethylenedioxy)dibenzenecarboximidamide. Dermatologically acceptable salts include alkali metal salts such as potassium and sodium; alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium; non-toxic heavy metal salts, and ammonium and trialkylammonium salts. Alternatively, Hexamidine is hexamidine isethionate, which is commercially available under the trade name ELASTAB HP100 from Laboratories Serobiologiques of Pulnoy, France.
The compositions according to the instant invention may comprise Hexamidine from about 0.0001% to about 25%, alternatively from about 0.001% to about 10%, alternatively from about 0.01% to about 5%, and alternatively from about 0.02% to about 2.5% by weight of the composition.
Signaline™ from ISP-Vincience is a proprietary ingredient composed mainly of 1,2-diacylglycerol (1,2-DAG) obtained from Olea europaea (olive) oil by enzyme hydrolysis with about 10% of fatty alcohols extracted from Simmondsia chinensis seed (jojoba) wax. Compositions according to the invention may be formulated
Olivem® is a registered trademark of the B&T Company. The commercially available Olivem 400 series as of the filing date of this application includes Olivem 400, 450 and 460 and all are identified as extremely mild anionic surfactants derived from olive oil fatty acids and are generally characterized by the proprietor as Sodium PEG-7 Olive Oil carboxylates. The Olivem series comprises approximately 81% oleic acid, 8% palmitic acid, 7% linoleic acid, and 2% steric acid. Olivem 400, 450 and 460 and have 36%, 50% and 60% active concentration respectively. Use in cosmetic formulations is generally at 3-10% concentration by weight. Throughout this application where “Olivem” appears it is understood to be Olivem460 unless otherwise indicated. The acronym DFFAP is intended to mean “derived from fatty acid, pegylated.” GFF, as used herein, is understood to refer to “galactomyces ferment filtrate”, a ferment filtrate of the yeast like fungal genus, Galactomyces.
The invention also provides a screening assay for identifying or evaluating a cosmetic agent as an Nrf2 activator capable of inducing or augmenting an endogenous cellular response to oxidative stress in skin, skin cells, or a skin equivalent, wherein the endogenous cellular response is an up-regulation in transcription off the antioxidant response element (ARE). The assay comprises: providing an ARE reporter cell line wherein the ARE is linked to a reporter gene and transcription off the ARE is mediated by Nrf2 in response to an Nrf2 activator; contacting the ARE reporter cells with a cosmetic agent proposed as an Nrf2 activator; detecting signal generated by transcription of the reporter gene off the ARE; determining that the cosmetic agent is an Nrf2 activator capable of inducing or augmenting the endogenous cellular response if signal is detected. In a specific embodiment the reporter gene is luciferase. The signal may be detected according to any known reporter system. In a particular embodiment the signal is luminescence.
Screening may also include a confirmation step comprising contacting skin, skin cells or a skin equivalent with the proposed Nrf2 activator and measuring a biomarker for Phase 2 enzymatic activity on skin, skin cells or a skin equivalent wherein the biomarker is selected from the group consisting of catalase, superoxide dismutase, heme-oxygenase and catalytic products thereof.
Methods of manufacturing compositions according to the invention are also provided. In particular, one embodiment of the method of manufacturing a cosmetic composition effective for providing an antioxidant benefit to skin comprises formulating the composition with one or more agents identified in accordance with one or more of the inventive screening assays. For example, the method of manufacture may include formulation with one or more agents identified according to the screening assay for identifying a cosmetic agent as an Nrf2 activator capable of inducing or augmenting an endogenous cellular response to oxidative stress in skin, skin cells, or a skin equivalent, or it may include formulation with one or more agents identified as providing an antioxidant benefit to the skin through transcriptional regulation of genes constituting a gene panel according to the invention. Use of a microarray complementary to a gene panel is also included in certain embodiments. In other methods, the method of manufacture may include formulation with one or more agents identified from some combination of the novel screening assays.
The following Examples are provided to illustrate certain aspects of the instant invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope thereof as defined by the claims.
A comparison of transcriptional expression in young sun-protected, old sun-protected, young sun-damaged and old sun-damaged skin. Subjects included ten young (ages 18-20) and ten aged (ages 60-67) females. Three 4 mm punch biopsies were obtained from each of two skin sites on each subject: sun protected (buttocks “YB” and “OB”) and sun-exposed (outer forearm, “YA” and “OA”). The older subjects were selected partly on the basis of having visible moderate to severe photo-damage on the forearm. RNA was extracted and purified from the biopsies. Labeled target cRNA was synthesized and analyzed using Affymetrix® HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays containing 54613 probe sets covering the entire human genome.
Identification of genes related to antioxidant defenses or oxidative stress was according to the following protocol: (1) Functional annotations for genes on the HG-U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip™ from the Gene Ontology, EntrezGene and Swiss Prot databases were searched using the keyword protocol [oxidative stress OR antioxidant OR free radical OR hydrogen peroxide OR organic peroxide OR superoxide OR reactive oxygen species]. From this a total of 245 unique annotated genes were identified. (2) The array data for the list of 245 oxidative stress-related genes were subjected to the following filtering protocol in order to identify genes regulated in either intrinsic or photo-aging:
At least 10% present calls across all samples (>=4 present calls)
t-test p value<0.05 for the Arm OR Buttock Older to Younger comparisons
Fold change<−1.5 OR>1.5 for the Arm OR Buttock Older to Younger comparisons
A total of 27 genes met the filtering criteria up to this stage. An additional bioinformatics step based on strength of association with both aging and antioxidant activity was conducted which resulted in the elimination of 11 of these genes as not sufficiently correlated, and inclusion of six additional genes (CAT, HMOX1, MGST3, NQO1, PRDX2 and SOD2), which although they failed to meet the fold change criteria set forth above, nonetheless exhibited statistically significant correlations to both aging and oxidative stress.
A panel of 22 genes emerged as the end product of the entire filtering protocol and transcriptional expression data for these genes is set forth in Table 1, set forth in
Increased ceruloplasmin and SOD in view of decreased glutathione peroxidase resembles the pattern of gene expression previously reported for these proteins in the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. Up-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) suggests activation of the innate immune response in aging skin, possibly associated with oxidative stress. Other ROS-protective genes which demonstrate decreased expression in aging skin include ALDH3A2, DHCR24, MGST1, and SLC23A2.
Skin explants were collected from surgical waste (abdominoplasty, 46 year old female) and processed the same day. Processing was done by rinsing the skin sample in cold PBS, the subcutaneous fat was removed with a scalpel, the edges were re-cut, and then 1.3 cm squares were collected. Each square was placed on a transwell filter in a 6 well plate and 80 ul of treatment was applied topically. Explants were treated with Olivem™ 460 (Olive Oil DFFAP) (0.1%) plus GFF (20%) in water, incubated at 33° C. at 95% humidity for 3 days then the treatment was removed. The tissue was incubated an additional 3 days and 4 mm punches were taken and quick frozen in liquid N2 for later RNA isolation and PCR analysis with primers specific for the genes. Control skin was untreated.
A table of the genes transcriptionally regulated by treatment with a cosmetic composition comprising Olivem™ 460 (Olive Oil DFFAP) and GFF is set forth as
The antioxidant properties of Olive Oil DFAP, Signaline and GFF are demonstrated by results derived from the ARE transcription assay and an ELISA biomarker assay wherein the biomarker is a phase 2 enzyme, HO-1. Results are also set forth for the heme-oxygenase) (HO-1) biomarker test using human skin explant cultures.
Primary cultures of human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts and ex vivo human skin cultures (explants) were treated for 24 hours with specific olive oil derivatives (Olive Oil-Derived Fatty Acids modified with PEG-7 “Olive Oil DFAP”), olive oil blended with jojoba oil (Signaline™) and Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (GFF). ARE was assayed using the ARE-32 reporter cell line available from CXR-Biosciences and set forth in detail, below:
ARE32 is a stable MCF7 cell line containing pGL8x-ARE (8 copies of the rat GST ARE linked to the luciferase gene) and pCDNA3.1 which contains the neomycin selectable marker, which was licensed from CXRbiosciences. Selection was performed in the presence of G418 and resistant clones were isolated. Clones were screened for induction of luciferase in response to tBHQ.
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Gibco, Cat #11054-020, lot#1361242)
Fetal Bovine Serum Heat Inactivated (FBS) ((Gibco, Cat # 16140-063, lot#1345764)
Geneticin G418 sulphate (G418) (Gibco, Cat # 11811-031)
Steady Glo System (Promega, Cat # E2510)
96-well plate (Costar, Cat # 3917)
Penicillin-Streptomycin (Gibco, Cat # 15070-063, Lot # 109733)
Tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) (Aldrich, Cat # 11, 294-1)
Perkin Elmer Envision reader
ARE32 cells are maintained routinely in the DMEM (phenol red free) containing:
Cell type and tissue confirmation of ARE were confirmed via an HO-1 ELISA normalized to total protein per sample. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Student's t-test, comparing treated to control samples. Error bars indicate the Standard Deviation.
A general schematic for how the ARE reporter assay operates to identify agents that promote transcription off the ARE is set forth in
The ARE activation assay described in Example 3 is employed. To test for transcription off the antioxidant response element, the reporter line is grown, compounds are added, each compound in varying doses, and allowed to incubate for 24 hours. Cells are then lysed and luminescent output is detected and quantified. A dose-response output for Signaline is set forth in
The heme-oxygenase1 (HO-1) ELISA described in Example is also employed for each agent in both keratinocytes and fibroblasts in order to confirm activation of transcription off the ARE and to further explore possible antioxidant mechanisms. Hemi-oxygenase1 (HO-1) is a Phase 2 enzyme and a commercial ELISA was selected to quantify its production in the cells. As set forth in
Proposed compounds are screened using the ARE assay set forth in Example 3, above.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, extensions and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 61/301,758, filed on Feb. 5, 2010.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61301758 | Feb 2010 | US |
