TREA

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device

Follow

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • D837394
  • Patent Number
    D837,394
  • Date Filed
    Tuesday, July 11, 2017
    6 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, January 1, 2019
    5 years ago
  • US Classifications
    Field of Search
    • US
    • D24 171
    • D24 185
    • D24 186
    • D24 187
    • D24 188
    • D24 200
    • D24 201
    • D24 206
    • D24 207
    • D24 209
    • D24 215
    • D29 1013
    • D29 1015
    • D03 205
    • D03 299
    • D21 683
    • 128 095100
    • 128 096100
    • 128 099100
    • 128 845000
    • 128 846000
    • 128 112100
    • 602 002000
    • 602 005000
    • 602 006000
    • 602 041000
    • 607 001000
    • 607 048000
    • CPC
    • A61N1/04
    • A61N1/06
    • A61N1/18
    • A61N1/26
    • A61N1/36
    • A61N1/0424
    • A61N1/0484
    • A61N1/0456
    • A61N1/0452
    • A61N1/0476
    • A61N1/36014
    • A61B5/00
    • A61B5/02
    • A61B5/0006
    • A61H23/00
    • A61H23/006
    • A61H2205/00
    • A61H2205/084
    • A61H1/00
    • A61H2001/0233
  • International Classifications
    • 2403
    • Term of Grant
      15Years
Information
Abstract
Description


FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device;



FIG. 2 is a front view of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, taken from the frame of reference of FIG. 1;



FIG. 3 is a rear view of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, taken from the frame of reference of FIG. 1;



FIG. 4 is a side view, in elevation, of one side of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, taken from the frame of reference of FIG. 2;



FIG. 5 is a side view, in elevation, of the other side of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, taken from the frame of reference of FIG. 2;



FIG. 6 is an end view, in elevation, of one end of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, taken from the frame of reference of FIG. 2; and,



FIG. 7 is an end view, in elevation, of the other end of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, taken from the frame of reference of FIG. 2.


The broken lines are included for the purpose of illustrating unclaimed portions of the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device and form no part of the claimed design.


Claims
  • The ornamental design for a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) device, as shown and described.
US Referenced Citations (182)
Number Name Date Kind
2327874 Jong Aug 1943 A
D243417 Allen et al. Feb 1977 S
4033356 Hara Jul 1977 A
4121573 Crovella et al. Oct 1978 A
D255938 Hawke et al. Jul 1980 S
4419998 Heath Dec 1983 A
4503863 Katims Mar 1985 A
4605010 McEwen Aug 1986 A
4630483 Engdahl Oct 1986 A
4738250 Fulkerson et al. Apr 1988 A
D299746 Guldalian, Jr. Feb 1989 S
5010896 Westbrook Apr 1991 A
5063929 Bartelt et al. Nov 1991 A
5125100 Katznelson Jun 1992 A
5169384 Bosniak et al. Dec 1992 A
5327902 Lemmen Jul 1994 A
5350414 Kolen Sep 1994 A
5487759 Bastyr et al. Jan 1996 A
5562718 Palermo Oct 1996 A
5755750 Petruska et al. May 1998 A
5797902 Netherly Aug 1998 A
5806522 Katims Sep 1998 A
5851191 Gozani Dec 1998 A
D407822 Davis et al. Apr 1999 S
5948000 Larsen et al. Sep 1999 A
5991355 Dhalke Nov 1999 A
6132386 Gozani et al. Oct 2000 A
6141587 Mower Oct 2000 A
6146335 Gozani Nov 2000 A
6161044 Silverstone Dec 2000 A
6266558 Gozani et al. Jul 2001 B1
6298255 Cordero et al. Oct 2001 B1
6312392 Herzon Nov 2001 B1
6430450 Bach-y-Rita et al. Aug 2002 B1
6456884 Kenney Sep 2002 B1
D475138 Baura et al. May 2003 S
6662051 Eraker et al. Dec 2003 B1
D484984 Takizawa Jan 2004 S
D534871 Larsen Jan 2007 S
7459984 Wang et al. Dec 2008 B2
D584414 Lash Jan 2009 S
D598114 Cryan Aug 2009 S
D600352 Cryan Sep 2009 S
D609353 Cryan Feb 2010 S
7668598 Horregraven et al. Feb 2010 B2
7720548 King May 2010 B2
7725193 Chu May 2010 B1
7760428 Sieckmann Jul 2010 B2
D625016 Potts Oct 2010 S
7844325 Takehara Nov 2010 B2
7917201 Gozani et al. Mar 2011 B2
D638131 Buckels et al. May 2011 S
8108049 King Jan 2012 B2
8121702 King Feb 2012 B2
8131374 Moore et al. Mar 2012 B2
D669186 Gozani Oct 2012 S
D669187 Gozani Oct 2012 S
8320988 Axelgaard Nov 2012 B2
8421642 Mcintosh et al. Apr 2013 B1
D704848 Thomas May 2014 S
D712052 Thomas Aug 2014 S
D713049 Shah Sep 2014 S
8825175 King Sep 2014 B2
8862238 Rahimi et al. Oct 2014 B2
8948876 Gozani et al. Feb 2015 B2
9168375 Ratlimi et al. Oct 2015 B2
9173581 Boettcher et al. Nov 2015 B2
D745975 Igaue Dec 2015 S
9220431 Holzhacker Dec 2015 B2
D746987 Okuda et al. Jan 2016 S
D754355 Ganapathy et al. Apr 2016 S
D760395 Barbaric et al. Jun 2016 S
9452287 Rosenbluth et al. Sep 2016 B2
9474898 Gozani et al. Oct 2016 B2
D775361 Vosch Dec 2016 S
9656070 Gozani et al. May 2017 B2
9675801 Kong et al. Jun 2017 B2
9730606 Bianchi Aug 2017 B2
9731126 Ferree et al. Aug 2017 B2
D798170 Toth Sep 2017 S
9827420 Ferree et al. Nov 2017 B2
D810311 Chen Feb 2018 S
D810952 Hsu Feb 2018 S
20020010497 Merfeld et al. Jan 2002 A1
20020173828 Gozani et al. Nov 2002 A1
20030023192 Foxlin Jan 2003 A1
20030035506 Tybinkowski et al. Feb 2003 A1
20030074037 Moore et al. Apr 2003 A1
20030093006 Wells et al. May 2003 A1
20030114892 Nathan et al. Jun 2003 A1
20030208246 Kotlik et al. Nov 2003 A1
20040017895 Suzuki et al. Jan 2004 A1
20040231772 Leonard et al. Nov 2004 A1
20050059903 Izumi Mar 2005 A1
20050080463 Stahmann et al. Apr 2005 A1
20050083527 Flaherty et al. Apr 2005 A1
20050234525 Phillips Oct 2005 A1
20060020291 Gozani et al. Jan 2006 A1
20060052788 Thelon et al. Mar 2006 A1
20060085049 Cory et al. Apr 2006 A1
20060095088 De Ridder May 2006 A1
20060173507 Mrva et al. Aug 2006 A1
20060190057 Reese Aug 2006 A1
20070041507 Kendall et al. Feb 2007 A1
20070060922 Dreyfuss Mar 2007 A1
20070129771 Kurtz et al. Jun 2007 A1
20070149892 Guldalian Jun 2007 A1
20070185409 Wu et al. Aug 2007 A1
20070219441 Carlin et al. Sep 2007 A1
20070276449 Gunter et al. Nov 2007 A1
20080077192 Harry et al. Mar 2008 A1
20080146980 Rousso et al. Jun 2008 A1
20080147146 Wahlgren et al. Jun 2008 A1
20080288026 Cross et al. Nov 2008 A1
20080306400 Takehara Dec 2008 A1
20080312551 Fadem Dec 2008 A1
20080312709 Volpe et al. Dec 2008 A1
20090030476 Hargrove Jan 2009 A1
20090105795 Minogue et al. Apr 2009 A1
20090112214 Philippon et al. Apr 2009 A1
20090131993 Rousso et al. May 2009 A1
20090209840 Axelgaard Aug 2009 A1
20090240303 Wahlstrand et al. Sep 2009 A1
20090264789 Molnar et al. Oct 2009 A1
20090270947 Stone et al. Oct 2009 A1
20090326604 Tyler et al. Dec 2009 A1
20100004715 Fahey Jan 2010 A1
20100042180 Mueller et al. Feb 2010 A1
20100057149 Fahey Mar 2010 A1
20100087903 Van Herk et al. Apr 2010 A1
20100094103 Kaplan et al. Apr 2010 A1
20100114257 Torgerson May 2010 A1
20100128851 Bailey et al. May 2010 A1
20100131028 Hsu et al. May 2010 A1
20100198124 Bhugra Aug 2010 A1
20100217349 Fahey Aug 2010 A1
20100241464 Amigo et al. Sep 2010 A1
20110066209 Bodlaender et al. Mar 2011 A1
20110106214 Carbunaru et al. May 2011 A1
20110224665 Crosby et al. Sep 2011 A1
20110257468 Oser et al. Oct 2011 A1
20110264171 Torgerson Oct 2011 A1
20110276107 Simon et al. Nov 2011 A1
20110282164 Yang et al. Nov 2011 A1
20120010680 Wei et al. Jan 2012 A1
20120016259 Odderson Jan 2012 A1
20120108998 Molnar et al. May 2012 A1
20120226186 Baars et al. Sep 2012 A1
20130096641 Strother et al. Apr 2013 A1
20130158627 Gozani et al. Jun 2013 A1
20130197341 Grob Aug 2013 A1
20130317333 Yang Nov 2013 A1
20140039450 Green et al. Feb 2014 A1
20140107729 Sumners et al. Apr 2014 A1
20140163444 Ingvarsson et al. Jun 2014 A1
20140206976 Thompson Jul 2014 A1
20140276549 Osorio Sep 2014 A1
20140296934 Gozani et al. Oct 2014 A1
20140296935 Ferree et al. Oct 2014 A1
20140309709 Gozani et al. Oct 2014 A1
20140336730 Simon et al. Nov 2014 A1
20140379045 Rahimi et al. Dec 2014 A1
20150038873 Boettcher et al. Feb 2015 A1
20150045853 Alataris et al. Feb 2015 A1
20150148865 Gozani et al. May 2015 A1
20150174402 Thomas et al. Jun 2015 A1
20150238094 Lai Aug 2015 A1
20150306387 Kong et al. Oct 2015 A1
20150321000 Rosenbluth et al. Nov 2015 A1
20150328467 Demers et al. Nov 2015 A1
20150335288 Toth et al. Nov 2015 A1
20160120425 Boettcher et al. May 2016 A1
20160271413 Vallejo et al. Sep 2016 A1
20170036015 Gozani et al. Feb 2017 A1
20170056643 Herb et al. Mar 2017 A1
20170188872 Hughes Jul 2017 A1
20170209693 An Jul 2017 A1
20170224990 Goldwasser Aug 2017 A1
20170312515 Ferree et al. Nov 2017 A1
20170368345 Kong Dec 2017 A1
20180015285 Gozani et al. Jan 2018 A1
20180028808 Ferree et al. Feb 2018 A1
Foreign Referenced Citations (31)
Number Date Country
1919139 Feb 2007 CN
101626804 Jan 2010 CN
102355847 Feb 2012 CN
102740919 Feb 2012 CN
102010052710 May 2012 DE
60-41851 Mar 1985 JP
S60-194933 Oct 1985 JP
61-171943 Oct 1986 JP
4-347140 Dec 1992 JP
9-117453 May 1997 JP
2000-167067 Jun 2000 JP
2005-34402 Feb 2005 JP
2005-81068 Mar 2005 JP
2006-68300 Mar 2006 JP
4185846 Sep 2008 JP
WO 9742999 Nov 1997 WO
WO 9964105 Dec 1999 WO
WO 0009999 Feb 2000 WO
WO 2003051453 Jun 2003 WO
WO 2004078132 Sep 2004 WO
WO 2007061746 May 2007 WO
WO 2008079757 Jul 2008 WO
WO 2008088985 Jul 2008 WO
WO 2011075179 Jun 2011 WO
WO 2011137193 Nov 2011 WO
WO 2012037527 Mar 2012 WO
WO 2012116407 Sep 2012 WO
WO 2013074809 May 2013 WO
WO 2014161000 Oct 2014 WO
WO 2014172381 Oct 2014 WO
WO 2016111863 Jul 2016 WO
Non-Patent Literature Citations (63)
Entry
Ancoli-Israel, S. et al., The Role of Actigraphy in the Study of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, 2003, 26(3), p. 342-392.
Barbarisi, Manlio et al., Pregabalin and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Postherpetic Neuralgia Treatment, The Clinical Journal of Pain, Sep. 2010;26(7):567-572.
Bjordal JM et al., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can reduce postoperative analgesic consumption. A meta-analysis with assessment of optimal treatment parameters for postoperative pain, European Journal of Pain, 2003, vol. 7(2): 181-188.
Bloodworth DM et al., Comparison of stochastic vs. conventional transcutaneous electrical stimulation for pain modulation in patients with electromyographically documented radiculopathy. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2004, vol. 83(8): 584-591.
Chandran P et al., Development of opioid tolerance with repeated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation administration, Pain, 2003, vol. 102: 195-201.
Chen CC et al, A comparison of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at 3 and 80 pulses per second on cold-pressor pain in healthy human participants, Clinical Physiology and Functioning Imaging, 2010, vol. 30(4): 260-268.
Chen CC et al., An investigation into the effects of frequency-modulated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on experimentally-induced pressure pain in healthy human participants, The Journal of Pain, 2009, vol. 10(10): 1029-1037.
Chen CC et al., Differential frequency effects of strong nonpainful transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on experimentally induced ischemic pain in healthy human participants, The Clinical Journal of Pain, 2011, vol. 27(5): 434-441.
Chen CC et al., Does the pulse frequency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) influence hypoalgesia? A systematic review of studies using experimental pain and healthy human participants, Physiotherapy, 2008, vol. 94: 11-20.
Claydon LS et al., Dose-specific effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on experimental pain, Clinical Journal of Pain, 2011, vol. 27(7): 635-647.
Cole, R.J. et al., Automatic Sleep/Wake Identification From Wrist Activity, Sleep, 1992, 15(5), p. 461-469.
Cruccu G. et al., EFNS guidelines on neurostimulation therapy for neuropathic pain, European Journal of Neurology, 2007, vol. 14: 952-970.
Davies Hto et al., Diminishing returns or appropriate treatment strategy?—an analysis of short-term outcomes after pain clinic treatment, Pain, 1997, vol. 70: 203-208.
Desantana JM et al., Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of hyperalgesia and pain, Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008, vol. 10(6): 492-499.
Dubinsky RM et al, Assessment: Efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): Report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the american academy of neurology, Neurology, 2010, vol. 74: 173-176.
Fary RE et al., Monophasic electrical stimulation produces high rates of adverse skin reactions in healthy subjects, Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2011, vol. 27(3): 246-251.
Fishbain, David A. et al. Does Pain Mediate the Pain Interference with Sleep Problem in Chronic Pain? Findings from Studies for Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain with Duloxetine, Journal of Pain Symptom Management, Dec. 2008;36(6):639-647.
Fishbain, David A. et al., Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Treatment Outcome in Long-Term Users, The Clinical Journal of Pain, Sep. 1996;12(3):201-214.
Food and Drug Administration, Draft Guidance for Industry and Staff: Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator for Pain Relief, Apr. 5, 2010.
Garrison DW et al., Decreased activity of spontaneous and noxiously evoked dorsal horn cells during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), Pain, 1994, vol. 58: 309-315.
Gilron, I. et al., Chronobiological Characteristics of Neuropathic Pain: Clinical Predictors of Diurnal Pain Rhythmicity, The Clinical Journal of Pain, 2013.
Hori, T. et al., Skin Potential Activities and Their Regional Differences During Normal Sleep in Humans, The Japanese Journal of Physiology, 1970, vol. 20, p. 657-671.
Jelinek HF et al., Electric pulse frequency and magnitude of perceived sensation during electrocutaneous forearm stimulation, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2010, vol. 91; 1372-1382.
Jin DM et al., Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on symptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2010, vol. 89: 10-15.
Johnson MI et al., Analgesic effects of different frequencies of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cold-induced pain in normal subjects, Pain, 1989, vol. 39: 231-236.
Johnson MI et al., Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and TENS-like devices: do they provide pain relief?, Pain Reviews, 2001, vol. 8: 7-44.
Johnson MI et al., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of painful conditions; focus on neuropathic pain, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2011, vol. 11(5): 735-753.
Johnson, M.I. et al., An in-depth study of long-term users of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Implications for clinical use of TENS. Pain. Mar. 1991;44(3):221-229.
Kaczmarek, Kurt A. et al., Electrotactile and Vibrotactile Displays for Sensory Substitution Systems. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. Jan. 1991;38 (1):1-16.
Kantor G et al., The effects of selected stimulus waveforms on pulse and phase characteristics at sensory and motor thresholds, Physical Therapy, 1994, vol. 74(10): 951-962.
Keller, Thierry et al., Electrodes for transcutaneous (surface) electrical stimulation. J. Automatic Control; University of Belgrade. 2008;18(2):35-45.
Koumans, A. J. R. et al., Electrodermal Levels and Fluctuations During Normal Sleep, Psychophysiology, 1968, 5(3), p. 300-306.
Kripke, D.F. et al., Wrist Actigraphic Scoring for Sleep Laboratory Patients: Algorithm Development, Journal of Sleep Research, 2010, 19(4), p. 612-619.
Law PPW et al., Optimal stimulation frequency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on people with knee osteoarthritis, J Rehabil Med, 2004, vol. 36: 220-225.
Leonard G et al., Deciphering the role of endogenous opioids in high-frequency TENS using low and high doses of naloxone, Pain, 2010, vol. 151: 215-219.
Levy et al., A comparison of two methods for measuring thermal thresholds in diabetic neuropathy, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1989, vol. 52: 1072-1077.
Lykken, D.T., Properties of Electrodes Used in Electrodermal Measurement, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. Oct. 1959;52:629-634.
Lykken, D.T., Square-Wave Analysis of Skin Impedance. Psychophysiology. Sep. 1970;7(2):262-275.
Melzack R et al., Pain mechanisms: A New Theory, Science, 1965, vol. 150(3699): 971-979.
Moran F et al., Hypoalgesia in response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) depends on stimulation intensity, The Journal of Pain, 2011, vol. 12(8): 929-935.
Oosterhof, Jan et al., Outcome of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic pain: short-term results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. J. Headache Pain. Sep. 2006;7 (4):196-205.
Oosterhof, Jan et al., The long-term outcome of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the treatment for patients with chronic pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pain Pract. Sep. 2012;12(7):513-522.
Pantaleao MA et al., Adjusting pulse amplitude during transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) application produces greater hypoalgesia, The Journal of Pain, 2011, vol. 12(5): 581-590.
Paquet, J. et al., Wake Detection Capacity of Actigraphy During Sleep, Sleep, 2007, 30(10), p. 1362-1369.
Pieber K et al., Electrotherapy for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a review, Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2010, vol. 42: 289-295.
Raskin, J. et al., A Double-Blind, Randomized Multicenter Trial Comparing Duloxetine with Placebo in the Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain, Pain Medicine, 2005, 6(5), p. 346-356.
Sadeh, A., The Role and Validity of Actigraphy in Sleep Medicine: An Update, Sleep Medicine Reviews, 2011, vol. 15, p. 259-267.
Sadosky, A. et al., Burden of Illness Associated with Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Among Adults Seeking Treatment in the US: Results from a Retrospective Chart Review and Cross-Sectional Survey, Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2013, vol. 6, p. 79-92.
Scherder, E. J. A. et al., Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) improves the Rest-Activity Rhythm in Midstage Alzheimer's Disease, Behavioral Brain Research, 1999. vol. 101, p. 105-107.
Tryon, W. W., Issues of Validity in Actigraphic Sleep Assessment, Sleep, 2004, 27(1), p. 158-165.
Tsai, Y. et al., Impact of Subjective Sleep Quality on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Family Practice, 2012, vol. 29, p. 30-35.
Van Boxtel, A., Skin resistance during square-wave electrical pulses of 1 to 10 mA. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput, Nov. 1977;15(6):679-687.
Van Someren, E. J. W. et al., Gravitational Artefact in Frequency Spectra of Movement Acceleration: Implications for Actigraphy in Young and Elderly Subjects. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 1996, vol. 65, p. 55-62.
Webster, J. B. et al., An Activity-Based Sleep Monitor System for Ambulatory Use, Sleep, 1982, 5(4), p. 389-399.
Zelman, D. C. et al., Sleep Impairment in Patients With Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, The Clinical Journal of Pain, 2006, 22(8), p. 681-685.
Aurora, R. et al., The Treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Adults an Update for 2012: Practice Parameters with an Evidence-Based Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses, Sleep, 2012, vol. 35, No. 8, p. 1039-1062.
Bonnet, M, et al., Recording and Scoring Leg Movements, Sleep, 1993, vol. 16, No. 8, p. 748-759.
Boyle, J. et al., Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Amitriptyline, Duloxeline, and Pregabalin in Patients With Chronic Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain, Diabetes Care, 2012, vol. 35, p. 2451-2458.
Kovacevic-Ristanovic, R. et al., Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Periodic Leg Movements in Sleep, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 1991, vol. 72, p. 385-389.
Lopes, L. et al., Restless Legs Syndrome and Quality of Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, 2005, vol. 28, No. 11, p. 2633-2636.
Nightingale, S., The neuropathic pain market. Nature Reviews, 2012, vol. 11, p. 101-102.
Zucconi, M. et al., The official World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM) standards for recording and scoring periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS) and wakefulness (PLMW) developed in collaboration with a task force from the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG), Sleep Medicine, 2005, vol. 7, p. 175-183.
Dailey D.L. et al., Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Reduces Pain, Fatigue and Hyperalgesia while Restoring Central Inhibition in Primary Fibromyalgia, Pain, Nov. 2013, vol. 154, No. 11, pp. 2554-2562.