1. Field of the Invention
This invention lies in the field of transfection, the process by which exogenous molecular species are inserted into membranous structures by rendering the membrane permeable on a transient basis while the structure is in contact with a liquid solution of the species, thereby allowing the species to pass through the membrane, and doing so in such a manner that the structure resumes its viability after the completion of the procedure. In particular, this invention relates to methods of transfection that utilize light energy to achieve the transient permeabilization.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The introduction of exogenous species, including hydrophilic or membrane-impermeant species, into biological cells is of use in certain biologic and biochemical techniques. A high efficiency transfection is one in which the exogenous species has entered a high proportion of the cells while the viability of the cells has either been maintained-throughout or restored after the procedure. Of the various transfection techniques, electroporation, which is the use of an electric field as the source of energy for the membrane permeabilization, has received the most attention. Electroporation suffers from low efficiency, however, and such interfering factors as the production of gas at the electrode surface.
Optical energy has been found be a viable substitute for electrical energy, and has led to studies involving the use of lasers as the energy source. The resulting procedures have variously been termed laser poration, optoinjection, optoporation, and photoporation, and disclosures of these procedures are found in both the patent literature and technical journals. Examples of these disclosures are: Lemelson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,755 (issued Aug. 18, 1998); Koller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,161 B2 (issued Jun. 22, 2004); Koller et al., United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2005/0095578 A1 (published May 5, 2005); Koller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,795 B2 (issued Nov. 27, 2007); Dholakia et al. (University of St. Andrews), International Patent Application No. WO 2006/059084 A1 (published Jun. 8, 2006); Paterson, L., et al., “Photoporation and cell transfection using a violet diode laser,” Optics Express, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 595-600 (Jan. 24, 2005); Soughayer, J. S., et al., “Characterization of Cellular Optoporation with Distance,” Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 1342-1347 (Mar. 15, 2000); and Kohli, V., et al., “An alternative method for delivering exogenous material into developing zebrafish embryos,” Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 98, issue 6, pages 1230-1241 (Jul. 5, 2007).
While the terms “laser poration” and “photoporation” are generic to the use of a laser for permeabilization of a membrane structure, the terms optoinjection and optoporation have relatively focused meanings. “Optoinjection” refers to the irradiation of a single cell (or other membranous structure) by a focused laser beam to achieve transfection of that cell alone, whereas “optoporation” refers to directing the laser beam to a continuous absorptive medium in which the cells are suspended to generate a mechanical transient or stress wave in the suspending medium which is transmitted to the cells through the medium.
Of further potential relevance to this invention is transfection as applied to adherent cells. One system for laser poration of adherent cells is disclosed by Iwata et al. in United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2007/0059832 A1 (published Mar. 15, 2007).
The present invention resides in apparatus and method for performing optoinjection by moving an array of adherent biological cells relative to the laser beam in a controlled and highly efficient manner to cause a large number of cells to be transiently permeabilized in succession and to provide each cell will have a high probability of successful transfection.
The adherent cells in the practice of this invention are immobilized on a surface of a cylinder toward which a laser beam is directed, and the cylinder is rotated past the laser beam to cause the adherent cells to pass through the path of the laser beam so that eventually all, or substantially all, of the cells are exposed to the beam. The cylinder is a circular cylinder with a uniform diameter along its axis, solid in certain embodiments of the invention and hollow in others. With a hollow cylinder, the cells can either be on the inner, concave surface of the cylinder or the outer, convex surface, while with a solid cylinder, the cells are on the outer, convex surface. Likewise, with a hollow cylinder, the laser can either be positioned inside the cylinder or outside the cylinder, while with a solid cylinder, the laser is positioned outside the cylinder. The surface of the cylinder on which the cells are immobilized is of uniform diameter to place all cells at substantially the same distance from the laser as the cells enter the laser beam while the cylinder is rotated about its axis. Regardless of the Position of the laser relative to that of the cylinder, the laser does not rotate with the cylinder, and in preferred embodiments of the invention the laser remains stationary as the cylinder rotates. Either a single laser or an array of lasers, such as a linear row of lasers parallel to the axis of the cylinder, can be used. In certain embodiments as well, rotation of the cylinder about its axis is accompanied by linear axial movement of the cylinder, particularly when a single laser is used or when an array of lasers is used that does not extend the entire length of the cylinder. During the rotation of the cylinder, the cells entering the laser beam are maintained in contact with the buffer solution in which the species to be inserted in the cells is dissolved. Such contact is achieved either by total immersion of the cylinder in the solution when the cells are on the outside of the cylinder, filling the cylinder with the solution when the cells are on the inside of the cylinder, by placing a film of the solution over the cylinder surface or at least the portion that is in the path of the laser beam, or by causing a film of the solution to cascade over the cylinder surface. The cylinder itself can serve as a reservoir of the solution, or can be immersed in a reservoir of the solution, or a reservoir that is separate from the cylinder can be used, providing a continuous feed of the solution to the cylinder or the cylinder surface.
A more detailed understanding of these and other features, objects, advantages, and embodiments of the invention will be gained from the descriptions that follow.
a and 2b are views of the interior of the laser poration apparatus of
a is a perspective view of a fourth laser poration apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
Biological cells that can be transfected by the present invention include those that are grown on the surface on which they are to be transfected and are naturally adherent thereto and those whose adherence is enhanced by cell-adhesive molecules that are either coupled to the cells or to the surface. All such cells are referred to herein as “adherent cells.” Examples of adherent cells are neuronal cells, neuronal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, pancreatic cells, skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and liver or liver-derived cells such as primary hepatocytes, liver epithielial cells, HepG2 cells, and hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cells. Examples of the species to be inserted into the cells by the present invention are nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, plasmids, and genes and gene fragments, as well as proteins, pharmaceuticals, and enzyme cofactors. Further examples will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Solid surfaces to which the cells will adhere and that will therefore be useful as the cylindrical surface in the practice of this invention will be the surfaces of bodies constructed of any material that is capable of serving as an immobilizing support for the cells. Such a body is preferably a rigid body but can also be a covering over the surface of a rigid body, such as a flexible sheet, a membrane, or a lamina, either continuous, perforated, or of mesh construction. Examples of the surface materials are glass, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinyl, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Examples of flexible surface coverings are microporous membranes used in membrane-based cell culture, such as membranes of hydrophilic poly(tetrafluoroethylene), cellulose esters, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate. A flexible membrane can be formed into a cylinder by placing the membrane over a cylindrical support such as a cylindrical screen or a cylinder of solid glass or polymeric material. Adherent cells can be immobilized on the surface of a rigid body or a membrane supported by a rigid substrate by conventional means, including the inherent adherence when the cells are grown on the surface, as well as adherence through immunological or affinity-type binding, electrostatic attraction, and covalent coupling.
The dimensions of the cylinder, and particularly of the cylindrical surface on which the adherent cells are immobilized, can vary, although certain considerations may affect the optimal choice for particular systems. For embodiments of the invention in which the cells are on the outside, i.e., the convex surface, of the cylinder, it is preferable that the cylinder be of sufficiently large diameter that the perspective of the cells is substantially the same as that of cells on a flat surface. The cells will then have substantially the same access to each other for signal exchange that they would have on a flat surface. This will avoid disruption or interference with cell functions such as those entailed in differentiating phenotypes among the cells of a cell colony. The minimum cylinder diameter that will produce this effect will vary with the cells, but in most cases, best results will be achieved with a cylinder surface diameter of from about 1 cm to about 30 cm, preferably from about 2 cm to about 20 cm, and most preferably from about 5 cm to about 10 cm. The length of the cylinder is primarily governed by the number of cells that are sought to be transfected, and can vary widely. In most cases, the lengths are contemplated to be from about 0.5 times the diameter to about 5 times the diameter.
The cylinder is rotated about its axis while its axis is either horizontal or vertical, depending on the manner in which contact between the surface and the liquid solution of the transfecting species is maintained. Rotation is achieved by conventional means, such as by stepper motors, dc motors, and manual drives. The rotational speed of the cylinder is limited only by such considerations as avoiding loss of the cells or of the buffer solution and the species dissolved in it due to centrifugal force, and minimizing splashing of the buffer solution or the formation of air bubbles in the solution, both of which will lower the degree of contact of the solution with the cells. In most cases, effective results will be achieved with a rotation speed of from about 10 revolutions per minute (rpm) to about 100 rpm, and preferably from about 20 rpm to about 60 rpm. Preferably, the rotational speed of the cylinder and the axial movement, if any, are selected such that each cell receives multiple passes of the laser, thereby ensuring a high rate of transfection together with high control over the uniformity of the exposure of the cells to the optical energy.
The laser or array of lasers can be positioned either inside the cylinder, in the case of a hollow cylinder, or outside the cylinder, in cases of both hollow and solid cylinders. The term “solid cylinder” is used herein to denote a cylinder that is not hollow and thereby lacks an inner, concave surface. When a hollow cylinder is used, the laser or laser array can be on the same side of the cylinder wall as the adherent cells, or on a side of the wall that is opposite the side with the cells. When the laser(s) and the cells are on opposite sides of the wall, the wall can be made to allow laser beam(s) to penetrate the cylinder wall to reach the cells. Such penetration can be achieved by use of a transparent, or at least light-transmissive, wall or by a perforated wall. Light transmissivity can be achieved by appropriate selection of the wall material or by the use of a thin wall, or both.
Any lasers known in the literature for use in laser poration can be used. Examples are a continuous-wave argon laser (488 nm), pulsed Nd:YAG lasers (1064 nm, 355 nm, or 532 nm), and pulsed, near-infrared titanium-sapphire lasers. The beam diameter at the cell surface will in most cases be within the range of about 0.5 micron to about 100 microns, and preferably from about 1 micron to about 30 microns. For pulsed lasers, the pulse duration will typically be within the range of about 1 femtosecond to about 10 milliseconds, preferably from about 1 nanosecond to about 1 microsecond.
To achieve transfection of cells distributed not only around the circumference of a cylindrical surface but also along its length with a single laser, the laser can be mounted to a carriage that travels in the axial direction of the cylinder. Alternatively, the laser can be stationary and the cylindrical surface itself can travel along its axis. In either case, drive mechanisms of the same types (listed above) used to rotate the cylinder can be used. The axial movement can be coordinated with the cylinder rotation to achieve coverage of the entire population of cells on the surface.
While the features defining this invention are capable of implementation in a variety of constructions and procedures, the invention as a whole will be best understood by a detailed examination of certain specific embodiments such as those shown in the drawings.
Axial movement of the inner cylinder, which occurs concurrently with the rotation, is illustrated in
An alternative to axial movement of either the cylinder or the laser is the use of a row of lasers or a laser line light. An example is shown in
An example of an apparatus using a hollow inner cylinder is shown in
a and 5b illustrate an alternative structure for forming a falling film on the outer surface of the inner cylinder. The apparatus of
A still further alternative for forming a continuous falling film over the outer surface of the inner cylinder is illustrated in
In all embodiments of the invention, the cells must be in contact with the liquid solution during their exposure to the laser beam so that the molecular species dissolved in the liquid will pass through the permeabilized membranes of the cells. Contact with the liquid solution is preferably maintained at all points in the rotation so that the cells will continuously reside in an environment that is favorable to cell viability. In each of the embodiments of
The rotating cylinder 71 in
While the foregoing figures represent embodiments in which the cells are immobilized on the outer surface of the rotating cylinder, an alternative that is also within the scope of the invention is to place the cells on the inner surface of a hollow rotating cylinder with the interior of the cylinder filled with the liquid solution. One example of such an arrangement is shown in
An alternative to the embodiment of
In the claims appended hereto, the term “a” or “an” is intended to mean “one or more.” The term “comprise” and variations thereof such as “comprises” and “comprising,” when preceding the recitation of a step or an element, are intended to mean that the addition of further steps or elements is optional and not excluded. All patents, patent applications, and other published reference materials cited in this specification are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Any discrepancy between any reference material cited herein and an explicit teaching of this specification is intended to be resolved in favor of the teaching in this specification. This includes any discrepancy between an art-understood definition of a word or phrase and a definition explicitly provided in this specification of the same word or phrase.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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61045137 | Apr 2008 | US | national |
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/045,137, filed Apr. 15, 2008, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/US09/40371 | 4/13/2009 | WO | 00 | 9/14/2009 |